ChBE 3200A NAME: ____SOLUTION__________

Final Exam Summer 2006

(1) A tubular reactor is used to convert A to B with a rate constant k [m3/(kg s)] and where cAf is the concentration at the reactor outlet in units of [kg / m3]. The other relevant parameters are the volumetric flow rate Q [m3/s], overall density [kg/m3], viscosity [kg / m s], the tube length L [m], and the tube diameter D [m]. (a) Among the parameters {k, cAf, Q, , , D, L}, how many are independent? 3 are independent see below
Core variables r= n= k M L T Dependent variables cAf M L T 3 3 Q -1 3 -1 0 3 -1 4 L 1 -3 0 0 1 0 Mu 1 -1 -1 rho 1 -3 0 D 0 1 0

(b) State one set of independent parameters from the list in (a), but not the independent combination (Q, k, D) given in part (d). Possible independent combinations, by taking determinant of 3x3 array of dimensions, are:
kLQ kLmu kLrho kLcAf kmucaf caf mu Q rho mu L caf mu L caf Q D kDQ kDmu kDrho kDcAf kmurho rho mu Q rho mu D caf mu D rho Q D

ChBE 3200A

Final Exam Summer 2006

(c) State one set of non-independent parameters from the list in (a).
k rho caf rho mu caf rho caf Q rho caf D rho caf L

Possible ones:

(d) Using (Q, k, D) as independent variables, find a dimensionless parameter that could be used to scale up this process while maintaining a desired value of cAf. Find the that balances units of cAf with k, D, Q: M L t cAf 1 -3 0 1 -3 0 = cAf k D3 / Q ka -1 3 -1 -a +3a -a Db 0 1 0 Qc 0 3 -1 =0 =0 =0 a=1 b = 3 -3c 3a = 3 + 3 -3 = 3 c = -a = -1

+b +0

+3c -c

ChBE 3200A

Final Exam Summer 2006

(2) A cylindrical nuclear reactor produces heat at a rate of 10 MW (Megawatts = 1x106 J/s), which can be considered to flow in the radial direction. To manage this heat the cylindrical reactor is immersed in a large pool that is constantly circulated with river water so as to maintain the reactor temperature at 330 K. The reactor is composed of fuel rods and control rods encased in stainless steel, but for this calculation you can assume the reactor is solid stainless steel. At some point in time, the valves in the cooling water supply line suddenly shut and cannot be opened. However, the water in the tank can still be recirculated in order to carry heat away from the reactor. How much time do the operators have to open the valves before the reactor reaches the melting temperature of stainless steel (1528 C)? The heat transfer coefficient of water is h = 0.1 W/m2K when the flow stops. q_dot = 10,000,000 J/s L=5m R = 0.5 m kSS = 17 W/mK cpSS = 461 J/kgK SS = 7920 kg/m3 kwater = 0.65 W/mK cpwater = 4200 J/kgK R L Reactor Center line

Calculate Biot number:

V =2 RL = A = R2L = Biot = hV/kSSA Biot = 3.926991 15.70796 0.00147 m3 m2

Very low Biot number means a lumped parameter analysis can be used. Convection from surface is limiting and T of cylinder can be considered uniform. The presence of heat generation, q, requires use of an energy balance that includes heat generation, in the manner of homework problem 18.2. Energy balance: q hA = VCp d /dt , where = T - T

d /dt = q/ VCp hA / VCp solution (see HW 18.2 solution) t = (1/b) ln (a / (a bq)), where a= q/ VCp and b = hA/ VCp plugging everything in time to meltdown is 35 minutes. Yikes!

ChBE 3200A

Final Exam Summer 2006

(3) Heat from a flat plate is to be enhanced by adding straight fins of constant thickness made of stainless steel. The following specifications apply: h = 60 W/m2 K k = 8.9 W/ m K Ts (surface) = 120 C T (air) = 20 C Fin thickness = 6 mm Fin length = 20 mm (extending normal from the wall) Wall dimensions = 0.5 m x 0.5 m Fin spacing = 5 cm, and fins span entire length of wall. Determine the number of fins, the fin efficiency and the heat loss from the finned plate. nf = # fins = 0.5 m / 0.05 m/fin = 10 fins for 5 cm center-to-center distance or if you included 0.006 m thickness + 0.05m spacing, nf = 0.5 / (0.056) = 9 L(h/kt)1/2 = 0.02m((60 W / m2 K )/ ((8.9 W/mK)(0.006/2 m))1/2 =
A_base = plate width*height nf*fin thickness*plate width A_1_fin = 2*fin length*plate width q = h(A_base + nf*A_1_fin* )*(Ts - T)

either of the following are acceptable:

nf A_base A_fin Q 10 0.22 0.02 2460 m2 m2 W 9.00 0.22 0.02 2364.00 m2 m2 W

ChBE 3200A

Final Exam Summer 2006

(4) An oil flows into the tube-side of a heat exchanger. The heat exchanger has 100 tubes each with diameter of 2 cm and length of 5 m. The pressure drop through the heat exchanger is measured to be 2.4 bar. What is the velocity of the oil in the tubes? Oil viscosity = 0.1 Pa s Oil density = 0.85 g/cm3 P = 2 fLv2/ D = 2.4 bar *(100,000 Pa / bar) = 240,000 Pa Assume laminar flow, f = 16 / Re = 16 / (Dv ) 240,000 Pa = 2 fLv2/ D =32 Lv / (D2) Solve for v: v = 240,000 Pa * (D2) / ( 32 L) v = 240,000 Pa * (0.022m2) / ( 320.1 Pa s * 5 m) v = 6 m/s check laminar flow assumption Re = Dv / = (0.02 m)(6 m/s)(850 kg/m3)/(0.1 Pa s) Re = 1020 Therefore flow is laminar and solution is valid.

ChBE 3200A

Final Exam Summer 2006

(5) The device shown below is a viscosity pump. It consists of a rotating drum inside of a stationary cylinder, which are concentric with one another. Fluid enters at A and flows through the annulus and exits at B. The pressure at B is higher than that at A due to the action of the pump. The length the fluid travels from A to B in the annulus is L and the width of the annulus, h, is very small compared to the drum radius, R. Hence, the annulus can be treated as flow between two flat plates. Assuming laminar flow and a Newtonian fluid of viscosity , find a relation for the pressure rise from A to B as a function of the flow rate, Q.

B This is problem 8.15 in Text, 4th edition

Or you could start with rectangular Navier Stokes equation: 0= - dP/dx + d2vx/dy2

ChBE 3200A

Final Exam Summer 2006

(6) Methane gas at 300 K flows over a packed bed of adsorbent material which removes trace amounts of impurities. The bed is packed with a ceramic adsorbent that is spherical with diameter 1 mm packed to a density that fills 65 % of the bed volume. The bed has a 1 m diameter and is packed to a height of 3 m. Gas flows at a rage of 0.1 kg/s and the gas viscosity is 2x10-5 Pa s. What is the pressure drop of the gas across the bed? Calc using either inlet pressure only, P1, or average pressure based on P1 & P2 = P1 + DP, where DP is a guess for pressure drop. ( ideal gas) = PMw / RT = P1 Mw / R / T or = (P1 + P2)*Mw / 2 / R / T ( ideal gas) = P(atm)Mw(g /mol)/ 0.08205 (L atm/ mol /K)/ T(K) * 1 L / 1000cm3*(1003 cm3)/1m3*1kg/1000g = P Mw / 0.08205 / T kg / m3 A = bed cross-sectional area = D2/4 G = G/A Nre = d_particle * G / (1 ) / Ergunlh = left hand side of Ergun eq. Ergunrh = right hand side of Ergun eq. DP varied until Ergun lh = rh
Using just rho_1 Mw 16 T 300 0.35 d_ particle 0.001 H 3 D 1 G 0.1 2.00E-05 P_1 1 rho_1 A G' Nre DP Ergunlh Ergunrh 0.65001 0.785398 0.127324 9.79E+00 0.19143 17.1 17.07 g/mol K m m m kg/s Pa s atm kg/m3 Using average density Mw 16 T 300 0.35 d_particle 0.001 H 3 D 1 G 0.1 2.00E-05 P_1 1 rho_1 rho_2 rho_av A G' Nre DP Ergunlh Ergunrh 0.65001 0.764217 0.707114 0.785398 0.127324 9.79E+00 0.1757 17.07367 17.07 g/mol K m m m kg/s Pa s atm kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3 m2 kg/m2/s atm 17802.8 Pa

atm

19396.65

Pa

Note there is a conversion from 101,325 Pa = 1 atm used as well.