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Fluid Mechanics
Where Used?
Oil Recovery/Refining/Pipelines Gas wells/Transportation Materials Processing (Metal Casting, Plastics Extrusion, Injection Molding) Biomedical Engineering (Blood Flow, Artificial Hearts, Kidney Dialysis) Environmental Engineering (Water and Air Pollution, Particulate Dispersion)
Continuum Hypothesis:
A fluid is considered as an infinitely divisible substance (no molecules or voids) so that the density has a definite value at each point in the fluid. On the diagram, at low volumes individual molecules and spaces can be seen, but above a certain critical volume the density becomes constant (a continuum).
Types of Forces
Normal Forces Fn Tangential (shear) Forces Fs Area A Area A
Forces exerted on incompressible solids and fluids a) Normal Forces Fn b) Tangential (shear forces) Fs
The top plate drags the fluid along. A fluid in contact with a surface sticks to it and does not slip. The top plate drags the fluid along.
Gap, h
The two parallel plates are placed a distance apart and the space between them is filled with a fluid. When a shear force, F is applied the top plate drags with the fluid while bottom one remains fixed.
AU F h
where, F is force U is velocity A is area in contact with the fluid h is the gap between the two plates
Shear Stress = =
F U A h
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du = dy
Gap, h
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Fig. 1.4 Concentric cylinder viscometer. Torque and revolutions per min (rpm) are directly measured.
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N / m2 N = 2 s[=]Pa s = m/s m m
viscosity = density
m2 = s
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Pressure effect on viscosity. For gases, which are compressible, the viscosity increases with pressure For liquids, which are incompressible, the viscosity is ~independent of pressure. Temperature has a strong effect on viscosity. For gases, viscosity increases with increase in temperature because of the increase in frequency of intermolecular collisions. For liquids, viscosity decreases with increase in temperature because of decreased intermolecular interactions with increased molecular vibrations. Some typical values of viscosity for common substances: water = 10-3 Pa s lubricants = 10-1 - 1 Pa s skin oil = 5 Pas molten plastics = 103 104 Pa s
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fluid = wall
Vapor Pressure of liquids is due to molecules escaping and reentering a liquid surface (Pr). Compressibility is the sensitivity of density to changes in pressure. Note: Even gases can be treated as incompressible fluids when velocities are less than 100 m/s
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Non-Newtonian Fluids
Fluids that do not obey the linear relationship between stress () and shear rate (du/dy) are called non-Newtonian fluids.
Typical examples are molten plastics, human blood, pastes, suspensions etc.
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du = 0 + 0 if > o dy
du = 0 if o dy
du = m dy here m, n are constants If: n<1 this model describes a pseudoplastic (shear thinning) fluid n = 1 this model describes a Newtonian fluid and n > 1 this model describes a dilatant (shear thickening) fluid.
Power law model See the following Figures:
Lecture Slides ChE 3O04 2011
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Fig. 1.5 Some typical shear stress versus shear rate results for a Newtonian fluid.
Lecture Slides ChE 3O04 2011
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Fig. 1.6 Shear stress () versus shear rate (du/dy) for various fluids
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Fig. 1.8 Entangled polymer molecules subjected to shearing between two parallel plates.
Reynolds Number
Vavg D Re = = (dimensionless)
where is the density of the fluid, Vavg is the average flow velocity, D is the diameter, and is the viscosity.
Lecture Slides ChE 3O04 2011
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When
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Fig. 1.10 Transition from laminar to turbulent flow in the smoke from a burning cigarette.
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