"

:'L~

Acces.n 0o

1(48

C'N

~44

A Description of Combat Rifle -Squads

on the Korean* MLR During the Winter of 1952-53
by
Rodney A. Clark and Martha B. Myers
IM
MBhBflN STA7==f~ A
W7

S
LUJ

Distribution Unlimited

.IN

aR eserd.I~iit

. 2 OAFF

00ti Inrg, usndgttr uivert WATMONT OfTOR A$Xth Til E

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ADESCRIPTION OF COMBAT RIFLE .QUADS ON THE . REAN MLR DURING:THE WINTER OF 1952-53..,_
IMEA

R'-O61 PERFORMING ORG.--REPOR -NUM BER

8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(&)

3IRodney A.JClark a# Martha B./Mers( IE DA-44-lp'9-qm-6s5

9.

ruman esources Researcn urgani zat ons(HumRRO) 300 N. Washington Street Alexandria, Virginia 22314
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dundI54
-OrAGES

Washington, D.C. 20314,

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18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Research performed under HumRRO Project INTERSQUAD.

19. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse aide iI necessary and Identify by block number)

Squads Squad Members Riflemen Korean War

Personal Attributes Squad Effectiveness Attitudes

20.ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse side itnecessary mid Identity by block number)

A research team from HumRRO conducted a study of squad effectiveness ;o the 40th Infantry Division from December 24, 1952, to February 7, 1953, on the Main Line of Resistance (MLR) in Korea. This report is a graphic description of riflemen in 78 rifle squads based on questionnaire data and personal interviews.

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iI

A DESCRIPTION OF COMBAT RIFLE SQUADS ON THE KOREAN MLR DURING THE WINTER OF 1952-53
by

Rodney A. Clark and Martha B. Myers

jarf'

Approved:

LAUNOR F. CARTER Director of Research Human Research Unit No. 2, OCAFF Fort Ord, California

'zER E. REEDER Lt Col, Arty, Chief Human Research Unit No. 2, OCAFF Fart Ord, California

The George Washington University HUMAN RESOURCES RESEARCH OFFICE Operating Under Contract With

THE DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

Copy
Technical Report 7 June 1954

The contents of Ilumn1ilO publications, including the conclusions and recommendations, should not be considered as having official l)epartment of the Army approval, either expressed or implied.

Published June 1954 Ths George Washington FUnivers it)'

4'

HUMAN RESOURCES RESEARCH OFFICE Post Office Bu)x 3596 We~slington 7, D. C Distributed Under the Authoity of The 04fice of the Assistant Chief of Staff, G -1, D/A

CONTENTS

Page "INTRODUCTION ................ ........................................ 3

CIVILIAN BACKGROUND OF SQUAD MEIMBERS Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure I -Age of Squad Mlembers .................................... 2-Education of Squad Members ............................... 3-Highest Grade Completed by Squad Members ................. 4 -Occupation Before Enterig the .Army ....................... 5 -Parents Bata inU.S.A . ................................... 6 - Ancestry of Squad Members ................................. 7-Paeentage of Squad from Non-European Minority Groups ...... &-Nero Squad Members ..................................... 9-Parent's Oceupatica ...................................... 10 -Average Number of Brothers and Sisters ..................... 11 -446rital Status of Squad Members ............................ 12-State or Country from Which Soldier Caime ....................
..'

SFigure

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

A'!7I'RBUTES OF SQUADS AND SQUAD .MEMBERS Figure 13-Tlypieel Squad Member .................................... . .. .... ... . ...... Figure 14 -Typical Squad .... Figure 15-Typical D~ay of Average Front-Line Squad ................... Figure 6-Amount of 'rime Devoted by Squad to various Daily rass ... Figure Figure Figure Figure F~igure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure 17-Squad Compon tst........................................ 18-Total M onths in the Army ........ I.....I..................... V)-Total Months in Korea ........... I........I................... 20-Tl'tal Miouths on MLR ..................................... 21 -Tatal Mionthis as ,Member of Present Squad ................... 22 -Months as Member of Present Squad1 .... .................... 23 -Ranks of ,Squad Members .................................. 24-Times Promoted Since Becoming Vk-mber of Present Squad ..... 25 -Titues Wkounded Since Becoming Member of Present Squad ...... 26- l'imes Received Comnpany |'unishpient Since Becoming W~hmber of Present Squad ............................... 21 22 23 : 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Page TRAINING Figure 27-Written Infantry Weapons Test ........................... Figure 28-Squad Members Having Specialized Training Bey, nd Basic...... Figure 29-Percentage of Squad Having Specialized Training Beyond Basic ........................................ Figure 30-W orld War II Service ...................................... 37 38 39 40

ATTITUBES Figure 31-A Measure of Ambition .................................... Figure 32- Authority Orientation ..................................... Figures 33- 38-Riflemen's Attitude Toward the Enemy .............. Figures 39-41-Riflemen's Attitude Toward the Katusa ............. 43 44 45-50 51-53

SUMMARY ..............................................................

57

I4

'V]

I!

'1
* * * *
/

* * * * * *

:
*

A DISCRIPTION OF COMBAT RIFLE 8UA98

a the Sreau MLII 1052-53 DsrtagtkeWlnter.f

** * *
*

4'* 4' 4' 4' 4' * * * 4' 4'

F

I I
I

4' 4' 4' * * * * *

**

j.

*444

I I

-J
Ti 'I

INT RODUC'ION

This report is a graphic description of riflemen

in 78 rifle squads or, the Korean front lines during the winter of 1952- 53. Future reports will analyze the factors involved in the interaction of squad members
*as S...'civilian .
*".,

individuals and the squad's performance as a group; the present report simply presents data on riflemen's backgrounds, training, and attitudes. Descrip-

tive attributes of squads and squad members are also

presented.

A research team from Army Field Forces Human Research Unit No. 2 conducted a study of squad effectiveness in the 40th Infantry Division from 24 December 1952 to 7 February 1953. The 40th Division occupied positions from the Mundung-Ni River, across lleartbreak Ridge, holding Sandbag Castle and the rim of the Punch Bowl. Rhile the troops were in these positions on the Main Line of Resistance (MI), the researchers visited

one platoon in each rifle company in the 160th Regiment (the only regiment to face both the North Koreans and the Chinese), the 224th Infantry Regiment, and the 5th Regimental Combat Team. From these regiments a sample of more than 80 rifle squads was interviewed and given questionnaires and tests; this study is based upon'78 squads for which data were reasonably complete. Information was obtained from all English-speaking squad members who were present at the time of the researchers' visit. This permitted obtaining test- questionnaire data from 386 riflemen and recording lengthy interviews with
350 of these men. The graphs in the succeeding pages are based upon the data obtained from the test-questionnaires and interviews. The first group of charts deals with characteristics of the civilian backgrounds of squad members and is based upon information obtained in the questionnaires. The second group of griphs is concerned with descriptive attributes o' squads and

squad members; the first four figures in this se.-.ion are based
upon information obtained from the recorded inte.views, and the remaining 10 figures reflect the data obtained in the questionnaires. The third section, on truinipg, includes three charts based upon questionnaire data and a fourth chart based upon scores received on a written infantry weapons test. In the fourth section of the report, dealing with riflemen's attitudes, the first two figures are based upon attitude questionnaires, and the remaining nine drawings reflect material obtdined in the recorded interviews. 'lhe final section of the report is mainly composed of the summary statements which itppear under cach chart throughout the report.

* *

* * *

EiviIiau Dackgr.u"d *f Squad Nembers

*
*

I*
* * * * * * * 44444 * * * * *

* * * * * * * *

1
ii

L_

*1

AGE OF SQUAD MEMBERS

100

Major Range = 18.5 to 74.5 years Number of Men = 381 Average Age =21.55 years
Standard Deviator.*amount of spread In the data. 'A measure of the = 2.00 years

90

The formula used to compute it was:

NN

60
z U w
CL

--

50

30

.....-

..

..

. .

--.. .

20

--

10

17 and
under

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

Over 29

AGE IN YEARS

Figure I

Half of the riflemen on the front line are 21 or 2

srs v r2 old.

EDUCATION OF SQUAD MEMBERS

Number of Squods '=78 Average Schooling = 10.09 years

Standard Deviation =1.627yars Ma ior Range 6.04 to 14.14 years

LEGEND
* Average number

of years of schooling for oill

squad members

in one squad. Vaiation in V schooling for

squad members within a squad.

KB
6 8 10 Figure 2

__

---14 16 18 20

12

YEARS OF SCHOOLING

9qluunk,

Ihte edue~ationail backgrounds of froit..ine riflenieu are relutkelv luv'. the variaktion in background within the squad i.- large.

In nmany

HIGHEST GRADE COMPLETED BY SQUAD MEMBERS

100

Number of Men = 386 Average Grade Completed= 10.09 grade Standard Deviation = 2.39 grades Major Range =4.11 to 16.09 grades

90

70

LU U

50-

__-

LU
I-

4601

wI

101~

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

HIGHEST GRADE

COMPLETED

Figure 3

tore thitti 00 per v t of the front- liiu

riftlemen did not cofmplete high school.

OCCUPATION BEFORE ENTERING THE ARMY

100

Number of Men = 378

90

80O

70

60 z

w
U uj

ix 50
iL 40

---

30---

20-

10 --

Worked for Soneone FI se

Went to School

Worked for ;.4yself

Unemployed

Figure 4

Io'.tthe rifltemen have had ti'-dian experienee of

orking for other.

I0

PARENTS BORN IN U.S.A.

100 LEGEND 90

jJFather
(Number of Men= 383)

80
70

Mo1h11
(Numbor of Men= 384)

60---

--

Iz

wI
101

Fur

50

0.U

ANCESTRY OF SQUAD MEMBERS

100 Number of Men = 377

90

80

70

60

z
U 50

30

----

_______

20

10-

Northern Europ-an

Combinetion *

Negro

Latin American

Eastorn European

Souihern European

Miscellaneous

Oriental

*(A combination primarily not European.) *(Japonese and Chinese; does not include Koreans.)

Figure 6

Iven though half of tlhe riflemen on the froat line have Northern
there are si' minority groups anid minority combinations. immediate and ,otential problenis of integration.

European

ancestry,

'ach of these g-roups has its o~n

12

PERCENTAGE OF SQUAD FROM NON-EUROPEAN MINORITY GROUPS

Number of Squads=78 Mean =35.66 Standard Deviation =18.77

00

II
: jud Ah t

mq

rltin

c60tiun
i.,, nfrJ

ant

;ooto

etfr'nerto'udgo

neproa

luinu

,u

13

10

20

40

70

80

90

100

Figure 7
Ilie proportiott of

ioiO

tN groulp memiberst in a stiund vuries niarkedlY from squadt to

NEGRO SQUAD MEMBERS

100

I9III0
IU

-_

50.I

N(eO.TwLhe EROSI QA

I2
14

4U0RO

30ur

The Negro population is not evenly distributed among front- line squads.

PARENT'S OCCUPATION
100
Number of Men=379

90

80

70

60
I-

LU

50

W
40

30

20

--

__

10-_______________

=_____________________v=

.. ..- .

Professional

SemiProfession'l

Small 3usiness Managers

Skilled

S.le Semi o Skilled

Laborers

Seasonal and Day Laborers

Figure 9

More than half of the wage- earners in the families of the front- line squad members werv urskilled workers.

15

iiA

AVERAGE NUMBER OF BROTHERS AND SISTERS

mw I..
..

Number of Squads =781

LEGEND Average number of brothers and sisters for al squad members within a given squad.

killif

LNUMBER
0 1 16

OF BROTHERS AND SISIERS

Figure 10

me, %-.it c It v Iers viie frti o li) tu Nto-,I of t he -,( ad mnemI)

hared It

, Itlk

-.-.

t*ra

I, ro fl: er,

MARITAL STATUS OF SQUAD MEMBERS

100

Number of Men=383

90

80

70

60

z
a

50

-_

40~

__

30

20

10-

Single

Married

Divorced

Figure 1!

\tii't

of the frolitt-Itne rIFlt-111t.i

lIw~c

not %tet i..stwwd himii

rt .pon~biltit's.

171

STATE OR COUNTRY FROM WHICH SOLDIER~ CAME

Gu0 Hawai C0nad

0.0 1.3 0.8

IsI
18.

0.i

:
*

Attributes of Squads astd Squad Members

4' 4'

4' 4' 4' 4'

4'1

4.'

TYPICAL SQUAD MEMBER

Is unmarried and white Is 22 years old Is from small town or rural area Completed 10th year of school

Has three brothers and/or sisters Is from lower socio-economic class Has spent a total of 19 months in the Army Has spent three months on MLR ihas spent three months in squad Has 15 points toward rotation

Figure 13

21

It

I,

TYPICAL SQUAD

I;1

~enlit
Whitewit

Did no1enlis

Grac

[coo grade

Tenth

01K Toilsgraad

notA*Did R enlist

Whhse

TeentS

grace

Whitee

irsAl ont

six

Tenthd

~Z

In squad sixe

nmonth

[Z

In squijd less thon three mnonths

tKoreui

Attu0,ed to the (Inote,

States Arm~y 'KA TI 5A)

Fiujure 14

223

-p

TYPICAL DAY OF AVERAGE FRONT-LINE SQUAD

ASSISTANT TIME SQUAD LEADER SQUAD LEADER A RMAN AR MAN

ASISTANT ASSISTANT AA MAN ARMO RIF LAAN RIF LFWAN IRIFLEMAN ITI.

0500

0)001
0ONO

Ambush Ambush Positron patrol Click Gu0ard pat Sleep Guard pn Police company C Phone Guard 'Sakosh, R 1 Posiron Pasrrun~Guard Cecko Guat Pione .Guard Gud I Guard

~PY

S I P Position

PaPosiaon Guard Police. Position Guard

Amr-bush Patrol Compny. CP

' 0500 Position Guard 1 Guard 0 Position I Guard r700 Fo mea 0

Position Guard hotl Mea

Hot Meal

H -1
Gauard -.Sleep Ho e
li.IAJ,

1Hot Nl Po Posit in Guard

Guar oNal Guard

Phone Guard hot NAlo 000 utMal . . -_ ... Sleep Sleep 1000,
I__0_'

Positaon Guardo *S o0*

I Pihon uard Irn n Gu

Grd Guard hot Meal hot eal . . . -+ -- -- Sld p Sleep Slei

r 000 0900
1000

PhoneGuard ,0, _...... -1100-i__ Phone Guard Sleep C Ratian I .....-Postiao Guard Care ad Phone Guard! Gard Hot Meal I Cleaning lHr Neal Guard

o,0dd..a. .... Sleep iC Ration jC Position gurd Care and Phone Guardl Core and Ratio.Position Guard C Ration .... -----Coreand Cleonil' Positron

---

Position Gurd

-,103 110_

Rto

C00

laion

C Rattan
-

C Ration ----4- 1300 Core and Cleanrng Positon

Car, and Super 1400_ Superi s

I

Cleaning

40 1500

1500 1 Platoon CP1 hone Guard Hot Nal 1600-1 Hot Meal 'Phone Guard 1700, CheckhGuard'

Cleaning Cleaning. -.----- .. hot Neal Guard hot meal Guard

. Guard .... Guard Guord hot Neal Position Guard . Guod hot Meal Positron Guard Guard Positron Guard
Ga

1600 l700

600, .. Se.up .
Check Guordj

mpon CP
Aibushi Patrol

- - -8--6----0j
Sleep

Position I Position Guard Guard I Guard ICompany CP Ambush Potul

,

Positron Position I Guard Guard Compan CP Phone Gd Cipn Ph.po G7dF Position Guard
Gard

Wor
Sleep

1-900

Ambush Patrol

ph

0hn

Guar

'Phone Guard

Positron

2000 ,2105OUod
2200

I Posit,on G,aid i Sleep ,i_ Position i oitI

. Gurd
--

- ---- , 0 W -~
1 itin o Coard_ ' Phone Guard i Conmpany CP
Positon

Sleep

F 210D
2200

I 2 Company Phone Guard Company CP CP ----'Phone Guard, Position

F
I

Sleep

Pos n Guard

' Sleep ..

___ _

Postron Guod

230ul-

++
Position Position

2306"

Postnon

240O

Goald

Guard

Guard

Guard

. Conat
"utpost

.-

Gard Conbat
Lutpst

-t 2400

0100-

.Sleep

Sleto
Position

IPhone Guard

Sleep
Position

Positron Guard

0100,

Sleep
v30

CheckGuard

Guard

Sleep

Iuood

Sleep

!Phone

ard
v3

Check Guard j46v , Sleep

Sleep Check Guard PhoneCuod

Phone Guard ' Sleep Position G ard

Postron E.uaid .. . . . Sleep

400

'0630 to 0730 hrs. 2300 to 0100 lirs.

I100% ole ft Figure 15

23

AMOUNT OF TIME DEVOTED BY SQUAD TO VARIOUS DAILY TASKS

"Sukoshi R'

0.8

Fhouer1

1.3

hour

SQUAD COMPONENTS 100

Number of Men=380

90

80

70

-________

~---

z w
U 50
---

20

--

--

--

National Guard

Regular Army

Draftee

F igcure 17

I hie

proportion-,

olf

?l

rafted metn on the front line' ure -,iiiIr to the pro.titt t'd

I2

piortions~ for the entire VrmN.

TOTAL MONTHS IN THE ARMY

100
I90

Number of Men= 383

80

-______

60

--

--

z
U

LiJ 50

10

3-6

7-9

10-12

13-15

16.18

19-21

22-24

25-30

31-36

Over 36

Over 99

MiONTH S

Figure 18

I hret

ourths of the men Iltve Iteeii ini the

\rlliN

than 18 nioithes.

26

TOTAL MONTHS IN KOREA

100 Number of Men= 371

90 80
70

--

60

w 0

5-

40

30

10

Less
than Y2

!6-1

More
than 9

MONTHS

Figure 19

airlf the men hte been in korea less than four month-..

27

TOTAL MONTHS ON MLR

100

Number of Men

385

90

80

I60-

z
50 CL

--

40

40 - 30
---

~ -_ _

-_
___

_
_

_
_

20

_--

Less

Y2- 1

MONTHS

Figure 20

'I hree-fourths of ite nten have been on the \11.11 Ies, than foue, mouth.-,.

2'8

TOTAL MONTHS AS MEMBER OF PRESENT SQUAD

100

Number of Men =385

90

80

70

60
I-

z w
U

50-

40

30

20 -!

10

.-

.ELF
1 2 3 4

H-H
6 7

More than 9

MONTHS

Figure 21

Nlembers ip in ,quads changes so fi't, a squa(l les than three ionthst.

that more than half of the mien hau be en in e

29I

MONTHS AS MEMBER OF PRESENT SQUAD

_______________Average

Number of Squads 78 Number of Months as Member of Squad

J0

_________________

months Standard Deviation = 1.44 *Major Range= 0.0 to 6.7 months Average Number of Months for Man in Each Squad With
__________________________

Most Service =7.35 months

_________ ___________men -

Average Number of Months for Mon in Each Squad W~th Least Service =0.83 months LEGEND Average number of monyths al within a given squad hay been a member of the squad 4Vriation in number of months

________________________________________

.~....members

during which men have been of tfht squad

0t

1_ NUBR0FMOTSA

_2_

_4

5 EME

7_8_9_10 FPESN-QA

.4-s

In

ud

.4 h

m -

rtriutht

ee

tqkdm

me

es-4-o

hmtrt

ot.

ofte'u

.4-ll. d,_

-ie,_,.i

e _ nti __ol

iilm

t,

RANKS OF SQUAD MEMBERS

100 Number of Men= 381

90

80

70

60 z u5

40

Private :' i *

Private ~~First Class

Corporal

~s

Sergeant

Sergeant
ls

RANK

Figure 23

'ront-line

.uads

ate oeratilog il not more thtan i so-thirds' strength in NCO's.

31

TIMES PROMOTED SINCE BECOMING MEMBER OF PRESENT SOUAD

100

~~Num Mn ber of
______

3 f

90

___

70

----------.-

z
L)50

30

20
-

10

None

One

Two TIMES PROMOTED

Three

Four

Figure 24

lialf ha~ve rteeiv(I a p~rotlmionI.

kIIIough (m thet atvragt. the linen1 have~t bel-i it, thet squad old., threr Innorthl,

U111nol

3'

TIMES WOUNDED SINCE BECOMING MEMBER OF PRESENT SQUAD 100

Number of Men =386

90

__

_-----------___----

-----

70

- -_

--

- --

--

- -

--

- - -

0wI

30

--

--- -

NoeOne TlIVES WOU)NL)ED

Two

Three

Figure 25

I Iie-st frOzgt-Ilit -,( UadI 1

IkUll

Iad h

mchuvl oijtaot

'.Nit

the

i'~i

TIMES RECEIVED COMPANY PUNISHMENT SINCE BECOMING A MEMBER OF PRESENT SQUAD

100

Number of Men= 385

90

80

70

: Iz LU U

60

a50

a. 40

30

20

10

None

One

TIMES RECEIVED COMPANY PUNISHMENT

Figure 26

Cony ii, ent puish

-4

ureon

he fronit line,.

34

,'U

'4' .'

.4' ,*

.
,*
*

riua

* i1

WRITTEN INFANTRY WEAPONS TEST

'"

i____'______"___

- -----'

Number of squads 78 Average Score of All Squads on Written Infantry Weapons Informction T-st = 58.02 points Standard Deviation of Scores =8.31 points Major Range = 37.25 to 75.00 points

II

-20 30 40 PER CENT 50

i
60

70

iU
80 90 100

10

OF ITEMS

CORRECT

Figure 27

No (unaid
.-

iavrtiged Iigl

ore-, a

olile

tiare,

'i lta

I %Not it

ril eat

apowa 3,
-

i'

SQUAD MEMBERS HAVING SPECIALIZED TRAINING BEYOND BASIC

100~ LEGEND A=eoaders School- NCO 90 B=OCS C =Advanced Infantry, Weapons (Mortars, Machine Gun, etc.) 0D =Rangers, Paratroopers, Airborne = Ski Training, Amphibious Training F =Armored, Armored Reconnaissance G=Miscelloneous (CBR, Demolition, MP, Signal, Radio, Mechanics, Medics, Fire, Drivn1 , Supply, Arms Repair, Cooks) H 60 None Number of Men = 386

80

70

z U 5

40

30

20

10

F TRAINING

KIND OF SPECIALIZED

Figure 28

k))r 10 per , , ,iI

lth nwits i,, froui-ait. riIh"

iitthd.

}hie \rmi

tramling pal- -,i (

38

PERCENTAGE OF SQUAD SPECIALIZED TRAINING BEYOND BA5Sir HAVING

rNum

,r of Squads =78

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

PFR

CENTI

Fiyofe 29

Rifimt-i quid-m dlict-Iuuiopp rtuw% lt%lI noa InvoilactVNIII olli v

Irmiing ".Nold btI qs

WORLD WAR F- SERVICE

100
Numbir of Men= r381

90

80-

___

70

60 I-

--

z
LU

40

30

20-

10.-

0 L_

_ Men with World War 1:1 Service

Men with No World War HI Service

Figjure 30

Hi rornt

I 1ne rilleaiiri

likI'.

had hult-I

prr~iou,- tejwtem v

mnumii ttir

voutlhat

,[

ia t I

iv

* * * *

4,

*
4, * * * *
t

Attitudes

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

44

*~444#44

444

___________________________

. .

A MEASURE OF AMBITION

_ __

_4

______________________________________4

vI

__

__

___NumberofSquads_-_78

_______

_Mean___,14_points_

_ _

_to

.8

pin

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70 80 40 50 60 20 30 PER CE NT OF RESPONSES POSSiBLE FOR A SQUAD

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The average squad member thinks that:,

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Summary

SUMMARY
CIVILIAN BACKGROUND OF SQUAD MEMBERS Most of the riflemen on the front line are between 18 and 29 years of age; half of them are 21 or 22 years old. The educational background of front-line riflemen is relatively low; in most squads

the variation in background within the squad is large.

More than 60 per cent of the front-line riflemen (lid not graduate from high school. The average grade completed was the tenth. Over 75 per cent of the riflemen on the front line have had civilian experience working for others. Almost one-fifth of the squad members serving on the front line have parents who were not born in the U. S. A. Even though approximately half of the riflemen on the front line have Northern European ancestry, there are six minority groups and minority combinations.

Although some squads had no non-European minority group members, most of the
squads had at least one or two such members, and in many squads over half of the men were minority group members. The Negro population is not evenly distributed among front- line squads. More than half of the wage earners in the families of the front- line squad members were unskilled workers. Most of the squad members come from homes which were shared with several brothers and sisters. Over three-fourths of the squad members were single. The 40th had been a California National Guard Division, but bv the winter of 1952- 53 its personnel came from all parts of the country.

A'IlIUTES OF' SQUADS AND SQUAD MEMBERS

The typical squad is composed of nine men. squad three months or lesMost of these men have been in the

- the av.rage squad twice as much time is devoted to guard duty as is allocated for sleep. The men average four or five brok,-n hours of sleep in 24 hours. The proportion of enlisted and drafted men on the front line is comparable to the proportions for the total V'my. I hree- fourth,' of the men have been in the \rtnv less fhai 18 months, and half of thens liuae been in Korea l',-, than four months.

57

Three- fourths of the men have been on the MLR less than four months.
Membership in squads changes so rapidly that more than half of the men have been

in a squad less than three months. In half of the squads the average man has been a squad member less than three months. Two-thirds of the squads have members who have been in the squads a month or less. Two-fifths of the squads have "old-timers" who have been in the squad more than six months.
Front-line squads are operating at not more than two-thirds' strength in NCO's.

Over 90 per cent of the squad members had not been wounded since being a
member of the present squad.

Approximately half of the front- line riflemen had been promoted since becoming
a member of their present squads.

Over 95 per cent of the riflemen had not received company punishment since
becoming a member of their present squad.

TRAINING
No squad averaged high scores, and some scored quite low on a written weapons information test. Over 30 per cent of the men in front- line rifle squads have Army training in addition to Basic, but riflemen do not have an equal opportunity to come in contact with squad-mates who have special training beyond Basic. The front-line riflemen have had little previous experience in any other combat situation.

AIlITUDES Over 80 per cent of the squads had an average level of aspiration score which was above the mid - point of the scale. According to the questionnaire used, in only three squads would the average reaction be to accept rules and orders without question. All of the other squads would tend to evaluate each new situation and decide whether or not to give unquestioning obedience to a rule or order. In no squad was there a strong tendency to flaunt rules and orders. According to the comments obtained in more than 350 recorded interviews it appears that the average squad member thinks that: The North Koreans are barbaric and inhuman in treatment of prisoners. The Chinese are civil in their treatment of prisoners. The enemy attacks fiercely because he is doped. The enemy is more patient than the G.I. in setting up an ambush. The enemy is extremely accurate with mortar tire. The enemy is dug into impenetrable positions. The Katusas sleep on guard., The Katusas have superhuman strength. The Katusa can see hell in the dark. 58

ACKNOA LE.iMEN'I S

Appreciation is extended to the officers and enlisted men of the 40th Infantry Divi sion who made it possible for the research team to gather data in a combat situation. The staff members of Human Research Unit No. 2, OCAFF, who selected and prepared test materials for the study and gathered the data presented in this report were Drs. Robert L. Egbert, Morris Showel, and Rodney A. Clark. Capt. John B. Bennett, Jr., Department of the Army, was military chief of the research team. The drawings are adapted from originals prepared by Mrs. Liese S. Rapozo. Other members of the project who participated in the preparation of the report are: Mr. Gilbert L. Neal, Pfc. Joseph N. P. Ruocco, and Mrs. Alice I. I.owrance.

59