posterior compartment

[edit]Superficial Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist

triceps surae

achilles tendon, calcaneus

posterior tibial artery

tibial nerve

plantarflexion

Muscle

Origin

Insertion

Artery

Nerve

Action

Antagon

gastrocnemius femur

tibial nerve from Tibialis sural the sciatic, calcaneus plantarflexion, flexion of knee(minor) anterior arteries specifically, muscle nerve
rootsS1, S2

fibula, medial soleus

border of tibia (soleal line)

tendo sural plantarflexion calcaneus arteries specifically,

nerve roots L5S2

tibial nerve,

Tibialis anterior muscle

plantaris

Lateral supracondylar ridge of femur above lateral head of gastrocnemius

Tendo calcaneus (medial

side, deep togastrocnemius tendon)

Plantar sural tibial flexes foot and arteries nerve flexesknee

Tibialis anterior muscle

[edit]Deep Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist

popliteus

middle facet of the lateral posterior tibia under surface of the tibial the lateral condyle [disambiguation

femoral condyle

popliteal tibial Medial artery nerve rotation and flexion of

knee

needed]

tarsal tunnel:
Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action

Antagon

flexor hallucis longus

fibula,
posterior aspect of upper 1/3

Peroneal artery (peroneal tibial base of branch of nerve, S1, S2nerve distal phalanxof hallux the posterior roots tibial artery

flexes all joints of the Hallux, plantar flexion of the ankle joint

Extens halluci muscle

flexor digitorum medial tibia distal phalanges of lateral four digits longus

posterior tibial artery

Tibial nerve

Primary action is Flex digits

Extens digitoru longus, digitoru brevis

tibialis navicular, medial tibia, fibula posterior cuneiform

posterior tibial artery

tibial nerve

inversion of the foot, plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle

Tibialis muscle

[edit]lateral compartment

Peroneus muscles (Fibularis muscles):

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist

superficial first fibular Tibialis Peroneus fibular fibula metatarsal, medial (peroneal) plantarflexion, eversion anterior longus (peroneal) cuneiform artery muscle nerve

Peroneus fibula fifth metatarsal brevis

superficial fibular fibular (peroneal) plantarflexion, eversion (peroneal) artery nerve

[edit]Foot [edit]Dorsal

Muscle

Origin

Insertion

Artery Nerve

Action

Antagonist

extensor digitorum brevis

calcaneus toes

deep Flexor digitorum extends peroneal digits 2, 3, longus, Flexor and 4 nerve digitorum brevis

extensor hallucis brevis

calcaneus proximal phalanx of hallux

base of

deep Extension Flexor hallucis peroneal of hallux brevis muscle nerve

[edit]Plantar [edit]1st layer Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action

medial side of base of abductor of calcaneus, flexor proximalphalanx of [disambiguation hallucis retinaculum first digit needed] , plantar aponeurosis

medial process

plantar nerve [disambiguation abducts hallux

needed]

flexor of calcaneus, plantar digitorum aponeurosis,intermuscular middle phalanges of digits 2-5 brevis [disambiguation needed] septa

medial process

plantar nerve [disambiguation flexes lateral four toes

needed]

abductor Plantar aponeurosis digiti minimi

[edit]2nd layer Muscle Origin Insertion

Fifth toe or
Phalanges

lateral lateral plantar plantar nerve (S1,S2) artery

flex and abductthe fifth toe

Artery Nerve

Action

Antagonist

quadratus Calcaneus plantae

Tendons of Flexor Digitorum

lateral plantar nerve (S1,S2)

Assists Flexor Digitorum Longus in flexion of DIP joints

Longus

lumbrical digitorum muscle longus

[edit]3rd layer Muscle Origin

tendons of flexor

medial aspect of extensor expansion over lateral four digits

flex

plantar proximal phalanges and nerve [disambiguation extend middle and needed] distal phalangesof lateral
four digits

Insertion

Artery Nerve

Action

Antagonist

flexor hallucis brevis

medial plantar nerve

flex hallux

Extensor hallucis longus muscle

adductor hallucis

plantar nerve [disambiguation

needed]

adducts hallux

Abductor hallucis muscle

flexor digiti minimi brevis

fifth phalanx of metatarsal the fifth toe bone

plantar nerve [disambiguation

needed]

flex and adduct the fifth

toe

Abductor digiti minimi muscle

[edit]4th layer Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist

dorsal interossei

plantar nerve [disambiguation

needed]

abduct toes

Plantar interossei muscles

plantar interossei

metatarsals

proximal phalanges

plantar nerve [disambiguation

needed]

Dorsal adduct toes interossei of the foot

edit]Innervation overview

Mind Map showing a summary of Upper Limb Muscle Innervation

Mind Map Showing a summary of Lower Limb Muscle innervation

Muscle Bone Attachments

Copyright Ted Nissen 2003
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Foot Dorsal Right B1E1 Foot Plantar Right B2E2 Forearm Anterior Posterior B3E3 Hand Dorsal Left B4E4 Hand Palmer B5E5 *

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Hip Leg Anterior B6E6 * Hip Leg Posterior B7E7 * Leg Anterior Lower B8E8 Leg Posterior Lower B9E9 Shoulder Anterior Upper Arm B10E10 * Shoulder Posterior Upper Arm B11E11 * Larynx Posterior & Side View B12E12 * Mandible Left Outer Side B13E13 Skull Base External B14E14 Coccyx Posterior B15E15 *

1. Foot Dorsal Right B1E1

Back Table of Contents

References

2. Foot Plantar Right B2E2

Back Table of Contents

References

3. Forearm Anterior Posterior B3E3

Back Table of Contents

References

4. Hand Dorsal Left B4E4

Back Table of Contents

References

5. Hand Palmer B5E5 *

Back Table of Contents

References

6. Hip Leg Anterior B6E6 *

Back Table of Contents

References

7. Hip Leg Posterior B7E7 *

Back Table of Contents

References

8. Leg Anterior Lower B8E8

Back Table of Contents

References

9. Leg Posterior Lower B9E9

Back Table of Contents

References

10.

Shoulder Anterior Upper Arm B10E10 *

References

Back Table of Contents

11.

Shoulder Posterior Upper Arm B11E11 *

References

Back Table of Contents

12.

Larynx Posterior & Side View B12E12 *

References

Back Table of Contents

13.

Mandible Left Outer Side B13E13

References

Back Table of Contents

14.

Skull Base External B14E14

References

Back Table of Contents

15.

Coccyx Anterior Posterior B15E15 *

References

Back Table of Contents

Iliac region
Musc le Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist

iliops iliac oas fossa (iliacus), sacrum(iliacus), spine (T1 2, L1, L2,L3, L4, L5) & intervertebral discs (psoas major, psoas minor) [1]

femurlesser trochanter(ps oas major/minor), shaft below lesser trochanter (iliacus), tendon of psoas major & femur (iliacus) [1]

medial femoral circumflex artery,iliol umbar artery

femoral nerve, Lu mbar nerves L1 , L2

flexion of hi p (psoas major/minor, iliacus), spine rotation (psoas major/minor)

Gluteus maximus,po sterior compartme nt of thigh

ps transverse processes, bodies and discs of in the lesser oas T12-L5 trochanter of major thefemur

Iliolumbar Lumbar artery plexus via anterior branches ofL1, L2, L3[2]

flexes and ro Gluteus tates maximus laterally thig h

ps Side of T12+L1 and IV Disc between oas minor

Pectineal line [disambiguatio

n needed]

L1

Weak trunk flexor

Gluteus maximus

andiliop ectineal eminence

ilia iliac fossa cus

lesser medial femoral flexes hip[3] trochanter of f femoral nerve (L2, emur circumflex L3[2]) artery,Iliol umbar

Gluteus maximus

artery [edit]Gluteal

Muscle

Origin

Insertion

Artery

Nerve

Action

Antagonis t

tensor fascia latae

iliac crest

iliotibial tract primarily later Superior gluteal al circumflex nerve(L4, L5) femoral artery, Superi or gluteal artery

Thigh flexion, medial rotation. Trunkstabi lization.

Gluteal muscles

glute us maximus muscle

Gluteal surface of ilium, lumbar fascia, sacrum, sacro tuberous ligament

Gluteal superior and i inferior gluteal tuberosity of nferior gluteal nerve(L5, S1, S2 n the femur,ilio arteries erve roots) tibial tract

external rotation and extensi on of thehip joint, supports the extended kneethrou gh the iliotibial tract, chief antigravity muscle in sitting

Iliacus, Ps oas major,Psoa s minor

glute us medius muscle

Gluteal surface of ilium, undergluteus maximus

Greater superior trochanter of gluteal artery the femur

superior gluteal abduction of lateral nerve(L4, L5, S1 n the hip; rotator erve roots) preventingadductio group n of the hip. Medial rotation ofthigh.

mini mus

Gluteal surface of ilium, undergluteus medius.

Greater superior trochanter of gluteal artery the femur

superior gluteal Works in concert lateral nerve(L4, L5, S1 n with gluteus rotator erve roots) medius:abduction o group f the hip; preventingadductio n of the hip. Medial rotation of thigh.

lateral rotator group

at or below the acetabulum of the ilium

on or near Inferior the greater gluteal trochanter of artery,Lateral sacral

Obturator lateral rotation of nerve, nerve to the hip Piriformis, nerve to quadratus

Gluteus minimus muscle, Gl uteus

the femur

artery,Superio femoris r gluteal artery

medius muscle

pirifo sacrum rmis

greater trochanter

Inferior nerve to the gluteal Piriformis(S1 and artery ,Lateral S2 nerve roots) [4] sacral artery,Superio r gluteal artery

laterally rotate (outward) the thigh

obtur obturator medial aspect obturator ator foramen andobturato of greater artery externus ry membrane trochanter of femur

posterior branch of adduct thigh, rotate obturator laterally thigh nerve (L3, L4)

obtur Ischiopubic ator ramus & obturator internus membrane

medial aspect of the Greater trochanter

Nerve to obturator Abducts & rotates internus (L5, S1, S laterally thigh, and 2) stabiliser of the hip during walking

inferi Ischial tuberosity or gemellus

Obturator internus tend on

Nerve to Rotates Quadratus laterally thigh femoris (L4, L5, S 1)

superior spine of the ischium Obturator gemellus internus tend on

Sacral Rotates plexus (S1, S2,S3) laterally thigh

quadr ischial tuberosity atus femoris [edit]Thigh [edit]anterior

intertrochant inferior eric crest gluteal artery

nerve to quadratus lateral femoris (L4, L5, - rotation of thigh S1)

compartment
Origin Insertion Arter Nerve y Action Antagon ist

Muscle

articulari femur s genu

suprapatellar bursa

femor femor Pulling the suprapatellar bursa during al al extension of the knee. artery nerve

sartorius superior to the anterior superior iliac spine

medial side of femor femor flexion, lateral the al al rotation and abduction ofthigh; flexion a upper tibia in artery nerve nd medial rotation of leg the pes anserinus

quadrice combined rectus Patella and Ti femor Femor Knee extension; Hip flexion (R.Fem. ps femoris andvastus mu bial al al only) femoris scles tuberosity via artery nerve the Patellar ligament

Hamstrin g

rectus anterior inferior iliac femoris spine and the exterior surface of the bony ridge which forms the iliac portion of the acetabulum

Patella and Ti femor femor knee extension; hip flexion bial al al tuberosity via artery nerve the Patellar ligament

Hamstrin g

vastus Greater lateralis trochanter,Intertrocha nteric line, andLinea aspera of the femur

patella and tib femor femor Extends and stabilizes knee ial al al tuberosity via artery nerve the patellar ligament

hamstrin g

vastus antero/ lateral femur intermedi us

patella and tib femor femor extends knee ial al al tuberosity via artery nerve the patellar ligament

Hamstrin g

vastus femur medialis

patella and tib femor femor extends knee ial al al tuberosity via artery nerve the patellar ligament

hamstrin g

[edit]posterior

compartment/hamstring

Muscle

Origin

Insertion

Artery

Nerve

Action

Antagoni st

biceps femoris

long head: tuberosi ty of the ischium, short head: linea aspera, femur[
5]

the head of the fibula[5] whi ch articulates with the back of the lateral tibial condyle

inferior gluteal artery,perforati ng arteries,poplite al artery

long head: medial (tibial) part of sciatic nerve, short head: lateral (common fibular) part of sciatic nerve[5]

flexes knee joint, laterally rotates leg at knee (when knee is flexed),extends hip joint (long head only)[5]

Quadrice ps muscle

semitendinosus tuberosity of pes the ischium[5] anserinus

inferior gluteal sciatic[5] (tibial, L5,S1, flexes knee, artery,perforati S2) extends hip ng arteries joint,medially rotates leg at knee[5]

Quadrice ps muscle

semimembranos tuberosity of Medial us the ischium[5] surface of tibia[5]

profunda sciatic nerve[5] femoris, glutea l artery [disambiguati

on needed]

flexes knee, extends hip joint, medially rotates leg at knee[5]

Quadrice ps muscle

[edit]medial Muscle

compartment
Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist

adductor muscles of the hip

pubis

femur, tibia

obturator nerve

adduction of hip

gracilis

inferior pubic tibia (pes ramus[6] anserinus)

obturator artery

anterior branch of obturator nerve[6]

adduction of hip, flexion of hip, medial rotation of knee[6]

pectineus superior pubic ramus[6]

lesser trochanter, linea aspera

Obturator femoral nerve, flexion & adduction artery sometimes obturator of hip[6] nerve[6]

adductor anterior the lesser obturator brevis surface of the trochanter and linea artery inferior pubic aspera of the femur ramus[6]

anterior branch of obturator nerve[6]

adduction of hip[6]

adductor pubic body middle third longus just below the of linea aspera pubic crest

obturator artery

anterior branch of obturator nerve[6]

adduction & medial rotation of hip[6]

adductor tuberosity of femur and adductor obturator magnus the ischium[6] tubercle of femur artery

posterior branch of adduction of hip[6] obturator nerve(adductor) and tibial part of sciatic nerve[6][7]

[edit]Leg [edit]anterior

compartment
Insertion Arter Nerve y Action Antagonist

Muscle

Origin

tibialis body of anterior tibia

medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bon es of the foot

anteri or tibial artery

Deep dorsiflex and invert t Fibularis Fibular he foot longus,Gastrocnemius,Soleus, Plantar (perone is,Tibialis posterior al) nerve

extenso r hallucis longus

middle portion of the fibula o n the anterior surface and theinterosse ous membrane

dorsal side of the base of thedistal phalanx of the Hallux

anteri deep or peronea tibial l nerve artery

Extends the big toe and assists indorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle. Also is a weak invertor

Flexor hallucis longus,Flexor hallucis brevis

extenso r digitor um longus

Lateral Condyle of tibia and superior of interosse ous

Middle and Distal phalang es of lateral four digits

anteri deep extension of toes and Flexor digitorum longus, Flexor or peronea ankle digitorum brevis tibial l nerve artery

membrane

fibulari distal s tertius anterior surface of thefibula [edit]posterior [edit]Superficial

dorsal surface anteri deep of metatarsal 5 or fibular tibial nerve artery

dorsi flexes and everts foot

compartment

Muscle

Origin

Insertion

Artery

Nerve

Action

Antagoni st

triceps surae

achilles tendon, calcaneus

posteri tibial or nerve tibial artery

plantarflexion

ius

gastrocnem femur(medi calcaneus al and lateral condyles)

sural tibial plantarflexion, flexion of knee ( Tibialis arteries nerve fro minor) anterior m muscle thesciatic, specificall y, nerve roots S1, S2

soleus

fibula, tendo calcaneus medial border of tibia(sole al line)

sural tibial plantarflexion arteries nerve, specificall y, nerve roots L5 S2

tibialis anterior muscle

plantaris

lateral supracondyl ar ridge offemur abo ve lateral head of gastrocnemi us

tendo sural tibial calcaneus (medial arteries nerve side, deep to gastrocnemius ten don)

Plantar flexes foot and flexes knee

Tibialis anterior muscle

[edit]Deep

Muscle

Origin

Insertion

Artery

Nerve

Action

Antagonist

popliteus middle posterior tibia under facet of the tibial the lateral condyle [disambiguation surface of needed]s the lateral femoral condyle

popliteal artery

tibial nerve

Medial rotation and flexion of knee

tarsal tunnel

flexor fibula, hallucis posterior longus aspect of upper 1/3

base of Peroneal tibial distal phalanx of hall artery(perone nerve, S1, S2ner ux al branch of ve roots theposterior tibial artery

flexes all joints of the Hallux, plantar flexion of the ankle joint

Extensor hallucis longus muscle

flexor medial tibi distal phalanges of digitoru a lateral four digits m longus

posterior tibial artery

Tibial nerve

Primary action is Flex digits

Extensor digitorum longus, Extens or digitorum brevis

tibiali tibia, fibul navicular, medial s a cuneiform posterior

posterior tibial artery

tibial nerve

inversion of the Tibialis foot, plantar anterior muscle flexion of the foot at the ankle

[edit]lateral

compartment

fibularis muscles: Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist

longus

fibula

first fibular metatarsal, medial (peroneal) cuneiform artery

superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve

plantarflexion, eversion Tibialis anterior muscle

brevis

fibula

fifth metatarsal

fibular (peroneal)

superficial fibular

plantarflexion, eversion

artery

(peroneal) nerve

[edit]Foot [edit]Dorsal Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist

extensor calcaneus digitorum brevis

toes

deep peroneal nerve

extends digits 2, 3, and 4

Flexor digitorum longus, Flexor digitorum brevis

extensor hallucis brevis

calcaneus

base of proximal phalanx ofhallux

deep peroneal nerve

Extension of hallux Flexor hallucis brevis muscle

[edit]Plantar [edit]1st layer Arter y

Muscle

Origin

Insertion

Nerve

Action

Antagonist

abductor medial process hallucis of calcaneus,flexor retinaculum [disambiguation needed] ,plantar aponeurosis

medial side of base of proximal phalanx of first digit

medial plantar nerve

abducts hallux

Adductor hallucis muscle

flexor medial process middle phalanges digitoru of calcaneus,plantar of digits 2-5 m brevis aponeurosis,intermuscul ar septa [disambiguation
needed]

medial plantar nerve

flexes lateral four toes Extensor digitorum longus, Extens or digitorum brevis

abductor Plantar aponeurosis digiti minimi

Fifth toe or Phalanges

lateral planta r artery

lateral flex and abduct the fif Flexor digiti plantar th toe minimi brevis nerve(S1, S muscle 2)

[edit]2nd layer

Muscle

Origin

Insertion

Artery

Nerve

Action

Antagonist

quadratus plantae

Calcaneus

Tendons of Flexor Digitorum Longus

lateral Assists Flexor plantar Digitorum Longus in nerve(S1, S2) flexion of DIP joints

lumbrical muscle

tendons of flexor medial aspect of digitorum longus extensor expansion of proximal phalanges of lateral four digits

lateral plantar artery and plantar arch, and four plantar metatarsal arteries

lateral maintain extension of plantar nerve digits at (lateral three interphalangeal joints lumbricals) and medial plantar nerve (first lumbrical)

[edit]3rd layer Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist

flexor hallucis brevis

medial plantar nerve

flex hallux

Extensor hallucis longus muscle

adductor hallucis

plantar adducts hallux nerve [disambiguation

needed]

Abductor hallucis muscle

flexor digiti minimi brevis

fifth metatarsal phalanx of bone the fifth toe

plantar extend and adduct the fifth Abductor nerve [disambiguation toe digiti needed] minimi muscle

[edit]4th layer Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist

dorsal interossei

plantar abduct toes nerve [disambiguation

needed]

Plantar interossei muscles

plantar interossei

metatarsals

proximal phalanges

plantar adduct toes nerve [disambiguation

needed]

Dorsal interossei of the foot

Arteries of the Upper Limb Arranged Alphabetically

Artery anterior circumflex humeral Source axillary a., 3rd part Branches unnamed muscular branches Supply to deltoid m.; arm muscles near the surgical neck of the humerus Notes anterior circumflex humeral a. anastomoses with the posterior circumflex humeral a. anterior interosseous a. pierces the interosseous membrane at its distal end to reach the dorsal carpal anastomosis anterior ulnar recurrent a. often arises in common with the posterior ulnar recurrent a. deep palmar

anterior interosseous

common interosseous a.

muscular brs.; a. of the median nerve

flexor pollicis longus m., flexor digitorum profundus m., pronator quadratus m., radius, ulna, carpal bones medial side of elbow and proximal ends of forearm flexor mm. deep palm,

anterior ulnar recurrent ulnar a.

unnamed muscular brs.

arch, deep palmar

radial a., deep

palmar

br. of ulnar a.

metacarpal aa. (2nd-4th), perforating brs.

digits including the dorsum of the distal phalangeal segment dorsum of the hand and digits, excluding the distal phalangeal segment superficial palm, palmar surface of the digits excluding thumb, dorsum of the distal phalangeal segments of digits 2-5 pectoral region, shoulder region and upper limb

arterial arch receives the majority of its blood supply from the radial a. dorsal carpal arterial arch receives the majority of its blood supply from the radial a. superficial palmar arterial arch receives the majority of its blood supply from the ulnar a.

arch, dorsal carpal arterial

radial a., ulnar a. dorsal metacarpal aa.

arch, superficial palmar ulnar a., common palmar superficial digital aa. (3) palmar br. of the radial a.

axillary

subclavian a. (axillary a. is the continuation of the subclavian lateral to the 1st rib)

1st part: superior thoracic a.; 2nd part: thoracoacromial a., lateral thoracic a.; 3rd part: anterior humeral circumflex a., posterior humeral circumflex a., subscapular a. deep brachial a., superior ulnar collateral a., nutrient a., inferior ulnar collateral a.; terminal branches are the

pectoralis minor m. crosses anterior to the axillary artery and is used to delineate the 3 parts mentioned at left

brachial

axillary a. (brachial a. is the continuation of the axillary a. distal to the teres major m.)

arm, forearm and hand

brachial a. normally terminates at the level of the elbow, but high branching may occur

radial a. and the ulnar a. brachial, deep brachial a. ascending br.; terminal branches are the middle collateral a. and radial collateral a. muscles and tissues of the posterior compartment of the arm deep brachial a. spirals around the shaft of the humerus in the radial groove where it is susceptible to injury in midshaft fractures

brachiocephalic trunk

aortic arch

right common carotid a., right subclavian a.

right side of there is only one the head and brachiocephalic neck; right trunk upper limb and right side of the chest wall dorsum of the hand and digits, excluding the distal phalangeal segment trapezius muscle and surrounding tissues deltoid m.; arm muscles near the surgical neck of the humerus dorsal carpal arterial arch receives the majority of its blood supply from the radial a. transverse cervical a. gives rise to the dorsal scapular a. ~30% of the time anterior circumflex humeral a. anastomoses with the posterior circumflex humeral a. posterior circumflex humeral a. anastomoses with the anterior circumflex humeral a.; it

carpal arterial arch, dorsal

radial a., ulnar a. dorsal metacarpal aa.

cervical, transverse

thyrocervical trunk

unnamed muscular branches, possibly the dorsal scapular a. unnamed muscular branches

circumflex humeral, anterior

axillary a., 3rd part

circumflex humeral, posterior

axillary a., 3rd part

unnamed muscular branches

deltoid; arm muscles near the surgical neck of the humerus

passes through the quadrangular space with the axillary nerve circumflex scapular subscapular a. unnamed muscular branches teres major m., teres minor m., infraspinatus m. circumflex scapular a. anastomoses with the suprascapular a. and the dorsal scapular a. to form the scapular anastomosis anastomoses with the anterior ulnar recurrent a.

collateral, inferior ulnar brachial a.

unnamed muscular branches unnamed muscular branches unnamed muscular branches

lower medial arm

collateral, middle

deep brachial a.

medial head of anastomoses with triceps, the interosseous anconeus recurrent a. lower lateral arm travels with the radial nerve; anastomoses with the radial recurrent a. travels with the ulnar nerve; anastomoses with posterior ulnar recurrent a.

collateral, radial

deep brachial a.

collateral, superior ulnar

brachial a.

unnamed muscular branches

medial arm muscles

common interosseous

ulnar a.

anterior interosseous a., posterior interosseous a.

deep structures common of the forearm interosseous a. supplies the deep forearm flexor and deep forearm extensor muscles palmar aspect two adjacent digits common palmar digital aa. anastomose with palmar metacarpal aa. deep brachial a. spirals around the shaft of the

common palmar digital superficial palmar arterial arch

proper palmar digital aa. (2)

deep brachial

brachial a.

ascending br.; terminal branches are the

muscles and tissues of the posterior

middle collateral compartment a. and radial of the arm collateral a.

humerus in the radial groove where it is susceptible to injury in midshaft fractures deep palmar arterial arch receives the majority of its blood supply from the radial a. common palmar digital aa. anastomose with palmar metacarpal aa. proper palmar digital aa. supply the dorsum of the distal phalangeal segment and nail bed dorsal carpal arterial arch receives the majority of its blood supply from the radial a. dorsal digital aa. do not supply the nail bed

deep palmar arch

radial a., deep br. of ulnar a.

palmar metacarpal aa. (2nd-4th), perforating brs.

deep palm, digits including the dorsum of the distal phalangeal segment palmar aspect two adjacent digits

digital, common palmar

superficial palmar arterial arch

proper palmar digital aa. (2)

digital, proper palmar

common palmar no named digital a. branches

palmar aspect of each digit

dorsal carpal arterial arch

radial a., ulnar a. dorsal metacarpal aa.

dorsum of the hand and digits, excluding the distal phalangeal segment dorsal aspect of 1/2 digit, excluding the distal phalangeal segment

dorsal digital, of hand

dorsal metacarpal a.

no named branches

dorsal metacarpal

1st: radial a.; 24: dorsal carpal arterial arch

dorsal digital aa. dorsum of 2 (2) adjacent digits, excluding the distal phalangeal segment

each dorsal metacarpal a. gives off a perforating br. that anastomoses with the deep

palmar arterial arch dorsal scapular subclavian a., 3rd part unnamed muscular branches levator scapulae m., rhomboideus major m., rhomboideus minor m. dorsal scapular a. anastomoses with the suprascapular a. and the subscapular a. to form the scapular anastomosis; dorsal scapular a is a branch of the transverse cervical a. in ~30% of cases anterior circumflex humeral a. anastomoses with the posterior circumflex humeral a. posterior circumflex humeral a. anastomoses with the anterior circumflex humeral a.; it passes through the quadrangular space with the axillary nerve anastomoses with the anterior ulnar recurrent a. interosseous recurrent a. anastomoses with the middle collateral a. anterior interosseous a. pierces the

humeral, anterior circumflex

axillary a., 3rd part

unnamed muscular branches

deltoid m.; arm muscles near the surgical neck of the humerus

humeral, posterior circumflex

axillary a., 3rd part

unnamed muscular branches

deltoid; arm muscles near the surgical neck of the humerus

inferior ulnar collateral brachial a.

unnamed muscular branches unnamed muscular branches

lower medial arm anconeus m., elbow joint

interosseous recurrent

posterior interosseous a.

interosseous, anterior

common interosseous a.

muscular brs.; a. of the median nerve

flexor pollicis longus m., flexor

digitorum profundus m., pronator quadratus m., radius, ulna, carpal bones interosseous, common ulnar a. anterior interosseous a., posterior interosseous a.

interosseous membrane at its distal end to reach the dorsal carpal anastomosis

deep structures common of the forearm interosseous a. supplies the deep forearm flexor and deep forearm extensor muscles muscles of the posterior (extensor) forearm compartment: supinator m., abductor pollicis longus m., extensor pollicis longus m., extensor pollicis brevis m., extensor indicis m. serratus anterior m., parts of adjacent muscles, skin and fascia of the anterolateral thoracic wall posterior interosseous a. passes proximal to the interosseous membrane to reach the extensor compartment of the forearm

interosseous, posterior

common interosseous a.

interosseous recurrent

lateral thoracic

axillary, 2nd part

unnamed muscular branches

lateral thoracic a. is a rare case in that it enters the serratus anterior from its superficial surface

metacarpal, dorsal

1st: radial a.; 24: dorsal carpal arterial arch

dorsal digital aa. dorsum of 2 (2) adjacent digits, excluding the distal phalangeal segment

each dorsal metacarpal a. gives off a perforating br. that anastomoses with the deep palmar arterial arch

metacarpal, palmar

deep palmar arch

proper palmar digital aa.

interosseous mm., deep hand

palmar metacarpal aa. join with the common palmar digital aa.

middle collateral

deep brachial a.

unnamed muscular branches palmar metacarpal aa. (2nd-4th), perforating brs.

medial head of anastomoses with triceps, the interosseous anconeus recurrent a. deep palm, digits including the dorsum of the distal phalangeal segment superficial palm, palmar surface of the digits excluding thumb, dorsum of the distal phalangeal segments of digits 2-5 palmar aspect two adjacent digits deep palmar arterial arch receives the majority of its blood supply from the radial a. superficial palmar arterial arch receives the majority of its blood supply from the ulnar a.

palmar arch, deep

radial a., deep br. of ulnar a.

palmar arch, superficial ulnar a., common palmar superficial digital aa. (3) palmar br. of the radial a.

palmar digital, common

superficial palmar arterial arch

proper palmar digital aa. (2)

common palmar digital aa. anastomose with palmar metacarpal aa. proper palmar digital aa. supply the dorsum of the distal phalangeal segment and nail bed palmar metacarpal aa. join with the common palmar digital aa. pectoral a.

palmar digital, proper

common palmar no named digital a. branches

palmar aspect of each digit

palmar metacarpal

deep palmar arch

proper palmar digital aa.

interosseous mm., deep hand

pectoral

thoracoacromial unnamed

pectoralis

trunk

muscular branches unnamed muscular branches

major m., pectoralis minor m. deltoid; arm muscles near the surgical neck of the humerus

accompanies the lateral pectoral n. posterior circumflex humeral a. anastomoses with the anterior circumflex humeral a.; it passes through the quadrangular space with the axillary nerve posterior interosseous a. passes proximal to the interosseous membrane to reach the extensor compartment of the forearm

posterior circumflex humeral

axillary a., 3rd part

posterior interosseous

common interosseous a.

interosseous recurrent

muscles of the posterior (extensor) forearm compartment: supinator m., abductor pollicis longus m., extensor pollicis longus m., extensor pollicis brevis m., extensor indicis m. medial side of the elbow, forearm flexor mm.

posterior ulnar recurrent

ulnar a.

unnamed muscular branches

posterior ulnar recurrent a. often arises from a common trunk with the anterior ulnar recurrent a. arteria princeps pollicis is similar in function to a proper digital aa.; this artery has a large pulse which can be felt when attempting to take the pulse of a patient - use

princeps pollicis

radial a.

two brs. to the thumb

palmar aspect of the thumb including the dorsum of the distal phalangeal segment

fingers to feel for the patient's pulse proper palmar digital common palmar no named digital a. branches palmar aspect of each digit proper palmar digital aa. supply the dorsum of the distal phalangeal segment and nail bed radial a. provides the majority of blood supply to the deep palmar arterial arch; normally it arises at the level of the elbow but may high branching of the brachial a. may result in the radial a. arising as proximal as the axilla travels with the radial nerve; anastomoses with the radial recurrent a. radial recurrent a. anastomoses with the radial collateral a.; it courses in the groove between the brachioradialis m. and the brachialis m. arteria radialis indicis is equivalent to a proper digital a. anterior ulnar recurrent a. often

radial

brachial a.

radial recurrent a., palmar carpal br., superficial palmar br., dorsal carpal br., 1st dorsal metacarpal a., princeps pollicis a., radialis indicis a., deep palmar arterial arch

posterior elbow, posterior forearm, posterior hand, deep portion of palmar side of the hand, thumb

radial collateral

deep brachial a.

unnamed muscular branches

lower lateral arm

radial recurrent

radial a.

unnamed muscular branches

lateral side of the elbow and adjacent extensor muscles

radialis indicis

radial a.

no named branches

lateral (radial) side of the index finger medial side of elbow and

recurrent, anterior ulnar ulnar a.

unnamed muscular brs.

proximal ends of forearm flexor mm. recurrent, interosseous posterior interosseous a. unnamed muscular branches anconeus m., elbow joint

arises in common with the posterior ulnar recurrent a. interosseous recurrent a. anastomoses with the middle collateral a. posterior ulnar recurrent a. often arises from a common trunk with the anterior ulnar recurrent a. radial recurrent a. anastomoses with the radial collateral a.; it courses in the groove between the brachioradialis m. and the brachialis m. circumflex scapular a. anastomoses with the suprascapular a. and the dorsal scapular a. to form the scapular anastomosis dorsal scapular a. anastomoses with the suprascapular a. and the subscapular a. to form the scapular anastomosis; dorsal scapular a is a branch of the transverse cervical a. in

recurrent, posterior ulnar

ulnar a.

unnamed muscular branches

medial side of the elbow, forearm flexor mm.

recurrent, radial

radial a.

unnamed muscular branches

lateral side of the elbow and adjacent extensor muscles

scapular, circumflex

subscapular a.

unnamed muscular branches

teres major m., teres minor m., infraspinatus m.

scapular, dorsal

subclavian a., 3rd part

unnamed muscular branches

levator scapulae m., rhomboideus major m., rhomboideus minor m.

~30% of cases subclavian brachiocephalic a. (right), aortic arch (left) 1st part: vertebral a., thyrocervical trunk, internal thoracic a.; 2nd part: costocervical trunk; 3rd part: dorsal scapular a. (70%) neck, brain, spinal cord, thyroid gland, larynx, shoulder, chest muscles, upper limb subclavian a. is continuous with the axillary a., the name change occurs at the lateral border of the first rib; anterior scalene muscle passes anterior to the subclavian a., dividing it into 3 parts the circumflex scapular branch of the subscapular a.anastomoses with the suprascapular a. and the dorsal scapular a. in the scapular anastomosis superficial palmar arterial arch receives the majority of its blood supply from the ulnar a.

subscapular

axillary a., 3rd part

circumflex scapular a., thoracodorsal a.

subscapularis m., teres major m., teres minor m., infraspinatus m.

superficial palmar arch ulnar a., common palmar superficial digital aa. (3) palmar br. of the radial a.

superficial palm, palmar surface of the digits excluding thumb, dorsum of the distal phalangeal segments of digits 2-5

superior thoracic

axillary a., 1st part

unnamed muscular branches

muscles of superior thoracic intercostal a. anastomoses spaces 1 and 2 with the intercostal aa. for intercostal spaces 1 and 2 medial arm muscles travels with the ulnar nerve;

superior ulnar collateral

brachial a.

unnamed muscular

branches

anastomoses with posterior ulnar recurrent a. supraspinatus & infraspinatus, shoulder joint anastomoses with the circumflex scapular a. and the dorsal scapular a. to form the scapular anastomosis lateral thoracic a. is a rare case in that it enters the serratus anterior from its superficial surface

suprascapular

thyrocervical trunk

muscular

thoracic, lateral

axillary a., 2nd part

unnamed muscular branches

serratus anterior m., parts of adjacent muscles, skin and fascia of the anterolateral thoracic wall

thoracic, superior

axillary a., 1st part

unnamed muscular branches

muscles of superior thoracic intercostal a. anastomoses spaces 1 and 2 with the intercostal aa. for intercostal spaces 1 and 2 pectoralis major m., pectoralis minor m., subclavius m., deltoid m., shoulder joint latissimus dorsi m. thoracoacromial trunk pierces the costocoracoid membrane

thoracoacromial

axillary a., 2nd part

pectoral br., clavicular br., acromial br., deltoid br.

thoracodorsal

subscapular a.

unnamed muscular branches right common carotid a., right subclavian a.

thoracodorsal a. accompanies the thoracodorsal n.

trunk, brachiocephalic

aortic arch

right side of there is only one the head and brachiocephalic neck; right trunk upper limb and right side of the chest wall lower neck, thyrocervical

trunk, thyrocervical

subclavian a.,

inferior thyroid

1st part

a., transverse cervical a., suprascapular a.

posterior shoulder, thyroid gland

trunk does not give rise to the ascending cervical a.- it is a branch of the inferior thyroid a. ulnar a. supplies the majority of blood to the superficial palmar arterial arch; it normally arises at the level of the elbow, but high branching of the brachial a. may cause the ulnar a. to arise as far proximally as the axilla anastomoses with the anterior ulnar recurrent a. travels with the ulnar nerve; anastomoses with posterior ulnar recurrent a. anterior ulnar recurrent a. often arises in common with the posterior ulnar recurrent a. posterior ulnar recurrent a. often arises from a common trunk with the anterior ulnar recurrent a.

ulnar

brachial a.

anterior ulnar recurrent a., posterior ulnar recurrent a., common interosseous a., palmar carpal br., dorsal carpal br., deep palmar br., superficial palmar arterial arch

medial side of the anterior forearm, posterior forearm, superficial palm, fingers

ulnar collateral, inferior brachial a.

unnamed muscular branches unnamed muscular branches

lower medial arm medial arm muscles

ulnar collateral, superior

brachial a.

ulnar recurrent, anterior ulnar a.

unnamed muscular brs.

medial side of elbow and proximal ends of forearm flexor mm. medial side of the elbow, forearm flexor mm.

ulnar recurrent, posterior

ulnar a.

unnamed muscular branches

Some of the material presented in these tables is contained in the book: MedCharts Anatomy by Thomas R. Gest and Jaye Schlesinger

Published by ILOC, Inc., New York. Copyright 1995. The content of these tables has been edited for use in this course by Patrick W. Tank, Ph.D. Copyright 2009, Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences. Unauthorized use is prohibited.

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Yahoo! Education > Reference > Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body

The Veins of the Upper Extremity and Thorax

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VII. The Veins Dictionary Encyclopedia < Previous Thesaurus The Veins of the Upper Extremity and Thorax World Factbook Spanish Dictionary Anatomy Conversion Calculator
The Superficial Veins of the Upper Extremity
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The veins of the upper extremity are divided into two sets, superficial and deep; the two se each other. The superficial veins are placed immediately beneath the integument between th fascia. The deep veins accompany the arteries, and constitute the ven comitantes of those provided with valves, which are more numerous in the deep than in the superficial veins.

The superficial veins of the upper extremity are the digital, metacarpal, cephalic, basili

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Digital Veins.The dorsal digital veins pass along the sides of the fingers and are joined communicating branches. Those from the adjacent sides of the fingers unite to form three d 573),which end in a dorsal venous net-work opposite the middle of the metacarpus. The rad joined by the dorsal digital vein from the radial side of the index finger and by the dorsal digi prolonged upward as the cephalic vein. The ulnar part of the net-work receives the dorsal di the little finger and is continued upward as the basilic vein. A communicating branch frequen venous network with the cephalic vein about the middle of the forearm.

The volar digital veins on each finger are connected to the dorsal digital veins by oblique drain into a venous plexus which is situated over the thenar and hypothenar eminences and
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FIG. 573 The veins on the dorsum of the hand. (Bourgery.) (See enlarg

The cephalic vein (Fig. 574) begins in the radial part of the dorsal venous net-work and w radial border of the forearm, receiving tributaries from both surfaces. Below the front of the e mediana cubiti (median basilic vein), which receives a communicating branch from the dee passes across to join the basilic vein. The cephalic vein then ascends in front of the elbow in Brachioradialis and the Biceps brachii. It crosses superficial to the musculocutaneous nerve along the lateral border of the Biceps brachii. In the upper third of the arm it passes between Deltoideus, where it is accompanied by the deltoid branch of the thoracoacromial artery. It p fascia and, crossing the axillary artery, ends in the axillary vein just below the clavicle. Some the external jugular vein by a branch which ascends in front of the clavicle.

The accessory cephalic vein (v. cephalica accessoria) arises either from a small tributory forearm or from the ulnar side of the dorsal venous net-work; it joins the cephalic below the accessory cephalic springs from the cephalic above the wrist and joins it again higher up. A frequently connects the basilic and cephalic veins on the back of the forearm.

The basilic vein (v. basilica) (Fig. 574) begins in the ulnar part of the dorsal venous netw surface of the ulnar side of the forearm and inclines forward to the anterior surface below the the vena mediana cubiti. It ascends obliquely in the groove between the Biceps brachii and the brachial artery, from which it is separated by the lacertus fibrosus; filaments of the media nerve pass both in front of and behind this portion of the vein. It then runs upward along the brachii, perforates the deep fascia a little below the middle of the arm, and, ascending on the artery to the lower border of the Teres major, is continued onward as the axillary vein.

FIG. 574 The superficial veins of the upper extremity. (See enlarged

The median antibrachial vein (v. mediana antibrachii) drains the venous plexus on the vo ascends on the ulnar side of the front of the forearm and ends in the basilic vein or in the ve proportion of cases it divides into two branches, one of which joins the basilic, the other the

The Deep Veins of the Upper Extremity

The deep veins follow the course of the arteries, forming their ven comitantes. They are and are situated one on either side of the corresponding artery, and connected at intervals b

Deep Veins of the Hand.The superficial and deep volar arterial arches are each accomp comitantes which constitute respectively the superficial and deep volar venous arches, a corresponding to the branches of the arterial arches; thus the common volar digital veins, the proper volar digital veins,open into the superficial, and the volar metacarpal veins in arches. The dorsal metacarpal veinsreceive perforating branches from the volar metacarp veins and in the superficial veins on the dorsum of the wrist.

The deep veins of the forearm are the ven comitantes of the radial and ulnar veins and

upward continuations of the deep and superficial volar venous arches; they unite in front of t veins. The radial veins are smaller than the ulnar and receive the dorsal metacarpal veins. T tributaries from the deep volar venous arches and communicate with the superficial veins at receive the volar and dorsal interosseous veins and send a large communicating branch (pr mediana cubiti.

FIG. 575 The deep veins of the upper extremity. (Bourgery.) (See enlar

The brachial veins (vv. brachiales) are placed one on either side of the brachial artery, rec corresponding with the branches given off from that vessel; near the lower margin of the Sub axillary vein; the medial one frequently joins the basilic vein.

These deep veins have numerous anastomoses, not only with each other, but also with the

The axillary vein (v. axillaris) begins at the lower border of the Teres major, as the continu increases in size as it ascends, and ends at the outer border of the first rib as the subclavian of the Subscapularis it receives the brachial veins and, close to its termination, the cephalic correspond with the branches of the axillary artery. It lies on the medial side of the artery, wh between the two vessels are the medial cord of the brachial plexus, the median, the ulnar, a nerves. It is provided with a pair of valves opposite the lower border of the Subscapularis; va ends of the cephalic and subscapular veins.

The subclavian vein (v. subclavia), the continuation of the axillary, extends from the outer sternal end of the clavicle, where it unites with the internal jugular to form the innominate ve the clavicle and Subclavius; behind and above, with the subclavian artery, from which it is se Scalenus anterior and the phrenic nerve. Below, it rests in a depression on the first rib and u

provided with a pair of valves, which are situated about 2.5 cm. from its termination.

FIG. 576 The veins of the right axilla, viewed from in front. (Spalteholz.) (See

The subclavian vein occasionally rises in the neck to a level with the third part of the subcla passes with this vessel behind the Scalenus anterior.

Tributaries.This vein receives the external jugular vein, sometimes the anterior jugular ve branch, which ascends in front of the clavicle, from the cephalic. At its angle of junction with subclavian vein receives the thoracic duct, and the right subclavian vein the right lymphatic

The Veins of the Thorax (Fig. 577)

The innominate veins (vv. anonym; brachiocephalic veins) are two large trunks, placed of the neck, and formed by the union of the internal jugular and subclavian veins of the corre devoid of valves.

The Right Innominate Vein (v. anonyma dextra) is a short vessel, about 2.5 cm. in length sternal end of the clavicle, and, passing almost vertically downward, joins with the left innom cartilage of the first rib, close to the right border of the sternum, to form the superior vena ca right of the innominate artery; on its right side are the phrenic nerve and the pleura, which ar the apex of the lung. This vein, at its commencement, receives the right vertebral vein; and, mammary and right inferior thyroid veins, and sometimes the vein from the first intercostal s

FIG. 577 The ven cav and azygos veins, with their tributaries. (See enl

The Left Innominate Vein (v. anonyma sinistra), about 6 cm. in length, begins behind the runs obliquely downward and to the right behind the upper half of the manubrium sterni to th costal cartilage, where it unites with the right innominate vein to form the superior vena cav manubrium sterni by the Sternohyoideus and Sternothyreoideus, the thymus or its remains, tissue. Behind it are the three large arteries, innominate, left common carotid, and left subcla arch, together with the vagus and phrenic nerves. The left innominate vein may occupy a hig notch and lying directly in front of the trachea.

Tributaries.Its tributaries are the left vertebral, left internal mammary, left inferior thyroid, veins, and occasionally some thymic and pericardiac veins.

Peculiarities.Sometimes the innominate veins open separately into the right atrium; in su the ordinary course of the superior vena cava; the left veinleft superior vena cava, as it is communicate by a small branch with the right one, passes in front of the root of the left lung, the heart, ends in the right atrium. This occasional condition in the adult is due to the persist condition, and is the normal state of things in birds and some mammalia.

The internal mammary veins (vv. mammari intern) are ven comitantes to the lower artery, and receive tributaries corresponding to the branches of the artery. They then unite to runs up on the medial side of the artery and ends in the corresponding innominate vein. The vein, i.e., the vein accompanying the pericardiacophrenic artery, usually opens into the inter

The inferior thyroid veins (vv. thyreoide inferiores) two, frequently three or four, in num plexus on the thyroid gland, communicating with the middle and superior thyroid veins. They trachea, behind the Sternothyreoidei. From this plexus, a left vein descends and joins the le vein passes obliquely downward and to the right across the innominate artery to open into th at its junction with the superior vena cava; sometimes the right and left veins open by a com situation. These veins receive esophageal tracheal, and inferior laryngeal veins, and are pro terminations in the innominate veins.

The highest intercostal vein (v. intercostalis suprema; superior intercostal veins) (right an the upper three or four intercostal spaces. The right vein (v. intercostalis suprema dextra) p into the vena azygos; the left vein (v. intercostalis suprema sinistra) runs across the arch of the left subclavian and left common carotid arteries and opens into the left innominate vein. bronchial vein, and sometimes the left superior phrenic vein, and communicates below with vein.

The superior vena cava (v. cava superior) drains the blood from the upper half of the bod length, and is formed by the junction of the two innominate veins. It begins immediately belo rib close to the sternum, and, descending vertically behind the first and second intercostal sp of the right atrium opposite the upper border of the third right costal cartilage: the lower half pericardium. In its course it describes a slight curve, the convexity of which is to the right sid

Relations.In front are the anterior margins of the right lung and pleura with the pericardium separate it from the first and second intercostal spaces and from the second and third right c the root of the right lung and the right vagus nerve. On its right side are the phrenic nerve an side, the commencement of the innominate artery and the ascending aorta, the latter overla the pericardium, it receives the azygos vein and several small veins from the pericardium an mediastinal cavity. The portion contained within the pericardium is covered, in front and late the membrane. The superior vena cava has no valves.

The azygos vein (v. azygos; vena azygos major) begins opposite the first or second lumba theascending lumbar vein (page 678); sometimes by a branch from the right renal vein, or enters the thorax through the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm, and passes along the right side fourth thoracic vertebra, where it arches forward over the root of the right lung, and ends in t before that vessel pierces the pericardium. In the aortic hiatus, it lies with the thoracic duct o the thorax it lies upon the intercostal arteries, on the right side of the aorta and thoracic duct pleura.

Tributaries.It receives the right subcostal and intercostal veins, the upper three or four of common stem, the highest superior intercostal vein. It receives the hemiazygos veins, sever

and pericardial veins, and, near its termination, the right bronchial vein. A few imperfect valv vein; but its tributaries are provided with complete valves.

The intercostal veins on the left side, below the upper three intercostal spaces, usually form thehemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos veins.

The Hemiazygos Vein (v. hemiazygos; vena azygos minor inferior) begins in the left asce enters the thorax, through the left crus of the diaphragm, and, ascending on the left side of t as the ninth thoracic vertebra, passes across the column, behind the aorta, esophagus, and azygos vein. It receives the lower four or five intercostal veins and the subcostal vein of the esophageal and mediastinal veins.

The Accessory Hemiazygos Vein (v. hemiazygos accessoria; vena azygos minor superio the vertebral column, and varies inversely in size with the highest left intercostal vein. It rece four intercostal spaces between the highest left intercostal vein and highest tributary of the h vein sometimes opens into it. It either crosses the body of the eighth thoracic vertebra to join the hemiazygos. When this vein is small, or altogether wanting, the left highest intercostal ve fifth or sixth intercostal space.

In obstruction of the superior vena cava, the azygos and hemiazygos veins are one of the p venous circulation is carried on, connecting as they do the superior and inferior ven cav common iliac veins by the ascending lumbar veins and with many of the tributaries of the inf

The Bronchial Veins (vv. bronchiales) return the blood from the larger bronchi, and from t the lungs; that of the right side opens into the azygos vein, near its termination; that of the le intercostal or the accessory hemiazygos vein. A considerable quantity of the blood which is the bronchial arteries is returned to the left side of the heart through the pulmonary veins.

The Veins of the Vertebral Column (Figs. 578, 579)

The veins which drain the blood from the vertebral column, the neighboring muscles, and t spinalis form intricate plexuses extending along the entire length of the column; these plexus groups, external and internal, according to their positions inside or outside the vertebral can groups anastomose freely with each other and end in the intervertebral veins.

The external vertebral venous plexuses (plexus venosi vertebrales externi; extraspinal v cervical region, consist of anterior and posterior plexuses which anastomose freely with eac plexuses lie in front of the bodies of the vertebr, communicate with the basivertebral and receive tributaries from the vertebral bodies. The posterior external plexuses are placed p of the vertebral arches and their processes, and partly between the deep dorsal muscles. Th cervical region, and there anastomose with the vertebral, occipital, and deep cervical veins.

FIG. 578 Transverse section of a thoracic vertebra, showing the vertebral venous plexu

FIG. 579 Median sagittal section of two thoracic vertebr, showing the vertebral venous p

The internal vertebral venous plexuses (plexus venosi vertebrales interni; intraspinal vei canal between the dura mater and the vertebr, and receive tributaries from the bones and They form a closer net-work than the external plexuses, and, running mainly in a vertical dire veins, two in front and two behind; they therefore may be divided into anterior and posterior plexuses consist of large veins which lie on the posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies an fibrocartilages on either side of the posterior longitudinal ligament; under cover of this ligame transverse branches into which the basivertebral veins open. The posterior internal plexus side of the middle line in front of the vertebral arches and ligamenta flava, and anastomose

those ligaments with the posterior external plexuses. The anterior and posterior plexuses co another by a series of venous rings (retia venosa vertebrarum), one opposite each vertebra magnum they form an intricate net-work which opens into the vertebral veins and is connect sinus, the basilar plexus, the condyloid emissary vein, and the rete canalis hypoglossi.

The basivertebral veins (vv. basivertebrales) emerge from the foramina on the posterior s bodies. They are contained in large, tortuous channels in the substance of the bones, simila found in the diplo of the cranial bones. They communicate through small openings on the f the vertebr with the anterior external vertebral plexuses, and converge behind to the princ double toward its posterior part, and open by valved orifices into the transverse branches wh vertebral plexuses. They become greatly enlarged in advanced age.

The intervertebral veins (vv. intervertebrales) accompany the spinal nerves through the in receive the veins from the medulla spinalis, drain the internal and external vertebral plexuse intercostal, lumbar, and lateral sacral veins, their orifices being provided with valves.

The veins of the medulla spinalis (vv. spinales; veins of the spinal cord) are situated in th minute, tortuous, venous plexus. They emerge chiefly from the median fissures of the medu the lumbar region. In this plexus there are (1) two median longitudinal veins, one in front of t other behind the posterior sulcus of the cord, and (2) four lateral longitudinal veins which run end in the intervertebral veins. Near the base of the skull they unite, and form two or three s communicate with the vertebral veins, and then end in the inferior cerebellar veins, or in the

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