Flexural Design Procedure for Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beams The following paragraphs summarize the design procedure

for rectangular beams. The procedure can be easily extended to other shapes. Design is an iterative process and there is no unique solution. The following is provided to give a general outline of the design process. 1. Design requirements (provided by code and/or others) a. Strength design - M n M u b. Serviceability small deflections and cracks c. Durability corrosion and fire resistant d. Economical 2. Strength design requirements a. Loading given. b. It is likely that the outline of structure has already been determined. Therefore, span should be known c. Find factored load using ASCE-7 load factors (Appendix C) 3. Select strength of reinforcing steel and concrete a. Concrete strength of 3000 psi is commonly used for the design of beams protected from weather and spanning moderate distances (25 to 30 ft.). 3000 psi concrete has sufficent strength and workability. Higher concrete strengths may be used to increase durability (i.e., air entrained concrete) or for columns. b. Steel strength normally 60 ksi. Higher strength steel may be used to reduce the area of reinforcement required however the ducility of higher strength steels is reduced. Therefore, in seismic regions, it is common to use A 706 reinforcement. 4. Select beam dimensions a. Find minimum thickness using ACI Table 9.5a Minimum thickness, h For members not supporting or attached to construction likely to be damaged by large deflections Member Simply One end Both ends Cantilever Supported continuous Continuous Solid one-way l/20 l/24 l/28 l/10 slabs Ribbed onel/16 l/18.5 l/21 l/8 way slabs or BEAMS

b. Beam width, b Typically use d/b = 1.5 to 3. i) Shallow, wide beams: easy bar placement more headroom lower formwork costs less efficient ii) Deep, narrow beams: minimum weight and steel maximum stiffness difficult to place reinforcement large interstory heights. c. Beam dimensions typically whole inches, multiples of 2 inches if possible; slabs and walls may be specified in -inch increments. 5. Analyze structure assuming elastic behavior, to find load effects. Typically, used an effective moment of inertia for entire beam that is less than the uncracked moment of inertia. 6. Select reinforcing ratio a. Find minimum steel area (ACI 10.5.1 and 10.5.2). Ax min = Ax min = 3 f c' fy 6 f c' fy bw d > 200bw d / f y bw d > 200bw d / f y for statically determinate T - beams

b. Find maximum steel area. Use either ACI Chapter 9 (10.3.3) where < 0.75 bal or Appendix B for which tension failure corresponds to s = 0.005. Estimate depth of compression block for balanced failure using: 87,000 a = 1 for s = y d 87,000 + f y a = 1 * 0.375 for s = 0.005 (Appendix B) d Therefore, these expressions can be used to find the balanced ratio. 0.85 f c' a bal = * fy d c. Choose reinforcing ratio between the minimum and maximum steel limits. Reinforcing ratio should satisfy M n M u using either i) design tables fy Mu = f c' [1 0.59 ] where = ' bd 2 fc

ii) this simple approximation which assumes fy = 60 ksi, = 0.8, and jd = 0.9d: Mu 43d A b= s d As 7. Select the bars to satify As. Determine the thickness of cover and spacing between bars according to ACI.

No more than two bars sizes at any one location. Bar sizes should not differ more than 2 sizes. Use No. 11 bars or smaller for normal-size beams.

Minimum clear spacing of 1 inch (ACI 7.6.1) or 1.33 times the diameter of coarse aggregate (ACI 3.3.2)

Minimum cover for beams (ACI 7.7.1) Cast against earth - 3 in. Exposed to weather - 2 in. Not exposed to weather - 1.5 in.

Minimum clear spacing of 1 inch or bar diameter (ACI 7.6.2) or 1.33 times the diameter of coarse aggregate (ACI 3.3.2) Place bars directly above bottom bars (ACI 7.6.2) Use larger bars in bottom row, at least 2 bars per layer Try to place bars in one row, no more than 6 bars per layer

8. Check actual beam strength Using the actual depth (d) and bars, determine the actual strength of the beam. Ensure that M n M u . If this is satisfied, the beam design meets the minimum flexural strength requirements. Otherwise, redesign beam dimensions and/or reinforcing ratio to meet the demand. In additon, you must: 9. Design shear reinforcement 10. Check serviceability requirements 11. Detail anchorage of reinforcement; check flexural bond requirements We will do this in this later in the class.