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GIS Application
1.

What is at ? (Pertanyaan Locational) Where is it ? Where can I find Eagle ? Where is the suitable habitat ? (Pertanyaan Locational)

2.

3. How has it changed ? How is the impact of ? (Pertanyaan Conditional)

4.

Dr. Syartinilia Wijaya Departemen Arsitektur Lanskap, FAPERTA-IPB 5 April 2011

What if vegetation change ? What if I develop new road ? (Pertanyaan Conditional) What is habitat requirement/environmental requirement for their habitat?

5.

Spizaetus bartelsi Javan Hawk-Eagle Elang Jawa

Spatial modelling on habitat species distribution: Habitat distributions model of the Javan Hawk-Eagle

(Spizaetus bartelsi) in Java Island, Indonesia

Analysis of landscape characteristics on wintering area Spatial distribution and habitat of Oriental Honey-buzzards

( Pernis ptylorinchus) wintering in Borneo based on satellite tracking

Focal/Umbrella species

Endemic raptor

The Javan Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus bartelsi)

Endangered status

However, to be effective in the long term, JHE habitat management should not be confined only to the local and regional scale, but must also address the landscape-scale, i.e. the scale at which population processes occur.

The objective of this study is to extrapolate the predicted probability model of JHE habitat distribution from the local-scale model to landscape-scale model in order to generate map of potential and present habitat suitability for JHE in the entire landscape. Subsequently, population number of JHE will be estimated.

Since it is not feasible to conduct complete field surveys for a landscape-scale

RS /GIS technologies, spatial analysis, modeling approaches

Such models offer the possibility of being able to minimize field work and GISbased models are easily updated as new information becomes available.

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West Java

Preliminary predictive habitat models were developed using logistic and autologistic regression (Syartinilia and Tsuyuki, 2008)

Landscape-scale: Java Island

Local-scale

Regional-scale

Model Creation

Local-scale: TNGP
Model Validation

Regional-scale: Southern part of West Java

Study Area Methods

Model Extrapolation

Landscape-scale: Java Island

Landscapescale: Java Island

Groundtruth check

Regional-scale: Southern part of West Java

Nest-site in Cugenang (CG) Nest tree species: Quercus teysmannii Juvenile of JHE in front and back position

Male of JHE when perching on the tree in Gunung Baud

New nest

Old nest

Nest-site scale: TNGP and its surrounding areas

Photo source: field observation, 2005-2006

Nest-site in Gunung Baud (GB) Nest tree species: Quercus teysmannii

Data

Flowchart of this study

The best predicted probability model of JHE distribution
Pi 1 exp 0.2371 SLP 0.0070 ELV 1 0.0189 NDVI 19 .8063 AUTOCOV 6.8592

Bird data sets GIS data sets

Bird Life International (2001); modified using some references and field survey.
Threshold probability value at 0.5

Source: Syartinilia & Tsuyuki, 2008

GeoCover Landsat mosaic, S-48-05_2000, S-49-05_2000. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) NDVI 16-day, 250m of 2002 (MOD13Q1, Tile 28 & 29) Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Digital terrain elevation data, 90m, 2000 (E105-E114; S5-S9) Digital map of protected areas boundary in Java

Habitat suitability model

Model Accuracy

Historical localities record after 1980

Identification of habitat patches

Probability value 0.5 Area > 20 km2

Population estimation

Dividing the area of presumed suitable habitat by assumed home-range size

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The best predicted probability model

Autologistic regression model using 1,500 m neighborhood size :

Flowchart of this study

The best predicted probability model of JHE distribution
Pi 1 exp 0.2371 SLP 0.0070 ELV 1 0.0189 NDVI 19 .8063 AUTOCOV 6.8592

Pi

1 exp

0.2371 SLP 0.0070 ELV

1 0.0189 NDVI 19 .8063 AUTOCOV

6.8592
Threshold probability value at 0.5

Source: Syartinilia & Tsuyuki, 2008

Normalize by 6*6 window size (AUTOCOV) AUTOCOVARIATEDifferent Vegetation Index (NDVI) ELEVATION (ELV) SLOPE (SLP)

Habitat suitability model

Model Accuracy

Historical localities record after 1980

Identification of habitat patches

Probability value 0.5 Area > 20 km2

Population estimation

Dividing the area of presumed suitable habitat by assumed home-range size

Results
Predicted probability of JHE habitat distribution

Suitable habitat of JHE based on threshold at 0.5

Suitable habitat Administrative boundary Historical localities record after 1980 Omission error location

Totally 3,107 km of suitable habitat of JHE in Java Island 41 locations (85%) of 49 historical localities record correctly predicted 7 locations (15%) omission error similar threats

Distribution of habitat patches of JHE in Java Island

Patch number

Population estimation
Location Province Area (km2) Estimated population (pair) Minimum Maximum homerange homerange estimated by dividing the area 95 128 24 5 Edge (km) 14 19 25 28 14 14 14 32 53 29 20 84 100 31 542 325 3 4 8 6 3 3 3 6 11 6 4 17 20 6 108 75 180 108 137 62 55 54 165 312 193 89 666 577 168 3185

The1numberGede-Pangrango pairs of JHEWest Java has been Mt. of breeding

West Java West Java West Java 3 5 6 7 8 9 Mt. Simpang-Mt.Tilu Mt. Papandayan Mt. Slamet

2 Mt. Cireme 56 73 of presumed suitable habitat by assumed home range size.

Minimum Mts. Dieng (Mt. Kemulan)400 ha Syartinilia & Tsuyuki218 home range size = (2008) 42 West Java 4 167
100 54 55 55 127 212 117 81 336 401 123 2166 135 Central Java Central Java Central Java Central Java Central Java East Java East Java East Java East Java East Java East Java 112

Maximum home range size = 2,000 ha several researchers had been used 5
Mts Dieng (Mt. Sumbing) Mts Dieng (Mt. Sindoro) Mts Merapi-Merbabu Mt. Lawu Mt. Arjuno-Welirang Mt. Liman-Wilis Mt. Kawi Yang highlands Mts. Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park Mt. Raung

Proportion area of habitat patches which located inside and outside protected area network: 60.4% existed inside the protected area network

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Sum Mean Median

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Discussions

Source ALR_50 model (this study)

Estimated population Pairs 108-542 270-600 137-188 81-108 67-81 60 Median 325 435 -

Habitat suitability model of JHE in Java island obtained in this study may be the most useful in the conservation planning process to help identify hot spots that are most likely to harbor JHE 60.4% of habitat patches were existed inside the protected areas and the remaining area extends far outside protected areas. The role of this area for the expansion of the JHE population is likely important.

Gjershaug et al. (2004) van Balen et al. (1999, 2000, 2001) Szer and Nijman (1995) van Balen and Meyburg (1994) Meyburg et al. (1989)

The apparent discrepancy between this estimated population and others, which might not suggest as increase in present JHE increased accessibility to formerly unexplored habitat and more recent satellite imageries and GIS techniques application used in estimation of suitable habitat of JHE.

This evidence should be paid more attention from the several agencies (i.e. ministries, national parks, NGOs) to formulate a JHE conservation plan and to identify urgent conservation actions.

The landscape-scale models based on extrapolation of the nest-site scale model using GIS/RS-based data could provide spatial explicit assessment of the potential and present habitat suitability at the scales of the greatest practical needs

Implications for conservation

Strategy 1 requires that conservation management for the remnant habitat patches should be integrated by means of a conservation management network Strategy 2 proposes to maintain and/or restore large and structurally complex patches of forest. Strategy 3 proposes that all unprotected habitat areas to be given Wildlife Reserve status based on Government Regulation (PP. No.68/1998) Strategy 4 proposes to maintain and/or establish connectivity between remnant habitat patches Strategy 5 proposes to maintain and/or restore a landscape matrix that is structurally similar to forest Strategy 6 proposes that future surveys should be focused on the unoccupied patches that are likely to be occupied by JHE and have not yet been surveyed Strategy 7 proposes that stakeholders living nearby JHE habitats shall be organized for effective conservation management.

Syartinilia and Tsuyuki, S. GIS-based Modeling of Javan Hawk-Eagle Distribution Using Logistic and Autologistic Regression Models. Biological conservation, Vol.141:756-769 (2008). Syartinilia, Tsuyuki, S., Lee, J.S. GIS-based habitat model of Java Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus bartelsi)using inductive approach in Java Island, Indonesia in Wildlife: Destruction, Conservation and Biodiversity. Eds. John D. Harris and Paul L Brown. Nova Science Publishers, New York (pp 301-312). ISBN: 978-1-60692-974-2. (2009)

Satelit tracking pada hewan dimulai pada awal tahun 1970an 5-11 kg dengan akurasi 5 km pada hewan mamalia besar. Sejak tahun 1980an sudah digunakan teknologi satellite based tracking untuk memantau burung US Army menginisiasi penggunaan PTTs (Platform Transmitter Terminals) untuk ditrack menggunakan satelit ARGOS milik Perancis. Saat ini GPS sudah dapat digabungkan dengan PTT.

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Berat PTT Kurang dari 4% berat tubuh

Mechanisms of satellite tracking with the ARGOS system. (reprinted from Higuchi (1994) with permission from Yomiuri Shinbun, drawn by M. Shigehara.)

Argos platform transmitter terminals, left to right: Early solar-powered PPT(APL), 30- and 20-g Nano PPTs (Microwave Telemetry, Inc.), and prototye solar-powered GPS/PPT (Microwave Telemetry, Inc.).

Kiri-Kanan: Commercially available satellite PTTs for birds. 22 gram PTT, 32 gram PTT, 80 gram PTT, and 120 gram GPS/PTT. Power output ranges from 125 mW to 400mW, depending on the size of the unit (and the battery)

Dengan adanya paket PTT dan GPS memberikan akurasi yang lebih tinggi daripada hanya dengan PTT saja. Data dari satelit traking dipadukan dengan kemajuan teknologi di bidang Sistem Informasi Geografis dan Penginderaan jauh (GIS & Remote Sensing) maka dapat dilakukan analisis spasial dan pemodelan Monitoring, Konservasi, dll.

Data dari satelit traking memiliki kelas nilai akurasi yang dibagi menjadi 7 kelas yaitu: 3, 2, 1, 0, A, B dan Z. 3 akurasi lokasi dalam 150 m 2 akurasi lokasi antara 150 m 350 m 1 akurasi lokasi dalam 1000 m 0 akurasi lokasi >1000 m A, B tidak ada pendugaan nilai akurasi (unspecified) Z invalid.

Lokasi dengan tingkat akurasi A dan B masih mungking digunakan seandainya lokasinya berdekatan dengan kelas-kelas akurasi lainnya

Burung mati PTT terlepas Daya tahan baterai habis daya tahan baterai energi matahari adalah 3 tahun.

Satellite-tracked 49 Oriental Honey-buzzards (OHB) since 2003. The wintering sites were distributed to the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Timor Leste. About 47% of individuals tracked have used Borneo as their wintering sites.

50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

OHB number

Percentage

Borneo became the focal study area to initiate the study about the wintering habitat characteristics of the species

Wintering Habitat

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Wintering Sites To create the spatial distribution map of OHB wintering habitat To determine wintering habitat size and core habitat To find out environmental variables which is characterized the landscape of wintering habitat used

The wintering site is defined as an area where an OHB stayed within an area less than 30 km in diameter for at least 24 h (Higuchi et al, 2005) We used satellite tracking data of 23 adult OHBs since 2006 11 females and 12 males Of the 23 OHBs, 5 birds were wearing transmitters with a GPS unit. 3193 locations that are included in wintering sites

Satellite tracking data of OHB (2003-2010)

Platform number 66552: -Jantan, Dewasa -Breeding habitat: Nagano Prefecture, Japan -Wintering habitat: Tabalong, Kalsel

Breeding area

Stop over area

Wintering area

Spatial distribution

Habitat size

General pattern & characteristics

Initial step to generate presence and absence data of OHB

Determining habitat size and core habitat

Initial assumption of environmental variables which is characterized the wintering habitat used

Presence and absence data Probability model of wintering habitat distribution of OHB

Selected environmental variables

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No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Elevation Slope

Data

Abbreviation ELV SLP PRE DLDF DDFR DCFM DUDF DPSF DMF DDGA

Type Raster ; Continue Raster ; Continue Raster ; Continue Euclidean Distance raster ; Continue Euclidean Distance raster ; Continue Euclidean Distance raster ; Continue Euclidean Distance raster ; Continue Euclidean Distance raster ; Continue Euclidean Distance raster ; Continue Euclidean Distance raster ; Continue

Source DEM SRTM Generated from DEM SRTM Hijmans et.al., 2005 Landcover map Landcover map Landcover map Landcover map Landcover map Landcover map Landcover map

Annual Precipitation Distance to the nearest Lowland Dipterocarp forest Distance to the nearest Degraded forest and regrowth Distance to the nearest Cultivation forest mosaic Distance to the nearest Upper Dipterocarp forest Distance to the nearest Peat Swamp Forest Distance to the nearest Mountain Forest Distance to the nearest Dry/wet bare soil, Grasslands, and Agriculture

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Spatial Distribution Analysis Methods:

Three methods for measuring wintering habitat size: Minimum Convex Polygon MCP Fixed Kernel 95% FK_95 Fixed Kernel 50% FK_50
This analysis was done using Hawths tools extension in ArcGIS 9.3.1. When the estimated wintering habitat areas of the OHBs were overlapped, we remove the overlapped area and merged them together. Then, the spatial distribution map of the wintering habitat was obtained.

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Biplot analysis were used for integrating several environmental variables for characterizing the landscape characteristics of a wintering habitat used by OHBs. For extracting the environmental variables value for each wintering point, we use the extract point to value menu in ArcGIS software. Then, the extracted environmental variables value from 3196 points were analyzed by PCA in Microsoft Excel with the XLStat menu. Pixel size analysis in 250 m x 250 m

30000

25000

Area (km square)

20000

15000

Total habitat size of all marked OHBs after removing the overlapped area estimated Total area % area of (km) Borneo

10000

Methods MCP

5000

215386.7 153463.4 27528.3

29.1 20.7 3.7

FK_95
OHB platform number MCP FK_95 FK_50

FK_50

Mean S.E. Minimum Maximum

MCP 11609 km 2117 S.E 536.2 30037.4

FK_95 FK_50 7481 km 1737 S.E 1214 km 329 S.E 224.3 14.7 26054.5 5820.1

ELV SLP PRE DDFR DCFM DDGA DPSF DLDF DMF DUDF Eigenvalue Variability (%) Cumulative %

PC1 0.855 0.537 -0.056 0.274 -0.016 -0.013 0.896 -0.082 -0.246 -0.266 3.33 20.39 20.39

PC2 0.165 -0.048 0.097 0.860 0.877 -0.048 0.135 -0.113 0.005 -0.216 1.68 16.28 36.67

PC3 -0.062 -0.348 -0.104 0.093 -0.243 -0.024 -0.004 0.943 -0.164 0.254 1.05 11.84 48.51

PC4 -0.034 -0.083 -0.094 0.039 -0.101 0.985 0.042 -0.032 -0.084 -0.035 1.02 10.10 58.61

PC5 -0.172 -0.311 0.947 0.013 0.114 -0.085 0.123 -0.108 0.008 -0.046 0.97 10.73 69.34

PC6 -0.278 -0.353 -0.029 -0.105 -0.050 -0.078 -0.162 0.013 0.915 0.850 0.70 18.08 87.42

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.

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1) PC1 terrain characteristics and distance to the nearest peat swamp forest a low elevation with an average of 246 m flat area where average slope is 4 DPSF is an average of 16.8 km 2) PC2 the distance to the nearest forest with high human disturbances DDFR & DCFM are averaging 1.5 km and 4.5 km, respectively.

4) PC4 the distance to the nearest human activities DDGA is averaging 7.5 km 5) PC5 the annual precipitation averaging 3277 mm 6) PC6 the distance to the nearest forest which is located in a high altitude DMF & DUDF are averaging 47 km and 19 km, respectively.

3) PC3 the distance to the nearest lowland dipterocarp forest averaging 2.4 km

Area (km square)

PC2 to PC4 the proximity to the foraging sites, degraded and forest regrowth, cultivated forest mosaic, lowland dipterocarp forest, and dry/wet bare soil, grasslands and agriculture.

60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0

All of these land cover types have the high human intervention, so it seems that OHBs were not so avoid that area as long as food abundance was available there.

Highly threatened by Illegal hunting

MCP

FK_95

FK_50

In this study, we characterized the habitat components occurred in the area where was frequently used by the OHB wintered in Borneo. By examining the relationship between the PCs and the incidence or frequency of locations, we will determine the habitat selection of the OHBs in winter season in the near future. Investigation the habitat characteristic differences between core and edge wintering habitat will be interesting to observed.