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Topic 2 Microscopic World I
Part A Unit-based exercise
Unit 5 Atomic structure
Fill in the blanks
1 All elements are made of atoms .
2 Elements exist in different states at room
conditions. Silver and sulphur are solids ;
bromine and mercury are liquids ; chlorine
and oxygen are gases .
3 Elements can be classified into three main
groups: metals , metalloids and
non-metals .
4 The melting and boiling points of non-metals are
usually low .
5 Metals are usually good conductors of
heat and electricity.
6 Boron , silicon and germanium
are metalloids.
7 Atoms consist of a nucleus in the centre
and a cloud of electrons that move in
circular orbits called shells .
8 The nucleus of an atom contains two types of
particles : protons and neutrons .
9 The number of protons in an atom of an
element equals the atomic number of the
element.
10 The sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons
in an atom equals the mass number of
the atom.
11 Different atoms of an element with the same
number of protons but different number of
neutrons are isotopes .
12 The weighted average relative isotopic mass
of all the naturally occurring isotopes of an
element on the
12
C = 12.00 scale is the relative
atomic mass of that element.
13 The way in which electrons are arranged in an
atom is its electronic arrangement .
14 The electronic arrangement of an atom can be
represented by an electron diagram.
15 In a hydrogen atom, the region in which there is
95% chance of finding the electron is called an
orbital .
True or false
Decide whether each of the following statements is
true or false.
16 At room temperature and pressure, all F
metals are solids.
17 Solid non-metals are usually dull in T
appearance.
18 Silicon is a metalloid. T
19 Molten sulphur is a good conductor F
of electricity.
20 The symbol of magnesium is Ma. F
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21 The atomic number of an element T
equals the number of electrons in an
atom of that element.
22 An atom of an element must F
contain equal number of protons
and neutrons.
23 All atoms contain neutrons. F
24 A sodium atom (
1
23
1
Na) contains 11 F
neutrons.
25 A fluorine atom contains 9 electrons. T
26 Isotopes of an element have the same T
number of protons.
27 Isotopes of an element have the same F
mass.
28 The atomic number of oxygen is 8. T
29 In an atom, the second electron shell F
can hold a maximum of 10 electrons.
30 A calcium atom contains 3 occupied F
electron shells.
Multiple choice questions
31 Whi ch of the fol l owi ng combi nati ons i s
correct?
Element Symbol
A Calcium C
B Chlorine Ch
C Iron Ir
D Potassium K D
32 Which of the following elements is a gas at room
temperature and pressure?
A Carbon
B Iron
C Oxygen
D Silicon C
33 Which of the following elements is a solid at
room temperature and pressure?
A Cl
B N
C Ne
D S D
34 Whi ch of the fol l owi ng conbi nati ons i s
INCORRECT?
Element State at room temperature
and pressure
A Argon gas
B Beryllium liquid
C Calcium solid
D Phosphorus solid B
35 Consider the information below:
Element Melting point (C) Boiling point (C)
W 200 45
X 1 245 1 869
Y 58 37
Z 52 114
Which of the following elements is a gas at
25 C?
A W
B X
C Y
D Z A
36 The table shows the melting points and boiling
points of four substances at 1 atm pressure.
Substance Melting point (C) Boiling point (C)
W 189 186
X 110 40
Y 7 60
Z 90 10
Which of the following substances exists as a
liquid at 100 C and 1 atm pressure?
A W
B X
C Y
D Z B
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37 Consider the following information:
Substance Melting point (C) Boiling point (C)
W 50 5
X 4 81
Y 68 104
Z 95 69
Which of the following substances is / are in liquid
state at room temperature and pressure?
A W only
B X only
C X and Z only
D Y and Z only C
38 Which of the following elements is a metal?
A Aluminium
B Carbon
C Germanium
D Neon A
39 Whi ch of t he f ol l owi ng el ement s i s a
metalloid?
A Boron
B Copper
C Helium
D Phosphorus A
40 Which of the following elements is a non-
metal?
A Ba
B Be
C Cs
D Kr D
41 Consider the information below:
Solid
Melting
point
Electrical
conductivity
Solubility in
water
W low non-conducting soluble
X high non-conducting soluble
Y high good insoluble
Z very high non-conducting insoluble
Which of the following solids is likely to be a
metal?
A W
B X
C Y
D Z C
42 Which of the following statements concerning
silicon is INCORRECT?
A Properties of silicon are in between metals
and non-metals.
B Silicon is brittle.
C Si l i con can be used t o make semi -
conductors.
D Silicon is soluble in water. D
43 Which of the following statements concerning
the basic structure of an atom is correct?
A An atom must have equal numbers of protons
and neutrons.
B The mass of one proton is approximately equal
to that of an electron.
C A neutron carries a small negative electrical
charge.
D A proton carries a small positive electrical
charge.
D
44 The atomic number of an element X is 10. An
atom of X has a mass number 22. Which of the
following combinations concerning the atom of
X is correct?
Number of Number of Number of
protons neutrons electrons
A 10 12 10
B 10 12 12
C 12 10 10
D 12 10 12
A
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45 An atom has 28 electrons and 30 neutrons.
Which of the following combinations concerning
the atom is correct?
Atomic number Mass number
A 28 30
B 28 58
C 30 28
D 58 28 B
46 Which of the following combinations concerning
the atomic structure of the atom
2
51
3
X is correct?
Number of Number of Number of
protons neutrons electrons
A 51 23 51
B 28 51 23
C 23 28 23
D 23 23 28
C
47 Which of the following particles contains the
same number of neutrons as
1
32
6
S?
A
1
23
1
Na
B
1
24
2
Mg
C
1
28
4
Si
D
1
31
5
P D
48 Which of the following combinations concerning
isotopes of an element is correct?
Number of Number of Number of
neutrons protons electrons
A different same different
B same different same
C different same same
D same same same
C
49 Consider the following information of four
atoms:
Atom
Atomic
number
Mass
number
Number of
neutrons
I 37 20
II 19 39
III 20 20
IV 41 22
Which of the following atoms are isotopes?
A I and III
B II and III
C I and IV
D II and IV D
50 The following table shows the relative abundance
of isotopes of lithium:
Isotope Relative abundance (%)
6
Li 7.4
7
Li 92.6
The relative atomic mass of lithium is
A 6.07.
B 6.93.
C 6.07 g.
D 6.93 g. B
51 Element X has two isotopes,
85
X and
87
X. The
table below lists the relative abundance of each
isotope.
Isotope Relative abundance (%)
85
X 72.1
87
X 27.9
What is the relative atomic mass of X?
A 85.2
B 85.6
C 86.2
D 86.6 B
52 Metal X has three isotopes,
189
X,
190
X and
192
X.
The graph below shows the relative abundance
of the isotopes.
0
10
5
189
X
190
X
192
X
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

a
b
u
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d
a
n
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e

(
%
)
15
25
35
45
20
30
40
50
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What is the relative atomic mass of X?
A 189.7
B 190.3
C 190.7
D 191.3 C
53 Element X occurs in nature as two isotopes,
79
X and
81
X. If the relative atomic mass of X is
79.9, what is the relative abundance of the
81
X
isotope?
A 30.0%
B 35.0%
C 40.0%
D 45.0% D
54 The relative atomic mass of potassium is 39.1. It
is NOT a whole number because
A the mass of electrons has been taken into
account.
B fractional protons exist.
C fractional neutrons exist.
D isotopes of potassium exist. D
55 The atomic mass of element X is 69.7. X has two
isotopes,
69
X and
a
X, and the relative abundance
of
69
X is 65.0%. What is the value of a?
A 70
B 71
C 72
D 73 B
56 The atomic number of an element X is 15. The
electronic arrangement of an atom of X is
A 2,13.
B 2,8,5.
C 2,10,3.
D 2,4,8,1. B
57 Which of the following represents the electronic
arrangement of an atom of a metalloid?
A 2,1
B 2,2
C 2,3
D 2,4 C
58 The electron diagram of an atom of element X
is shown below:
X
(Only electrons in the outermost shell are
shown.)
X could be
A Cl.
B P.
C S.
D Si. C
59 Which of the following descriptions of metals is
/ are correct?
(1) They are all solids at room conditions.
(2) They are good conductors of electricity.
(3) They are all stored in paraffin oil.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only B
60 Which of the following descriptions concerning
non-metals are correct?
(1) Their melting points are often low.
(2) They are brittle if they are solids.
(3) They are poor conductors of heat.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D
61 Which of the following statements concerning
metalloids is / are correct?
(1) All metalloids are solids.
(2) Gallium is a metalloid.
(3) Metalloids cannot conduct electricity at
room temperature.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only A
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62 Which of the following statements concerning
isotopes of an element is / are correct?
(1) They have different number of neutrons.
(2) They have different atomic numbers.
(3) They have the same mass.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only A
63 Consider the following information concerning
atoms P and Q:
Atom
Number of
protons
Number of
neutrons
Number of
electrons
P 15 16 15
Q 16 16 16

Which of the following statements concerning P
and Q is / are correct?
(1) P is an atom of a non-metal.
(2) Q is an atom of a metal.
(3) P and Q are isotopes of the same
element.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only A
64 Consider the information below:
Particle
X Y Z
Number of protons 8 8 10
Number of electrons 8 8 10
Number of neutrons 10 8 10
Which of the following statements concerning
the particles is / are correct?
(1) X and Z have the same mass.
(2) X and Y are isotopes.
(3) Y and Z have the same el ectroni c
arrangement.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only B
65 The atomic number of element X is 15. It has
only one isotope with a mass number 31.
Which of the following statements concerning X
is / are correct?
(1) X is a gas at room temperature and
pressure.
(2) There are 5 electrons in the outermost
shell of an atom of X.
(3) There are 15 neutrons in the nucleus of
an atom of X.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only B
66 An atom of element X has an electronic
arrangement 2,8,1. Which of the following
statements concerning X are correct?
(1) It is a metal.
(2) Its atom has 11 protons.
(3) Its symbol is K.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
67 The isotope cobalt-60 (
2
60
7
Co) is used to destroy
cancer cells in the human body. Which of the
following statements concerning a
2
60
7
Co atom
are correct?
(1) It contains 33 neutrons.
(2) It contains 27 protons.
(3) The number of electrons it has is different
from another isotope of cobalt.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
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Directions : Each question (Questions 68 75) consists of two separate statements. Decide whether each
of the two statements is true or false; if both are true, then decide whether or not the second
statement is a correct explanation of the first statement. Then select one option from A to D
according to the following table :
A Both statements are true and the 2nd statement is a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
B Both statements are true but the 2nd statement is NOT a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
C The 1st statement is false but the 2nd statement is true.
D Both statements are false.
1st statement 2nd statement
68 Carbon is a solid at room temperature and Carbon is a non-metal. B
pressure.
69 Atoms are electrically neutral. Atoms have the same number of protons A
and electrons.
70 The number of neutrons and that of protons An atom is electrically neutral. C
in an atom should be the same.
71 The atomic number of sulphur (
1
32
6
S) is 16. A
1
32
6
S atom contains 16 neutrons. B
72
2
54
4
X and
2
54
6
Y are isotopes.
2
54
4
X and
2
54
6
Y have the same mass number C
but different atomic numbers.
73 Isotopes of a given element have different Isotopes of a given element have different A
relative isotopic masses. numbers of neutrons.
74 The relative atomic mass of magnesium is not a Magnesium has isotopes. A
whole number.
75 Isotopes of an element have the same mass. All atoms of an element contain the same C
number of electrons.
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Unit 6 The periodic table
Fill in the blanks
1 In the periodic table, the elements are arranged
in order of increasing atomic number .
2 The vertical columns in the periodic table
are groups . The hori zontal rows
are periods .
3 The number of outermost shell electrons in an
atom of an element equals the group number
of the element.
4 The number of occupied electron shells in an atom
of an element equals the period number
of the element.
5 Across a period of the periodic table, the
el ement s change f rom met al s t hrough
metalloids to non-metals .
6 Group I elements are called alkali metals.
7 Group I elements are stored in paraffin oil in
the laboratory.
8 The r eac t i v i t y of Gr oup I el ement s
increases as we move down the group.
9 Sodium reacts with water to give hydrogen
gas and sodium hydroxide .
10 Group II elements are called alkaline earth
metals.
11 Group VII elements are called halogens .
12 There is a gradual change in the intensity of
the colour of Group VII elements. Chlorine
is greenish yellow in colour, bromine
is reddish brown in colour while iodine
is black in colour.
13 The r eact i vi t y of Gr oup VI I el ement s
decreases as we move down the Group.
14 Group 0 elements are called noble gases .
15 The octet rule states that atoms become
stable by having eight electrons in their outermost
shells.
16 Argon is used to fill electric light bulbs.
17 When an atom of an element loses one or more
electrons, it forms a positive ion.
18 When an atom of an element gains one or more
electrons, it forms a negative ion.
19 A magnesium atom tends to lose 2 electrons
to form an i on. A magnesi um i on has
12 protons and 10 electrons.
20 A nitrogen atom tends to gain 3 electrons
to form an ion. A nitride ion has 7 protons
and 10 electrons.
True or false
Decide whether each of the following statements is
true or false.
21 In the periodic table, the elements are F
arranged in order of increasing atomic
mass.
22 Group number of an element equals the T
number of outermost shell electrons in
an atom of the element.
23 Elements in the second period of the T
periodic table show a gradual change
from having metallic property to
having non-metallic property.
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24 Across the third period of the periodic F
table, the elements show a gradual
increase in the number of occupied
electron shells in their atoms.
25 Sulphur belongs to Period 2 of the F
periodic table.
26 Aluminium is a Group III element. T
27 Sodium is an alkali metal. T
28 Argon is a halogen. F
29 Magnesium is an alkaline earth metal. T
30 Neon belongs to Group 0 of the periodic T
table.
31 Potassium is stored in paraffin oil in the T
laboratory.
32 The melting point of sodium is higher F
than that of lithium.
33 Beryllium and calcium have the same F
chemical properties.
34 Bromine is a volatile liquid. T
35 Iodine vapour is brown in colour. F
36 The boiling point of halogens increases T
as we move down the group.
37
35
Cl and
37
Cl have different chemical F
properties.
38 A helium atom has an octet structure F
in its outermost shell.
39 All Group 0 elements are colourless T
gases at room temperature and pressure.
40 An oxygen atom gains 2 electrons to T
form a stable oxide ion.
Multiple choice questions
41 Which of the following statements concerning
the periodic table is correct?
A Elements are arranged in order of increasing
mass number.
B The vertical columns are called periods.
C The horizontal rows are called groups.
D Non-metals are found on the right. D
42 Which of the following statements concerning
elements in the same group is correct?
A Their atoms have the same number of occupied
electron shells.
B They have the same atomic number.
C Their atoms have the same number of
outermost shell electrons.
D Their chemical properties are the same.
C
43 Which of the following statements concerning
elements in Period 2 of the periodic table is
correct?
A They have similar chemical properties.
B The atom of each element has 2 outermost
shell electrons.
C The atom of each element has two occupied
electron shells.
D Across the period, the elements change from
metalloids to metals.
C
44 To which group does carbon belong?
A Group II
B Group IV
C Group VI
D Group 0 B
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45 The electron diagram of an atom of element X
is shown below:
X
X belongs to
A Group II.
B Group IV.
C Group VI.
D Group 0. C
46 An atom of element X has 2 completely filled
shells only. X is in
A Group 0.
B Group II.
C Group IV.
D Group VI. A
47 To which group does the element
1
31
5
X belong?
A Group I
B Group III
C Group V
D Group VII C
48 Whi ch of the fol l owi ng combi nati ons i s
correct?
Element Group number
A Boron II
B Bromine VII
C Chlorine V
D Silicon III B
49 Which of the following pairs of elements belongs
to the same group?
A Argon and neon
B Carbon and chlorine
C Calcium and potassium
D Magnesium and sodium A
50 Lithium and sodium show similar chemical
properties because they
A are both metals.
B have the same atomic number.
C have the same electronic arrangement in their
atoms.
D have the same number of outermost shell
electrons in their atoms.
D
51 Which of the following pairs of atomic numbers
corresponds to elements with similar chemical
properties?
A 7 and 13
B 9 and 17
C 11 and 18
D 14 and 20 B
52 Element X and aluminium belong to the same
group. The atomic number of X could be
A 6.
B 23.
C 26.
D 31. D
53 To which period does sulphur belong?
A Period 2
B Period 3
C Period 4
D Period 5 B
54 Which of the following pairs of elements belong
to the same period?
A Argon and aluminium
B Beryllium and silicon
C Chlorine and nitrogen
D Phosphorus and oxygen A
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55 Elements X and Y are in the same period of the
periodic table. Which of the following statements
concerning X and Y is correct?
A They have the same relative atomic mass.
B Their atoms have the same number of occupied
electron shells.
C Their atoms have the same number of
outermost shell electrons.
D They have similar chemical properties.
B
56 The atomic number of an element X is 9. Which
of the following statements concerning X is
INCORRECT?
A X is a non-metal.
B X belongs to Period 2 of the periodic table.
C X i s a gas at room temperature and
pressure.
D X belongs to Group II of the periodic table.
D
57 Which of the following statements concerning
sodium is correct?
A It is more reactive than potassium.
B It gives a lilac flame in flame test.
C It floats on water.
D It reacts with water to form oxygen gas.
C
58 Which of the following graphs can represent
the variation of the melting point of the Group
I elements, Na, K, Rb and Cs, with increasing
atomic number?
A
Atomic number
M
e
l
t
i
n
g

p
o
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t

B
Atomic number
M
e
l
t
i
n
g

p
o
i
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t

D
Atomic number
m
e
l
t
i
n
g

p
o
i
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t

C
Atomic number
M
e
l
t
i
n
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p
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A
59 Which of the following statement concerning
chlorine is correct?
A It is a reddish brown gas.
B Its atom has 7 outermost shell electrons.
C It is used to manufacture sodium chloride.
D It is more reactive than fluorine.
B
60 Consider the following elements:
Element Atomic number
W 4
X 11
Y 12
Z 19
Which of the following elements is the most
reactive metal?
A W
B X
C Y
D Z D
61 A solid element X has a melting point of
650 C. X conducts electricity and reacts readily
with dilute hydrochloric acid to give hydrogen.
X is probably a
A Group II element.
B Group IV element.
C Group VI element.
D Group 0 element. A
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62 Which of the following statements concerning
calcium is correct?
A It is in Period 4 of the periodic table.
B It is an alkali metal.
C It reacts with metals to form salts.
D It catches fire when reacting with cold
water.
A
63 Which of the following graphs shows the trend
in the boiling points of the halogens?
B
o
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p
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Atomic number
A
B
o
i
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p
o
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t

Atomic number
B
B
o
i
l
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p
o
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t

Atomic number
C
B
o
i
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p
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Atomic number
D
C
64 Which of the following statements concerning
chlorine, bromine and iodine is INCORRECT?
A They are all coloured substances.
B They are all poisonous.
C Their reactivity increases with relative atomic
mass.
D They all react with sodium sulphite solution.
C
65 Argon is used to fill electric light bulbs because
it
A is cheap.
B is unreactive.
C glows when hot.
D is colourless. B
66 Which of the following statements concerning
noble gases is INCORRECT?
A They are all colourless gases.
B All of them have little reactivity.
C All of their atoms have 8 outermost shell
electrons.
D Their boiling points increase from helium to
argon.
C
67 A and B are two noble gases. If the atomic
number of A is x, then the atomic number of B
could be
A x 8.
B x 2.
C x + 10.
D x + 16. A
Directions: Questions 68 69 refer to the portion of the
periodic table shown below.
Period 3
2
4
V V V V 0
c e
j i g
b a
h
d
f
Group Group
68 Which is the most reactive metal?
A a
B b
C g
D h C
69 Which is a liquid at room temperature and
pressure?
A c
B d
C e
D j D
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70 Consider the information below:
Element
Melting
point (C)
Density
(g cm
3
)
Electrical
conductivity
W 98 0.97 good
X 113 2.07 non-conducting
Y 838 1.74 good
Z 1 744 11.3 good
Which of the following is likely to be a Group
I element?
A W
B X
C Y
D Z A
71 Rubidium and potassium belong to the same
group of the periodic table. The relative atomic
mass of rubidium is larger than that of potassium.
Which of the following statements concerning
rubidium is probably correct?
A It has a very high melting point.
B Its atom has 2 outermost shell electrons.
C It is very hard.
D It is more reactive than potassium. D
72 Strontium and calcium belong to the same group
of the periodic table. Which of the following
statements concerning strontium is correct?
A It can be extracted from its ore by physical
methods.
B Its atom has one outermost shell electron.
C It tarnishes when exposed to the air.
D It floats on water. C
73 Krypton belongs to the same group as neon in the
periodic table. Which of the following statements
concerning krypton is INCORRECT?
A An atom of krypton has an octet structure in
its outermost shell.
B Krypton belongs to Period 3 of the periodic
table.
C Krypton is a colourless gas at room temperature
and pressure.
D A balloon full of krypton falls in the air.
B
74 Which of the following descriptions for the
formation of a stable ion from a magnesium
atom is correct?
A The magnesium atom gains two neutrons.
B The magnesium atom loses two electrons.
C The mass number of the magnesium atom
decreases by 2.
D The atomic number of the magnesium atom
decreases by 2.
B
75 Which of the following pairs of species has the
same number of electrons?
A Li
+
and H
B O
2
and Cl

C Na
+
and S
2
D Ne and F

D
76 An iron atom
2
56
6
Fe forms a Fe
3+
ion. Which of
the following combinations concerning the Fe
3+

ion is correct?
Number of Number of Number of
protons neutrons electrons
A 29 30 23
B 29 27 26
C 26 30 23
D 26 27 26 C
77 X is an element and the X
2+
ion has an electronic
arrangement 2,8,8. Which of the following
statement concerning X is correct?
A X is a halogen.
B X is an alkali metal.
C X is a transition metal.
D X is a Period 4 element. D
78 An anion carries 1 negative charge. It has 36
electrons. How many protons does the anion
have?
A 34
B 35
C 36
D 37 B
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79 M is an element. The M
2+
ion has 34 neutrons
and 28 electrons. What is M?
A Ge
B Ni
C Se
D Zn D
80 Consider the following information of particles X
and Y :
Particles
Number of
protons
Number of
electrons
Number of
neutrons
X 8 10 8
Y 8 8 10
Which of the following statements is correct?
A X and Y are isotopes.
B X and Y are atoms of different elements.
C X is an anion.
D Y is a cation. C
81 In moving from Group I to Group VII across the
second period of the periodic table, which of the
following statements is / are correct?
(1) The elements show a gradual increase in
atomic size.
(2) The elements change from metallic to
non-metallic across the period.
(3) The elements show a gradual decrease in
melting point.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only B
82 Which of the following descriptions is / are true
when going down Group IV of the periodic
table?
(1) The elements show a gradual increase in
relative atomic mass.
(2) The elements show a gradual increase in
atomic size.
(3) The elements show a gradual increase in the
number of outermost shell electrons in their
atoms.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
83 Element X has an isotope
40
18X. Which of the
following statements is / are correct?
(1) X is in Period 3 of the periodic table.
(2) X is in Group VI of the periodic table.
(3)
40
18 X has 18 neutrons.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only A
84 There is a gradual change in the properties of
alkali metals from lithium to potassium. Which
of the following properties are in the order
lithium < sodium < potassium?
(1) Atomic size
(2) Chemical reactivity
(3) Melting point
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
85 Which of the following statements concerning
Group II elements is / are correct?
(1) Their atoms have 2 outermost shell
electrons.
(2) They are less dense than water.
(3) They are st ored i n wat er i n t he
laboratory.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only A
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86 Which of the following statements concerning
halogens is / are correct?
(1) Their reactivity increases with relative
atomic mass.
(2) Bromine is a volatile liquid.
(3) Iodine vapour is purple in colour.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only D
87 Consider the following information about three
elements, X, Y and Z.
Element Atomic number
X 11
Y 16
Z 17
Which of the following statements concerning X,
Y and Z are correct?
(1) X, Y and Z belong to the same period of
the periodic table.
(2) X is an alkaline earth metal.
(3) Y and Z are non-metals.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) B
88 Helium is used to fill airships because
(1) its density is very low.
(2) it does not burn.
(3) the air contains a high percentage by
volume of it.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
89 Which of the following statements concerning
noble gases are correct?
(1) All noble gases have 8 outermost shell
electrons in their atoms.
(2) Their relative atomic masses increase down
the group.
(3) They are all colourless gases at room
temperature and pressure.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) C
90 The atomic number of element X is 12. Which
of the following statements concerning X are
correct?
(1) X tarnishes when exposed to the air.
(2) X sinks in water.
(3) X is extracted by electrolyzing its molten
ore.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D
91 Caesium (Cs) is a Group I element. Which of
the following statements concerning caesium are
correct?
(1) It reacts with water to give an alkaline
solution.
(2) It gives a characteristic flame colour in
flame test.
(3) Its melting point is less than 100 C.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D
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92 Strontium is a Group II element below calcium
in the periodic table. Which of the following
statements concerning strontium are correct?
(1) It forms an ion carrying two negative
charges.
(2) It is more reactive than calcium.
(3) It reacts with non-metals to form salts.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) C
93 There is a gradual change in the properties
of halogens from chlorine to iodine. Which
of the following properties are in the order
chlorine < bromine < iodine?
(1) Reactivity
(2) Density
(3) Atomic size
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) C
94 Astatine is a Group VII element below iodine
in the periodic table. Which of the following
statements concerning astatine is / are probably
correct?
(1) It is colourless.
(2) Its atom has 7 outermost shell electrons.
(3) It is a solid at room temperature and
pressure.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only D
95 The electronic arrangement of an atom of element
X is 2,8,18,18,8,2. Which of the following
statements concerning X are correct?
(1) It is denser than water.
(2) It gives a characteristic flame colour in
flame test.
(3) It reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to
give hydrogen.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D
96 Which of the following particles is / are present
in a H
+
ion?
(1) Proton
(2) Neutron
(3) Electron
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only A
97 Which of the following statements concerning
the formation of an oxide ion from an oxygen
atom is / are correct?
(1) An oxygen atom and an oxide ion have
the same number of occupied electron
shells.
(2) The atomic number of the oxygen atom
increases by 2.
(3) The mass number of the oxygen atom
increases by 2.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only A
98 Which of the following species has / have the
same electronic arrangement as a neon atom?
(1) O
2
(2) Li
+
(3) K
+
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only A
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99 Atom X can form a stable ion X

. Which of the
following statements is / are correct?
(1) Ion X

has one more neutron than atom


X.
(2) Both atom X and ion X

have the same


nuclear charge.
(3) Ion X

has one more occupied electron


shell than atom X.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only B
100 X, Y and Z are three consecutive elements in the
periodic table. X forms a stable anion X

, while Z
forms a stable cation Z
+
. Which of the following
statements about X, Y and Z is / are correct?
(1) X

and Z
+
have the same electronic
arrangement.
(2) X

and Z
+
have the same number of
protons.
(3) X, Y and Z belong to the same period.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (1) and (3) only A
Directions : Each question (Questions 101 110) consists of two separate statements. Decide whether each
of the two statements is true or false; if both are true, then decide whether or not the second
statement is a correct explanation of the first statement. Then select one option from A to D
according to the following table :
A Both statements are true and the 2nd statement is a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
B Both statements are true but the 2nd statement is NOT a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
C The 1st statement is false but the 2nd statement is true.
D Both statements are false.
1st statement 2nd statement
101 Elements are arranged in order of their atomic Atomic numbers are always whole numbers B
numbers, rather than relative atomic masses, while there are fractional relative atomic
in the periodic table. masses.
102 Lithium and neon belong to the same period Atoms of lithium and neon have the same A
of the periodic table. number of occupied electron shells.
103 Nitrogen and oxygen belong to the same period Nitrogen and oxygen are colourless gases. B
of the periodic table.
104 Across the second period of the periodic table, Across the second period of the periodic D
the elements show a gradual increase in table, the elements show a gradual
melting point. increase in the number of occupied electron
shells in their atoms.
105 Across the third period of the periodic table, Across the third period of the periodic table, B
the atomic size of the elements. the metallic character of the elements
decreases.
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106 Sodium and potassium show similar chemical Atoms of sodium and potassium have the A
properties. same number of outermost shell electrons.
107 The density of Group II elements decreases The reactivity of Group II elements decreases D
down the group. down the group.
108 The reactivity of halogens increases down the The atomic size of halogens increases down C
group. the group.
109 The elements in Group 0 of the periodic table The outermost shell of an atom of a A
are very unreactive. Group 0 element is completely filled.
110 A chloride ion and an argon atom show similar A chloride ion and an argon atom have the C
chemical properties. same electronic arrangement.
Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds
Fill in the blanks
1 Substances can be classified into groups according
to how they conduct electricity.
a) Substances which conduct electricity but are
not chemically changed during conduction are
conductors .
b) Compounds which conduct electricity in molten
state or aqueous solution and are
decomposed by electricity during conduction
are electrolytes .
c) Substances which do not conduct electricity
are non-conductors .
2 When metal atoms combine with non-metal
atoms, ionic bonds result.
3 When electricity is passed through molten
lead(II) bromide, lead(II) ions move towards the
negative electrode while bromide ions move
towards the positive electrode.
4 An ion that forms from a group of atoms is called
a polyatomic ion.
5 A sulphate ion is formed from one sulphur atom
and four oxygen atoms. The whole group
of atoms carries two negative charges.
6 A sulphite ion is formed from one sulphur atom
and three oxygen atoms. The whole group
of atoms carries two negative charges.
7 An aqueous solution of potassium permanganate
is purple in colour. This colour comes from
the permanganate ions.
8 The green colour of jade is due to the presence
of chromium(III) ions.
9 A chemical formula is a way of representing a
chemical substance using symbols and figures.
10 A metallic bond is a type of bond in which
positive metal ions are held together by a sea
of mobile electrons.
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True or false
Decide whether each of the following statements is
true or false.
11 An ionic bond is the strong forces of F
attraction between ions of the same
charge.
12 Ionic bond usually occurs when metals F
combine.
13 When calcium combines with fluorine, T
each calcium atom loses two electrons
and each fluorine atom gains one electron.
14 Element X (atomic number 11) combines F
with element Y (atomic number 16) to
form a compound with the chemical
formula XY
2
.
15 Magnesium combines with oxygen to T
form a compound with the chemical
formula MgO.
16 Element X (atomic number 20) reacts T
with element Y (atomic number 7) to
form a compound with the chemical
forumla X
3
Y
2
.
17 The chemical formula of the compound F
formed between astatine (At) and
potassium is KAt
2
.
18 An aqueous solution of iron(II) sulphate is F
yellow-brown in colour.
19 An aqueous solution of potassium T
dichromate is orange in colour.
20 Metallic bond is a type of bond in which F
positive metal ions are held together
by a sea of negative ions.
Multiple choice questions
21 Which of the following substances is a non-
conductor of electricity?
A Alcohol
B Copper
C Graphite
D Molten potassium chloride A
Directions: Questions 22 and 23 refer to the following
experiment.
The circuit shown below is set up and the solid lead(II)
bromide is heated until it becomes molten.
bulb
inert electrode X inert electrode Y
lead() bromide
heat
22 Which of the following statements concerning
the experiment is INCORRECT?
A The bulb lights up.
B Nichrome wires can be used as electrodes.
C A reddish brown gas is evolved at electrode
Y.
D The experiment should be carried out in a
fume cupboard.
C
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23 Which of the following can be deduced from the
experimental results?
A Molten lead(II) bromide can be decomposed
by electricity.
B Solid lead(II) bromide is a non-electrolyte.
C Metallic bonds exist in molten lead(II)
bromide.
D Solid lead(II) bromide is a covalent compound
but molten lead(II) bromide is an ionic
compound.
A
24 Which of the following pairs of elements will
combine to form an ionic compound?
A Copper and magnesium
B Lithium and sodium
C Potassium and oxygen
D Silicon and hydrogen C
25 Consider the atomic numbers of four elements.
Element a b c d
Atomic number 6 9 10 11
Which of the following pairs of elements will
combine to form an ionic compound?
A a and b
B a and c
C b and d
D c and d C
26 A part of the periodic table is shown below.
Period
3
2
b d
V V V V 0
a
e
Group
c
Which of the following elements will combine
with element d to form an ionic compound?
A a
B b
C c
D e B
27 In which of the following substances do metallic
bonds exist?
A Copper
B Copper(II) sulphate
C Sodium chloride
D Silicon A
28 Which of the following is an electron diagram of
potassium oxide?
A
B
C
D
+
K
+
K K
2+
K
2+
K
-
O
2-
O
-
O
-
O
2-
O
+
C
29 Elements X and Y form a compound with the
following electron diagram:
2-
Y
2+
X
(Only electrons in the outermost shells are
shown.)
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Whi ch of the fol l owi ng combi nati ons i s
correct?
X Y
A Al Cl
B Ca S
C Li O
D Mg Br B
30 The atomic number of element X is 12. X reacts
with element Y to form an ionic compound with
the chemical formula XY
2
. To which group of the
periodic table does Y belong?
A Group II
B Group V
C Group VI
D Group VII D
31 The atomic number of element X is 11. X reacts
with element Y to form an ionic compound with
the chemical formula X
2
Y. To which group of the
periodic table does Y belong?
A Group I
B Group IV
C Group VI
D Group VII C
32 Elements X and Y belong to the first three periods
of the periodic table. The compound formed
between these two elements has the following
electronic structure:
2+
X
2+
X
2+
X
3-
Y
3-
Y
(Only electrons in the outermost shells are
shown.)
How many electrons are there in the outermost
shell of an atom of X and that of Y?
X Y
A 1 2
B 1 5
C 2 5
D 2 8 C
33 An ionic compound has the chemical formula XY
where X and Y represent the cation and anion
respectively. If both X and Y have the same
electronic arrangement, the compound may be
A aluminium oxide.
B magnesium oxide.
C lithium fluoride.
D sodium chloride. B
34 The atomic number of an element X is 7. What
is the chemical formula of the compound formed
between magnesium and X?
A MgX
B MgX
2
C Mg
2
X
3
D Mg
3
X
2
D
35 An atom of element X has 13 protons while
an atom of element Y has 8 electrons. What is
the chemical formula of the compound formed
between X and Y?
A XY
B XY
3
C X
2
Y
3
D X
3
Y
2
C
36 Elements X and Y form a compound with the
following electronic structure:
+
X
+
X
+
X
3-
Y
(Only electrons in the outermost shells are
shown.)
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Whi ch of the fol l owi ng combi nati ons i s
correct?
X Y
A B H
B Li N
C Mg Cl
D Na O B
37 Which of the following pairs of elements would
react with each other most vigorously?
A Chlorine and lithium
B Chlorine and potassium
C Fluorine and lithium
D Fluorine and potassium D
38 Consider the information given in the table
below:
Element Atomic number
w 9
x 14
y 18
z 20
Which of the following pairs of elements would
react with each other most readily?
A w and y
B w and z
C x and y
D x and z B
39 Which of the following ions is a polyatomic
ion?
A Ammonium ion
B Chloride ion
C Magnesium ion
D Sulphide ion A
40 Which of the following compounds, when
dissolved in water, gives a green solution?
A Cobalt(II) chloride
B Magnesium chloride
C Nickel(II) sulphate
D Potassium permanganate C
41 Which of the following ions is responsible for the
greenish blue colour of turquoise?
A Copper(II) ion
B Dichromate ion
C Iron(III) ion
D Manganese(III) ion A
42 Which of the following ions is responsible for the
purple colour of amethyst?
A Cu
2+
B Fe
2+
C Mn
3+
D Ni
2+
C
43 Which of the following solids dissolves in water
to form a colourless solution?
A CrCl
3
B CuCl
2
C FeCl
3
D ZnCl
2
D
44 The table below shows the colours of the aqueous
solutions of three ionic compounds:
Compound Colour of aqueous solution
WZ blue
XY orange
XZ colourless
Which of the following combinations about the
colours of the ions involved is most likely to be
correct?
W
2+
(aq) X
2+
(aq) Y
2
(aq) Z
2
(aq)
A Blue orange orange blue
B Blue colourless orange colourless
C Colourless colourless colourless colourless
D Colourless orange colourless blue
B
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45 A drop of potassium permanganate solution is
placed in the centre of the moistened filter paper.
A d.c. power supply is then applied. Within a
few minutes, a coloured patch develops near the
positive electrode.
+ -
d.c. power supply
potassium permanganate solution
moistened filter paper
What is the colour of the patch?
A Blue
B Brown
C Orange
D Purple D
46 Element X forms a compound having the chemical
formula K
2
X
2
O
7
. X could be
A Cr.
B F.
C Mg.
D S. A
47 How many elements does ammonium sulphate
consist of?
A 3
B 4
C 5
D 6 B
48 Rubidium (Rb) is in the same group as sodium.
What is the chemical formula of rubidium
carbonate?
A RbCO
3
B Rb(CO
3
)
2
C Rb
2
CO
3
D Rb
3
(CO
3
)
2
C
49 The chemical formula of calcium phosphate is
A Ca(PO
4
)
2
.
B Ca(PO
4
)
3
.
C Ca
2
(PO
4
)
3
.
D Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
. D
50 M is an element in the third period of the periodic
table. M forms a sulphate with the chemical
formula M
2
(SO
4
)
3
. The chemical formula of the
chloride of M is
A MCl
2
.
B MCl
3
.
C M
2
Cl.
D M
2
Cl
3
. B
51 The chemical formula of thorium hydroxide
is Th(OH)
4
. The chemical formula of thorium
permanganate is likely to be
A ThMnO
4
.
B Th(MnO
4
)
2
.
C Th
4
MnO
4
.
D Th(MnO
4
)
4
. D
52 Strontium (Sr) belongs to Group II of the
periodic table. Which of the following statements
concerning strontium is correct?
A Strontium is an alkali metal.
B Strontium is less reactive than calcium.
C The chemical formula of strontium chloride is
SrCl.
D The density of strontium is higher than that
of sodium.
D
53 Astatine (At) is a Group VII element. Which of
the following statements concerning astatine is
correct?
A Astatine is a solid at room temperature and
pressure.
B Astatine is more reactive than chlorine.
C Astatine is in Period 4 of the periodic table.
D The formula of the compound formed between
astatine and calcium is Ca
2
At.
A
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54 Element X can form a cation X
+
with an electronic
arrangement 2,8. Which of the following
statements concerning X is correct?
A I t i s a gas at room temperature and
pressure.
B It is in Period 2 of the periodic table.
C It reacts vigorously with water.
D It reacts with oxygen to form a compound
with the chemical formula XO
2
.
C
55 Which of the following pairs of elements will
combine to form ionic compound(s)?
(1) Calcium and fluorine
(2) Neon and nitrogen
(3) Potassium and sodium
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only A
56 Element X can form a cation X
2+
with an electronic
arrangement 2,8,8. Which of the following
statements concerning X are correct?
(1) It can react with hydrogen to form a
compound with the chemical formula
XH
2
.
(2) It is in Period 3 of the periodic table.
(3) It burns with a brick-red flame.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) B
57 Caesium (Cs) belongs to Group I of the periodic
table. Which of the following statements
concerning caesium is / are correct?
(1) It reacts with water vigorously.
(2) It has a high density.
(3) The chemical formula of caesium hydroxide
is Cs(OH)
2
.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only A
58 Rubidium (Rb) is a Group I element below
potassium in the periodic table. Which of
the following statements about rubidium are
correct?
(1) Its oxide is a crystalline solid.
(2) Metallic bonding exists in it.
(3) The chemical formula of its sulphate is
Rb
2
SO
4
.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D
59 Barium (Ba) is a Group II element below calcium
in the periodic table. Which of the following
statements concerning barium are correct?
(1) It forms a stable ion carrying 2 positive
charges.
(2) It is less reactive than calcium.
(3) It forms a sulphide with the chemical
formula BaS.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) B
60 Strontium (Sr) is a Group II element. Which of
the following statements concerning strontium
carbonate are correct?
(1) Its chemical formula is SrCO
3
.
(2) It conducts electricity in solid state.
(3) It is insoluble in water.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) B
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61 The atomic number of element X is 7. Which
of the following statements concerning X are
correct?
(1) X is a gas at room temperature and
pressure.
(2) X is in Period 3 of the periodic table.
(3) X reacts with magnesium to form a
compound with the chemical formula
Mg
3
X
2
.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) B
62 An ionic compound has the chemical formula
X
2
Y where X and Y represent the cation and
anion respectively. If both X and Y have the same
electronic arrangement, the compound could
be
(1) lithium oxide.
(2) potassium sulphide.
(3) sodium oxide.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only D
63 Which of the following ions are green in
colour?
(1) Cr
3+
(aq)
(2) Ni
2+
(aq)
(3) MnO
4

(aq)
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
64 Consider the following experiment:
carbon
electrode Y
+ -
dilute
sulphuric
acid
gel containing
copper() ions and
dichromate ions
carbon
electrode X
dilute
sulphuric
acid
Which of the following statements concerning
the experiment are correct?
(1) A green colour gradually develops near
electrode X.
(2) Gas bubbles are evolved at electrode Y.
(3) The experiment can be used to show that
ions migrate towards oppositely charged
electrodes.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) C
65 Which of the following statements about the
metallic bonding in a solid are correct?
(1) The solid contains a regular arrangement
of positive ions.
(2) Outermost shell electrons of atoms are
delocalized throughout the solid.
(3) This type of bonding exists in some ionic
compounds.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
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Directions : Each question (Questions 66 70) consists of two separate statements. Decide whether each
of the two statements is true or false; if both are true, then decide whether or not the second
statement is a correct explanation of the first statement. Then select one option from A to D
according to the following table :
A Both statements are true and the 2nd statement is a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
B Both statements are true but the 2nd statement is NOT a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
C The 1st statement is false but the 2nd statement is true.
D Both statements are false.
1st statement 2nd statement
66 An oxide ion is very stable. An oxide ion has an electronic arrangement A
similar to that of a noble gas atom.
67 Atoms of helium and neon have 8 outermost Helium and neon are noble gases. C
shell electrons.
68 Magnesium is in Period 2 of the periodic table. Atoms of magnesium form ions carrying two C
positive charges.
69 Element X (atomic number = 20) reacts Each atom of X loses two electrons and each A
with element Y (atomic number = 7) to form atom of Y accepts three electrons to form a
an ionic compound. compound with the chemical formula X
3
Y
2
.
70 A metal M which forms a chloride MCl
3
must Only metals in Group III of the periodic table D
belong to Group III of the periodic table. form ions with three positive charges.
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Unit 8 Covalent bonds
Fill in the blanks
1 A covalent bond is formed when one or
more pairs of outermost shell electrons are shared
between two atoms.
2 The pair of electrons shared between two atoms
is called bond pair electrons.
3 The pair of electrons in the outermost shell of an
atom that is not involved in bonding is called
lone pair electrons.
4 Eac h hy dr ogen mol ec ul e c ons i s t s of
t wo hydrogen at oms. Hydrogen f or ms
diatomic molecules.
5 A molecule which consists of one atom only is
called a monoatomic molecule.
6 In a hydrogen chloride molecule, the hydrogen
atom contributes one electron(s) for
bonding.
7 In an ammonia molecule, the nitrogen atom
has three bond pair(s) and one lone
pair(s) of electrons.
8 In a PCl
3
molecule, the phosphorus atom
contributes three electron(s) for sharing.
9 A dative covalent bond is a covalent bond
in which the bond pair electrons are provided by
the same atom.
10 When an ammonia molecule and a hydrogen
i on combi ne to form an ammoni um i on,
t he ni t r ogen at om s uppl i es i t s
lone pair electrons to the hydrogen ion.
True or false
Decide whether each of the following statements is
true or false.
11 In a molecule, the pair of electrons in T
the outermost shell of an atom that is
not involved in bonding is called lone pair
electrons.
12 Nitrogen exists as triatomic molecules. F
13 Carbon combines with silicon to form a T
covalent compound.
14 Neon and nitrogen combine to form a F
covalent compound.
15 The total number of electrons in a water F
molecule is 8.
16 In a SiCl
4
molecule, the silicon atom T
contributes 4 electrons for bonding.
17 Iodine and oxygen have the same T
bonding type.
18 Hydrogen chloride and siliver chloride F
have the same bonding type.
19 Phosphorus combines with hydrogen to F
form a compound with the chemical
formula PH
2
.
20 Covalent bonds exist in ammonium T
chloride.
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Multiple choice questions
21 Element X (atomic number = 7) exists as molecules
X
2
. Which of the following is the electron diagram
of a molecule of X?
(Only electrons in the outermost shells are
shown.)
A
B
C
D
X X
X X
X X
X X
D
22 An element exists as diatomic molecules. The
atomic number of the element could be
A 9.
B 10.
C 11.
D 13. A
23 Which of the following pairs of elements will
combine to form a covalent compound?
A Lead and bromine
B Potassium and chlorine
C Sodium and hydrogen
D Sulphur and oxygen D
24 Which of the following pairs of elements will
combine to form a covalent compound?
A Lithium and nitrogen
B Mercury and fluorine
C Neon and nitrogen
D Fluorine and chlorine D
25 Consider the atomic numbers of four elements.
Element a b c d
Atomic number 3 14 17 18
Which of the following pairs of elements will
combine to form a covalent compound?
A a and c
B a and d
C b and c
D b and d C
26 The following diagram represents the particles in
an element.
In which group of the periodic table is this element
likely to be found?
A II
B III
C IV
D V D
27 Which of the following diagrams best represents
the electron diagram of a compound formed
between nitrogen and fluorine?
(Only electrons in the outermost shells are
shown.)
N F
A
B
F N F
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C
D
F N
F
F
F
F
F N F
C
28 Which of the following electron diagrams is
correct?
(Only electrons in the outermost shells are
shown.)
He
F F
H H Cl
H H
H
H
Si
He
A
B
C
D
D
29 Which of the following substances exists as atoms
at room temperature and pressure?
A Ammonia
B Hydrogen
C Neon
D Nitrogen C
30 The atomic number of an element X is 16. The
chemical formula of the compound formed
between chlorine and X is
A XCl.
B XCl
2
.
C X
2
Cl.
D X
2
Cl
3
. B
31 The electron diagram of the compound formed
between elements X and Y is shown below:
Y X X Y
(Only electrons in the outermost shells are
shown.)
How many outermost shell electrons are there
in an atom of X?
A 2
B 4
C 6
D 8 C
32 The electron diagram of a compound formed
between elements X and Y is shown below:
Y X Y
(Only electrons in the outermost shells are
shown.)
Which of the following combinations concerning
X and Y is correct?
X Y
A Carbon sulphur
B Silicon oxygen
C Oxygen lithium
D Oxygen fluorine D
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33 The electron diagram of a compound formed
from element X and hydrogen is shown below:
H H
H H
X X
(Only electrons in the outermost shells are
shown.)
How many electrons are there in the outermost
shell of an atom of X?
A 3
B 4
C 5
D 6 C
34 Which of the following molecules contains three
pairs of bond pair electrons?
A C
2
H
4
B CO
2
C H
2
S
D PCl
3
D
35 Which of the following molecules has two pairs
of lone pair electrons on the underlined atom?
A CH
4
B HCN
C NH
3
D SCl
2
D
36 Elements X and Y have 5 and 7 outermost shell
electrons in their atoms respectively. Which of the
following combinations concerning the compound
they form is correct?
Chemical formula Type of bond
A XY
3
covalent
B X
3
Y covalent
C X
3
Y ionic
D XY
3
ionic A
37 Element X can form an anion X
3
with an electronic
arrangement 2,8. Which of the following
statements concerning X is correct?
A It is in Group III of the periodic table.
B It is a solid at room temperature and
pressure.
C It exists as diatomic molecules.
D It can react with fluorine to form
an ionic compound. C
38 Which of the following electron diagrams is
correct?
(Only electrons in the outermost shells are
shown.)
A
C
Cl F
2+
Mg
2-
F
B
+
Li
-
O
D
Cl O Cl
D
39 In which of the following groups of substances
there exists a difference in bonding type among
the substances?
A Aluminium, mercury, sodium
B Calcium chloride, hydrogen chloride, silver
chloride
C Carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen
D Iodine, methane, sulphur dioxide B
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40 X is an element in the third period of the periodic
table. The chemical formula of the compound
formed between aluminium and X is Al
2
X
3
.
Which of the following electron diagrams best
represents the compound formed between X and
hydrogen?
(Only electrons in the outermost shells are
shown.)
A
B
C
D
H X
H
H
H X
H
H
H
H X
H X
H
C
41 The electron diagram of a compound formed
between an element X and chlorine is shown
below.
Cl X
Cl
Cl
(Only electrons in the outermost shells are
shown.)
What would be the chemical formula of the
compound formed between X and calcium?
A CaX
B CaX
2
C Ca
2
X
3
D Ca
3
X
2
D
42 Consider the elements from lithium to fluorine in
the second period of the periodic table. Which
of the following statements is correct?
A They show a gradual change from having
metallic property to having non-metallic
property.
B They show a gradual increase in the number
of occupied electron shells in their atoms.
C They show a gradual decrease in melting
point.
D Their oxides change from covalent to ionic.
A
43 Which of the following diagrams best represents
the arrangement of particles in a metal?
A
B
C
D
D
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44 Consider the following table:
Element
Atomic
number
Relative
atomic mass
X 9 19.0
Y 13 27.0
The formula mass of the compound formed
between X and Y is
A 40.0.
B 84.0.
C 100.0.
D 111.0. B
45 Consider the following table:
Element
Atomic
number
Relative
atomic mass
X 6 12.0
Y 16 32.1
The relative molecular mass of the compound
formed between X and Y is
A 38.1.
B 44.1.
C 56.1.
D 76.2. D
46 Which of the following elements can react
together to form a covalent compound?
(1) Magnesium
(2) Phosphorus
(3) Oxygen
(4) Helium
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (4) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (3) and (4) only C
47 A portion of the periodic table is shown below.
Period
3
2
c f
b
V V V V 0
a
e
Group
d
Which of the following pairs of elements will form
covalent compound(s) upon combination?
(1) a and f
(2) b and d
(3) c and e
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only A
48 Which of the following molecules have single
covalent bonds only?
(1) CH
4
(2) CO
2
(3) H
2
O
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) B
49 Which of the following molecules contain multiple
bond(s)?
(1) CO
2
(2) N
2
(3) HCN
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D
50 Which of the following statements concerning
chlorine and bromine are correct?
(1) They form ions with 1 negative charge.
(2) They exist as diatomic molecules.
(3) They can react with sodium sulphite
solution.
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A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D
51 Which of the following statements concerning a
methane molecule is / are correct?
(1) The number of bondi ng el ectrons
contributed by each hydrogen atom in
the molecule is 2.
(2) The number of bondi ng el ectrons
contributed by the carbon atom in the
molecule is 4.
(3) The total number of electrons in the
molecule is 8.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only B
52 Which of the following electron diagrams are
correct?
(1)
(2)
(3)
-
2-
H
S C S
Br
+
Na
2+
Mg
(Only electrons in the outermost shells are
shown.)
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) B
53 X and Y are two different elements. The electron
diagram of a compound formed between X and
Y is shown below:
Y X X Y
(Only electrons in the outermost shells are
shown.)
Which of the following statement is / are
correct?
(1) There are 6 electrons in the outermost
shell of an atom of X.
(2) There are 8 electrons in the outermost
shell of an atom of Y.
(3) Each atom of X in the above compound
has 4 lone pairs of electrons.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only A
54 X, Y and Z are three different elements. The
electron diagram (showing electrons in the
outermost shells only) of the compound formed
by X, Y and Z is shown below:

X Y
X
X
X
+
Z
-
Which of the following statments are correct?
(1) There is 1 electron in the outermost shell
of an atom of X.
(2) There are 4 electrons in the outermost
shell of an atom of Y.
(3) There are 7 electrons in the outermost
shell of an atom of Z.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) B
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55 X, Y and Z are three different elements. The
electron diagram (showing electrons in the
outermost shells only) of the compound formed
by X, Y and Z is shown below:
Y
Z
Z Z
2-
2+
X
Which of the following statments are correct?
(1) There are 2 electrons in the outermost
shell of an atom of X.
(2) There are 4 electrons in the outermost
shell of an atom of Y.
(3) There are 7 electrons in the outermost
shell of an atom of Z.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
56 Which of the following pairs of elements can form
a compound with the chemical formula XY
2
?
X Y
(1) Carbon oxygen
(2) Lead chlorine
(3) Lithium oxygen
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
57 Which of the following bonds exist in ammonium
nitrate?
(1) Covalent bond
(2) Ionic bond
(3) Metallic bond
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
58 Consider the following elements:
Element X Y Z
Atomic number 9 12 16
Which of the following statements concerning
the elements are correct?
(1) X and Y react t o gi ve an i oni c
compound.
(2) X and Z form a compound by electron
sharing.
(3) Y and Z react to form a compound with
the chemical formula YZ.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D
59 Which of the following statements concerning
elements in the third period of the periodic table
are correct?
(1) Sodi um i s mor e r eac t i v e t han
magnesium.
(2) Phosphorus and chlorine will combine to
form a covalent compound.
(3) The compound formed between silicon and
chlorine has the chemical formula SiCl
4
.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D
60 The atomic numbers of elements X and Y are
smaller than 20. X and Y belong to Group IV
and VI of the periodic table respectively. Which
of the following statements are correct?
(1) X tends to form an ion carrying 2 negative
charges.
(2) Y is a non-metal.
(3) X and Y combine to form a covalent
compound.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) C
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Directions : Each question (Questions 61 65) consists of two separate statements. Decide whether each
of the two statements is true or false; if both are true, then decide whether or not the second
statement is a correct explanation of the first statement. Then select one option from A to D
according to the following table :
A Both statements are true and the 2nd statement is a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
B Both statements are true but the 2nd statement is NOT a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
C The 1st statement is false but the 2nd statement is true.
D Both statements are false.
1st statement 2nd statement
61 Bromine and chlorine belong to the same group Both bromine and chloride exist as diatomic B
of the periodic table. molecules.
62 Neon and nitrogen combine to form a covalent Neon and nitrogen are non-metals. C
compound.
63 Phosphorus forms a covalent compound with Phosphorus and chlorine belong to the same B
chlorine. period of the periodic table.
64 When hydrogen combines with chlorine, an During the reaction, every electron released D
ionic compound is formed. by a hydrogen atom is accepted by a
chlorine atom.
65 Calcium carbonate is a covalent compound. Covalent bonds exist in calcium carbonate. C
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Unit 9 Relating the properties
of substances to
structures and bonding
Fill in the blanks
1 Sodi um chl or i de has a gi ant i oni c
structure.
2 Diamond has a giant covalent structure.
3 Iodine has a simple molecular strcuture.
4 Magnesium has a giant metallic structure.
5 Ionic compounds are usually soluble in water
but insoluble in non-aqueous solvents.
6 Molten ionic compounds can conduct electricity
because they contain mobile ions.
7 Allotropes are two (or more) forms of the
same element in which the atoms or molecules
are arranged in different ways.
8 In a quartz crystal, each silicon atom is joined
to four oxygen atoms by covalent
bonds, while each oxygen atom is joined
to two silicon atoms.
9 In graphite, the cabon atoms are arranged
in flat layers. Within each layer, each carbon
atom is joined to three carbon atoms
by covalent bonds. Van der Waals
forces exist between the layers.
10 Substances with simple molecular structures are
usually slightly soluble or insoluble in water
but very soluble in non-aqueous solvents.
11 Bromine has a simple molecular structure.
The atoms in each molecule are held together by
a covalent bond . The separate molecules are
held together by van der Waals forces .
12 Metals are good conductors of electricity due to
the movement of mobile electrons .
True or false
Decide whether each of the following statements is
true or false.
13 Quartz and graphite are allotropes. F
14 The strcuture of silicon is similar to that T
of diamond.
15 Silicon carbide (SiC) has a simple F
molecular structure.
16 Silane (SiH
4
) has a simple molecular T
structure.
17 Carbon disulphide (CS
2
) has a giant F
covalent structure.
18 Sugar has a simple molecular structure. T
19 Copper has a giant metallic structure. T
20 Ionic compounds conduct electricity in F
solid state.
21 Sodium chloride is hard due to the strong T
ionic bonds between the ions.
22 The melting point of diamond is higher F
than that of graphite.
23 In quartz, van der Waals forces hold the F
atoms together.
24 Graphite has a slippery feel. T
25 Diamond is harder than graphite. T
26 Graphite is used as electrodes in dry T
cells.
27 In dry ice, the carbon dioxide molecules F
are held together by covalent bonds.
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28 In iodine, the atoms in each molecule F
are held together by van der Waals
forces.
29 Iodine is very soluble in water. F
30 Carbon dioxide and silicon dioxide have F
similar physical properties.
31 The melting point of hydrogen chloride is T
lower than that of potassium chloride.
32 Silver is a good conductor of electricity T
due to the movement of mobile electrons.
Multiple choice questions
33 Which of the following terms correctly describes
the structure of potassium bromide?
A Giant covalent structure
B Giant ionic structure
C Giant metallic structure
D Simple molecular structure B
34 Which of the following diagrams best represents
the giant structure of a sodium chloride crystal?
(In these diagrams, represents a Na
+
ion and
represents a Cl

ion.)
A B
C D
A
35 Whi ch of the fol l owi ng substances i s an
electrolyte?
A Argon
B Potassium
C Potassium fluoride
D Tetrachloromethane C
36 Solid zinc chloride CANNOT conduct electricity
because
A it contains molecules.
B it is a non-electrolyte.
C it is a covalent compound.
D it does not contain mobile ions. D
37 Ionic compounds have high melting points
because
A the ions are packed in layers.
B they are insoluble in water.
C ionic bonds hold the ions together.
D they contain mobile ions. C
38 Magnesium oxide is used to line industrial furnaces
because it has a very high melting point.
Which type of bond needs to be broken for
magnesium oxide to melt?
A Covalent bond
B Dative covalent bond
C Ionic bond
D Metallic bond C
39 Which of the following chlorides has the highest
melting point?
A HCl
B KCl
C SCl
2
D PCl
3
B
40 Which of the following substances is the
hardest?
A Diamond
B Steel
C Graphite
D Magnesium oxide A
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41 Which of the following correctly describes the
structure of silicon dioxide?
A Simple molecular structure
B Giant ionic structure
C Giant covalent structure
D Giant metallic structure C
42 Quartz has a very high melting point because
A it is a covalent compound.
B it has a giant covalent structure.
C its atoms are held together by strong ionic
bonds.
D it contains molecules held together by strong
forces.
B
43 Which of the following substances is the most
stable in moist air?
A Ca
B Na
C SiO
2
D SO
2
C
44 Graphite can be used as a lubricant. This is
because graphite has
A mobile ions.
B delocalized electrons.
C covalent bonds between atoms in the
layers.
D van der Waals forces between the layers of
atoms.
D
45 Which of the following correctly describes the
structure of dry ice?
A Giant covalent structure
B Giant ionic structure
C Giant metallic structure
D Simple molecular structure D
46 Which of the following substances has a simple
molecular structure?
A Diamond
B Mercury
C Nitrogen
D Quartz C
47 Which of the following substances consists of
separate molecules?
A Calcium oxide
B Graphite
C Iodine
D Sodium C
48 Which of the following oxides has a simple
molecular structure?
A MgO
B Al
2
O
3
C SiO
2
D Cl
2
O D
49 In which of the following substances do van der
Waals forces exist?
A Quicklime
B Silicon
C Solid carbon dioxide
D Solid ammonium chloride C
50 Bromine is a liquid at room temperature and
pressure because
A bromine has a giant covalent structure.
B bromine molecules are diatomic.
C bromine molecules are held together by weak
intermolecular forces only.
D bromine atoms within the molecules are held
by strong covalent bonds.
C
51 A substance melts at 10 C and boils at 58 C.
Which of the following statements concerning
the substance is probably correct?
A It has a simple molecular structure.
B It is insoluble in non-aqueous solvents.
C I t i s a gas at room temperature and
pressure.
D It conducts electricity in solid state. A
52 Which of the following substances is insoluble in
water but soluble in non-aqueous solvents?
A Common salt
B Sugar
C Sulphur
D Sodium nitrate C
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53 An element X combines with chlorine to form
a compound with a simple molecular structure.
The atomic number of X could be
A 10.
B 11.
C 16.
D 20. C
54 The atomic number of element X is 15. It has only
one isotope with a mass number 31. Which of the
following statements concerning X is correct?
A X i s a gas at room temperature and
pressure.
B The chemical forumla of the hydride of X is
XH
3
.
C There are 16 electrons in an atom of X.
D Covalent bonds hold the molecules of X
together.
B
55 Consider the following information about three
elements, X, Y and Z.
Element X Y Z
Atomic number 8 12 17
Which of the following statements concerning X,
Y and Z is correct?
A X and Z combi ne to form a coval ent
compound.
B Y has a simple molecular structure.
C Z exists as a liquid at room conditions.
D A metal cyclinder containing X should bear
the following hazard warning label.
A
56 Consider the following information about three
elements, X, Y and Z.
Element X Y Z
Atomic number 7 14 20
Which of the following statements concerning X,
Y and Z is correct?
A X has a high melting point.
B Y has a giant covalent structure.
C Z gives an apple green flame in flame test.
D X and Z combine to form a compound with
a simple molecular structure.
B
57 Consider the following substances:
carbon dioxide (CO
2
), silicon dioxide (SiO
2
) and
sodium oxide (Na
2
O)
The ascending order of the melting points of
these substances is
A CO
2
< Na
2
O < SiO
2
B CO
2
< SiO
2
< Na
2
O
C SiO
2
< CO
2
< Na
2
O
D Na
2
O < SiO
2
< CO
2
A
Directions: Questions 58 59 refer to the following
information of four elements:
Element
Melting
point (C)
Boiling
point (C)
Electrical
conductivity in
molten / liquid state
W 650 1 120 good conductor
X 1 610 2 230 non-conductor
Y 39 357 good conductor
Z 113 445 non-conductor
58 Whi ch of t he f ol l owi ng st at ement s i s
INCORRECT?
A W is a brittle solid.
B X has a giant covalent structure.
C Y is a good conductor of heat.
D Z is a non-metal. A
59 Element Y is likely to be
A magnesium.
B mercury.
C silicon.
D sodium. B
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60 Consider the information below:
Substance
Melting
point (C)
Electrical
conductivity
Solubility in
water
W 7 non-conducting slightly soluble
X 46 non-conducting insoluble
Y 420 conducting insoluble
Z 782 non-conducting soluble
Which of the substances exists as a simple
molecular solid at room temperature?
A W
B X
C Y
D Z B
61 A Group I element X forms a compound
with a Group VII element Y. Which of the
following statements concerning the compound
is INCORRECT?
A The compound has a giant ionic structure.
B The compound is a liquid at room temperature
and pressure.
C The chemical formula of the compound is
XY.
D The compound conducts electricity in molten
state.
B
62 The table below shows the information of two
elements.
Element Electronic arrangement of atom
X 2,8,5
Y 2,7
Which of the following statements concerning
the compound Z formed between X and Y is
correct?
A The bonds in Z are formed by electron
transfer.
B Z has a giant structure.
C Z has a low melting point.
D The chemical formula of Z is XY
4
. C
63 X and Y are elements. The melting points of their
chlorides are given below:
Element Melting point (C)
Chloride of X 82
Chloride of Y 808
Which of the following statements is correct?
A Both X and Y are non-metals.
B The chloride of X is an ionic compound.
C The chloride of Y is a solid at room temperature
and pressure.
D The chloride of Y conducts electricity in solid
state.
C
64 Which of the following substances can conduct
electricity in both solid and liquid states?
A Carbon dioxide
B Diamond
C Magnesium
D Sodium chloride C
65 Copper has a high melting point because
A it is ductile.
B it contains mobile electrons.
C it is malleable.
D metallic bonds hold its particles together. D
66 Why does a silver wire conduct electricity when
it is connected to a battery?
A Mobile electrons in the metal move.
B Silver ions move towards the positive terminal
of the battery.
C The silver atoms become ions.
D The structure of silver breaks down. A
67 The table below shows the electrical conductivity
of four substances W, X, Y and Z.
Substance Solid state
Molten
state
Aqueous
solution
W
X
Y
Z
(insoluble in
water)
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(In the table, and represent can conduct
electricity and cannot conduct electricity
respectively.)
Which of the substances is likely to be a
metal?
A W
B X
C Y
D Z D
Directions: Questions 68 69 refer to the melting
points and boiling points of four substances
at 1 atm pressure as listed in the table
below:
Substance Melting point (C) Boiling point (C)
Bromine 7 59
Chlorine 101 35
Oxygen 218 183
Hydrogen
bromide
88 67
68 Which substance exists as a liquid at 50 C and
1 atm pressure?
A Bromine
B Chlorine
C Oxygen
D Hydrogen bromide B
69 Which of the following chemical bonds / attractive
forces exist(s) in all four substances at 25 C and
1 atm pressure?
(1) Van der Waals forces
(2) Ionic bond
(3) Covalent bond
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only C
70 Which of the following substances has / have
giant structure(s)?
(1) Oxygen
(2) Potassium oxide
(3) Silicon dioxide
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only D
71 Which of the following substances can conduct
electricity?
(1) Graphite
(2) Molten zinc chloride
(3) Magnesium sulphate solution
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D
72 The structure of silicon carbide is shown below:
carbon atom
silicon atom
key:
Which of the following statements concerning
silicon carbide are correct?
(1) Its chemical formula is SiC
2
.
(2) It has a high melting point.
(3) It is insoluble in water.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) C
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73 Germanium is a Group IV element below silicon
in the periodic table. Which of the following
statements concerning germanium is / are
probably correct?
(1) It is a metalloid.
(2) It has a high melting point.
(3) I ts fl uori de has a gi ant coval ent
structure.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
74 A certain form of solid carbon is composed of
C
60
molecules. Each C
60
molecule is formed by
60 carbon atoms bonded together like a football
as shown in the diagram below:
Which of the following statements is / are
correct?
(1) The solid is insoluble in water.
(2) The solid is harder than diamond.
(3) The melting point of the solid is higher
than that of graphite.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only A
75 Selenium (Se) is a group VI element of the
periodic table. Which of the following statements
concerning selenium are correct?
(1) Selenium forms a covalent hydride.
(2) The chloride of selenium is a solid with a
network structure.
(3) Selenium forms Se
2
ions when reacted
with Group I elements.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) B
76 Which of the following properties of graphite is
/ are evidence(s) to support that covalent bonds
are strong?
(1) It is slippery.
(2) It has a high melting point.
(3) It can conduct electricity.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only B
77 Element X exists as diatomic molecules. Solid X
has a very low melting point. It is insoluble in
water but soluble in non-aqueous solvents. X does
not conduct electricity. From these information it
can be deduced that
(1) X has a simple molecular structure.
(2) the attractive forces between molecules
of X are weak.
(3) the attractive forces between the atoms
of X are weak.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
78 Refer to the information of some chlorides shown
in the following table.
Chloride Melting point (C) Boiling point (C)
NaCl 808 1 465
MgCl
2
712 1 418
SiCl
4
68 57
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Which of the following statements are correct?
(1) Silicon tetrachloride is a liquid at room
temperature and pressure.
(2) Magnesium chloride has a giant ionic
structure.
(3) Both sodium chloride and magnesium
chloride conduct electricity when heated
to 750 C.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
79 The following table shows the melting points of
three compounds.
Compound Melting point (C)
NaH 800
SiH
4
185
H
2
S 85
Which of the following statements can be deduced
from the above data?
(1) NaH is a solid at 700 C.
(2) SiH
4
has a giant covalent structure.
(3) H
2
S is a solid at room temperature and
pressure.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only A
80 X has a very high melting point and does NOT
conduct electricity at room temperature. It may
have a
(1) giant covalent structure.
(2) giant ionic structure.
(3) giant metallic structure.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
81 The atomic numbers of two elements X and Y are
19 and 16 respectively. Which of the following
statements concerning the compound formed
between X and Y are correct?
(1) Its chemical formula is X
2
Y.
(2) I t i s very sol ubl e i n non-aqueous
solvents.
(3) I t conducts el ectri ci ty i n aqueous
solution.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) B
82 The atomic numbers of elements X and Y are
8 and 9 respectively. They combine to form a
compound Z. Which of the following statements
concerning Z is / are correct?
(1) It has a giant covalent structure.
(2) Its chemical formula is XY
2
.
(3) It is very soluble in water.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only B
83 Metal X reacts with oxygen to form a compound
with a chemical formula X
2
O
3
. Which of the
following statements are correct?
(1) The chemical formula of the chloride of
X is XCl
3
.
(2) X
2
O
3
has a giant ionic structure.
(3) X
2
O
3
conducts electricity in molten state.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D
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84 Consider the following elements:
Element Atomic number
Relative
atomic mass
P 9 19.0
Q 17 35.5
Elements P and Q combine to form a compound
X. Which of the following statements about X
are correct?
(1) X is formed by electron sharing.
(2) The relative molecular mass of X is
54.5.
(3) X is a solid at room temperature and
pressure.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
85 Consider the following elements:
Element Atomic number
Relative
atomic mass
P 7 14.0
Q 12 24.3
Elements P and Q combine to form a compound
X. Which of the following statements about X
are correct?
(1) X is formed by electron transfer.
(2) X is a solid at room temperature and
pressure.
(3) The formula mass of X is 90.6.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
Directions : Each question (Questions 86 95) consists of two separate statements. Decide whether each
of the two statements is true or false; if both are true, then decide whether or not the second
statement is a correct explanation of the first statement. Then select one option from A to D
according to the following table :
A Both statements are true and the 2nd statement is a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
B Both statements are true but the 2nd statement is NOT a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
C The 1st statement is false but the 2nd statement is true.
D Both statements are false.
1st statement 2nd statement
86 All ionic compounds are soluble in water. The attractive forces between water molecules D
are similar to ionic bonds.
87 Potassium chloride has a high melting point. The ionic bonds in potassium chloride are A
strong.
88 Iodine is slightly soluble in non-aqueous solvents. The attractive forces between iodine molecules D
are much stronger than those between
molecules of iodine and non-aqueous solvents.
89 Covalent bonds are weak. Many covalent compounds are gases, liquids C
or solids with low melting points.
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B
1st statement 2nd statement
90 Both diamond and graphite conduct electricity. Diamond and graphite are allotropes of C
carbon.
91 The solubility of calcium carbonate in water is Calcium carbonate is an ionic compound while C
much greater than that of ammonia. ammonia is a covalent compound.
92 The aqueous solution of sugar conducts Sugar reacts with water to form ions. D
electricity.
93 When iodine sublimes, it absorbs heat. Large amount of heat is required to break B
the strong covalent bonds between iodine atoms.
94 Carbon dioxide and silicon dioxide have similar Both carbon and silicon belong to Group IV C
physical properties. of the periodic table.
95 Metals are good conductors of heat. Metals contain mobile electrons. A
Part B Topic-based exercise
Multiple choice questions
1 The following ideas were those underlying John
Daltons atomic theory, published in 1803.
Which idea is known to be correct?
A Atoms are indivisible.
B Atoms are very small.
C Atoms of an element are identical.
D Atoms of one element always differ in mass
from those of another element.
B
2 The melting and boiling points of three substances
X, Y and Z are given in the table below:
Substance X Y Z
Melting point (C) 146 210 108
Boiling point (C) 80 105 45
A mixture of the three substances at 110 C is
allowed to warm up gradually to 70 C. Which
of the descriptions is correct?

A Y exists in the liquid state.
B Z exists in the liquid state.
C X and Y exists in the liquid state.
D X, Y and Z exist in the gaseous state. B
3 The representation
1
39
9
K indicates that this atom
has
A 19 protons, 19 neutrons and 20 electrons.
B 19 protons, 20 neutrons and 19 electrons.
C 20 protons, 20 neutrons and 19 electrons.
D 20 protons, 19 neutrons and 20 electrons.
B
4 In which species are the numbers of electrons
and neutrons equal?
A
4
9
Be
B
1
23
1
Na
+
C
1
27
3
Al
D
1
35
7
Cl

D



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5 M is an element. The M
2+
ion possesses 34
neutrons and 27 electrons. What is M?
A Co
B Cu
C Ga
D Se B
6 A sample of krypton consists of 45.0%
84
Kr and
55.0%
86
Kr. The relative atomic mass of krypton
is
A 84.9.
B 85.0.
C 85.1.
D 85.5. C
7 Iodine (relative atomic mass = 126.9) consists
of a mixture of two isotopes:
126
I and
127
I. What
is the relative abundance of
127
I in iodine?
A 10.0%
B 30.0%
C 70.0%
D 90.0% D
8 A and B are two halogens. If the atomic number
of A is x, then the atomic number of B could
be
A x 4.
B x 10.
C x + 6.
D x + 18. D
9 Which of the following pairs of atoms have similar
chemical properties?
A
2
4
X and
1
20
0
Y
B
1
6
2
X and
1
24
2
Y
C
1
23
1
X and
1
35
7
Y
D
1
40
8
X and
2
40
0
Y A
10 Which of the following pairs of elements in Groups
I and VII of the periodic table would react with
each other most vigorously?
Group I Group VII
A Rb Cl
B Rb Br
C Na Cl
D Na Br A






11 Which of the following statements concerning
the elements in Group 0 is INCORRECT?
A They can be found in the air.
B Their boiling points increase down the
group.
C They exist in gaseous state at room temperature
and pressure.
D Their atoms have the same number of
outermost shell electrons.
D
12 Consider the following atoms:
Atom W X Y Z
Atomic number 7 17 8 18
Number of neutrons 7 18 8 20
Whi ch of t he f ol l owi ng st at ement s i s
INCORRECT?
A W and Y belong to the same period.
B X and Z have similar chemical properties but
different physical properties.
C W i s a gas at room temperature and
pressure.
D X is a non-metal. B
13 The number of neutrons in the
3
79
4
Se
2
ion is
A 32.
B 34.
C 36.
D 45. D
14 Cerium (Ce) forms the
1
58
40
Ce
3+
ion. The number
of electrons in this ion is
A 55.
B 58.
C 61.
D 140. A
15 When an atom of a Group I element X forms an
ion,
A its mass number increases.
B the charge of the nucleus increases.
C Its atomic number decreases.
D the number of occupied electron shells
decreases.
D





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B
16 X is an element and the ion X

has an electronic
arrangement 2,8,8. Which of the following
statements concerning X is correct?
A X is a halogen.
B X is a transition metal.
C X is a Group 0 element.
D X is a Period 4 element. A
17 Which of the following compounds contains ions
which have the same electronic arrangement?
A Na
2
O
B Li
3
N
C CaO
D SrCl
2
A
18 In the circuit shown below, the bulb does NOT
light up.
carbon
electrode
beaker
carbon
electrode
solid copper()
chloride
Which of the following changes would cause the
bulb to light up?
A Add more solid copper(II) chloride to the
beaker.
B Add water to dissolve the solid copper(II)
chloride.
C Replace the carbon electrodes with copper
electrodes.
D Reverse the connections to the electrodes.
B



19 Which of the following diagrams best represents
the arrangement of particles in a sample of
chlorine at room temperature and pressure?
A
B
D
C
C
20 The electron diagram of a compound formed
between magnesium and element X is shown
below.
2+
Mg
2+
Mg
2+
Mg
3-
X
3-
X
What would be the chemical formula of the
compound formed between X and chlorine?
A XCl
2
B XCl
3
C X
2
Cl
3
D X
3
Cl
2
B
21 Element E forms a sulphate with the chemical
formula E
2
(SO
4
)
3
. Element Z forms a molecular
hydride with the chemical formula H
2
Z. The
chemical formula of the compound formed from
E and Z is likely to be
A EZ
B EZ
2
C E
2
Z
3
D E
3
Z
2
C



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B
22 X, Y and Z are three different elements. A
compound formed between these elements has
the following electronic structure:
X Y Z
(Only electrons in the outermost shells are
shown.)
How many electrons are there in the outermost
shell of an atom of Y?
A 4
B 5
C 6
D 7 A
23 Element X forms an anion X
3
with an electronic
arrangement 2,8. Which of the following
statements concerning X is correct?
A It is in Group III of the periodic table.
B It is a solid at room temperature and
pressure.
C It exists as diatomic molecules.
D It can react with neon to form a covalent
compound.
C
24

20 V d.c. power supply
moistened
filter paper
coloured
crystal
- +
A colour moved towards the right in the above
set-up. The coloured crystal on the filter paper
could be
A copper(II) sulphate.
B potassium chromate.
C sodium permanganate.
D zinc sulphate. A



25 The table below shows the colour of the aqueous
solutions of three ionic compounds.
Compound Colour of aqueous solution
WX green
YX colourless
YZ purple
Which of the following combinations about the
colours of the ions involved is most likely to be
correct?
W
2+
(aq) X
2
(aq) Y
2+
(aq) Z
2
(aq)
A Colourless green purple colourless
B Colourless colourless colourless colourless
C Green colourless colourless purple
D Green green purple purple
C
26 Consider the information below:
Solid
Melting
point
Electrical
conductivity
Solubility
in water
W very high
non-
conducting
insoluble
X very low
non-
conducting
soluble
Y high
non-
conducting
soluble
Z high good insoluble
Which of the following solids is likely to be zinc
chloride?
A W
B X
C Y
D Z C
27 Which of the following solids has a low melting
point and a high electrical conductivity?
A Iodine
B Potassium
C Potassium fluoride
D Silicon dioxide B



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B
28 Which of the following statements concerning
carbon dioxide is correct?
A Solid carbon dioxide has a covalent network
structure.
B Carbon dioxide is used to fill weather
balloons.
C Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to give an
acidic solution.
D Carbon dioxide and silicon dioxide have similar
physical properties.
C
29 Which of the following substances has the highest
melting point?
A Methane
B Sodium
C Silicon
D Sulphur C
30 Which of the following statements concerning
van der Waals forces is correct?
A They exist in diamond.
B They exist in limestone.
C They exist in dry ice.
D They exist in solid ammonium nitrate. C
31 In which of the following groups of substances
there exists a difference in bonding type among
the substances?
A Barium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, potassium
fluoride
B Carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, methane
C Chromium, magnesium, nickel
D Boron trichloride, silicon tetrachloride, sodium
chloride.
D
32 Which of the following chlorides has the lowest
boiling point?
A HCl
B KCl
C AlCl
3
D CCl
4
A





33 An element (melting point above 3 000 C) forms
an oxide which is a gas at room temperature.
What type of structure is likely to be present in
the element?
A Ionic
B Metallic
C Covalent molecular
D Covalent network D
34 Which of the following chlorides is most likely
to be soluble in tetrachloromethane, CCl
4
?
A Barium chloride
B Caesium chloride
C Calcium chloride
D Phosphorus trichloride D
35 The physical properties of three substances X, Y
and Z are shown below.
Substance
Melting
point (C)
Boiling
point (C)
Electrical
conductivity
in solid
state
in molten
state
X 801 1 413 poor good
Y 2 852 3 600 poor good
Z 3 550 4 827 good not known
What could be the identities of X, Y and Z?
X Y Z
A NaF KCl Fe
B NaBr BaO SiO
2
C NaCl MgO C(graphite)
D NaBr CaO C(diamond) C



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B
36 Consider the following information about four
substances, W, X, Y and Z
Substance
Melting
point (C)
Boiling
point (C)
Electrical
conductivity at room
temperature
W 71 375 poor conductor
X 98 890 good conductor
Y 130 36 poor conductor
Z 138 0.5 poor conductor
Which substance has a simple molecular structure
and is a liquid at room temperature?
A W
B X
C Y
D Z C
37 The atomic numbers of elements X and Y are
8 and 9 respectively. They combine to form a
compound Z. Which of the following statements
concerning Z is INCORRECT?
A Its chemical formula is XY
2
.
B It is formed by electron sharing.
C Van der Waals forces exist in it.
D It is a crystalline solid at room temperature
and pressure.
D
38 Consider the following elements:
Element Atomic number
X 14
Y 17
Which of the following statements is correct?
A X has a simple molecular structure.
B Y is a volatile liquid.
C The compound formed between X and Y has
a giant covalent structure.
D The compound formed between X and Y has
a low melting point.
D



39 X and Y are elements. The boiling points of their
oxides are given below:
Boiling point (C)
Oxide of X 78
Oxide of Y 2 230
Which of the following statements is correct?
A X is a metal.
B The oxide of X is a covalent compound.
C The oxide of Y is a gas at room temperature
and pressure.
D Van der Waals forces exist in the oxide of
Y.
B
40 A gallium isotope
3
68
1
Ga can be used to detect
tumours. Which of the following statements
about this gallium isotope is / are correct?
(1) It has 37 neutrons.
(2) Its atomic number is 68.
(3) Its chemical properties are the same as
those of other isotopes of gallium.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only C
41 Which of the following species has (have) an
octet structure in the outermost shell(s)?
(1) Li
+
(2) N
3
(3) Ar
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only D
42 Which of the following statements about the
periodic table are correct?
(1) The reactivity of Group II elements increases
with relative atomic mass.
(2) The boiling point of Group VII increases
with relative atomic mass.
(3) All elements in Group 0 exist in gaseous
state at room temperature and pressure.



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B
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D
43 In moving from Group I to Group VII across the
third period of the periodic table, which of the
following physical properties of the elements show
a gradual change?
(1) Atomic size
(2) Metallic character
(3) Melting point
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
44 The elements, sodium to chlorine, in the third
period of the periodic table show a gradual change
in properties. Which of the following descriptions
are correct?
(1) The number of outermost shell electrons
in their atoms increases.
(2) Their ability to gain electrons increases.
(3) Their chlorides change from covalent to
ionic.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
45 A small piece of potassium is dropped into a
trough of water. A piece of red litmus paper is
used to test the water after the experiment. Which
of the following observations are correct?
(1) The potassium moves on the water surface
with a hissing sound.
(2) The potassium burns with a lilac flame.
(3) The water turns the red litmus paper
blue.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D




46 Which of the following properties of Group II
elements increase with relative atomic mass?
(1) Atomic size
(2) Melting point
(3) Reactivity with water
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) B
47 Caesium (Cs) belongs to Group I of the periodic
table. Caesium reacts with bromine to form a
compound. Which of the following statements
concerning the compound are correct?
(1) Its chemical formula is CsBr.
(2) I t i s very sol ubl e i n non-aqueous
solvents.
(3) It is a crystalline solid at room temperature
and pressure.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) B
48 Strontium (Sr) is a Group II element. Which of
the following statements concerning strontium is
/ are correct?
(1) Strontium does not burn in air.
(2) Strontium reacts with water to liberate
hydrogen.
(3) All its compounds are coloured.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only B
49 Germanium (Ge) is a Group IV element below
silicon in the periodic table. Which of the following
statements concerning germanium are correct?
(1) It has a giant covalent structure.
(2) Its atomic size is larger than that of
silicon.
(3) Its fluoride has a chemical formula GeF
4
.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D




52
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B
50 Which of the following statements concerning
chlorine are correct?
(1) It exists as diatomic molecules.
(2) It is denser than air.
(3) It is used to sterilize swiming pool
water.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D
51 Which of the following statements concerning
halogens are correct?
(1) Compounds of fluorine are added to tap
water to help prevent tooth decay.
(2) Bromine is a volatile liquid.
(3) Iodine can sublime.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D
52 Which of the following statements concerning
chlorine, bromine and iodine are correct?
(1) They are all coloured substances.
(2) Their reactivity decreases down the
group.
(3) Van der Waals forces exist between their
molecules .
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D
53 Hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
) is an oxide of hydrogen.
Which of the following statements concerning a
hydrogen peroxide molecule is / are correct?
(1) The number of bondi ng el ectrons
contributed by each hydrogen atom in
the molecule is 2.
(2) The number of bondi ng el ectrons
contributed by each oxygen atom in the
molecule is 2.
(3) The total number of electrons in the
molecule is 18.



A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only D
54 Which of the following bonds or attractive forces
exist in calcium carbonate?
(1) Ionic bond
(2) Covalent bond
(3) Van der Waals forces
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
55 Which of the following substances have giant
structures?
(1) Copper
(2) Nitrogen dioxide
(3) Silicon dioxide
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) B
56 Consider the following information:
Attractions between
Substance particles in substance
(1) Neon van der Waals forces
(2) Zinc metallic bond
(3) Magnesium chloride ionic bond
Which of the following combinations are
correct?
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D




53
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57 In which of the following groups of substances
do members have the same bonding type?
(1) Copper, mercury, tungsten
(2) Dry ice, nitrogen dioxide, water
(3) Copper(II) chloride, hydrogen chloride,
zinc chloride
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
58 Which of the following substances contain
delocalized electrons?
(1) Graphite
(2) Methane
(3) Sodium
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only C
59 Which of the following properties of potassium
chloride is / are evidence(s) to support that ionic
bonds are strong?
(1) It can conduct electricity in molten
state.
(2) It has a high melting point.
(3) It is soluble in water.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only B



60 Consider the following elements:
Element Atomic number
Relative
atomic mass
P 7 14.0
Q 9 19.0
Elements P and Q combine to form a compound
X. Which of the following statements about X
are correct?
(1) X is formed by electron transfer.
(2) The relative molecular mass of X is
71.0.
(3) Van der Waals forces exist in X.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) C
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B
Directions : Each question (Questions 61 70) consists of two separate statements. Decide whether each
of the two statements is true or false; if both are true, then decide whether or not the second
statement is a correct explanation of the first statement. Then select one option from A to D
according to the following table :
A Both statements are true and the 2nd statement is a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
B Both statements are true but the 2nd statement is NOT a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
C The 1st statement is false but the 2nd statement is true.
D Both statements are false.
1st statement 2nd statement
61 Isotopes of an element have the same chemical Isotopes of an element have the same number A
properties. of outermost shell electrons.
62 Argon is used to fill electric light bulbs. Argon exists as monoatomic molecules. B
63 Nitrogen is used to fill the packets of potato Nitrogen is a gas at room temperature and B
chips. pressure.
64 Aqueous solution of carbon dioxide cannot Carbon dioxide is a covalent compound. C
conduct electricity.
65 Metals are good conductors of electricity. Metals contain mobile electrons. A
66 Bromine is a good conductor of electricity. Bromine contains mobile bromine molecules. C
67 All covalent substances are insoluble in water. All covalent substances have simple molecular D
structures.
68 The boiling point of bromine is higher than that The van der Waals forces between bromine A
of chlorine. molecules are stronger than those between
chlorine molecules.
69 The melting point of hydrogen chloride is lower Hydrogen chloride is a covalent compound B
than that of zinc chloride. while zinc chloride is an ionic compound.
70 In ammonia, the mass of hydrogen is three An ammonia molecule contains one nitrogen C
times that of nitrogen. atom and three hydrogen atoms.
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Short questions
71 Complete the following table by (12 marks)
a) filling in the names or symbols of the elements;
b) classifying each element into metal, metalloid or non-metal.
Element Symbol Metal / Metalloid / Non-metal
Argon Ar non-metal
Carbon C non-metal
Calcium Ca metal
Fluorine F non-metal
Germanium Ge metalloid
Lithium Li metal
Magnesium Mg metal
Neon Ne non-metal
Nitrogen N non-metal
Potassium K metal
Phosphorus P non-metal
Silicon Si metalloid
(0.5 x 24)
72 Complete the following table. (20 marks)
Atom
Atomic
number
Mass
number
Symbol
Number of
protons neutrons electrons
Oxygen 8 16
8
16
O 8 8 8
Sodium 11 23
1
23
1
Na 11 12 11
Aluminium 13 27
1
27
3
Al 13 14 13
Sulphur 16 32
1
32
6
S 16 16 16
Chlorine 17 35
1
35
7
Cl 17 18 17
Potassium 19 39
1
39
9
K 19 20 19
Calcium 20 40
2
40
0
Ca 20 20 20
Iron 26 56
2
56
6
Fe 26 30 26 (0.5 x 40)
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73 Look at the list of elements.
boron chlorine copper fluorine magnesium nickel nitrogen phosphorus
Answer the following questions. Choose all your answers from the list. Each element can be used once,
more than once or not at all. (6 marks)
a) Write down the name of a greenish yellow gas.
chlorine (1)
b) Write down the name of an element that forms compounds that are blue in colour.
copper (1)
c) Write down the name of the element whose atom contains 15 protons.
phosphorus (1)
d) Write down the name of the element whose atom has an electronic arrangement 2,5.
nitrogen (1)
e) Write down the name of a metalloid.
boron (1)
f) Write down the name of an element that forms ions which is green in aqueous solution.
nickel (1)
74 a) Complete the following table. (20 marks)
Species
Atomic
number
Mass
number
Number of
Electronic
arrangement
protons neutrons electrons
i) Beryllium atom 4 9 4 5 4 2,2
ii) Neon atom 10 20 10 10 10 2,8
iii) Silicon atom 14 28 14 14 14 2,8,4
iv) Phosphorus atom 15 31 15 16 15 2,8,5
v) Potassium ion 19 39 19 20 18 2,8,8
vi) Nitride ion 7 14 7 7 10 2,8
vii) Magnesium ion 12 24 12 12 10 2,8
viii) Fluoride ion 9 19 9 10 10 2,8
ix) Sodium ion 11 23 11 12 10 2,8
x) Sodium atom 11 23 11 12 11 2,8,1
(0.5 x 40)
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b) Which species in the above table is / are negatively charged? (1 mark)
Species (vi) & (viii) / nitride ion and fluoride ion (0.5 x 2)
c) In which group of the periodic table should species (iii) be placed? Explain your answer. (2 marks)
Group IV; (1)
it has 4 electrons in its outermost shell. (1)
d) State the relationship between species (ix) and (x). (1 mark)
Species (ix) is the cation of species (x) / (ix) and (x) are the ion and atom of the same element. (1)
75 a) Write down the chemical formula for each of the following compounds. (8 marks)
Name Chemical formula
Aluminium hydroxide Al(OH)
3
Ammonium dichromate (NH
4
)
2
Cr
2
O
7
Calcium phosphate Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
Copper(II) chloride CuCl
2
Iron(III) oxide Fe
2
O
3
Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)
2
Potassium carbonate K
2
CO
3
Sodium sulphite Na
2
SO
3 (1 x 8)
b) Write down the names of the following compounds. (8 marks)
Chemical formula Name
KHCO
3
potassium hydrogencarbonate
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
iron(III) sulphate
Cu(OH)
2
copper(II) hydroxide
Mg
3
N
2
magnesium nitride
Zn(NO
3
)
2
zinc nitrate
NaS sodium sulphide
Al
2
O
3
aluminium oxide
AgCl silver chloride
(1 x 8)
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B
76 Complete the following table. (21 marks)
Cation Anion Compound
Name Formula Name Formula Name Formula
Colour of
aqueous
solution
ammonium NH
4
+
carbonate CO
3
2
ammonium carbonate (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
colourless
copper(II) Cu
2+
nitrate NO
3

copper(II) nitrate Cu(NO


3
)
2
blue
iron(II) Fe
2+
sulphate SO
4
2
iron(II) sulphate FeSO
4
pale green
potassium K
+
permanganate MnO
4

potassium permanganate KMnO


4
purple
nickel(II) Ni
2+
chloride Cl

nickel(II) chloride NiCl


2
green
aluminium Al
3+
iodide I

aluminium iodide All


3
colourless
chromium(III) Cr
3+
chloride Cl

chromium(III) chloride CrCl


3
green
sodium Na
+
dichromate Cr
2
O
7
2
sodium dichromate Na
2
Cr
2
O
7
orange
zinc Zn
2+
bromide Br

zinc bromide ZnBr


2
colourless
(0.5 x 42)
77 a) Use an electron diagram to show the electron transfer when each of the following pairs of elements
combine, showing electrons in the outermost shells only. (3 marks)
i) Calcium and chlorine

Ca
Cl
Cl
-
Cl
-
Cl
2+
Ca
(1)
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B
ii) Magnesium and nitrogen
Mg
Mg
Mg
N
N
3-
N
3-
N
2+
Mg
2+
Mg
2+
Mg
(1)
iii) Sodium and sulphur
Na
Na
S S
2-
+
Na
+
Na
(1)
b) Use an electron diagram to show the sharing of electrons when each of the following pairs of elements
combine, showing electrons in the outermost shells only. (3 marks)
i) Phosphorus and chlorine
Cl
Cl Cl P

(1)
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B
ii) Oxygen and hydrogen
H H H H O O
iii) Chlorine and fluorine
Cl Cl F F
78 Calculate the formula masses or relative molecular masses of the following substances. (5 marks)
Substance Chemical formula
Relative atomic
mass(es)
Formula mass /
relative molecular
mass
Oxygen O
2
O = 16.0 32.0
Carbon dioxide CO
2
C = 12.0
O = 16.0
44.0
Potassium nitrate KNO
3
N = 14.0
O = 16.0
K = 39.1
101.1
Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)
2
H = 1.0
O = 16.0
Ca = 40.1
74.1
Iron(III) sulphate Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
O = 16.0
S = 32.1
Fe = 55.8
399.9
(1 x 5)
79 Phosphorus and nitrogen are in Group V of the periodic table and both elements form hydrides. Phosphine,
PH
3
, reacts to form phosphonium ions, PH
4
+
, in a way similar to that by which ammonia, NH
3
, forms ammonium
ions, NH
4
+
.
a) Give the name of the type of bond formed when PH
3
reacts with an H
+
ion. (1 mark)
Dative covalent bond (1)
(1)
(1)
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B
b) Explain how the bond is formed. (2 marks)
The phosphorus atom (1)
supplies both bonding electrons to the hydrogen ion. (1)
80 Arrange the following substances into four groups according to their structures:
carbon dioxide, chlorine, copper, copper(II) sulphate, diamond, magnesium fluoride, nitrogen, quartz, sodium,
sodium sulphide (5 marks)
Giant
ionic structure
Giant
covalent structure
Simple
molecular structure
Gaint
metallic structure
copper(II) sulphate,
magnesium fluoride,
sodium sulphide
diamond,
quartz
carbon dioxide,
chlorine,
nitrogen
copper,
sodium
(0.5 x 10)
81 Write down the type of forces of attraction (ionic bond / covalent bond / metallic bond / van der Waals
forces) present in each of the following cases: (5 marks)
Forces of attraction
Between carbon atoms in diamond covalent bond
Between carbon dioxide molecules in dry ice van der Waals forces
Between particles in calcium nitride ionic bond
Between particles in magnesium metallic bond
Between carbon and oxygen atoms in a
carbon dioxide molecule
covalent bond
(1 x 5)
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B
82 Consider the following liquids:
molten potassium
molten sulphur
molten potassium chloride
liquid hydrogen chloride
a) Classify each of the above liquids in one of the following three ways according to its response to a direct
current: (4 marks)
Non-conductor
Conductor, with decomposition
at the electrodes
Conductor, but without
decomposition
molten sulphur (1)
liquid hydrogen chloride (1)
molten potassium chloride (1) molten potassium (1)
b) For each of the above liquids which are conductors, state the particles responsible for the conduction of
electricity. (2 marks)
molten potassium chloride mobile potassium ions and chloride ions (1)
molten potassium mobile electrons (1)
Structured questions
83 Silver occurs in nature as two isotopes:
107
Ag and
109
Ag. The relative abundance of these isotopes is shown
below.
Isotope Relative abundance (%)
107
Ag 55
109
Ag 45
a) State the meaning of the term relative atomic mass. (2 marks)
The relative atomic mass of an element is the weighted average relative isotopic mass of all the naturally occurring
isotopes of that element (1)
on the
12
C = 12.00 scale. (1)
b) Calculate the relative atomic mass of silver. (2 marks)
107 x 55 + 109 x 45
100 (1)
= 107.9 (1)
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c) Is it possible to separate the isotopes of silver by chemical means? Explain your answer. (2 marks)
Isotopes of silver have the same chemical properties. (1)
Hence it is impossible to separate the isotopes of silver by chemical means. (1)
84 Silicon occurs naturally in three isotopic forms. The relative abundance of each isotope is shown in the table
below:
Isotope
28
Si
29
Si
30
Si
Relative abundance (%) ? ? 3.1
a) State the meaning of the term isotopes. (2 marks)
Isotopes are different atoms of an element which have the same number of protons (1)
but a different number of neutrons. (1)
b) The relative atomic mass of silicon is 28.09. Calculate the relative abundance of the
28
Si isotope.
(2 marks)
Let the relative abundance of
28
Si and
29
Si be y% and (96.9 y)% respectively.
28.09 =

28 x y + 29 x (96.9 y) + 30 x 3.1
100
(1)
y = 94.1 (1)
c) Suggest ONE use of silicon. (1 mark)
Making semi-conductors (1)
d) Silicon combines with carbon to form silicon carbide (SiC). The structure of silicon carbide is similar to
that of diamond. Draw the three-dimensional structure of silicon carbide. (2 marks)
carbon atom
silicon atom
key:
(1 mark for the correct arrangement of atoms;
1 mark for the correct labelling of silicon and
carbon atoms) (2)
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B
e) Silicon combines with chlorine to form silicon tetrachloride (SiCl
4
). Draw an electron diagram of the
chloride, showing electrons in the outermost shells only. (1 mark)
Cl
Cl
Cl Si Cl
f) Explain why silicon carbide has a higher melting point than silicon tetrachloride in terms of their structures.
(3 marks)
Silicon carbide has a giant covalent structure while silicon tetrachloride has a simple molecular structure. (1)
To melt silicon carbide, a lot of heat is needed to overcome the strong covalent bonds between the atoms. (1)
Weak van der Waals forces exist between molecules of silicon tetrachloride. Little heat is needed to separate the
molecules. (1)
85 Boron occurs naturally in two isotopes. The relative abundance of each isotope is shown in the table
below:
Isotope
10
B
11
B
Relative abundance (%) 19.7 80.3
a) Compare these two isotopes in terms of the subatomic particles they contain. (2 marks)
Both have 5 protons and 5 electrons. (1)

10
B has 5 neutrons while
11
B has 6 neutrons. (1)
OR
Both have the same number of protons and electrons. (1)

10
B and
11
B have different number of neutrons. (1)
b) What is the meaning of the term relative atomic mass? (2 marks)
The weighted average relative isotopic mass of all the naturally occurring isotopes of that element (1)
on the
12
C = 12.00 scale. (1)
(1)
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B
c) Calculate the relative atomic mass of boron. (2 marks)
10 x 19.7 + 11 x 80.3
100 (1)
= 10.8 (1)
d)
10
BCl
3
and
11
BCl
3
are compounds formed respectively from the two isotopes of boron with chlorine.
10
BCl
3
reacts with water to give steamy fumes. State, with explanation, the expected observation
when
11
BCl
3
reacts with water. (1 mark)
11
BF
3
would give steamy fumes because the chemical propertries of isotopes are the same. (1)
e) Boron is a metalloid. Suggest ONE physical property of boron. (1 mark)
Boron is a semi-conductor. (1)
f) The equation below shows the reaction between boron trifluoride and a fluoride ion.
BF
3
+ F

BF
4

i) In terms of the electrons involved, explain how the bond between the BF
3
molecule and the F

ion is
formed. (1 mark)
The bond pair electrons are provided by the F

ion. (1)
ii) Name the type of bond formed. (1 mark)
Dative covalent bond (1)
86 A part of the periodic table is shown below:
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Br Kr
2
Period 3
4
Group
V V V V 0
a) What determines the position of an element in the periodic table? (1 mark)
Its atomic number (1)
b) Across a period, the elements show a gradual change in some of their physical properties. State ONE
such property. (1 mark)
Atomic size / metallic character of elements (1)
c) Name TWO elements which are mainly obtained from the sea. (1 mark)
Sodium and chlorine (0.5, 0.5)
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d) For each of the following pairs of elements, suggest ONE reaction in which they behave similarly.
i) Sodium and potassium (2 marks)
Sodium and potassium react with cold water vigorously. (1)
Hydrogen is evolved. / An alkaline solution is formed. (1)
ii) Chlorine and fluorine (1 mark)
Chlorine and fluorine react with metal to form salts. (1)
e) Which metal and non-metal in the above table would react most vigorously with each other? (1 mark)
Potassium and fluorine (0.5, 0.5)
f) Which element in the third period has the highest melting point? Explain in terms of the structure of the
element. (3 marks)
Silicon has the highest melting point. (1)
Silicon has a giant covalent structure. (1)
To melt silicon, a lot of heat is needed to overcome the strong covalent bonds between the atoms. (1)
g) The atomic number of krypton (Kr) is 36. The electronic arrangement of a krypton atom is 2,8,x,y. What
are the values of x and y? (1 mark)
x = 18 (0.5)
y = 8 (0.5)
h) Rubidium (Rb) is a Group I element. Its relative atomic mass is larger than that of potassium.
i) Suggest whether rubidium or potassium is more reactive. (1 mark)
Rubidium is more reactive. (1)
ii) Suggest a method to store rubidium in the laboratory. (1 mark)
It should be stored in paraffin oil. (1)
87 With reference to the part of the periodic table shown, answer the following questions.
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Br
2
Period 3
4
Group
V V V V 0
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a) Name ONE metalloid in the above table. (1 mark)
Boron / silicon (1)
b) Name TWO elements which make up 99% of air. (1 mark)
Nitrogen and oxygen (0.5, 0.5)
c) Explain why argon is monoatomic. (2 marks)
An argon atom has 8 electrons in its outermost shell. A special stability is obtained when this happens. (1)
An argon has very little tendency to share electrons with other argon atoms. Therefore argon is monoatomic. (1)
d) Name the group to which lithium and sodium belong. (1 mark)
Alkali metals (1)
e) In what way are the electronic arrangements of atoms of lithium and sodium
i) similar to each other? (1 mark)
They have the same number of outermost shell electrons. (1)
ii) different from each other? (1 mark)
They have different number of occupied electron shells. 1)
f) Point out the gradual change in the reactivity of Group II elements down the group. (1 mark)
The reactivity of Group II elements increases down the group. (1)
g) Suggest TWO gradual changes in the physical properties of Group VII elements down the group.
(2 marks)
There is a gradual increase in the melting / boiling point of the elements. (1)
There is a gradual change in the intensity of the colour of the elements. (1)
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h) Describe the structure and bonding in aluminium with the help of a diagram. (3 marks)
Aluminium has a giant metallic structure. It consists of tightly packed positive ions surrounded by a sea of delocalized
electrons. (1)
The attractive forces between the electrons and positive ions hold the particles of aluminium together. (1)
e
-
e
-
e
-
e
-
e
-
e
-
e
-
e
-
e
-
e
-
e
-
e
-
e
-
e
-
88 A portion of the periodic table is shown below.
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Br Kr

2
Period 3
4
5
Group
V V V V 0
a) How are the elements arranged in the periodic table? (1 mark)
Increasing atomic number (1)
b) What is the similarity in the electronic arrangement of atoms of elements in the same period? (1 mark)
They have the same number of occupied electron shells. (1)
c) Which element in Group I has the smallest atomic size? (1 mark)
Lithium / Li (1)
d) Suggest why Group 0 elements seldom form compounds. (1 mark)
Atoms of Group 0 elements have stable electronic structure. (1)
e) i) Which is the most reactive metal in the above table? (1 mark)
Potassium / K (1)
(1)
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ii) Suggest how the most reactive metal should be stored. (1 mark)
It should be stored in paraffin oil. (1)
iii) State ONE hazard warning label that should be displayed on a reagent bottle containing that metal.
(1 mark)
Flammable / corrosive (1)
f) Which of the above elements is used to make computer chips? (1 mark)
Silicon / Si (1)
g) Suggest ONE use of chlorine. (1 mark)
Making bleach / hydrochloric acid / organic solvents (1)
h) Balloons filled with different noble gases were tied to a bar. They were held horizontally at the same
height and then released. The positions of two of the balloons 5 seconds after release are shown in the
diagram.
Ar
start after 5 seconds
Ne
Ne
Kr
Ar
Predict the position of the balloon filled with krypton (Kr) after 5 seconds. (1 mark)
Lower than argon (1)
89 The following questions refer to the incomplete periodic table shown below.
a b c d e
f g
h
2
Period 3
4
Group
V V V V 0
a) Which of the above elements are metals. (1 mark) f, h (0.5, 0.5)
b) List FOUR typical properties of metals. (4 marks)
Any four of the following:
Melting / boiling point usually high (1) Shiny appearance (1) Good conductor of electricity (1)
Good conductor of heat (1) Ductile / malleable (1)
Lose electrons / form positive ions (1)
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c) How many occupied electron shells are there in an atom of f? (1 mark) 3 (1)
d) Which element forms an ion carrying 1 negative charge? (1 mark) d (1)
e) Which element has an octet of electrons in the outermost shell of its atom? (1 mark) e (1)
f) i) Name the group to which h belongs. (1 mark) Alkali metals (1)
ii) Suggest TWO safety precautions for handling h in the laboratory. (2 marks)
Any two of the following:
Wear safety glasses. (1) Use forceps. (1) Use a safety screen. (1)
g) Name the group to which e belongs. (1 mark)
Noble gases (1)
h) Which metal and non-metal in the above table would react most vigorously with each other? (1 mark)
d and h (0.5, 0.5)
i) b and f can combine to form a compound X. Draw an electron diagram of X, showing electrons in the
outermost shells only. (1 mark)
2+
f
2+
f or
2+
f
3-
b
3-
b
2+
Mg
2+
Mg
2+
Mg
3-
N
3-
N

90 The circuit shown below is set up and the solid lead(II) bromide is heated until it becomes motlen.
bulb
inert electrode X inert electrode Y
lead() bromide
heat
(1)
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When the lead(II) bromide becomes molten, the bulb lights up.
a) Suggest a suitable material for making electrodes X and Y. (1 mark)
Nichrome / graphite (1)
b) What would be observed at electrode X? (1 mark)
A reddish brown gas evolves. (1)
c) What would be observed at electrode Y? (1 mark)
A white shiny solid deposits on the electrode. (1)
d) Suggest a place in the laboratory where this experiment could be carried out safely. Briefly explain your answer.
(2 marks)
Inside a fume cupboard (1)
The reddish brown gas (bromine) evolved is toxic. (1)
e) State what will happen to the bulb when heating is stopped and the molten lead(II) bromide is allowed
to cool down gradually to room temperature. Explain your answer. (3 marks)
The light bulb gradually goes out. (1)
As the temperature drops, movement of ions in molten lead(II) bromide slows down. Therefore a smaller current flows
through the external circuit. (1)
When the molten lead(II) bromide becomes solid, there are no mobile ions. Hence no current flows through the external
circuit. (1)

91 A tiny potassium permanganate crystal was placed at the centre of a piece of filter paper moistened with
sodium sulphate solution. A d.c. power supply was then applied. Within a few minutes, a coloured patch
was seen to develop on the filter paper.
+ -
d.c. power supply
filter paper moistened with
sodium sulphate solution
tiny potassium permanganate crystal
a) What was the purpose of moistening the filter paper with sodium sulphate solution? (1 mark)
For the conduction of electricity (1)
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b) i) What was the colour of the patch developed on the filter paper? (1 mark)
Purple (1)
ii) Sketch the position where the coloured patch would be expected to develop. (Positive and negative
electrodes must be shown.) (2 marks)
+ -
d.c. power supply
negative electrode positive electrode
coloured patch

c) The positive and negative electrodes were then reversed after some time. Briefly explain what would be
observed. (2 marks)
The coloured patch would move towards the new position of the positive electrode (1)
because the negative permanganate ions would be attracted towards the positive electrode. (1)

92 The diagram shows an experimental set-up for studying the reaction of lithium with water.
lithium
water with
universal indicator added
a) Describe what you would observe when the lithium reacts with the water in this experiment. (3 marks)
Any three of the following:
Lithium fizzes / produces a gas. (1)
The universal indicator turns blue / purple (alkaline colour). (1) The water level in the test tube goes down (or gas
fills the test tube). (1) Lithium moves around on the surface of water. (1) Lithium dissolves. (1)
(2)
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b) Write a word equation for the reaction of lithium with water. (1 mark)
lithium + water lithium hydroxide + hydrogen (1)
c) Caesium is another Group I element. Suggest whether caesium or lithium is more reactive. (1 mark)
Caesium is more reactive. (1)
d) The graph shows the melting points of the Group I metals plotted against the atomic numbers.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Atomic number
M
e
l
t
i
n
g

p
o
i
n
t

(

C
)
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
i) Describe fully how the melting point changes as the atomic number increases. (2 marks)
The melting point decreases as the atomic number increases (1)
and the rate of decrease slows down. (1)
ii) Francium has an atomic number 87.
Use the graph to estimate the melting point of francium. (1 mark)
26 C (1)
e) Elements in Group I can react with elements in Group VII.
Look at the four examples below.
A potassium + iodine potassium iodide
B lithium + chlorine lithium chloride
C potassium + chlorine potassium chloride
D lithium + iodine lithium iodide
i) Which of the above reactions is the most vigorous? (1 mark)
C (1)
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ii) Explain your answer in (i) by describing the reactivity trends in the periodic table. (2 marks)
The reactivity of Group I elements increases as we move down the group (i.e. potassium is more reactive than
lithium). (1)
The reactivity of Group VII elements decreases as we move down the group (i.e. chlorine is more reactive than
iodine). (1)
93 The following table lists the atomic numbers of some elements in Group II.
Element Atomic number
Be 4
Mg 12
Ca 20
Sr 38
a) In what way are the electronic arrangements of atoms of magnesium and calcium
i) similar to each other? (1 mark)
They have the same number of outermost shell electrons. (1)
ii) different from each other? (1 mark)
They have different number of occupied electron shells. (1)
b) A student added a few pieces of calcium granules into a beaker of cold water. Calcium gave a colourless
gas with cold water.
i) State ONE more observation when calcium reacted with water. (1 mark)
Calcium sinks in water. / Calcium dissolves. (1)
ii) The student recorded the following observation in her laboratory report:
Evolution of the colourless gas was at first slow but became faster after some time.
Suggest an explanation for the students observation. (2 marks)
Calcium is covered by a layer of calcium oxide. (1)
Reaction between calcium and water starts only when the oxide layer dissolves. (1)
c) The electronic arrangement of a strontium (Sr) atom is 2,8,x,8,y. What are the values of x and y?
(1 mark)
x = 18 (0.5)
y = 2 (0.5)
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d) Suggest whether strontium or calcium is more reactive. (1 mark)
Strontium is more reactive than calcium. (1)
e) Strontium-90 (
90
Sr) is a radioactive isotope of strontium, and is one of the dangerous by-products of
nuclear fission.
i) Explain the meaning of the term isotope. (2 marks)
Isotopes are different atoms of an element which have the same number of protons (1)
but a different number of neutrons. (1)
ii) Childrens teeth require a large amount of calcium to grow. Scientists found that in areas where nuclear
weapon tests were conducted above the ground, childrens teeth contained a higher level of
90
Sr.
Suggest a reason for the findings of the scientists. (2 marks)
The chemical properties of strontium are similar to those of calcium. (1)
Thus strontium can replace some of the calcium required. (1)
94 The following table shows the melting and boiling points of chlorides of some Period 3 elements of the
periodic table.
Sodium
chloride
Magnesium
chloride
Phosphorus
trichloride
Sulphur
dichloride
Melting point (C) 808 712 91 80
Boiling point (C) 1 463 1 418 74 59
a) Draw an electron diagram of magnesium chloride, showing electrons in the outermost shells only.
(1 mark)
-
Cl
-
Cl
2+
Mg
(1)
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b) i) Draw an electron diagram of sulphur dichloride, showing electrons in the outermost shells only.
(1 mark)
Cl S Cl
ii) Suggest the physical state of sulphur dichloride at room temperature and pressure. (1 mark)
Liquid (1)
c) Explain the difference in the melting points of the above four chlorides in terms of their structures.
(4 marks)
Sodium chloride and magnesium chloride have giant ionic structures. (1)
To melt them, a lot of heat is needed to overcome the strong ionic bonds between the ions. Hence sodium chloride
and magnesium chloride have high melting points. (1)
Phosphorus trichloride and sulphur dichloride have simple molecular structures. (1)
The attractive forces between the molecules are weak. Little heat is needed to separate the molecules. Hence
phosphorus trichloride and sulphur dichloride have low melting points. (1)
d) Discuss, with explanation, the electrical conductivity of magnesium chloride with reference to the type
and property of the particles in it. (3 marks)
Magnesium chloride conducts electricity in molten state or aqueous solution but not in solid state. (1)
In solid state, the ions in magnesium chloride are held together by strong ionic bonds. They are not free to move. (1)
The ions become mobile in molten state or aqueous solution. (1)
e) Predict whether sodium chloride is soluble in water. Explain your answer. (3 marks)
Sodium chloride is soluble in water. (1)
Strong attractive forces exist between ions in sodium chloride and water molecules. (1)
These forces cause the ions to move away from the solid and go into the water. (1)
(1)
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95 X, Y and Z are three elements in the periodic table, with the sum of their atomic numbers equal to 46.
Moreover, both X and Y are Group VII elements, while the atomic number of X is smaller than that of Y.
a) What are elements X, Y and Z? (3 marks)
X fluorine (1)
Y chlorine (1)
Z calcium (1)
b) Name the group to which Z belongs. (1 mark)
Alkaline earth metals (1)
c) Draw an electron diagram of the compound P formed from X and Y, showing electrons in the outermost
shells only. (1 mark)
X Y or F Cl

d) Draw an electron diagram of the compound Q formed from X and Z, showing electrons in the outermost
shells only. (1 mark)
2+
Z or
-
X
-
X
2+
Ca
-
F
-
F
e) Compare the melting points of P and Q. Explain your answer. (3 marks)
The melting point of Q is higher than that of P. (1)
To melt Q, a lot of heat is needed to overcome the strong ionic bonds between the ions. (1)
The attractive forces between the molecules of P are weak. Little heat is needed to separate the molecules. (1)
(1)
(1)
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F) X combines with nitrogen to form a nitride. Draw an electron diagram of the nitride, showing electrons
in the outermost shells only. (1 mark)
F N
F
F X N
X
X
or

(1)
g) Z combines with nitrogen to form a nitride. Draw an electron diagram of the nitride, showing electrons
in the outermost shells only. (1 mark)
2+
Z
2+
Z or
2+
Z
3-
N
3-
N
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
3-
N
3-
N

(1)
96 The following table shows some information about some species. They can be atoms or ions.
Species
Atomic
number
Mass
number
Number of
protons electrons neutrons
A 8 16 8 8 8
B 8 18 8 8 10
C 8 16 8 10 8
D 9 19 9 9 10
E 12 24 12 10 12
F 12 24 12 12 12
(0.5 x 12)
a) Complete the above table. (6 marks)
b) What is the relationship between A and B? (1 mark)
They are isotopes. (1)
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c) What is the relationship between A and C? (1 mark)
C is an anion of A. (1)
d) What is the relationship between E and F? (1 mark)
E is a cation of F. (1)
e) D exists as diatomic molecules.
Draw an electron diagram of a molecule of D, showing electrons in the outermost shells only. (1 mark)
D D
(1)
f) X is a compound formed from A and D, while Y is a compound formed from A and F.
i) Draw an electron diagram of X, showing electrons in the outermost shells only. (1 mark)
D A D

(1)
ii) Draw an electron diagram of Y, showing electrons in the outermost shells only. (1 mark)
2-
A
2+
F

(1)
iii) Compare the melting points of X and Y. Explain your answer. (3 marks)
The melting point of Y is higher than that of X. (1)
To melt Y, a lot of heat is needed to overcome the strong ionic bonds between the ions. (1)
The attractive forces between the molecules of X are weak. Little heat is needed to separate the molecules. (1)
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97 The electron diagram of ammonium chloride is shown below:
Cl H N
H
H
H
- +
(Only electrons in the outermost shells are shown.)
a) Identify the type of bond which exists between the two ions. (1 mark)
Ionic bond (1)
b) Identify the type of bond which exists between nitrogen and hydrogen. (1 mark)
Covalent bond (1)
c) When a hydrogen ion reacts with an ammonia molecule, an ammonium ion is formed.
i) Give the name of the type of bond formed when a hydrogen ion reacts with an ammonia
molecule. (1 mark)
Dative covalent bond (1)
ii) Describe how this bond is formed in the ammonium ion. (1 mark)
The nitrogen atom supplies both bonding electrons to the hydrogen ion. (1)
d) Explain whether ammonium chloride is soluble in water. (3 marks)
Ammonium chloride is soluble in water. (1)
Strong attractive forces exist between ions in ammonium chloride and water molecules. (1)
These forces cause the ions to move away from the solid and go into the water. (1)

e) Describe a chemical test to show the presence of chloride ions in a solid sample. State the expected
observation(s). (3 marks)
Dissolve the sample in water. (1)
Then add excess dilute nitric acid, followed by silver nitrate solution. (1)
A white precipitate forms. (1)
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98 Explain the following:
a) Argon seldom forms compounds with other elements. (2 marks)
An atom of argon has 8 electrons in its outermost shell. (1)
A special stability is obtained when this happens. Hence argon seldom forms compounds with other elements. (1)
b) Magnesium and calcium show similar chemical properties. (1 mark)
Atoms of magnesium and calcium have the same number of outermost shell electrons. (1)
c) A sulphur atom tends to form an ion carrying two negative charges. (1 mark)
A sulphur atom has an electronic arrangement 2,8,6. It obtains a stable electronic arrangement (2,8,8) by gaining
two electrons. (1)
d) Copper has a high melting point. (2 marks)
The ions in copper are packed closely and the metallic bonds holding them together are very strong. (1)
To melt a piece of copper, a lot of heat is needed to overcome the strong attractive forces. Hence copper has a high
melting point. (1)
e) Quartz is a solid which melts at a high temperature while carbon dioxide is a gas at room
temperature. (4 marks)
Quartz has a giant covalent structure. (1)
To melt quartz, a lot of heat is needed to overcome the strong covalent bonds between the atoms. Hence quartz has a
high melting point. (1)
Carbon dioxide has a simple molecular structure. (1)
The attractive forces between the molecules are weak. Little heat is needed to separate the molecules. Hence carbon
dioxide has a low boiling point. (1)
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99 Consider the substances listed below:
argon carbon dioxide hydrogen chloride iodine silicon dioxide sodium chloride
The following diagram shows the arrangements of particles in three substances X, Y and Z.
substance X substance Y substance Z
a) For each case, choose ONE substance from the above list which has arrangement of particles as shown
under room temperature and pressure. (3 marks)
Substance X sodium chloride (1)
Substance Y argon (1)
Substance Z iodine (1)
b) Name the attractive forces that exist between particles in substance Y. (1 mark)
Van der Waals forces (1)
c) Predict and explain the following properties of substance X:
i) hardness; (2 marks)
X is hard (1)
due to the strong ionic bonds between the ions. Relative motion of the ions is restricted. (1)
ii) electrical conductivity in solid and molten states. (3 marks)
X does not conduct electricity in solid state but it does in molten state. (1)
In solid state, the ions in X are held together by strong ionic bonds. They are not free to move. (1)
The ions become mobile in molten state. (1)
d) Predict and explain the following properties of substance Z:
i) solubility in water; (2 marks)
Z is slightly soluble in water. (1)
The weak attractive forces between molecules of Z and water are not strong enough to overcome the attractive
forces between water molecules. (1)
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ii) solubility in non-aqueous solvents; (2 marks)
Z is very soluble in non-aqueous solvents. (1)
The attractive forces between molecules of non-aqueous solvents are similar to those between molecules of Z. Hence
molecules of Z and non-aqueous solvents mix together easily. (1)
iii) electrical conductivity. (2 marks)
Z does not conduct electricity (1)
becsuse it does not contain mobile electrons or ions. (1)
100 A new element X has been recently discovered. It is a solid with a low melting point. It reacts violently with
water and catches fire in the reaction. An alkaline solution is formed.
a) In which group of the periodic table should X be placed? (1 mark)
Group I (1)
b) Suggest how X can be stored safely in the laboratory. (1 mark)
Store X in paraffin oil. (1)
c) X forms a compound with bromine.
i) Determine the chemical formula of the compound. (1 mark)
XBr (1)
ii) Do you expect this compound to be volatile? Explain. (3 marks)
The compound is not volatile. (1)
Its ions are held together by strong ionic bonds. (1)
A lot of heat is needed to overcome the strong ionic bonds. (1)
iii) Discuss, with explanation, the electrical conductivity of the compound with reference to the type and
property of the particles in it. (3 marks)
The compound conducts electricity in molten state or aqueous solution but not in solid state. (1)
In solid state, the ions in the compound are held together by strong ionic bonds. They are not free to move. (1)
The ions become mobile in molten state or aqueous solution. (1)
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101 The diagrams below show the structures of diamond and graphite. Diamond and graphite are allotropes.
diamond graphite
key:
carbon atom
.
a) Explain the meaning of the term allotrope. (2 marks)
Allotropes are two (or more) forms of the same element (1)
in which the atoms or molecules are arranged in different ways. (1)
b) Do you expect diamond to dissolve in water? Explain your answer. (2 marks)
Diamond is insoluble in water. (1)
This is because the atoms are held together by strong covalent bonds. It is very difficult to separate the atoms. (1)
c) Based on the structure of diamond, suggest ONE use of it. (1 mark)
As a stone cutter (1)
d) Explain why diamond is harder than graphite. (2 marks)
In graphite, the layers of carbon atoms are held by weak van der Waals forces. The layers can easily slide over each
other. Hence graphite is quite soft. (1)
In diamond, each carbon atom is bonded to other carbon atoms by strong covalent bonds. Relative motion of the
atoms is restricted. Hence diamond is very hard. (1)
e) Explain why graphite is used as lubricant. (2 marks)
Graphite has a layered structure. Weak van der Waals forces exist between the layers. (1)
The layers can easily slide over each other. (1)
Hence graphite has a slippery feel.
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f) State a property NOT mentioned above which graphite shares with metals. Explain the cause of this
property. (3 marks)
Graphite is a good conductor of electricity. (1)
Graphite has a layered structure. Within each layer, each carbon atom uses three outermost shell electrons in
forming covalent bonds with three other atoms. (1)
The remaining electron is delocalized between the layers of carbon atoms. (1)
Graphite is a good conductor of electricity due to the presence of delocalized electrons.
102 Diamond and graphite are different forms of the same element. The structure of diamond is shown below.
key:
carbon atom
a) What type of structure does diamond have? (1 mark)
Giant covalent structure (1)
b) Explain why carbon dioxide is a gas at room temperature and diamond is a solid which melts at a high
temperature. (2 marks)
The attractive forces between carbon dioxide molecules are weak. Little heat is needed to separate the molecules. Hence
carbon dioxide has a low boiling point. (1)
Diamond consists of a network of covalent bonds. A lot of heat is needed to overcome the strong covalent bonds
between the atoms. Hence diamond has a high melting point. (1)
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c) Graphite is mixed with clay to make pencil leads.
i) Sketch a labelled diagram to show the arrangement of atoms in graphite. (2 marks)
van der Waals' forces
key:
carbon atom
ii) Suggest why this crystal structure of graphite enables it to leave a mark when a pencil is drawn across
a sheet of paper. (2 marks)
When graphite is pressed onto a peice of paper, the layers of atoms slide over each other (1)
and flake off easily onto the paper. (1)
103 Silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge) have the same crystal structure, as shown below:
a) What type of structure do silicon and germanium have? (1 mark)
Giant covalent structure (1)
b) Silicon occurs in nature as silicon dioxide in sand and quartz.
Draw the three-dimensional structure of silicon dioxide. (2 marks)
key:
oxygen atom
silicon atom
(1 mark for the hexagonal arrangement of atoms;
1 mark for labelling the van der Waals forces between
the layers of atoms) (2)
(1 mark for the correct arrangement of atoms;
1 mark for the correct labelling of silicon and
oxygen atoms) (2)
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c) Silicon combines with chlorine to form silicon tetrachloride (SiCl
4
). Draw an electron diagram of the
chloride, showing electrons in the outermost shells only. (1 mark)
Cl
Cl
Cl Si Cl
d) Explain why silicon dioxide has a higher melting point than silicon tetrachloride in terms of their
structures. (2 marks)
To melt silicon dioxide, a lot of heat is needed to overcome the strong covalent bonds between the atoms. (1)
The attractive forces between silicon tetrachloride molecules are weak. Little heat is needed to separate the molecules. (1)
e) The table below gives the relative abundance of each isotope in a sample of germanium, Ge.
Isotope
70
Ge
72
Ge
74
Ge
Relative abundance (%) 24.4 32.4 43.2
What is the relative atomic mass of Ge? (2 marks)
70 x 24.4 + 72 x 32.4 + 74 x 43.2
100
(1)
= 72.4 (1)
(1)
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104 At room temperature, both sodium metal and sodium chloride are crystalline solids.
a) The diagram below shows part of the lattice of sodium chloride.
i) In this diagram, mark all sodium ions with a positive (+) sign and all chloride ions with a negative ()
sign. (1 mark)

m
m
m
m

(1)
ii) What is the number of neighbouring chloride ions directly attached to each sodium ion in crystalline
sodium chloride? (1 mark)
6 (1)
b) i) Explain how the particles are held together in solid sodium metal. (1 mark)
The particles in solid sodium metal are held together by a sea of mobile electrons. (1)
ii) Explain how the particles are held together in solid sodium chloride. (1 mark)
The particles in solid sodium chloride are held together by ionic bonds. (1)
iii) The melting point of sodium chloride is much higher than that of sodium metal. What can be deduced
from this information? (1 mark)
The ionic bonding in sodium chloride is stronger / requires more heat to break than the metallic bonding in
sodium. (1)
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c) Compare the electrical conductivity of solid sodium metal with that of solid sodium chloride. Explain your
answer. (3 marks)
Solid sodium conducts electricity but solid sodium chloride does not. (1)
Solid sodium contains mobile electrons (1)
but the ions in solid sodium chloride are not free to move. (1)
d) Using sodium as an example, describe the bonding in metals. Hence explain why metals are malleable.
(2 marks)
Ions in sodium are packed in layers. (1)
As the metal is struck by a hammer, the ion layers slide through the sea of electrons to new positions. The metal does
not break because the ions are still bound together by the sea of electrons. (1)
As a result, sodium is malleable.
105 The symbols p, q, r, s, t, u, v and w represent eight consecutive elements in the second and third periods
of the periodic table. The table below lists their boiling points:
Element p q r s t u v w
Boiling point (C) 2 480 3 930 4 830 196 183 190 246 890
Answer: Be B C N O F Ne Na
a) Deduce from the above information which elements r and s represent respectively. (3 marks)
Element r has the highest boiling point and (1)
a sudden drop in boiling point occurs from r to s. (1)
Hence r is carbon while s is nitrogen. (1)
b) Explain why element t has a low boiling point. (2 marks)
The attractive forces between the molecules of t are weak. (1)
Little heat is needed to separate the molecules. (1)
c) Indentify ONE metalloid in the above table. (1 mark)
q (1)
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d) State, with explanation, which of the elements is stored in paraffin oil. (2 marks)
Element w is stored in paraffin oil (1)
as it is very reactive. (1)
e) Suggest ONE use of element v. (1 mark)
In advertising signs (1)
f) X is a compound formed from elements t and u. Draw an electron diagram of X, showing electrons in
the outermost shells only. (1 mark)
F O F u t u or
g) Y is a compound formed from elements t and w. Draw an electron diagram of Y, showing electrons in
the outermost shells only. (1 mark)
+
Na
+
Na
or
2-
O
+
w
+
w
2-
t
h) Compare the melting points of X and Y. Explain your answer. (3 marks)
The melting point of Y is higher than that of X. (1)
To melt Y, a lot of heat is needed to overcome the strong ionic bonds between the ions. (1)
The attractive forces between the molecules of X are weak. Little heat is needed to separate the molecules. (1)
(1)
(1)
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106 The diagram below shows the relative electrical conductivities of the first three elements in Period 3.
Na Mg Al
Element
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l

c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
a) Describe the bonding in magnesium. Hence explain why magnesium is a good conductor of electricity.
(3 marks)
The outermost shell electrons of each magnesium atom are free to move randomly in magnesium. (1)
Thus, magnesium consists of positively charged ions surrounded by a sea of electrons. (1)
Magnesium is a good conductor of electricity due to the movement of mobile electrons in the metal. (1)
b) Explain why the electrical conductivity of aluminium is higher than that of magnesium. (2 marks)
Each aluminium atom has three outermost shell electrons while a magnesium atom has two. (1)
There are more delocalized electrons in aluminium. (1)
So, the electrical conductivity of aluminium is higher.
c) Explain why metals are ductile. (2 marks)
Ions in a metal are packed in layers. (1)
As the metal is struck by a hammer, the ion layers slide through the sea of electrons to new positions. The metal does
not break because the ions are still bound together by the sea of electrons. (1)
As a result, the metal is ductile.

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d) Explain whether molten sulphur can conduct electricity. (2 marks)
Molten sulphur cannot conduct electricity (1)
because it does not contain mobile electrons or ions. (1)
107 Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.
Development of the periodic table
In 1869, Mendelev arranged the elements in the form of the periodic table. Before this many other scientists tried to
make sense of all the information about the elements.
The table below is part of the table of elements devised by the English chemist John Newlands in 1864. He arranged the
elements in order of their relative atomic masses. He found a repeating pattern, with elements having similar properties
in the vertical columns (Groups).
Many scientists were critical of the pattern suggested by Newlands.
The diagram below shows a version of Mendelevs Periodic Table. Mendelev placed most of the elements in order
of relative atomic mass. This table became accepted by other scientists.
H Li Be B C N O
F Na Mg Al Si P S
Cl K Ca Cr Ti Mn Fe
Co / Ni Cu Zn Y In As Se
Br Rb Sr Ce / La Zr Di / Mo Ro / Ru
Group
1
Group
2
Group
3
Group
4
Group
5
Group
6
Group
7
Group
8
Period 1 H
Period 2 Li Be B C N O F
Period 3 Na Zn Al Si P S Cl
Period 4
K
Cu
Ca
Zn
?
?
Ti
?
V
As
Cr
Se
Mn
Br
Fe Co Ni
Period 5
Rb
Ag
Sr
Cd
Y
In
Zr
Sn
Nb
Sb
Mo
Te
?
I
Ru Rh Pd
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a) i) Which group of elements, present in the modern periodic table, is missing from Newlands table
above? (1 mark)
Group 0 (1)
ii) Explain why this group was missing from Newlands classification of elements. (1 mark)
Not yet discovered at that time (1)
b) Newlands put hydrogen, fluorine and chlorine in the same group. Give ONE property of hydrogen which
makes it similar to fluorine and chlorine. (1 mark)
Exists as diatomic molecules / exists as a gas at room conditions / any other general property of non-metals (1)
c) Suggest why other scientists were critical of Newlands table.
You should give examples from the table and use your knowledge of the chemistry of the elements.
(4 marks)
Any two of the following:
Many elements in the groups have very dissimilar properties, e.g. K and Cu. (2)
Two elements were put in one place, e.g. Ce and La. (2)
Metals and non-metals were mixed up, e.g. Cl and Co in the same group. (2)
d) Give TWO ways in which Mendelevs table improved on Newlands table. (2 marks)
Any two of the following:
Elements with similar properties were grouped together. (1)
Gaps left for elements to be added when discovered. (1)
A new group created / iron, cobalt and nickel put in a group. (1)
Metals and non-metals were separated. (1)
e) Suggest how elements are arranged in a modern periodic table. (1 mark)
In order of increasing atomic number (1)
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108 Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.
A new form of carbon
The carbon allotropes, diamond and graphite, have been known for centuries. In 1985, a new form of carbon
buckminsterfullerene was discovered. This new form of carbon contains C
60
molecules. Each C
60
molecule
is formed by 60 carbon atoms bonded together like a football as shown in the diagram below:
The new form of carbon is virtually insoluble in water, but soluble in non-aqueous solvents, such as
toluene.
Interest in buckminsterfullerene has led to the discovery of a related group of carbon structures referred to as
nanotubes. Nanotubes may be viewed as rolled up segments of graphite.
Carbon nanotubes have a high strength. Carbon nanotube-based materials are being widely researched to
develop ultra lightweight and extremely strong materials.
a) What is meant by the term allotropes? (2 marks)
Allotropes are two (or more) forms of the same element (1)
in which the atoms or molecules are arranged in different ways. (1)
b) What type of structure does buckminsterfullerene have? Expain your answer. (3 marks)
Buckminsterfullerene has a simple molecular structure. (1)
Buckminsterfullerene is soluble in non-aqueous solvents. (1)
It can be deduced that the attractive forces between molecules of buckminsterfullerene are similar to those
between molecules of non-aqueous solvents. (1)
Hence it can be concluded that buckminsterfullerene has a simple molecular structure.
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c) How would you expect the melting point of buckminsterfullerene to compare with that of diamond?
Explain your answer. (3 marks)
The melting point of diamond is higher than that of buckminsterfullerene. (1)
Diamond has a giant covalent structure. The carbon atoms are held together by strong covalent bonds. (1)
There are weak van der Waals forces between the buckminsterfullerene molecules. (1)
More heat is needed to break the strong covalent bonds between atoms in diamond. Hence diamond has a higher
melting point.
d) Explain the high strength of carbon nanotubes with reference to the bonding in them. (1 mark)
The carbon atoms are held together by strong covalent bonds. (1)
e) Graphite is used to make electrodes in dry cells. It is also used to make strong but lightweight fishing
rods.
i) Explain why graphite can conduct electricity with reference to its structure. (3 marks)
In graphite, the carbon atoms are arranged in flat parallel layers. (1)
Within each layer, each carbon atom uses three electrons in forming covalent bonds with three other carbon
atoms. (1)
The remaining outermost shell electron of each carbon atom is delocalized between the layers of carbon atoms. (1)
ii) Explain why graphite can bend so that it is suitable for making a fishing rod. (2 marks)
Graphite has a layered structure. Weak van der Waals forces exist between the layers. (1)
The layers of atoms can slide over each other easily. (1)
f) Suggest and explain how you would distinguish between buckminsterfullerene and graphite by a physcial
method. (3 marks)
Adding a non-aqueous solvent to each solid separately, buckminsterfullerene is soluble while graphite is insoluble. (1)
Buckminsterfullerene has a simple molecular structure and is soluble in non-aqueous solvents. (1)
Graphite has a giant covalent structure. It is insoluble in most solvents. (1)
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109 Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.
Chemistry of fireworks
Aerial shells are the most common types of fireworks for public displays. A shell consists of a paper tube filled
with stars and a black powder. Stars are small lumps consisting of an oxidizing agent, a reducing agent and
metal salts. The black powder is a mixture of carbon powder, sulphur powder and potassium nitrate powder.
Located just below the shell is a lift charge containing the black powder as well.
Upon ignition, the potassium nitrate, sulphur and carbon (in the black powder) in the lift charge react to form
carbon dioxide and nitrogen gases, and potassium sulphide.
potassium nitrate + carbon + sulphur potassium sulphide + carbon dioxide + nitrogen
The shell is sent up into the air. At the precise altitude, the black powder inside the shell is ignited, causing
the shell to explode. The explosion also ignites the stars, scattering them in all directions across the sky.
The colours of fireworks are produced by burning metal salts. For example, a red colour can be produced by
using strontium nitrate while a green colour produced by using barium nitrate.
a) Explain the meaning of the term mixture. (2 marks)
A mixture consists of two or more pure substances (1)
which have not been chemically joined together. (1)
b) Draw an electron diagram of a nitrate ion, showing electrons in the outermost shells only. (1 mark)
-
N
O
O O
c) Explain how the lift charge sends the shell into the air. (2 marks)
The pressure from the expanding gases propels the shell into the air (2)
d) i) What solid residue is left behind when the black powder explodes? (1 mark)
Potassium sulphide (1)
ii) Wht is the chemical formula of the solid suggested in (i)? (1 mark)
K
2
S (1)
(1)
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e) i) Name the group to which strontium (Sr) and barium (Ba) belong. (1 mark)
Alkaline earth metals (1)
ii) Write down the chemical formula of strontium nitrate. (1 mark)
Sr(NO
3
)
2
(1)
f) A manufacturer wants to produce fireworks giving a yellow colour. Suggest a metal salt the manufacturer
may add. (1 mark)
Sodium nitrate / any sodium compound (1)
110 Below is a sketch of the melting points of some Period 3 elements.
Na
0
Mg Al Si P S Cl
500
1 000
1 500
-250
Element
M
e
l
t
i
n
g

p
o
i
n
t

(
o
C
)
Discuss how the melting points of the elements are related to their bondings and structures. (9 marks)
(For this question, you are required to give answers in paragraph form.)
Sodium, magnesium and aluminium are metals. The strength of the metallic bond depends on the number of delocalized
electrons in the metal structure. (1)
Sodium has one outermost shell electron per atom, magnesium has two while aluminium has three. The strength of metallic
bond and hence the melting point increase from sodium to aluminium. (1)
Silicon has a giant covalent structure. Each silicon atom is covalently bonded to four other silicon atoms. (1)
To melt silicon, a lot of heat is needed to overcome the strong covalent bonds between the atoms. Hence it has a very high
melting point. (1)
Phosphorus, sulphur and chlorine exist as simple molecules. The molecules are attracted to one another by weak van der
Waals forces. (1)
Little heat is needed to separate the molecules. Hence they have low melting points. (1)
(3 marks for organization and presentation)
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111 When atoms combine, they can obtain the electronic arrangements of atoms of noble gases.
Discuss, with reference to suitable examples, how atoms of Group VI elements obtain the electronic
arrangements of atoms of noble gases. (9 marks)
(For this question, you are required to give answers in paragraph form.)
Atoms of Group VI elements have six outermost shell electrons. They can obtain the electronic arrangements of atoms of
noble gases by gaining or sharing electrons. (1)
Oxygen is a Group VI element. Take the combination of oxygen and sodium as an example. An oxygen atom has
an electronic arrangement 2,6. It tends to gain two electrons to obtain the electronic arrangement of a stable neon atom
(2,8). (1)
Sodium is a Group I element. A sodium atom has an electronic arrangement 2,8,1. It tends to lose one electron to
obtain the electronic arrangement of a stable neon atom (2,8). (1)
When sodium and oxygen react, two sodium atoms would combine with one oxygen atom. (1)
Take the combination of oxygen and carbon as another example. An oxygen atom has an electronic arrangement
2,6 while that of a carbon atom is 2,4.
Both atoms require electrons to obtain the electronic arrangement of a stable neon atom (2,8). They achieve that by
sharing outermost shell electrons. (1)
One carbon atom forms a double bond with each of the two oxygen atoms. (1)
(3 marks for organization and presentation)
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112 Potassium chloride and silicon tetrachloride have different melting points and electrical conductivities.
Explain such differences with reference to their bonding and structures. (9 marks)
(For this question, you are required to give answers in paragraph form.)
The melting point of potassium chloride is higher than that of silicon tetrachloride. (1)
Potassium chloride has a giant ionic structure.
To melt potassium chloride, a lot of heat is needed to overcome the strong ionic bonds between the ions. Hence potassium
chloride has a high melting point. (1)
Silicon tetrachloride has a simple molecular structure.
The attractive forces between the molecules are weak. Little heat is needed to separate the molecules. Hence silicon
tetrachloride has a low melting point. (1)
Potassium chloride conducts electricity in molten state or aqueous solution while silicon tetrachloride does not conduct
electricity. (1)
In the solid state, the ions in potassium chloride are held together by strong ionic bonds and are not free to move.
The ions become mobile when potassium chloride is in molten state or aqueous solution. Hence potassium chloride can
conduct electricity under these conditions. (1)
Silicon tetrachloride does not conduct electricity because it does not contain mobile electrons or ions. (1)
(3 marks for organization and presentation)

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