New SDH basics

Short introduction Ethernet over SDH Virtual Concatenation LCAS GFP

Ethernet through MAN/WAN Ethernet through MAN/WAN

- 10M/100M/1GbE - 10 GbE LAN PHY - 10 GbE WAN PHY - 1GbE - 10 GbE LAN PHY - 10 GbE WAN PHY
Something is going on in OTN

Dark Fiber

DWDM

- 10 GbE WAN PHY

Something is going on in SDH

SDH

Notice:
In case there is a dark fibre or an optical channel in a DWDM system available the most practical way to transmit Ethernet is by using the LAN interface. LAN interfaces are offering a 4% bigger capacity instead of WAN interfaces. The disadvantage is: LAN does not offer the same possibilities in monitoring the quality of the signal as the WAN does. But in the LAN we can use the full monitoring functionality of SDH. DWDM-technology (without OTH) has similar functionalities, but it has to be ensured that the transponder in front of the DWDMmultiplexer can handle signals without SDH structure. Info to 10GbE: 10GbE WAN PHY is able to use the SDH-functionality regarding Line and Path-Monitoring. 10GbE LAN PHY offers 4 % more capacity. However 10 GbE offers within the description of the MDIO for LAN PHY a register, which contains information regarding the BER of the RX-links. The register will be set if the PCS has identified a BER |>10E-4.

MDIO: Management Date Input/Output Interface PCS: Physical Coding Sublayer OTN: Optical Transport Network OTH: Optical Transport Hierarchy

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Ethernet --SDH Ethernet SDH

Access conversion Backbone

Ethernet Interfaces

GFP GFP

Ethernet

SDH MUX/DMUX SDH

3

Store & Forward

Virtual Concatenation

Virtual Concatenation LCAS

GFP GFP L2 Switch VLAN

Notice:
This picture shows which additional features are necessary in order to get Ethernet packets and Ethernet specific switching mechanism (Transparent Switching, VLAN) over a SDH network. Ethernet Interfaces: Access interface for Native Ethernet-Client signals. Store & Forward: The received asynchronous Ethernet-Packets are buffered before further processing. L2 Switching: This function is necessary, if additional switching on Ethernet-address-layer within the SDH-network (or over the whole SDH network) is necessary. VLAN: This functionality is necessary, if the Ethernet (layer 2) carried over the SDH network, is further organized in logical separated Ethernets. GFP: Adapt the asynchronous received Ethernet packets to the fixed bit rate of a SDH channel. Virtual Concatenation: This function allows to connect single VCn to a virtual bigger SDH channel. LCAS: Activate and deactivate single VCn within a VCG. Protocol running in between two SDH multiplexer to adjust the capacity (VCn) according the requested bandwidth of the Ethernet Client signal. VLAN: Virtual Local Area Network GFP: Generic Framing Procedure VC: Virtual Container VCG: Virtual Container Group LCAS: Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme

ACTERNA

Ethernet over SDH (VC, GFP, LCAS)

LCAS

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SDH goes future

Virtual Concatenation Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme

SDH --Virtual Concatenating SDH Virtual Concatenating

Where to go with 10 MBit Ethernet?

VC Type VC Bandwidth
VC-11 VC-12 VC-2 VC-3 VC-4 VC-4-4c VC-4-16c VC-4-64c 1664 kbit/s 2240 kbit/s 6848 kbit/s 48 960 kbit/s 150 336 kbit/s 601 344 kbit/s 2 405 376 kbit/s 9 621 504 kbit/s

VC Payload
1600 kbit/s 2176 kbit/s 6784 kbit/s 48 384 kbit/s 149 760 kbit/s 599 040 kbit/s 2 396 160 kbit/s 9 584 640 kbit/s

Why not 5 x VC-12?

10 Mbit/s sensible?

VC-4-256c 38 486 016 kbit/s 38 338 560 kbit/s

Notice:

VC-xc: Virtuell Container VC-12-5c: Contiguous concatenation of 5 VC-12 container

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STM-4, VC-4 Contiguous Concatenation STM-4, VC-4 Contiguous Concatenation

4 x 9 bytes 4 x 261 bytes

RSOH AU-4 pointer Fixed stuffing bytes

J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1

MSOH

C-4-4c

VC-4-4c
4 x 261 bytes ATM-cell 6

The first pointer indicates the beginning of the container area The payload is now connected together

Notice:

ACTERNA

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STM-4, VC-4 Virtual Concatenation STM-4, VC-4 Virtual Concatenation

4 x 9 bytes 4 x 261 bytes

RSOH AU-4 pointer

J1 J1 J1 J1 B3 B3 B3 B3

MSOH

G1 F2 H4 F3 K3

C2 C2 C2 C2 G1 G1 G1 F2 F2 F2 H4 H4 H4 F3 F3 F3 K3 K3 K3 N1 N1 N1 N1

C-4-4v

VC-4-4v
4 x 261 bytes

All VC-4 are carried individual through the network to their destination. There the payload will be connected Together, controlled by H4 byte. All VC-4 pointers are active.

ATM-cell

Notice:

ACTERNA

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SDH --Virtual Concatenating SDH Virtual Concatenating

data Ethernet ATM Fast Ethernet ESCON Fibre Channel Gigabit Ethernet 10 Gb Ethernet 10 Mbit/s 25 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s 200 Mbit/s 400 Mbit/s 800 Mbit/s 1 Gbit/s 10 Gbit/s

SDH C-12-5c C-12-12c C-12-46c C-3-2c C-3-4c C-3-8c C-4-6c C-4-7c C-4-64c

efficiency 92% 98% 100% 100% 100% 100% 89% 95% 100%

Notice:

VC-xc: Virtuell Container VC-12-5c: Contiguous concatenation von 5 VC 12 Containern

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Next step LCAS Next step LCAS

network management client signal capacity: 5 x VC-12 VC-12 (1-1-9) VC-12 (1-1-8) VC-12 (1-1-5) VC-12 (1-1-2) VC-12 (1-1-1)

LCAS

LCAS VC-12-5c DMU

DMU

1. Define VC-Xc group (VCG) over network management. 2. Activate the single VC-Xv over LCAS; this allows rising capacity hitless
9

Notice:
Virtual Concatenation allows a more flexible scalable of the transport capacity on SDH- or OTH-links. However, as long as such links have to be establish per hand, the concept is not usable for the demands of a new multimedia network. An additional demand is to switch the scaleable links within a dynamic process. However switching the links should be only visible for the customer in an increase of the bandwidth and as well it should not generate bit errors. LCAS describes the mechanism of hitless switching SDH-channels as well as OTH-paths. The NM has the task to control the generation of VCG and as well the switching of the VCG by utilizing LCAS. NM can be realized as a kind of central controlled management (Overlay Model) or can be based on GMPLS (Peer Model). LCAS: Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (G.7042) VC: Virtual Container VCG: Virtual Concatenation Group SDH: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy OTH: Optical Transport Hierarchy GMPLS: Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching NM: Network Management

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LCAS in SDH LCAS in SDH

Virtually Concat. VC-m-Xv VC-n-Xv So

LCAS info LCAS info

direction of data signal

Virtually Concat. VC-m-Xv VC-n-Xv Sk

LCAS information will be curried within: H4-byte of the Higher Order Path Overhead used for Virtual Concatination of VC-n-Xv (n = 3, 4) K4-byte of the Lower Order Path Overhead used for Virtual Concatenation of VC-m-Xv (m = 11,12, 2)
10

Notice:
LCAS enables to activate and deactivate single VCn within a VCG. Therefore both ends of a SDH-path have to exchange control information. In SDH Higher Order Path the H4-byte and in SDH Low Order Path K4 byte is used for this information exchange. LCAS works unidirectional. Within bi-directional connections two separate LCAS functions (in each direction one) are necessary.

So: Source Sk: Sink

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LCAS example Higher Order LCAS example Higher Order J1 J1 B3 B3 C2 C2 G1 G1 F2 F2 H4 H4 F3 F3 K3 K3 N1 N1

So

Virtually Concat. VC-n-Xv

H4 H4 H4 H4

LCAS Info LCAS Info LCAS Info LCAS Info

Virtually Concat. VC-n-Xv

Sk

11

Notice:
LCAS information will be transmitted within their VCG in parallel. Each H4 byte covers the general and specific information.

So: Source Sk: Sink VCG: Virtual Channel Group ACTERNA Ethernet over SDH (VC, GFP, LCAS) page 11

Differential Delay Differential Delay

VC-n-2v n 1 n 1 Differential delay time n

VC-n-2v n

t Differential Delay
12

Notice:
If the routing of the signal through the network for each VCn is the same, every container arrives at the same time at its destination. But what will happen if the routing is different? Caused by different lengths, a delay between the different VCn of one VCG will arise (Differential Delay). It is necessary to rebuilt the signal at the sink as it was sent at the source. Therefore an additional indication has to be added to the signal to allows the sink to detect which VCn belong to the same VCG and compensate the Differential Delay.

ACTERNA

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Higher Order Path H4: MFI1/MFI2 Higher Order Path H4: MFI1/MFI2
MFI1 (4) 0 1 0 MFI2 (8) 0 1 2

15 0 1

4095

15 0

2 255

The complete multiframe has 4096 steps. Target for delay compensation of 512ms
13

Notice:
The MFI1 and MFI2 together define a two-dimensional multiframe-structure. After a complete loop of the MFI1 (4 bit = 16 steps) the value of MFI2 will be incremented by one. MFI2 consists of one byte (256 steps). 16 multiplied by 256 = 4096 steps. Each frame has a periodical time of 125ms. 4096 x 125us = 512 ms. Based on the multiframe- structure a Differential Delay up to 512ms in between the VCn can be detected.

MFI: MultiFrame Indicator ACTERNA

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Differential Delay Compensation Differential Delay Compensation

VC-m-2v n 1 n 1 differential delay time 5 4 3 2 1

buffer 4 3 3 2 2 1 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 VC-m-2v

14

Notice:
The MFI values allows the sink to identify which VCn belong to the same VCG. Additionally the values can be taken to identify and compensate the Differential Delay. Therefore VCn with low Differential Delay will be buffered until the corresponding VCn with longer Differential Delay will arrive at the sink. The example shows a two time longer Differential Delay of the blue line against the red line (2 x 125s).

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VC-n-Xv H4 coding (1) VC-n-Xv H4 coding (1)

H4 byte bit1 bit2 bit3 bit4 MST MST RS-Ack Reserved Reserved Reserved SQ MSBs (bits 1-4) SQ LSBs (bits 5-8) MFI2 MSBs (bits 1-4) MFI2 MSBs (bits 5-8) MFI2 LSBs (bits 5-8) CTRL CTRL GID Reserved Reserved CRC-8 CRC-8 bit5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MFI1 bit6 bit7 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 bit8 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

Down-stream Upstream

15

Notice:
MFI1/2: Every member of a VCG have the same MFI values. SQ: Each VCn has according to his position within the VCG a fixed Sequence Indicater. MST: Indicates the status of each VCn within a VC-n-Xv. For each VCn one bit is used. GID: Every VCn of a VCG gets within the same MFI frame the same GID-value. This allows the sink to identify that every received VCn has been transmitted from the same source. RSA (RS-Ack): Will be used to indicate from sink to source each changeing (increase or decrease) of the sequence. CRTL: Covers the commands for activating or deactivating of VCn

VCG = VC-n-Xv Member = VC-n MFI: MultiFrame Indicator CTRL: LCAS Control Words GID: Group Identifier CRC8: LCAS Cyclic Redundancy Check MST: LCAS Member Status Field LCAS: Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme RSA (RS-Ack): Re-Sequence Acknow. SQ: Sequence Indicator RES: Reserved for future international standardization So: Source Sk: Sink

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VC-n-Xv H4 coding (2) VC-n-Xv H4 coding (2)

MFI2 frame number 0, 32, 64, 96, 128, 160, 192, 224 1, 33, 65, 97, 129, 161, 193, 225 0 0 4 4 8 12

member number 1 1 5 9 13 2 2 6 10 14 3 7 11 15 member status multiframe

30, 62, 94, 126, 158, 190, 222, 254 31, 63, 95, 127, 159, 191, 223, 255

240 244 248 252

241 245 249 253

242 246 250 254

243 247 251 256

MST bit activated

16

Notice:
MST: Indicates the status of each VCn within a VC-n-Xv. For each VCn one bit is used. It is possible to concatenate up to 256 VCn within one VCG. Per MFI2 multiframe the status of 8VCn will be transmitted (from sink to source).

MST: LCAS Member Status Field ACTERNA

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VC-m-Xv K4 coding (1) VC-m-Xv K4 coding (1)

1 V5 V5

J2 J2 N2 N2 4 K4 K4

bit1

bit2 bit3 MST APS

bit4

bit5 R

bit6 R

bit7 x

bit8 x

Lower Order Virtual Conc. 1 32

Extended Signal Label 1 32

17

Notice:
Different to the H4-byte (Higher Order Path) which can be fully used for LCAS, for Lower Order Path not the complete byte is available . There are 4 bytes which are transmitted in a multiframe structure of which the K4 byte is the fourth. V5 is used for Parity check J2 is used for Path trace N2 is used for TCM (Tandem Connection Monitoring) K4 is used half for Automatic Protection Switching (APS) The only possibility is to use the other half of K4 Of that other half only bit 7 and bit 8 are defined for LCAS. This means, an additional multiframe is necessary to handle all the needs of LCAS (multiframe within multiframe). Lower order Virtual Concatenated and Extended Signal Label are now generating the necessary 32 bit multiframe. A complete Lower Order Virtual Concatenated Multiframe takes some time to be completely transmitted: 125s (SDH frame) x 4 (V5,J2,N2,K4- multiframe) = 500s 500s x 32 bit-multiframe = 16ms 16ms for transmission. The same is valid for the Extended Signal Label Multiframe

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VC-m-Xv K4 coding (3) VC-m-Xv K4 coding (3)

Lower Order Extended Signal Label Multiframe

K4 byte; bit 8 shown as 32 bit multiframe

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

MFAS 0111 0000 110

Extended Signal Label

Reserved

18

Notice:
First, before we have access to the LCAS important Lower Order Virtual Concatenated Multiframe the receiver has to synchronize on the Extended Signal Label Multiframe which contains the Multi Frame Alignment Signal (MFAS).

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VC-m-Xv K4 coding (4) VC-m-Xv K4 coding (4)

Lower Order Virtual Concatinated Multiframe K4 byte; bit 7 shown as 32 bit multiframe
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

Frame Count MFI

Sequence Indicator SQ

CTRL

G I D

Res.

R S A

Member Status MST

CRC-3

Virtually Concat. VC-m-Xv So

LCAS info LCAS info

Virtually Concat. VC-m-Xv Sk

19

Notice:
How can the same 512ms for detecting the maximum Differential Delay on VC-12 be realized? 125s (SDH-frame) x 4 (V5,J2,N2,K4- multiframe) = 500s 500s x 32 bit-multiframe = 16ms 32 steps (MFI) 32 (MFI) x 16ms = 512ms MFI: Every member of a VCG have the same MFI values. SQ: Each VCn has according his position within the VCG a fixed Sequence Indicator. MST: indicates the status of each VCn within a VC-n-Xv. For each VCn one bit is used. GID: Every VCn of a VCG gets within the same MFI frame the same GID-value. This allows the sink to identify that every received VCn has been transmitted from the same source. RSA (RS-Ack): Will be used to indicate from sink to source each changing (increase or decrease) of the sequence. CRTL: covers the commands for activating or deactivating of VCn. VCG = VC-n-Xv Member = VC-m MFI: MultiFrame Indicator CTRL: LCAS Control Words GID: Group Identifier CRC3: LCAS Cyclic Redundancy Check MST: LCAS Member Status Field LCAS: Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme RSA (RS-Ack): Re-Sequence Acknow. SQ: Sequence Indicator RES: Reserved for future international standardization So: Source Sk: Sink

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VC-m-Xv K4 coding (2) VC-m-Xv K4 coding (2)

Frame Number 0, 8, 16, 24 1, 9, 17, 25 2, 10, 18, 26 3, 11, 19, 27 4, 12, 20, 28 5, 13, 21, 29 6, 14, 22, 30 7, 15, 23, 31

0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56

1 9 17 25 33 41 49 57

Member Number 2 3 4 5 10 11 12 13 18 19 20 21 26 27 28 29 34 35 36 37 42 43 44 45 50 51 52 53 58 59 60 61

6 7 14 15 22 23 member 30 31 status 38 39 multiframe 46 47 54 55 62 NA

20

Notice:
MST: Indicates the status of each VC-m within a VC-m-Xv. For each VCm one bit is used. It is possible to concatenate up to 63 VCm within one VCG. Per MFI multiframe the status of 8 VCm will be transmitted (from sink to source).

MST: LCAS Member Status Field ACTERNA Ethernet over SDH (VC, GFP, LCAS) page 20

LCAS Protocol Architecture LCAS Protocol Architecture

Virtually Concat. VCn-Xv So protocol and parameter: VCG Members VCG Virtually Concat. VCn-Xv Sk

vorward direction MFI: Multiframe Indicator SQ: Sequence Indicator GID: Group Identification CTRL: Control backward direction MST: Member Status RS-Ack: Re-Sequence Acknowledge
transmission from left to right

21

Notice:
The picture shows the elements of a complete LCAS connection. Each LCAS connection is always unidirectional. To establish a bi-directional virtual link a LCAS process in both directions is necessary. A VCG consists of minimum one up to X (X: VC-3/4 256; VC-12 63)VCs. Each VC is a member of the VCG. LCAS is responsible for hitless switching of each member.

VCG: Virtual Concatenation Group So: Source Sk: Sink ACTERNA

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CRTL Command CRTL Command

Reserved value comm. Reserved 0000 FIXED Reserved SQ MSBs (bits 1-4) 0001 ADD SQ LSBs (bits 5-8) MFI2 MSBs (bits 1-4) 0010 NORM MFI2 MSBs (bits 5-8) 0011 EOS CTRL 0101 IDLE GID

comment
Weist daraufthat a das dieses Ende is used Indicates hin, , fixed bandwidth eine feste Bandbreite (non-LCAS(non-LCAS mode) verwendet mode) Ein Mitglied new member (VCn)hinzugefgen Add a (OPUk) einer VCG to VCG Normale bertragung (Aktiver Zustand) Normal transmission (active state) Same as NORM, only the last member VCG Wie NORM, nur letztes Mitglied der of VCG Kein VCG Mitglied oder soll deaktiviert werden No VCG member or has to be deactivated Do Not Use (the payload) Sk reports FAIL Status Do Not Use (the payload) Sk meldet FAIL Status

1111

DNU

22

Notice:
CTRL commands are responsible first to add or release VCs to a VCG and second to activate or deactivate its payload. How much VCs belongs to a VCG is already predefined due to the Network Management. LCAS is only the operator who adds or releases VCs to VCG. Nothing happens without the NM who has to allow e.g adding a VC. This is a fundamental aspect. You can imagine what will happen if LCAS adds a new VC to VCG and activates its payload but the NM has not established the link though the network itself. Signalling in between the NM and the network element can be done either by RSVP-TE or CR-LDP.

NM: Network Management EOS: End of Sequence DNU: Do not use RSVP-TE: Resource Reservation Protocol - Traffic Engineering CR-LDP: Constrained Based -Label Distribution Protocol

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Add and Release Member Add and Release Member

Add Member to VCG Payload of a member to VCG-Payload Release: Member from VCG Payload of a member from VCG-Payload Trouble mode: Release of a member temporary from VCG Release Payload of a member temporary from VCG-Payload Member SQ = 1 Member SQ = 2 Member SQ = 3 Member SQ = n 4

LCAS

LCAS

23

Notice:
All togheter six LCAS proceedings are possible. These are listed above. Adding a member to a VCG means ,his channel (VC) relates to the VCG. Till now the payload is not activated. This will happen in an additional step. This is different for the release of VCs. First the member will be released from the VCG. In the second step the payload will be deactivated. The order to add or release a VC member and its corresponding payload will be always controlled by a Network Management Process. LCAS is only responsible for hitless switching. Has an error occurred and therefore the VC member has to be released, this can be done by LCAS but only temporarily. After fixing the error the member will be added again to the VCG by LCAS.

ACTERNA SQ: Sequence Indicator VCG: Virtual Concatenation Group

Ethernet over SDH (VC, GFP, LCAS)

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Add a new Member Add a new Member

Phase 1: VCG with two members and active Payload Phase 2: Add of a new member to VCG Payload is not active at That time Phase 3: Activation of the Payload So SQ = 1 SQ = 2 SQ = 1 SQ = 2 SQ = 3 SQ = 1 SQ = 2 SQ = 3 NORM EOS NORM EOS ADD NORM NORM EOS MST = Okay MST = Okay MST = Okay MST = Okay MST = Okay MST = Okay MST = Okay MST = Okay
24

Sk

Notice:
Phase 1: The VCG consists of two members. The CTRL-values NORM and EOS with their corresponding Okay (MST) indicates an error free and active operation. Phase 2: An additional member has to be added to the existing two members of the VCG. LCAS set as CTRL command ADD within the VC who has to be added to the VCG. This will be done as long as in the backward direction the corresponding Okay (MST) will be received. Now the Channel (VC) is part of the VCG. Remember, the payload of this channel is still inactive. 3. Phase: With the changing status from ADD to NORM or EOS the source is now signalling the activation of the payload itself. Due to the fact that SQ=3 is now the last member of the VCG, SQ=2 changes its value from EOS to NORM and SQ=3 is starting to transmit payload with EOS. Frame = n CTRL = ADD (Payload without data) Frame = n+1 CTRL = EOS (Payload without data) Frame = n+2 CTRL = EOS (Payload with data)

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Relaese of a Member Relaese of a Member

Phase 1: VCG with 3 Members and active Payload Phase 2: Release of a Member From the VCG VC n = 0 Payload is still active Phase 3: VC n = 1 Payload is now inactive So SQ = 1 SQ = 2 SQ = 3 SQ = 1 SQ = 2 SQ = 3 SQ = 1 SQ = 2 NORM NORM EOS NORM EOS IDLE NORM EOS IDLE MST = Okay MST = Okay MST = Okay MST = Okay MST = Okay MST = FAIL MST = Okay MST = Okay MST = FAIL
25

Sk

Notice:
Phase 1: The VCG consists of three members. The CTRL-values NORM and EOS with their corresponding Okay (MST) indicates an error free and active operation. Phase 2: Now the member wit SQ=3 should be released. LCAS will indicated this by changing the value from EOS to IDLE. This will be acknowledged from the sink by exchanging Okay with FAIL in the corresponding MST. Now, this channel (VC) is now longer a member of the VCG. The payload within the VC who has sent the first time IDLE is still active. With the next following frame the payload is already inactive. Phase 3: Only SQ=1 and SQ=2 are now active members of the VCG Frame = n CTRL = NORM or EOS (Payload with data) Frame = n+1 CTRL = IDLE (Payload without data) Frame = n+2 CTRL = IDLE (Payload without data)

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LCAS Variation LCAS Variation

Control SDH MUX SDH MUX 10 Mbit/s Ethernet Store & Forward LCAS GFP Control LCAS

STM-4

Mbit 8 6 4 2 1 2 Ethernet 3 4 t

4. VC-12 3. VC-12 2. VC-12 1. VC-12 1 2 3 4 t

SDH-VC-Capacity

26

Notice:
The left diagram shows the load of a 10MB Ethernet interface. The right diagram shows additionally the capacity of SDH containers. Timestamp 1: The Ethernet load has achieved a value which causes the switching an additional VC-12. In between realising the need of an additional VC-12 and the final switching it takes a certain time. At timestamp 1, the increasing bandwidth is almost flat so that the second VC-12 is right in time available. The complete Ethernet signal can be transmitted without any restrictions. At timestamp 2, the increasing bandwidth is more steep. The third VC-12 is available too late. Therefore a restriction in the Ethernet traffic occurs. This restriction does not mean losing data in every case. The function Store & Forward has addressable memory to buffer Ethernet packets. As soon as the third VC-12 is available, the buffered Ethernet frames will be transmitted with the higher capacity.

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GFP - Generic Framing Procedure

Classify of GFP Classify of GFP

Asynchrone Packages

Ethernet IP/PPP Other Bearer Services GFP Client Specific Aspects GFP GFP Common Aspects SONET/SDH Path OTN ODUk Path

Adaptation

Synchronous Path

28

Notice:
GFP describes the technology, mapping different sizes of packets in to a serial transmitted container (SDH/OTH). Frame diversion will be done like it is at ATM by realising the cellheader. Due to the fact that packets can have different sizes the GFP-header covers an additional length indication for its encapsulated packet. The receiver knows now where to find the next following GFP-header within the serial stream. Are there no user packets to transmit, idle frames (4 byte) will be added to the signal by GFP.

IP: Internet Protocol PPP: Point.to-Point Protocol GFP: Generich Framing Procedure OTN: Optical Transport Network ODU: Optical Channel Data Unit

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GFP Mapping GFP Mapping

GFP defines two different Mapping modes: Transparent GFP: Das Client Signal will be transparent mapped into a (GFP-T) GFP-Frame with constant size. Frame-Mapped GFP: Die Client Packages will be mapped 1:1 into (GFP-F) a GFP-Frame. GFP-T P Transparent Payload GFP Transparent Payload GFP

Block by Block 1 GbE ID Ethernet Frame IDLEs Eth Frame IDLEs E Frame

Frame by Frame GFP-F FP Ethernet Frame GFP GFP GFP Eth Frame GFP GFP E Frame
29

Notice:
GFP defines two different types of mapping client signals into a transport channel. Frame-Mapped GFP: Each packet of a packet oriented client signal will be directly mapped into a GFP-frame. Therefore GFP-frames have different sizes. Transparent GFP: Independent of the packet structure, the client signal will be mapped transparent in to a transport channel. Attention: Within the picture, the relation in between transparent payload and GFP-header is not displayed in scale. You could think that the clock rate of the transparent GFP-frame in not enough for a transparent transmission of all client signal data. This is not the case.

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Frame Mapped GFP Frame Mapped GFP

GFP-F Mapper Constant Interface Rate IDLE Constant Transport Rate

Variable Traffic

GFP adapt it Clients Variable Traffic towards the Constant Transport Rate Advantage: Interface Rate Client Signal >> or << as Transport Rate Necessary: Store & Forward Function Disadvantage: Generates Delay 30

Notice:
At Frame-Mapped GFP the interface rate of the client signal can be bigger or smaller in size as the transport rate of the transmission channel. With the help of the Store & Forward function, the bit rates of the client signal and the transport channel will be decoupled. Disadvantage: With the Store & Forward function an additional delay of the user data will be generated.

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Ethernet per GFP into SDH Ethernet per GFP into SDH

GFP

Ethernet Frame

GFP GFP GFP GFP GFP GFP GFP SOH POH GFP Ethernet Frame Payload GFP GFP GFP Ethernet Frame Transport capacity Ethernet Frame GFP Ethernet Frame

31

Notice:
The picture shows the way how GFP-IP packets (client signal) will be mapped in to the payload area of a STM-1 frame. In case of missing packets from the IP-layer, GFP fills the gaps automatically with GFP-IDLE-frames. A GFP-IDLE-frame consists only of 4 headerbytes.

. GFP: Generic Framing Procedure ACTERNA Ethernet over SDH (VC, GFP, LCAS) page 31

Transparent GFP Transparent GFP

GFP-T Mapper Constant data stream with variable traffic Mapper e.g.: 1 GbE e.g.: VC-4-7c Constant Transport Rate

GFP is mapping the complete Client Signal transparent into the Transport Signal Advantage: Very low delay Necessary: Transport Rate >= Client Signal Rate
32

Notice:
Due to the fact that in Transparent GFP the complete data stream of the client signal (data and control characters) will be mapped in to a transport channel, it is necessary that the rate of the transport channel corresponds or even better is above the bitrate of the client signal. The GFP Mapper itself has a buffer inside. Client signals for Transparent GFP: 1GbE, Fiber Channel, ESCON and FICON

1GbE: 1 Gigabit Ethernet ESCON: Enterprise Systems Connection FICON: Fiber Connection VC-4-7c: A transport channel within SDH consisting of 7 concatinaled VC-4

ACTERNA

Ethernet over SDH (VC, GFP, LCAS)

page 32

Transparent GFP for 1GbE Transparent GFP for 1GbE

ID Ethernet Frame 1. Decoding: IDLEs 8B/10B Codewords IDLEs Eth Frame GFP Data Bytes (8 Bit) Control Character (4 Bit) D2
8

E Frame

1 GbE Data Codes Control Codes L C1

1 8

2. 64B/65B Block Code

D3
8

D4
8

D5
8

D6
8

D7
8

D8
8

3. Superblock: 8 x Block Code + CRC L Block Code 1 L Block Code 2 L Block Code 8

Octets
512

L CRC
8 16
33

Notice:
1. Decoding: Ethernet is 8B/10B coded. GFP decodes from the 10bit data codes the original data bytes. The 10 bit control code will be transformed into a 4 bit control character. With the 4 bits possible 16 coding modes are enough because GbE only has the need of 12 special GbE control codes. 2. 64B/65B Block Code: The data bytes and control characters will be added together to a block of 8 bytes. The 4 bit control characters will be added together with 4 additional bits to one byte. The additional 4 bits are used to allocate the position of the control characters. Within the block code all control characters (C1) will be placed independently of its former position at the beginning of the block. To each block code a Leading Flag (L) will be added. It identifies if the block code consists of one or more control characters. 3. Superblock: To get from the consisting 65 bit block codes an octet-structure, 8 block codes will be added together to one Superblock. The L-Flags of all 8 block codes will be transmitted behind the last block code byte as one byte. For error detection an additional 2 byte CRC-checksum will be added to the signal.

CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check 8B/10B: 8 bits (1 byte) will be after recoding 10 bits (codeword)

ACTERNA

Ethernet over SDH (VC, GFP, LCAS)

page 33

Transparent GFP for 1GbE (2) Transparent GFP for 1GbE (2)
512 8 16

Octets

L CRC

Superblock 1 Superblock 2

Superblock N
8x8

Octets

GFP

GFP Frame with constant size N x ((65 x 8) + 16) + (8 x 8) N = minimum 95 (for 1 GbE)
34

Notice:
ITU-T G.7041 recommends that a minimum of 95 Superblocks should be added together to one GFP-frame. This allows a good adaptation in between client signal and transport signal rate.

ACTERNA

Ethernet over SDH (VC, GFP, LCAS)

page 34

Transparent GFP Rate adaptation Transparent GFP Rate adaptation

GFP-T Mapper 1 GbE signal Buffer 8B/10B Decoding/ Coding Transparent GFP-Frames

65B-Pad Client Signal Rate = 100

Transport Channel Rate = 100+

GFP-T Mapper has to support a possible clock offset of the Client Signal from +/- 100 till +/- 200 ppm.
35

Notice:
Due to the fact that in Transparent GFP the complete data stream of the client signal (data and control characters) will be mapped into a transport channel, it is necessary that the rate of the transport channel correspond or even better is above the bit rate of the client signal. This moves the GFP-entrance-buffer continuously into a underflow-mode. Is at the exit of the mapper currently a transparent GFP-frame in work, the mapper adds a 65B-pad.

ACTERNA

Ethernet over SDH (VC, GFP, LCAS)

page 35

Paketseperation: Header Error Control method (GFP) Paketseperation: Header Error Control method (GFP)
Example GFP: packet based, payload = variable size 0 - 65535 bytes analyse packet length comparator Frame border

1010111000101101100101011010010110010010001111101010101110001011011001010110100

GFP frame: 4 - 65599 bytes 1 2 HEC HEC HEC 0 - 65535 bytes

36

Notice:
GFP describes the technology mapping different sizes of packets into a serial transmission container (SDH/OTH). Frame diversion will be done like it is at ATM by realising the cellheader. Due to the fact that packets can have different sizes the GFP-header covers an additional length indication for its encapsulated packet. The receiver knows now where to find the next following GFP-header within the serial stream. Are there no user packets to transmit, idle frames (4 byte) will be added to the signal by GFP. GFP-synchronizing knows three different modes: HUNT, PRESYNCH and SYNCH. Within the HUNT-mode the receiver is searching for a valid header. Once he finds a valid header he changes his mode in to PRESYNCH-status. In case he has found then afterwards in DELTA+1 also a valid header he will change again his mode into SYNCH-status. With the help of the HEC-algoritm GFP is able to correct one bit error within the GFPheader. Are there more than one bit errors detected within the GFP-header, GFP changes ist state to HUNT.

GFP: Generic Framing Procedure HEC: Header Error Control mode PoS: Packet over Sonet

ACTERNA

Ethernet over SDH (VC, GFP, LCAS)

page 36

GFP Frame Format GFP Frame Format

1 1 2 3 4 Core Header bits 8 PLI PLI cHEC cHEC Payload Header bytes Payload Area Payload Payload FCS (optional) 4 - 64 0 - 65531

65535

4
37

Notice:
A GFP-frame consists of a core-header an a payload-area. The core-header itself consists of 4 bytes. PLI: The first two bytes indicates the length of the full GFP-frame. The minimum length of a single GFP-frame is 4 bytes. The PLI-values 0-3 are reserved for GFP-control-frames. At the moment only the control-frame with the PLI-value = 0 is defined. An IDLE-frame is always 4 bytes long. cHEC: The bytes 3 and 4 carry the value of HEC over the first two PLI-bytes. The payload-area itself is divided into three parts. The Payload Header is used for transmitting data link management procedures corresponding to the higher layer client signals. The Payload contains the client signal (data gram). Payload FCS: (optional) A FCS (inclusive Payload Header) can be calculated and added to the signal.

PLI: PDU Length Indicator (PDU: Protocol Data Unit) cHEC: Core HEC (HEC: Header Error Check) FCS: Frame Check Sequence ACTERNA Ethernet over SDH (VC, GFP, LCAS) page 37

GFP Payload Header GFP Payload Header

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 EXI Type type UPI PTI PFI PLI Typ tHEC Extension 2 2 PLI cHEC cHEC

0 - 60 Possible Extension Headers for Payload Header corresponding Data Link Headers eHEC 2 Virtual Link Identifiers Payload Source/Destination Address Port Numbers Extension Headers Service Classes Payload FCS Extended HEC Already defined (optional) Null Extention Header Linear Frame 38 Ring Frame

Notice:
The GFP-Payload Header describes the content of the following data within the Payload area.

Type: Indicate the content and format of the Payload PTI: Payload Type Identifier (Coding like table below.) PFI: Payload FCS Indicator ( indicate if a FCS is added to the Payload). EXI: Extension Header Identifier UPI: User Payload Identifier (Under further study) tHEC: Header Error Check value Extension: For further description and support of the Data Link Headers eHEC: Header Error Check value for the Extension PTI = 000 PTI = 100 Rest ACTERNA Client Data Client Management Reserved Ethernet over SDH (VC, GFP, LCAS) page 38

Extension Header Point-to-Point Extension Header Point-to-Point

Null Extention one Client Signal per Transport Path (SDH-Channel) Type Type tHEC tHEC Linear Frame more Client Signals per Transport Path (SDH-Channel) Typ tHEC Type Type Extension tHEC eHEC tHEC CID Extention Spar eHEC ITU-T Type Type tHEC tHEC DP SP Extention Spar eHEC ANSI
39

Notice:
Null Extension Header is used at point-to-point connections were a transport channel (SDH channel) is dedicated to a client signal. Extension Header of the Linear Frame is used at point-to-point connections were more than one client signals will be transmitted through one transport channel. The packets of the different client signals will be multiplexed, based on frame-by-frame. Are there no packets to transmit, GFP-IDLE-Frames will be implemented. ITU-T G.7041 specifies the use of a CID to separate the different client signals. The corresponding ANSI-specification describes the use of DP and SP.

CID: Channel Identifier DP: Destination Port Field SP: Source Port Field Spar: Spare Field eHEC: Header Error Check value for Extension ACTERNA Ethernet over SDH (VC, GFP, LCAS) page 39

Point-to-point Extension Header for a linear frame Point-to-point Extension Header for a linear frame
DP 1 byte-stream from GFP Client Specific Process DP 16 IDLE Frames SP 1 byte-stream towards GFP Client Spezific Process SP 16 IDLE Termination Example according ANSI standardisation
40

Type Type tHEC tHEC DP SP Extention Spar eHEC

Frame Mux

Frame Demux

Notice:
With the help of the Extension Header for point-to-point connections, GFP is able to multiplex up to 16 different logical connections (ports). The packets from the different ports will be multiplexed, based on frame-by-frame. Are there no packets to transmit, GFP-IDLEFrames will be implemented.

DP: Destination Port Field SP: Source Port Field Spar: Spare Field eHEC: Header Error Check value for Extension-field ACTERNA Ethernet over SDH (VC, GFP, LCAS) page 40

Frame Mapping Ethernet Frame Mapping Ethernet

GFP frame PLI cHEC Type tHEC GFP Extension Hdr Preamble SFD Destination Address GFP Payload Source Address Length/Type MAC Client Data Padding Ethernet FCS
41

Ethernet MAC frame

Notice:
At GFP-Ethernet Mapping the complete Ethernet MAC-packet, except of the Preamble and SFD, will be mapped in to the GFP-Payload. Preamble and SFD is used within Ethernet for packet distinguishing and clock-synchronisation of the receiver. GFP covers this job

SFD: Start of Frame Delimiter ACTERNA Ethernet over SDH (VC, GFP, LCAS) page 41

GFP perceive and report Errors GFP perceive and report Errors

Ingress Client Process

Egress Client Process CSF

GFP Client-specific Source Adaptation Process GFP Frames SSF Switch GFP Common Process (Transmitter) TSF Transport Network SONET/ OTH

GFP Client-specific Source Adapt. Process Switch GFP Common Process X (Receiver) Transport Network SONET/ OTH

Detected Error

Error message

42

Notice:
The GFP Process is able to handle and generate alarms from the different layers and to forward this to the GFP Client Process. Are there problems (Loss of Client Signal, Loss of Client Synchronisation) with the client signal at the GFP transmitter side, this can be reported to the receiver side (Far End Client Signal Fail Indication). CSF can be transmitted in intervals of 1 seconds.

CSF: Client Signal Fail SSF: Server Signal Fail TSF: Trail Signal Fail ACTERNA Ethernet over SDH (VC, GFP, LCAS) page 42