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Introduction to Routing Protocols

Session 2204

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Agenda

IP, IPX Addressing Concepts Generic Routing Concepts Specific Routing Protocols Static and Defaults Routes

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MAC Address
48 Bit Hexadecimal (Base16) Unique Layer two address

1234.5678.9ABC
First 24 bits = Manufacture Code assigned by IEEE Second 24 bits = Specific interface, assigned by Manufacture

0000.0c XX.XXXX XXXX.XX00.0001

All Fs= Broadcast

FFFF.FFFF.FFFF
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IP Addressing
32 Bits

Network
8 Bits 8 Bits

Host
8 Bits 8 Bits

172
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16

. 122 . 204
5

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IP Subnetting, Mask
Network IP Address Host

172
Network

16

0
Host

Default Subnet Mask

255

255
Network

0
Subnet

0
Host

8-bit Subnet Mask

255

255

255

Use Host Bits, Starting at the High Order Bit Position

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IP Address Classes
Start

Class A:

End Mask

1 126 255 128 192 255 192 223 255

0 255 0 0 255 255 0 255 255

0 255 0 0 255 0 0 255 255

0 254 0 0 254 0 0 254 0

7

Class B:

Start End Mask

Start

Class C:
Class D: for multicast
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End Mask

IP Address Mask Formats

The Router will display different Mask formats at different times.

bitcount ---172.16.31.6/24 decimal ---- 172.16.31.6 255.255.255.0 hexadecimal 172.16.31.6 0xFFFFFF00

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Finding the IP Address on the LAN

ARP = Address Resolution Protocol Host and routers have pre assigned MAC addresses Host A sends a ARP request for router R1 The ARP request is a broadcast packet R1 replies with ARP response unicast address Now both Host A and Router R1 have the IP and MAC address for each other in their ARP Table
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UNIX Host A

1111.1111.1111 1111.1111.1111

5555.5555.5555 5555.5555.5555

2222.2222.2222 2222.2222.2222

R1

3333.3333.3333 3333.3333.3333

4444.4444.4444 4444.4444.4444

R2

How Do I Get there From Here?

UNIX Host UNIX Host

Street A

Street H

Path choice is based on location Location is represented by an address

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Host Addresses
172. 16. 200.11 255.255. 0. 0 172. 16.3.10 255.255.0.0 172.16.12.12/16 IP: 172.16.2.1/16 172 .16
255.255

E0

E1

10.1.1.1/8

10.250.8.11 255. 0. 0. 0 10.180.30.118/8 IP: 10.6.24.2/8

Forwarding Table Network Interface 172.16.0.0 E0 10.0.0.0 E1
11

12 . 12
0.0

Network
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Subnet Addressing
172.16. 3 . 5 255.255.255.0 172.16.3.100/24

172.16.2.11/24 172. 16. 2 . 2 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.160/24 IP: 172.16.2.1/24

E0

E1

172.16.3.150/24 IP: 172.16.3.1/24

Forwarding Table Network Interface 172.16.2.0 E0 172.16.3.0 E1
12

172 .16
255.255

2
.255

160 Host
.0

Network
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Subnet

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Discontiguous IP Subnet
A
Where Is 172.16.0.0? 192.168.1.4 255.255.255.252 .5 .13 172.16.50.1 172 255.255.255.0

B
172.16.40.1 172.16 255.255.255.0

.6 .9 192.168.1.8 255.255.255.252 .14 .10 172.16.60.1 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.12 255.255.255.252

Routing Protocols will by Default Summarize Major Networks

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Variable Length Subnet Mask

A
172.16.1.4 255.255.255.252 .5 .13 172.16.50.1 255.255.255.0

B
172.16.40.1 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.X With a 255.255.255.252 mask Or /30 the 1 subnet my be broken into 64 Subnets

.6 .9 172.16.1.8 255.255.255.252 .14 .10 172.16.60.1 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.12 255.255.255.252

Conserve IP Addresses
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IPX Addressing
80 Bits

Network
32 Bits

Node
48 Bits

000C 15C0
IPX Network #
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0077.0650.2328
IPX STATION # Usulay same a MAC address
15

Address Configuration
Router (config-if) #
ip address ip-address subnet-mask

Assigns an address and subnet mask Starts IP processing on an interface

ipx network network

Assigns a network number Starts IPX processing on an interface Must have ipx routing configured
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Agenda

IP, IPX Addressing Concepts Generic Routing Concepts Specific Routing Protocols Static and Defaults Routes

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Convergence
Time required for router to identify and use an alternate path Dependent on timer values and algorithm Difficult to predict precisely
A,B,C D,E,F A,B,C D,E,F

2
B C
A,B,C D,E,F
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4
D E

6
F

B,C D,E,F

3 A,B,C
D,E,F

Routers 5 and 6 Have no knowledge of the new Network A Yet

B,C D,E,F
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Load Balancing

T1

R2

T1

N1 R1 T1 R3 T1 R4

N2

Equal cost paths Rapid failover

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Load Balancing

256K

R2

768K

N1 R1 512K R3 T1 R4

N2

Unequal cost load balancing: Eigrp

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Holddown
I Will Ignore Routes to X While in Holddown

Sets minimum convergence time Prevents forwarding loops

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Forwarding Loop: A Routing Disagreement

Packets for Network X

Packets do not get to the destination Temporary traffic surge until convergence
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Split Horizon

Do not send routing data back in the direction from which it came

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Split Horizon
Frame Relay Multipoint Network
Router 2,3,4 All advertise their Respective Ethernets to Router D, Router D knows all networks

PVC A PVC

2 3
B

1
S0

PVC C

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Split Horizon
Frame Relay Network
Router 1 Advertises network D to routers 2,3,4

2
PVC PVC

1
S0

3 4
C

PVC

Router 1 Knows all networks but Will only advertise D out of S0 Because it learned A,B,C from S0
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Metrics (Cost)
Numeric value used to choose among paths RIP/RIPv2 is hop count and ticks (IPX) OSPF/ISIS is interface cost (bandwidth) (E)IGRP is compound BGP can be complicated Path determination depends on metric
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Agenda

IP, IPX Addressing Concepts Generic Routing Categories Specific Routing Protocols Static and Defaults Routes

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Forwarding Table
One Forwarding Table per Router One Forwarding Table per Network Protocol
Network # Interface Next Hop Metric Age Source D O R C

198.113.181.0 Ethernet0 192.150.42.177 [170/304793] 02:03:50 198.113.178.0 Ethernet0 192.150.42.177 192.168.96.0 192.168.97.0 Ethernet0 192.150.42.177 Ethernet0 [110/9936] [120/3] 02:03:50 00:00:20

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Building the Forwarding Table

Directly connected
Routes that the router is attached to

Static
Routes are manually defined

Dynamic
Routes protocol are learned from a Protocol
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Routing Protocols
I Know About: Network A Network B Network C I Know About: Network X Network Y Network Z

A B C

Routing Update

X Y

Exchanges Network Knowledge

Routing protocol updates are exchanged by routers to learn about paths to other logical networks Each routing protocol offers features that can make it desirable as part of an internetwork design
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Routing Protocol Goals

Optimal path selection Loop-free routing Fast convergence Limited design administration Minimize update traffic Handle address limitations Support hierarchical topology Incorporate rapid convergence
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Easy to configure Adapts to changes easily and quickly Does not create a lot of traffic Scales to a large size Compatible with existing hosts and routers Supports variable length subnet masks and discontiguous subnets Supports policy routing
31

IP RIP
Routing Information Protocol Widely available Hop count metric Periodic update Easy to implement One of the first available
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RFC 1058 Simple = limited Slow convergence No VLSM No discontiguous subnets Max 15 Hops
32

RIPDistance Vector
Net A Net D

R1
E0 Net B S0 S0

R2
Net C S1 S0

R3
E0

Network Interface A E0 B S0 C S0 D S0

Network Interface B S0 C S1 A S0 D S1

Network Interface C S0 D E0 B S0 A S0

Send RIP Routing Table to Neighbors

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Broadcast Routing Updates

All Stations Have to Listen to Rip Broadcasts

S 10.1.1.1 D 255.255.255.255

RIP V1

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RIP Metric
1 Hop Path A R2

Hops

T1 R1 56k

T1 R3

Path B 0 Hops
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RIP V2
RFC 1723 Cisco IOS 11.1 support Advertises masks Variable length subnet masks Route summarization Routing updates use multicast Authenticated updates using MD5
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Multicast Routing Updates

RIP V2

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When to Use RIPv2

Subnet mask support Reduce broadcast load Validated updates Multivendor environment

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IPX RIP
Widely available Hop count metric Ticks (1/18 sec) Periodic update Easy to implement Free on servers Tied to SAP protocol Simple = limited Slow convergence No default route Routing loops Max 15 hops
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IPX RIPTicks
Ticks are used to determine server timeout Default for LAN interfaces is 1 Default for WAN interfaces is 4
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IPXWAN calculates for its interfaces can be set via the ipx delay number interface sub command

40

IGRP
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol Cisco developed Distance vector Compound metric
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Cisco IOS 9.21 Periodic update No VLSM Default timers produce slow convergence
41

IGRP Compound Metric

Administrative weight Delay Bandwidth Reliability Load
R1 T1 56k R3 R2

T1

(K2 * BW) K5 = ((K1 * BW + (256-load) + K3* delay)) * (reliability + K )) 4

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How the IGRP Metrics Work

Delay MetricBased on D1 + D2 + D3 D1 D2 D3

Bandwidth Metric-Based on 64 kbps

1.5 Mbps

64 kbps

1.5 Mbps

Bandwidth dominates short paths Delay dominates long paths Configure bandwidth on all interfaces
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Enhanced IGRP
Extremely fast convergence VLSM support Discontiguous subnets Arbitrary route summarization Supports prefix and host routing
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Best of DV and LS Low overhead Guaranteed loop-free Reliable, incremental update-based Multiprotocol: IP, IPX, AppleTalk Easy to configure
44

Advanced Distance Vector

A B C 27 12 35 On Startup Routing Tables Are Exchanged; Routing Table Built Based on Best Paths from Topology Table

A B C

1 13 20

Q A B C 5 3 3

A B C

Q Z X

2 13 13

Ys Table
X

B ..

27 1 5 12 ..

Z Q X Z ..

Topology Table

Xs Table

Construct neighbor tables Construct topology tables Compute routes

45

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EIGRP Tables
Topology table Neighbor table

Acted upon by DUAL Keeps adjacent neighbors address All routes advertised by neighbors Keeps the hold time List of neighbors for each route Routes passive or active
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Information for reliable transport

46

Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)

DUAL is a loop-free routing algorithm that performs a diffused computation of a routing table
Uses a new routing algorithm Achieves fast convergence Network changes propagate only to affected nodes (bounded updates)

No need for route holddown

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IPX EIGRP
Automatic redistribution of routes into RIP/SAP Maximum network size is 224 hops vs 15 for RIP Incremental SAPs sent, reducing bandwidth usage All other benefits of EIGRP
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When to Use EIGRP

Very large, complex networks VLSM For fast convergence Little network design Multiprotocol support
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Link State Routing

Zs Link State Qs Link State
Z Topology Information Is Kept in a Database Separate from the Forwarding Table A B C Q Z X 2 13 13

OSPF
Xs Link State
X

IS-IS NLSP

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Link State Routing

Neighbor discovery Constructing an LSA (Link State Advertisement) Distribute LSA Compute routes using SPF (Shortest Path First) On network failure
New LSAs flooded All routers recompute link state databases
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OSPF
Open Shortest Path First Link state or SPF technology Developed by OSPF working group of IETF (RFC 1253) Designed expressly for TCP/IP Internet environment
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Fast convergence Variable-length subnet masks Discontiguous subnets No periodic updates Route authentication Delivered two years after IGRP
52

OSPF Areas and Rules

Backbone area (0) must be present All other areas must have connection to backbone Backbone must be contiguous Do not partition area (0)
Internet
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Area Border Router Area 2 Area 3 Area 0 Internal Router

Backbone Router Area 4

Area 1

Autonomous System (AS) Border Router

53

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When to Use OSPF

Large hierarchical networks Complex networks, except
Topology restrictive Additional network design

VLSM Fast convergence Multivendor

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IS-IS
IS = Intermediate System Dual IS-IS Integrated IS-IS Metric is 10 bits wide All interfaces default to 10
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ISO 10589 Two types of areas:

Level-1 other areas Level-2 backbone

Default for each level Much like OSPF

55

NetWare Link Services Protocol

Derived from ISIS NLSP specs 3 levels of routers Only two levels are defined Spec is Novell NLSP version 1.1
http://www.novell.com http://developer.novell.com/research
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BGP
RFC 1771 Border Gateway Protocol Many options for policy enforcement

Classless Inter Domain Routing Version 4 is current (CIDR) Exterior routing Widely used for protocol (vs. Internet backbone interior) AS=Autonomous Uses TCP for systems transport
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BGP Basics
Peering
A C

AS 100
B D

AS 101

Runs over TCP Path vector protocol Incremental update

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AS 102

58

Internal BGP (IBGP) Peering

AS 100
D A B

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BGP peer within the same AS Not required to be directly connected IBGP neighbors should be fully meshed Few BGP speakers in corporate network
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External BGP (EBGP) Peering

A

AS 100
C B

AS 101

Between BGP speakers in different AS Should be directly connected Dont run an IGP between EBGP peers
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Policy Drives BGP Requirements

AS 200 BGP AS 100 BGP BGP AS 300 Static Route AS 400

Policy for AS 100: Always use AS 300 path to reach AS 400

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When Not to Use BGP

Static A B B C ISP Runs BGP Network Number

Advertise Default Network Via IGP Use a Static Route to Provide Connectivity

Avoid BGP configuration by using default networks and static routes

Appropriate when the local policy is the same as the ISP policy
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Agenda

IP, IPX Addressing Concepts Generic Routing Categories Specific Routing Protocols Static and Defaults Routes

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Static Routes

Routes configured manually Useful when few or just one route exist Can be administrative burden Frequently used for default route
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Administrative Distance
The router treats different routing protocols with a different preference Route Source Connected Interface Static Route Enhanced IGRP Summary Route External BGP Internal Enhanced IGRP IGRP OSPF IS-IS RIP EGP External Enhanced IGRP Internal BGP Unknown, Discard Route
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Default Distance 0 1 5 20 90 100 110 115 120 140 170 200 255
65

Floating Static Routes

A static route with a high distance Can be overridden by dynamic info
T1 172.16.3.2 3

ISDN 172.16.3.1 3

172.16.1.0 C15C0

ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.3.1 140 ipx route C15C0 3.0000.0c15.3628 floating-static
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Default Routes
Route used if no match is found in forwarding table Can be carried by routing protocols Two models
Special network number: 0.0.0.0 (IP) -2 (IPX) Flagged in routing protocol

Protocols support multiple models

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Creating a Default Route

RIP, RIPv2: network 0.0.0.0 IGRP, EIGRP: ip default-network OSPF:ISIS default originate IPX: ipx route default default gateway is for host mode
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Default IP Subnet
172.16.0.0 s0 s1 Internet

172.16.1.0

Two defaults
For unknown networks For unknown subnets

Controlled by ip classless
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Comparison of Routing Protocols

Link State Scalability Bandwidth Memory CPU Convergence Configuration Good Low High High Fast Moderate Traditional Distance Vector Low High Low Low Slow Easy Advanced Distance Vector Excellent Low Moderate Low Fast Easy Path Vector Outstanding Low High Moderate Moderate Hard

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Internet Routing Protocols

IP routing protocols are characterized as
Name RIP RIPv2 IGRP EIGRP OSPF IS-IS BGP
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Type DV DV DV Adv DV LS LS Path Vec

Proprietary Function Updates Metric No No Yes Yes No No No Interior Interior Interior Interior Interior Interior Exterior 30 Sec 30 Sec 90 Sec Trig Trig Trig Incr Hops Hops Comp Comp Cost Cost N/A

VLSM No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Summ Auto Auto Auto Both Man Auto Auto

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Topology/Technology Considerations
Routing and services overhead is usually not a big deal when you have a lot of bandwidth (i.e. LANs) Protect WAN bandwidth using update-based protocolsmore bandwidth and buffers for application traffic High densities of sub (interfaces) can cause hot spots and router CPU overload NBMA (Non-Broadcast Multi-Access) technologies always require good design practices
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For Further Reference

EIGRP Network Design Solutions by Ivan Pepelnjak,(ISBN: 1578701651) Interconnections : Bridges and Routers by Radia Perlman (ISBN: 0-20156-332-0) Internetworking with TCP / IP, Volume 1: Principles, Protocols, and Architecture by Douglas Comer (ISBN: 0-13216-987-8) IP Routing Fundamentals by Mark Sportack (ISBN: 1-57870-071-x) IP Routing Primer by Robert Wright (ISBN: 1-57870-108-2) OSPF Network Design Solutions by Thomas, Thomas M. (ISBN: 1-57870-046-9)
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For Further Reference

Routing in the Internet by Christian Huitema (ISBN: 0-13132-192-7) OSPF Network Design Solutions by Thomas, Thomas M. (ISBN: 1-57870-046-9) ISP Survival Guide : Strategies for Running a Competitive ISP by Geoff Huston (ISBN:0-47131-499-4) Internet Routing Architectures by Bassam Halabi (ISBN: 1-56205-652-2)

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Thank You!

Related sessions:
2208 Deploying IGRP/EIGRP 2205 Deploying OSPF 2209 Deploying BGP 2200 Advanced IP Routing
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Introduction to Routing Protocols

Session 2204

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Please Complete Your Evaluation Form

Session 2204

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