All AS F331 Questions

1.
In April 1986, the nuclear reactor at Chernobyl in the Soviet Union exploded, releasing
a mixture of radioactive isotopes into the atmosphere.
131
One of the main isotopes released was 53 I which can cause cancer, though in
controlled amounts it is used as a tracer.
(i)
In the following table, write the numbers of protons, electrons and

131
neutrons in an atom of 53 I .
number of
particles
protons
neutrons
electrons
[1]
(ii)
What is meant by the term isotopes?

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii) Radioactive isotopes are unstable and many decay by emitting either
- or -particles.
The table below summarises some of the properties of - and -particles.
Complete the table by choosing words or numbers from the following
list:
small; large;
nil;
paper;
aluminium foil;
lead; 0;
1;
-particle
-particle
relative mass
negligible
stopped by
paper
property
+2;
+1
relative charge
deflection by electric field
large
[2]
Weald of Kent Grammar School for Girls
(iv)
The relative atomic mass of iodine is given in the Periodic Table as 126.9.
Explain why this value is not a whole number.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 6 marks]
2.
One of the main isotopes released was
(i)
Radioactive isotopes such as
131
53 I
131
53 I
can cause cancers.
131
However, 53 I can be used as a radioactive tracer for investigating patients

suffering from a possible deficiency of iodine.
Suggest how it can be explained to a patient that it is relatively safe to use a
dangerous radioactive substance as a tracer in their bodies.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii)
131
The half-life of 53 I is 8 days. A sample manufactured for use in hospitals has an
original count rate of 16 000 counts per minute. It can be used as a tracer as long
as its count rate is at or above 500 counts per minute.
For how long after manufacture can
131
53 I
be used as a tracer?
................................... days
[2]
[Total 4 marks]
3.
In 1911, Geiger and Marsden fired -particles at gold foil and found that most
passed through unchanged, while just a few were deflected by large amounts. This
was evidence for the nuclear model of the atom.
Explain the results of the Geiger and Marsden experiments using a nuclear model of
the atom.
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[Total 3 marks]
4.
Cans of self-heating coffee were available until recently.

Inside the can, in separate compartments, were calcium oxide and water. When a
button was pressed these reacted together to give enough heat to warm up the coffee.
(a)
What term is used to describe a reaction that gives out heat?

.....................................................................................................................................
[1]
(b)
The reaction between calcium oxide, CaO, and excess water forms calcium
hydroxide solution.
Write a balanced equation for the reaction below. Include state symbols.
[2]
(c)
A group of students set out to determine the enthalpy change of this reaction by
3
placing a known mass of calcium oxide into 250 cm of water in an insulated flask
and measuring the temperature rise.
The group of students recorded the measurements shown in the table below.
mass of calcium oxide used
10 g
volume of water used
250 cm
temperature rise
50 C
Calculate the heat transferred to the water (in kJ) by the reaction of 1.0 mol of
CaO(s).
Give your answer to two significant figures.
1
specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 kJ K
kg ; density of water = 1.0 g cm
heat transferred = .................... kJ

[4]
(d)
The reaction will produce solid calcium hydroxide if the exact molar ratio of water
to calcium oxide is used, as represented by the balanced equation in (b) above.
(i)
Suggest one reason why it is very difficult to measure this enthalpy change
directly.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
This enthalpy change can, however, be measured indirectly using an

enthalpy cycle as shown below.
c a
+
l c i u m
h y d r o
o x i d e
+ Hw a t e
c h l o r i c
a c i d
c a l c iu m
+
h y d r o
c a
l c iu m
c h
w a t e r
l o
h y d r o x i d
c h l o r i c
a c
r i d
Explain how the cycle can be used to calculate the enthalpy change H.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
[2]
(e)
Magnesium oxide is a possible alternative substance to use in the self-heating

cans.
Use your knowledge of the Periodic Table to suggest why magnesium oxide
might be considered a possible alternative to calcium oxide.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 12 marks]
5.
Environmental issues are a vital consideration in chemistry, with the idea of green
chemistry becoming more and more important.
(a)
In the left hand column below are some of the pollutants emitted from car
exhausts.
For each pollutant, briefly explain in the right hand column how the pollutants are
formed.
The first one has been done for you.
pollutant
oxides of nitrogen
how the pollutants in the exhaust gases are formed

From the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen gas in the air,
at the high temperatures of the combustion chamber.
carbon monoxide
oxides of sulfur
hydrocarbons
[Total 3 marks]
6.
Reforming is a process which converts straight-chain alkanes into new compounds that
burn more effectively in engines, reducing pollution. These new compounds include
branched alkanes, cycloalkanes and arenes.
Classify the molecules in the table by ticking the appropriate boxes.
hydrocarbon
straight-chain
branched
chain
cycloalkane
arene
CH3(CH2)5CH3
C6H6
[Total 2 marks]
7.
Heterogeneous catalysts are often used in the reforming process. The process is called
platforming when the catalyst is platinum metal. Coke (from side reactions in the
process) reduces the efficiency of the catalyst.
Describe the stages involved in heterogeneous catalysis and explain why the formation
of coke can cause the platinum to become ineffective.
In your answer, you should use appropriate technical terms, spelled correctly.
...............................................................................................................................................
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[Total 5 marks]
8.
An approach towards greener cars is to change the fuel. One possible alternative fuel
is biodiesel. This can be manufactured from soya beans.
(i)
Suggest one possible advantage of a fuel manufactured from soya beans.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Biodiesel can be used on its own or blended with ordinary diesel.

Describe and explain what happens to the entropy of the system when this
blending (or mixing) occurs, compared with the unblended compounds.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[3]
(iii)
Biodiesel molecules contain oxygen atoms. What general name is given to such
molecules that can be added to fuels to improve performance?
.....................................................................................................................................
[1]
(iv)
Emissions of most pollutants are reduced when biodiesel is used instead of

petroleum diesel, with one exception. The exception is that levels of nitrogen
oxides (NOx) increase in the exhaust. A reason for this might be that the
temperature at which biodiesel burns in the engine is higher than for petroleum
diesel.
Draw a dot-and-cross diagram for a nitrogen molecule. Use it to explain why a
large amount of energy would be needed to break up the molecule.
dot-and-cross diagram for a nitrogen molecule

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total 9 marks]
11
9.
Most of the chemical elements found on Earth were produced in stars.

Absorption and emission atomic spectra show the presence of elements in the stars.
The wavelengths involved are in the UV or visible portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum.
(i)
The labelled diagrams below represent part of an atomic absorption spectrum

and an atomic emission spectrum, drawn to the same scale.
A
f r e
s p e c t r u m
e m
c y
a b s o r p t i o n
f r e
c y
i s s i o n
s p e c t r u m
Using the letters (AJ), choose a line from the spectra which would
correspond to:
1. the line of lowest frequency in the emission spectrum;
.....................................................................................................................................
2. the line representing the absorption of the largest amount of energy.
.....................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii)
The emission and absorption spectra shown are for the same element. What
evidence is there from the two spectra that this is the case?
.....................................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 3 marks]
10.
Elements react together to form molecules in the dense clouds in interstellar space.
These molecules can be detected by the characteristic radiowaves they emit.
Molecules of H2S, NH3 and OCS (similar to CO2) have been discovered.
Complete the dot-and-cross diagram for each molecule in the boxes below.
HH
H O
x x
(i)
[3]
(ii)
Use the theory of electron pair repulsion to decide which of the possible shapes
below represents the shape of each molecule.
Write the formula of each of the molecules H2S, NH3 and OCS underneath its
shape.
[3]
(iii)
What is the significance of the wedge ( ) and the dotted line (

on the left?
) in the shape
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 7 marks]
13
11.
Radio-astronomy revealed the possible presence of long chains of carbon atoms in

outer space.
In the 1980s, Professor Harry Kroto and other workers were investigating these chains.
Professor Kroto was trying to recreate, in the laboratory, conditions that might account
for the presence of carbon chains.
He tried vaporising carbon rods in an electric arc and he analysed the soot from the
vaporised carbon in a mass spectrometer.
(i)
In a time-of-flight mass spectrometer, how are the ions accelerated and why do
they take different times to reach the detector?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii)
A simplified version of the mass spectrum is shown below. On the basis of this
spectrum, Professor Kroto suggested the presence of a C60 molecule.
i n
t e ty n
s i
0 0
7 0
m /z
Explain how the mass spectrum indicates the presence of a C60 molecule.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii)
This C60 form of carbon (later named buckminsterfullerene) is unusual in that it is

a simple molecule.
Up until this discovery the only two forms of carbon thought to exist were the
giant molecular structures of diamond and graphite.
Below is a table showing some physical and chemical properties of the three
forms of carbon. Tick two boxes in the last column which correspond to a
property that supports only the simple molecular model for C60.
diamond
graphite
C60
3.52
1.92.3
1.69
hardness
scale
(hardest 10
softest 1)
10
12
12
melting
point/C
3550
36523697
sublimes
around 800
solubility
insoluble
insoluble
soluble in
organic
solvents
property
density/g cm
property
supports
simple
molecular
model
[2]
[Total 6 marks]
15
12.
Information for Candidates

Advance notice
1
The article below is needed in preparation for the question in the externally
assessed examination F332.
You will need to read the article carefully and also have covered the learning
outcomes for unit F332 (Chemistry of Natural Resources).
You will be expected to apply your knowledge and understanding of the work
covered in the unit to answer this question. There are 20 marks available on the
paper for this question.
You can seek advice from your teacher about the content of the article and you
can discuss it with others in your class. You may also investigate the topic
yourself using any resources available to you.
You will not be able to bring your copy of the article, or other materials, into the
examination. The examination paper will contain a fresh copy of the article as an
insert.
You will not have time to read this article for the first time in the examination if
you are to complete the examination paper within the specified time. However,
you should refer to the article when answering the questions.
Getting tyred with chemistry!

Adapted from Chris Ferguson, Chemistry Review, 2002, Volume 11, Issue 4, '
Getting Tyred with Chemistry.
Next time you are out on a mountain bike, in a car or even an aeroplane, stop and think
about the chemistry involved in the tyres you are travelling on. Those tyres are
pneumatic tyres containing compressed air and, on your vehicle, they perform a variety
of functions. Since the Scotsman, Robert William Thompson, filed the first patent for a
pneumatic tyre in 1845, tyre technology has developed a huge amount and many of
these improvements are due to chemistry.
Typically, a rubber tyre is composed of rubbers (both natural and synthetic), carbon
black, oils and resins, curing agents and anti-ageing chemicals. No tyre is complete
without all of these components and each one has a varied and interesting chemistry.
Natural rubber Natural rubber can be obtained from bushes from many parts of the
world (e.g. Brazil, Sri Lanka and Malaysia). However, by far the best and most widely
used source is the Hevea braziliensis tree originating from South America. The rubber
is obtained as latex, a colloidal dispersion of nanoscale rubber particles in water. At the
beginning of the twentieth century, C. D. Harries showed that natural rubber consists of
repeating units. It was initially believed that the structural units were joined to form
rings, but it was soon established that they are joined in long chains. These chains
have the structure shown in Fig. 1 and can be produced synthetically by joining
isoprene (2-methylbuta-1, 3-diene) units to give a polymer structure.
In natural rubber, the configuration across the double bond is 98% cis. This cis
arrangement gives rise to rubbers property of increasing in strength when stretched,
by allowing the chains to form crystalline regions. Notice that the addition
polymerisation of natural rubber is not a simple reaction, such as happens when
ethene polymerises. Two double bonds in isoprene open to form a polymer that
contains only one double bond in its repeating unit.
isoprene
(2-methylbuta-1,3,diene)
poly(isoprene)
natural rubber
Fig. 1 The structure of the isoprene monomer and natural rubber

Natural rubber has many limitations. It cannot be used on its own to make tyres due to
its thermoplastic nature. It would become very hard in the winter and during the
summer it would melt into a sticky, smelly mess. Imagine riding a bicycle that would
stick to the road in summer! Fortunately the problem of its thermoplastic nature is
overcome by curing natural rubber by heating with sulfur, as described in a later
paragraph.
17
Synthetic rubber Synthetic rubber was first produced by carrying out the
polymerisation of dienes (alkenes containing two double bonds) in the laboratory. Since
it is impossible to recreate the exact conditions for natural rubber synthesis, the
laboratory-based syntheses initially gave poor quality products. For example, early
attempts at polymerising isoprene in the laboratory gave synthetic rubber as a mixture
of cis and trans isomers. The best synthetic rubber is a co-polymer, obtained by
combining a diene and an alkene. Thus polymerisation of butadiene with phenylethene
(styrene) gives the copolymer, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), Fig. 2.
To produce this natural-like synthetic rubber, a process called emulsion

polymerisation is used. In this process, butadiene and styrene are polymerised in water
with a surfactant to give a colloidal dispersion of the polymer in water. This process is
often done at 5 C (rather than above 50 C, as is more normal for an emulsion
polymerisation) to give the desired rubber properties. Another variety of synthetic
rubber is known as butyl rubber and is produced by polymerising 2-methylpropene. The
polymer in this case is a saturated hydrocarbon. Nowadays, many types of synthetic
rubber are available for use in tyres.
H
H 2C
C H
C H
CH 2
b u t a d i e n e
H
C
C
H
p h e n y l e t h e n e
( s t y r e n e )
Fig. 2 Structures of monomeric building blocks
Curing agents In 1839, Charles Goodyear discovered, accidentally, that heating

rubber and sulfur together produced a new version of rubber that did not flow or
become sticky at higher temperatures. This process of sulfur curing is called
vulcanisation after Vulcan, the Roman God of fire. The chemical process of
vulcanisation is called cross-linking and it changes the property of rubber to the hard,
durable material we associate with car and bike tyres. Fig. 3 shows a schematic
diagram of cross-linking.
Fig. 3 Sulfur
This produces a more rigid structure, which limits the movement of polymer chains.
Unfortunately, vulcanisation with sulfur is a slow process, taking about 8 hours for the
rubber to cure. A typical car tyre is cured for 15 minutes at 150 C. However, the time
can be reduced by the addition of accelerators such as those shown in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4 Accelerator molecules
Accelerators increase the rate of cure by catalysing the addition of sulfur chains to the
rubber molecules.
Anti-ageing chemicals A tyre is subjected to quite harsh operating conditions. Factors

such as heat, fatigue, weathering and exposure to ultraviolet light all reduce the life of a
tyre. You will probably be aware of the effect sunlight has on a rubber band. Therefore,
various chemicals are added to prevent tyre degradation.
Tyred out! Tyres are very important in all our lives and it is likely that they will continue
to be so for the foreseeable future. An important question is where do all the used
tyres go? Tyres are inherently strong and this makes them almost impossible to
destroy after use. In the USA, 250 million used tyres are produced each year and at the
moment most (about 75%) are simply buried in landfill. But this and other methods of
disposal can have a serious impact on the environment. Some tyres are recycled to
make products such as cushioned surfaces for childrens playgrounds. An exciting
project for chemists of the future would be to develop an environmentally friendly tyre.
19
13.
Heterogeneous catalysts play an extremely important role in many chemical reactions,

including the control of polluting emissions and in the manufacture of various
chemicals.
(a)
Many cars now have three-way catalytic converters fitted. The following diagram
illustrates how they work.
a
N
C
H
xO
O
C
(i)
f r o
e
m f r o
i n Ne
xO
c o
t o
ir
v e
2N
r t e r er a r c o
C O
t 2o
H C
H
2t o
n v et o r t e r N 2
C O
C 2O
O
+ 2 C H O2
O
Write the formula for one specific molecule that could be represented by
NOx.
...........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Suggest the meaning of the letters HC in the diagram.

...........................................................................................................................
[1]
(iii)
Explain the presence of CO in the gases from the engine.

...........................................................................................................................
[1]
(iv)
The three-way catalytic converter involves both a reduction and an

oxidation phase. Why is the conversion of NOx to N2 described as
reduction?
...........................................................................................................................
[1]
(b)
(i)
Diesel exhaust contains a higher proportion of particulates than
petrol exhaust. Particulates are very small solid soot particles.
Suggest and explain why diesel fuel produces more particulates than
petrol.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
[3]
(ii)
Diesel engines without catalytic converters produce less NOx than an

equivalent petrol engine.
Explain the formation of NOx in petrol engines.
Suggest why less NOx is formed in a diesel engine.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 10 marks]
21
14.
The diagram illustrates a model for heterogeneous catalysis.
g
S
t e p
l e
c u
le
S
S
t e p
2
S
S
t e p
t e p
t e p
t e p
The following phrases describe some of the steps labelled on the above diagram.
Write the numbers of the step or steps corresponding to each phrase.
Bonds in reactants weaken and break
Step(s) .................................................
New bonds in products form
Step(s) .................................................
Diffusion from catalyst surface
Step(s) .................................................
[Total 3 marks]
15.
Catalysts also play a role in the oil industry in the production of more useful
hydrocarbons from longer chain fractions.
Zeolite catalysts replaced the traditional silica/alumina catalysts in the 1960s.
The following box illustrates some of the reactions catalysed by zeolites.
(i)
Use words from the following list to describe reactions A to D.

isomerisation
reforming
cracking
reaction A ....................................................
reaction B ....................................................
reaction C ....................................................
reaction D ....................................................
[4]
(ii)
By what type of formula are the molecules represented?

....................................................................................................................................
[1]
(iii)
Give the molecular formula and name of the molecule formed in reaction B.
molecular formula ...................................................................................................
name ........................................................................................................................
[4]
23
(iv)
Suggest one reason why the hydrocarbon formed in reaction B is more useful
than the hydrocarbon it is made from.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 10 marks]
16.
Major art galleries employ chemists to ensure that the condition of irreplaceable
paintings is maintained.
This often involves identifying the pigments the artists used.
One pigment used by Renoir in many of his paintings was the Group 2 compound
strontium chromate, known as lemon yellow.
Strontium chromate is an ionic compound with the formula SrCrO4.
(i)
What is the charge on the chromate ion? ...................................................................

[1]
(ii)
In the chromate ion there are four bonding sets of electrons, and no lone pairs,
around the covalently bonded central chromium atom.
Draw a diagram below to show the three dimensional shape of the chromate
ion.
c h
r o
t e
io
n
[2]
[Total 3 marks]
17.
Analysis of pigments such as lemon yellow can be done by vaporising a tiny sample of
the pigment and analysing the emission spectrum produced.
A simplified section of the emission spectrum produced by strontium in the visible
region is shown below.
z
(i)
What is the quantity labelled as z on the above spectrum?

....................................................................................................................................
[1]
25
(ii)
Explain:
why excited atoms emit light
why the emission spectrum consists of discrete lines
why there are sets of lines.
You are advised to draft out your answer in rough first and then present your
explanation in a logical order. You may use diagrams in your answer.
explanation ..............................................................................................................
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[5]
(iii)
Strontium also produces an absorption spectrum.

Describe two similarities and one difference between the appearance of the
emission and absorption spectra of strontium.
similarities ................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
difference .................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 9 marks]
18.
One Group 2 compound found in paintings is gypsum, a form of calcium sulphate.

The solubility of Group 2 sulphates decreases down the group.
Give two properties of other Group 2 compounds that decrease down the group.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
[Total 2 marks]
19.
The work of many chemists was influential in the development of the Periodic Table.
Modern Periodic Tables list the elements in order of increasing atomic number.
(a)
The atomic number gives information about the structure of the atom. What two
pieces of information does it give?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
[2]
27
(b)
Early Periodic Tables, such as that devised by Mendeleev (shown below), listed
the then known elements in order of their relative atomic mass.
Mendeleev reversed the positions of tellurium and iodine (as shown in bold in
the table).
T
V
C
M
F
N
H
e
i
5
5
5
C
N
2
b
o
h
u
=
=
9
=
M
R
R
0
9
4
9
1 0 4 . 4
1 0 4 . 4
C
e
. 4
1 1
C
N
O
=
=
=
1 2
1 4
1 6
Al
. ?4
M
=
=
8
S i =
P
=
S
=
C l
a
?
=
=
? E
? Y
?
3 5 .B5 r
=
2 3
=
a
N
C
(i)
1
B
I n
4
r
t
4 0
5
=
=
=
4
U
0 I
1 2 8 ?
=
S
C
1 2 7
K
=
r
=
e
S
3
L a
D i
. 6
n
=
6 5
1 1 6
5 6
6 0
7
3 1
3 T 2e
8
s
e
7
=
0
7
5
9
. 4
. 6
=
=
9 4
9 5
1 1
Suggest why Mendeleev thought it necessary to reverse the positions of

tellurium and iodine.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
A modern definition of relative atomic mass is the weighted mean of the

isotopic masses of all the naturally occurring isotopes of an element.
There are eight isotopes of tellurium. Complete the following table and use
it to calculate the relative atomic mass of tellurium.
Give your answer to three significant figures.
isotope
percentage abundance
isotopic mass
percentage abundance
tellurium-120
0.09
11
tellurium-122
2.46
300
tellurium-123
0.87
107
tellurium-124
4.61
572
tellurium-125
6.99
874
tellurium-126
18.71
2357
tellurium-128
31.79
tellurium-130
relative atomic mass = ................................

[3]
(iii)
Mendeleev would not have been able to do the above calculation because
the existence of isotopes was not known.
Which sub-atomic particle is responsible for the existence of isotopes?
...........................................................................................................................
[1]
29
(c)
Another chemist looking for patterns in the properties of the elements around the
time of Mendeleev was Julius Lothar Meyer.
Lothar Meyer looked at how the atomic volume of an element varies with its
relative atomic mass. A simplified version of the graph he plotted is shown below.
Atomic volume against relative atomic mass
a t o
/ c 3m
ic
v o lu m
e
3
0
p e r m
o le
2
0
0
0
1 0
2
r e
(i)
l a
0
t iv e
3 0
a
t o
4
m
ic
0
m
5 0
a
s s
Which group of elements form the peaks in Meyers graph?

...........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
How does the atomic volume change as you go from left to right across a
period?
...........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 9 marks]
20.
Since the time of Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer many more elements have been
discovered. Sir William Ramsey discovered argon in 1894. He removed oxygen and
nitrogen from air and found he was left with about one percent which was the gas
argon.
(i)
The oxygen can be removed by passing air over hot copper. Copper oxide, CuO,
is formed. Write a balanced equation for this reaction. Include state symbols.
[2]
(ii)
The nitrogen was removed by passing it over hot magnesium. This produced a
white solid called magnesium nitride, Mg3N2.
The balanced equation for this reaction is given below.
3Mg(s) + N2(g) Mg3N2(s)
3
Calculate the number of moles of nitrogen gas in 1 dm of air at room

temperature and pressure.
Assume air to be 80% nitrogen gas by volume and that one mole of gas occupies
3
24dm at room temperature and pressure.
moles = ................................
[2]
(iii)
Use the equation above and your answer to (i) to calculate the mass of
3
magnesium that would react with the nitrogen in 1 dm of air, at room
Ar: Mg, 24
mass = ................................ g
[2]
[Total 6 marks]
31
21.
The American chemist Glenn T. Seaborg made the element neptunium, Np, by firing
neutrons at uranium atoms. Some of these neutrons stuck to the uranium nucleus and
then the nucleus emitted an electron.
(i)
Complete the following nuclear equation representing the formation of neptunium

atoms from an isotope of uranium.
[3]
(ii)
It is not possible to make neptunium atoms by firing protons at uranium atoms.

Suggest a reason why this is unlikely to work.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 5 marks]
22.
The booster engines on the Space Shuttle use solid propellants.

The main ingredients of the most widely used solid propellant are powdered aluminium
and the oxidiser ammonium perchlorate, NH4ClO4.
(a)
The reaction of the ammonium perchlorate with aluminium can be represented by

the equation below.
10Al(s) + 6NH4ClO4(s) 5Al2O3(s) + 6HCl(g) + 9H2O(l) + 3N2(g)
The standard enthalpy change for this reaction can be calculated indirectly using
an enthalpy cycle.
The enthalpy cycle below uses standard enthalpy change of formation values.
0l A
( s )4
0l A
7 1 0
( s 2)
Hl
k J
C
m
O
o
( s )
( g
l3
1 k 5 Jm0 o l 6 1
( g
)2
+l
(i)
Explain the term standard enthalpy change of formation.

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
[3]
(ii)
Use the cycle and values provided to calculate the standard enthalpy
change, H1 , for this reaction.
H1 = ................................ kJ mol
[2]
(iii)
The values for H2 and H3 do not include standard enthalpy change

of formation values for two of the substances in the equation.
Name the two substances and explain why they do not contribute to H2
and H3 .
substances ................................................... and ........................................
explanation ....................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
[2]
(b)
A hydrocarbon polymer is also added to the propellant to bind the aluminium and
perchlorate together.
The hydrocarbon binder burns to produce the same products as the
hydrocarbons in petrol.
Name three possible products from this combustion.
......................................... ; ......................................... ; ............................................
[3]
33
(c)
At the high operating temperature of the solid rocket boosters, a small proportion
of nitrogen molecules dissociate into nitrogen atoms.
(i)
Draw a dot-cross diagram for the nitrogen molecule.

Show all outer shell electrons.
[2]
(ii)
Suggest why it is very difficult to break the nitrogen molecule into its atoms.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
[2]
(d)
The reaction shown in the equation is accompanied by a large increase in

entropy.
Explain why you would predict this increase in entropy from the equation for the
reaction.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total 18 marks]
23.
One widely available type of smoke detector contains a radioisotope of americium

(Am), americium-241. This isotope, contained in a separate container within the
detector, decays by alpha emission.
The alpha particles emitted by the americium-241 collide with air molecules in the
chamber and produce ions.
(a)
Use your Periodic Table to complete the following equation for the decay of
americium-241.
4
9
(b)
A
5
[3]
Although alpha particles are normally hazardous to health, the alpha particles
generated in smoke detectors do not pose a risk provided the detector is not
damaged in any way.
(i)
Suggest why there is no significant health risk in normal usage of smoke

detectors.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii)
Suggest how alpha particles cause ionisation of air molecules in the smoke
detector.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 6 marks]
35
24.
The americium in smoke detectors is in the form of an oxide. A sample of the oxide
contains 88.3% by mass of americium.
(i)
Calculate the empirical formula of the oxide.

Ar: Am, 241; O, 16
empirical formula = ................................

[2]
(ii)
0.008 moles of americium oxide is enough for 5000 smoke detectors. Calculate
the mass, in grams, of americium oxide per smoke detector.
Give your answer to one significant figure.
mass = ................................g
[3]
[Total 5 marks]
25.
Another isotope of americium is americium-243.

(i)
Complete the following table for the two isotopes, americium-243 and
americium-241.
isotope
protons
neutrons
electrons
americium-243
americium-241
[3]
(ii)
Americium-243 is produced by the beta decay of an isotope of plutonium.

Fill in the mass number and atomic number of this plutonium isotope in the
appropriate places below.
26.
[2]
[Total 5 marks]
Low sulphur fuel is now a familiar label on the pumps at petrol stations. The removal
of sulphur from diesel and petrol significantly reduces the emission of toxic oxides of
sulphur from vehicle exhausts.
(i)
One oxide of sulphur is the gas sulphur dioxide, SO2.

One way to represent the bonding in sulphur dioxide is given below.
O = S O
Use the structure above to draw a dot-cross diagram in the box below.
Show all outer electrons.
O
[3]
(ii)
The actual shape of the sulphur dioxide molecule is V-shaped.

Explain why you would predict this shape for the SO2 molecule.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 6 marks]
37
27.
Sulphur dioxide reacts with water and oxygen in the atmosphere to produce acid rain,
a dilute solution of sulphuric acid.
Write a balanced equation to show the formation of sulphuric acid from the reaction
between sulphur dioxide, water and oxygen. Include state symbols.
[Total 3 marks]
28.
(a) One process used to remove sulphur compounds from petroleum and
diesel is called hydroprocessing. This process uses catalysts consisting of
metals deposited as thin layers on porous aluminium supports.
(i)
Name the type of catalysis used in hydroprocessing.

...........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Suggest two reasons for the metals being used as thin layers.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
[2]
(b)
Hydroprocessing converts the sulphur compounds in the fuel to the gas hydrogen
sulphide, H2S. Some of the hydrogen sulphide produced is oxidised to sulphur
dioxide and water as shown in equation 1.
2H2S(g) + 3O2(g) 2SO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
equation 1
The sulphur dioxide produced is then reacted with the remaining hydrogen
sulphide to produce solid sulphur as follows.
2H2S(g) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)
equation 2
(i)
What volume of oxygen is needed to react with 1 dm of hydrogen sulphide

gas in equation 1? Assume the gases are under the same conditions of
3
volume = ................................dm
[1]
(ii)
Suggest why oil companies convert the sulphur compounds into sulphur.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
[1]
(c)
The reaction represented by equation 2 is accompanied by an entropy change.

2H2S(g) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)
equation 2
The table below contains some statements relating to this reaction or to the idea
of entropy in general. Four of these statements are correct.
Put a tick in the box next to each correct statement.
statement
( )
Entropy can be thought of in terms of the number of ways of

arrangement of a chemical system.
The entropy change in equation 2 above has a positive sign.
Entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system.
A substance in the solid state has higher entropy than when
molten.
The symbol for entropy is S.
The reaction in equation 2 is accompanied by a decrease in
entropy.
[3]
[Total 8 marks]
39
29.
(a) Use the bond enthalpy data provided below to work out an enthalpy
change for the reaction in the equation below.
2H2S(g) + 3O2(g) 2SO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
bond enthalpy/kJ mol
bond
HS
364
S=O
525
SO
265
HO
464
O=O
498
Clearly lay out all your working using the grid below.
bonds broken
enthalpy change
total for breaking bonds
bonds formed
enthalpy change
total for forming new bonds
overall enthalpy change/kJ mol
[4]
(b)
The calculated value using the bond enthalpies above is not the same as the
enthalpy change for this reaction done under standard conditions.
Suggest one reason for the difference in values.
....................................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 5 marks]
30.
A scientific approach to cooking is seen by some chefs as increasingly important.

Knowledge of the nature of some reactions and the molecules involved in preparing
exciting dishes is now much better understood.
The table below shows molecules contributing to some characteristic flavours.
letter
flavour
molecule
orange
cucumber
O
O
(i)
strawberries
O
Which letter(s) show a molecule or molecules

with an alcohol group ......................
that is a hydrocarbon .......................
with an ether group .........................
with an alkene group .......................
[4]
41
(ii)
The above formulae are skeletal. Give the molecular formula for molecule A.
....................................................................................................................................
[1]
(iii)
What extra piece of information does a skeletal formula provide that is not given
by a molecular formula?
....................................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 6 marks]
31.
Baking powder is used in the manufacture of foodstuffs that require a honeycomb

structure, such as bread.
Baking powder contains sodium hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO3. This decomposes on
heating as shown below.
2NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
10g of sodium hydrogencarbonate were needed in the manufacture of a sponge cake.
3
Calculate the maximum volume (in dm ) of carbon dioxide that could be produced, at
room temperature and pressure, by decomposing this mass of sodium
hydrogencarbonate.
3
One mole of any gas has a volume of 24 dm at room temperature and pressure.
Ar: Na, 23; H, 1.0; C,12; O,16
volume = ................................dm
[Total 3 marks]
32.
The calcium ion content of water can affect both the colour and texture of cooked
vegetables.
Hard water areas contain relatively high concentrations of calcium ions. This is caused
by groundwater running over naturally occurring calcium compounds such as
limestone, an impure form of calcium carbonate.
(i)
Describe the trend in the solubility of the Group 2 carbonates.

....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
The Group 2 elements form 2+ ions more easily as the group is descended and
this is directly related to their reactivity.
Describe and compare the reactivity of calcium and magnesium metals with
water. Include a balanced equation in your answer.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
[5]
[Total 6 marks]
43
33.
Chemists play an important role in developing fuels for the future.

One area of interest has been in the hydrogen economy where chemists have been
looking at the possibilities of using hydrogen as a fuel, either directly or indirectly.
(i)
Hydrogen can be burnt as a fuel in an internal combustion engine. Give one

advantage of hydrogen over petrol.
....................................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Describe one way in which hydrogen can be produced.

....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
[1]
(iii)
Why might your method of production in (i) not save fossil fuels?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 3 marks]
34.
One novel way of producing hydrogen is to use Powerballs. These contain the ionic
compound sodium hydride, NaH, encapsulated inside poly(ethene) spheres.
The Powerballs are stored in water and are cut open automatically to allow the sodium
hydride to react with the water and produce hydrogen when required.
(i)
The hydride ion is H . Draw a dot-cross diagram to represent both of the ions in
sodium hydride. You should show outer electrons only.
[2]
(ii)
The reaction of the sodium hydride with water produces sodium hydroxide
solution as well as hydrogen.
Write a balanced equation for this reaction.
[2]
(iii)
One hazard involved in this process is the flammability of hydrogen.

Suggest another chemical hazard.
....................................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 5 marks]
35.
Methanol can be used in internal combustion engines.

(i)
One advantage of methanol is that it has a high octane number.

Explain the term octane number.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii)
Draw the full structural formulae for both the branched chain alcohols
containing four carbon atoms. Give the names of the alcohols you have drawn.
name: ...............................................
name: ...............................................
[4]
[Total 6 marks]
45
36.
Nuclear fusion reactions readily occur in the Sun. However, in 1989 two scientists
2
claimed to have fused atoms of the hydrogen isotope 1H using only simple laboratory
apparatus. This experiment was described as cold fusion.
2
(i)
Give one similarity and one difference between 1H and the
usual isotope of hydrogen.
(a)
similarity ..........................................................................................................
difference .........................................................................................................
[2]
(ii)
Complete the following equation to show the fusion of two atoms of the
2
hydrogen isotope 1H .
2
2 1H
[2]
(iii)
What happens in a nuclear fusion reaction?

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
[2]
(b)
Many other scientists were doubtful about the cold fusion experiment.
(i)
Explain, in terms of charges, why it is difficult to get two nuclei to fuse

together.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii)
What conditions in the Sun make fusion possible?

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 10 marks]
37.
A mass spectrum of hydrogen gas showed a peak at mass 2.

(i)
Identify the two possible particles that would give rise to this peak.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[3]
(ii)
Other peaks occur at mass 3 and mass 4. Suggest possible explanations for
these peaks.
mass 3 ........................................................................................................................
mass 4 ........................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii)
What information does the height of a peak in a mass spectrum give you?
.....................................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 6 marks]
38.
The Group 2 metal magnesium and its compounds are used in a variety of situations.
2+
One of the main sources of magnesium metal is from magnesium ions (Mg ) in sea
water. The first stage in the production of magnesium is to mix the sea water with a
slurry of calcium hydroxide.
This precipitates magnesium hydroxide.
(a)
This reaction can be represented as follows.

2+
2+
Mg (aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) Mg(OH)2(..) + Ca (.....)

Complete the state symbols on the product side of the equation.
[1]
(b)
The above reaction relies on the fact that the solubility of the Group 2 hydroxides
increases down the group.
Give one other chemical property of the Group 2 elements or their compounds
that shows an increase down the group.
.....................................................................................................................................
[1]
(c)
The magnesium hydroxide produced in the equation above can be heated to
47
produce magnesium oxide or reacted with hydrochloric acid to make magnesium

chloride.
Draw an electron dot-cross diagram, in the space below, to show the ions
present in magnesium chloride. Show outer electron shells only.
[4]
(d)
The magnesium chloride is electrolysed to form magnesium metal.

Magnesium metal is an excellent conductor of electricity. Use your knowledge of
bonding in metals to suggest why metals are good conductors of electricity.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 8 marks]
39.
Sea water contains about 0.13% by mass of magnesium (as the magnesium ion).
3
Calculate the number of moles of magnesium in 1.0 dm of sea water.

3
Assume the density of sea water is 1.0 g cm .

3
1.0 dm = 1000 cm ; Ar: Mg, 24
number of moles .......................................... mol

[Total 4 marks]
49
40.
Magnesium oxide is used as a furnace lining because of its very high melting point.
Below is a bar chart showing the melting point of some Group 2 metal oxides.
Suggest the temperature at which magnesium oxide melts.
m
3
l t i n
0
0
l t i n
in
r o
x id
3 0 0 0
p o in t
2 5 0 0
K
m
e lt in g
p o i n t / K
0
M
C
G
r o
a
p
O
2
S
o
x i d
r O
melting point of magnesium oxide = .............................................. K

[Total 1 mark]
41.
Athletes suffering from stiff or injured muscles often make use of cold or hot packs,
depending on the nature of the problem.
Cold packs can reduce inflammation. Some packs contain water and solid ammonium
nitrate in separate compartments.
Breaking the divide between the two compartments and shaking leads to a
considerable drop in temperature as the ammonium nitrate dissolves.
(i)
Complete and label the enthalpy level diagram below to represent a reaction that
causes a temperature decrease in the surroundings.
Use the following labels: reactants; products; enthalpy change of reaction
n t h
lp
p r o
r e
s s
r e
c t i o n
[3]
(ii)
What name is given to a reaction or process causing a temperature decrease in

the surroundings?
.....................................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 4 marks]
51
42.
A chemical reaction involving the ammonium compound ammonium bicarbonate,

(NH4)HCO3, and causing a large decrease in temperature is given below.
(NH4)HCO3(s) + HCl(aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l) + NH4Cl(aq)
(i)
The enthalpy change for this reaction can be determined indirectly using an
energy cycle.
A suitable energy cycle for this reaction is given below. Use this and the enthalpy
changes of formation given in the table to calculate the enthalpy change for the
reaction, Hr.
Give an appropriate sign with your answer.
( N
l e
)H H
C3 ( s O )
+ l ( a Hq
t s
in
)C
t h
ir
2O(
s t a
+O
( lH )
r d
4 +C
l ( a N q H)
s t a
t e
enthalpy change of formation

compound
Hf/ kJ mol
(NH4)HCO3(s)
849
HCl(aq)
165
CO2(g)
394
H2O(l)
286
NH4Cl(aq)
300
Hr = ................................... kJ mol
[4]
t h
(ii)
The enthalpy change for this reaction could be measured directly from
experiment by adding solid ammonium bicarbonate to dilute hydrochloric acid in
an appropriate container.
Describe the essential measurements that would need to be taken in order to
determine this enthalpy change.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[4]
(iii)
This reaction is accompanied by an increase in entropy.

There are differences in the magnitude of the entropy of solids, liquids and
gases.
describe and explain these differences
account for the increase in entropy in the reaction in the equation.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total 12 marks]
53
43.
One type of hot pack that is on the market contains a moist mixture of finely divided
iron, common salt and charcoal sealed in a plastic cover inside an outer cloth bag.
On breaking the plastic inner seal, the iron oxidises rapidly in air causing the
temperature to rise markedly. The iron oxide Fe2O3 is formed.
(i)
Write a balanced equation for this oxidation reaction. Include the state symbols.
[2]
(ii)
Suggest a purpose for the charcoal/salt mixture.

.....................................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 3 marks]
44.
Liquefied petroleum gas is a general term used for liquefied C3 or C4 alkanes. It can be
used as an automobile fuel, when it is usually called autogas. Well over 100 000 cars
in the UK run on autogas and the number is increasing.
(a)
In the UK, autogas consists almost entirely of the C3 alkane, propane.

(i)
The alkanes are a homologous series of hydrocarbons and can be

represented by a general formula. Give the general formula for alkanes.
...........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Suggest one reason why propane is liquefied.

...........................................................................................................................
[1]
(b)
In Europe, most autogas is a mixture of C3 and C4 alkanes.

(i)
There are two C4 alkanes. Draw skeletal formulae and give the name of
each of these alkanes in the boxes below.
name ...................................................
name ...................................................
[3]
(ii)
What name is given to molecules with different structures but the same
molecular formula?
...........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 6 marks]
55
45.
(a)
Autogas produces considerably less carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbons

than ordinary petrol. One reason suggested for this is that autogas mixes much
more thoroughly with air in the combustion chamber and therefore combustion is
more complete.
(i)
The equation for the complete combustion of the C3 alkane, propane, is

written below.
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
Calculate the volume of air that would be needed to exactly react with 1.0
3
dm of propane gas.
Assume that air contains 20% by volume of oxygen and that all
measurements are made under the same conditions of temperature and
pressure.
volume of air = .......................................... dm
[2]
(ii)
Why must the measurements all be conducted under the same conditions
of temperature and pressure?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
[1]
(iii)
Give one reason why it is desirable to reduce carbon monoxide emissions.

...........................................................................................................................
[1]
(iv)
Give a different reason why hydrocarbon emissions should also be

reduced.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
[1]
(v)
Explain, in terms of bond breaking and bond making, why the combustion
of a fuel gives out heat.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
[3]
(b)
Autogas has a higher octane number than ordinary petrol.
Explain in terms of the molecules involved why the octane number is higher
for autogas.
Why is a fuel with a high octane number an advantage?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total 12 marks]
57
46.
Energy density is the energy transferred on burning 1.0 kg of fuel.
1
The energy density for petrol is about 48 000 kJ kg . It is higher for autogas.
(i)
Calculate the energy density for autogas assuming it to be 100% propane.

Show your working
1
Hc propane = 2 220 kJ mol ; Mr: C3H8 = 44
energy density of autogas = ..................................... kJ kg
[3]
(ii)
Why is the energy density of autogas higher than that of petrol?

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 5 marks]
47.
Consumers are demanding food which is fresher and has a longer shelf-life.
Packaging technology makes use of some simple chemical reactions to control the
composition of the head space (the space between the food and package). Some of
these reactions control the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, moisture and ethene in the
head space.
Oxygen in the head space often accelerates food spoilage. Iron metal in sachets
removes oxygen and is said to act as an oxygen scavenger.
The iron reacts with the oxygen, in the presence of moisture, as shown in the following
equation.
Balance the equation.
4Fe(s) + ..O2(g) + ..H2O(l) 4Fe(OH)3(s)
[Total 2 marks]
48.
Carbon dioxide regulation is particularly important in coffee packaging. The CO2 is

scavenged by reacting it with moist calcium oxide contained in sachets. The product is
calcium carbonate, and the equation is written below.
CaO(s) + CO2(g) CaCO3(s)
(i)
What property of calcium oxide means it reacts readily with carbon dioxide?
....................................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
The solubility of the carbonates of the elements in Group 2 decreases as you go

down the group.
Name a Group 2 property which increases as you go down the group.
....................................................................................................................................
[1]
59
(iii)
The sachets contain 0.80 g of calcium oxide. Calculate the maximum volume of
3
carbon dioxide (in cm ) that could be removed by the reaction in the equation
above.
3
1.0 dm = 1000 cm ; Ar: Ca, 40; O, 16

3
One mole of gas occupies 24dm at room temperature and pressure.
volume = .......................................... cm
[4]
[Total 6 marks]
49.
Ethene, CH2CH2, is a hydrocarbon gas which can accelerate softening and ageing in
fruit.
(i)
Classify each of the hydrocarbons below as an alkane, alkene, cycloalkane or

arene. The first one has been done for you.
hydrocarbon
classification
CH2CH2
alkene
CH2CHCH2CH3
C6H14
[4]
(ii)
The ethene molecule can be represented by the following structure.
The bond angles shown in this representation are not the actual bond angles in
the molecule.
Suggest a value for the HCH bond angle and explain this in terms of electron pair
repulsion theory. Give the overall shape of the ethene molecule.
bond angle = ..................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[5]
(iii)
Ethene is produced in cracking reactions.

Explain the term cracking as used in the petrochemical industry.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
[2]
61
(iv)
In catalytic cracking, some of the hydrocarbons decompose to produce carbon.

This can render the catalyst inactive.
Describe how a heterogeneous catalyst works and suggest why the presence of
carbon can cause the catalyst to become inactive.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
[5]
(v)
Naturally occurring compounds called zeolites are used as heterogeneous

catalysts but can also be used in food packaging to lower the moisture content in
the head space.
What feature of the structure of zeolites makes them good at absorbing small
molecules?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 18 marks]
50.
Dying stars often give off carbon, indeed some particularly carbon-rich stars are
surrounded by a haze of carbon molecules of different structures and molecular
masses.
A simplified mass spectrum which shows the presence of a carbon molecule is shown
below.
What is the formula of the carbon molecule that gives rise to peak A?
6
i n
t e
0 0 0
s it y
5 0 0 0
4
0
o f
c a
r b
answer .................................................
[Total 1 mark]
51.
The age of carbon-containing materials can be measured using radiocarbon dating.

The radioactive carbon-14 isotope is found in small amounts in all living organisms,
and the proportion of this isotope remains constant until the organism dies.
(i)
How does the atomic structure of carbon-14 differ from that of the more common
carbon-12 atom?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
[2]
63
8
t o
(ii)
When a carbon-containing organism dies, the radioactivity due to the carbon-14

atoms present halves approximately every 6000 years as these atoms undergo
radioactive decay.
Cheap ethanol, C2H5OH, manufactured from crude oil, can be used in fake wines
instead of ethanol derived from the fermentation of grapes.
This fake wine, however, shows very little radioactivity compared to genuine
wine.
Using the information above, suggest why fake wine shows very little
radioactivity.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 5 marks]
52.
The presence of atoms or ions of individual elements in the gas surrounding stars is
shown by atomic emission spectroscopy.
Describe the appearance of an atomic emission spectrum.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
[Total 3 marks]
53.
Caesium is stored under oil because it reacts rapidly with oxygen to form a highly
dangerous superoxide.
Analysis of a sample of the superoxide showed the compound to contain 80.6%
caesium by mass, the rest being oxygen.
Calculate the empirical formula for the superoxide. Show your working.
Ar:Cs, 133; O, 16
empirical formula .................................................

[Total 3 marks]
54.
Ion propulsion systems using xenon propel the space probe, Deep Space 1.
(i)
Xenon is found in Group 0 of the Periodic Table. Explain, in simple terms, how
the electronic structure of an element is related to its group.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii)
There are nine naturally occurring isotopes of xenon.

Explain the term isotopes.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 4 marks]
65
55.
Higher than expected levels of the xenon isotope, xenon-129, are found in some stony
meteorites. This is thought to be because of the radioactive decay of iodine-129.
Write a nuclear equation in the space below to represent the radioactive decay of
iodine-129 to xenon-129.
[Total 3 marks]
56.
Nitrous oxide, N2O, can be injected into an internal combustion engine in order to
significantly increase power output.
Nitrous injection has been used in high performance cars such as dragsters and even
in aircraft engines.
(a)
The bonding in nitrous oxide can be represented as follows.
NN O
Draw an electron dot-cross diagram for this molecule. Use the outline below.
O
[4]
(b)
At the high temperature of the engines combustion chamber, nitrous oxide

decomposes into nitrogen gas and oxygen gas. This means more oxygen is
available during combustion and therefore more fuel can be burnt.
(i)
The equation for the decomposition is given below.

2N2O(g) 2N2(g) + O2(g)
Use the following bond enthalpy data to calculate the enthalpy change for
this reaction.
1
bond enthalpy / kJ mol
bond
NN (in N2O)
+481
NN (in N2 gas)
+945
O=O (O2)
+498
NO (in N2O)
+167
enthalpy change = ................................... kJ mol
[4]
(ii)
Another oxide of nitrogen, nitrogen monoxide, NO, does not decompose

completely under the conditions present in the combustion chamber. This is
because the bond enthalpy of the nitrogenoxygen bond in this molecule is
much greater than that in nitrous oxide.
What can you conclude from the above information about the NO bond
length in nitrogen monoxide compared to that in nitrous oxide?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
[1]
67
(c)
The decomposition of nitrous oxide, as shown in the equation below, is

accompanied by an increase in entropy.
2N2O(g) 2N2(g) + O2(g)
Explain why there is an increase in entropy for this decomposition.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 10 marks]
57.
Another way to increase the power of an engine is to change the fuel. Petrol can be
replaced by a mixture of methanol, CH3OH, and nitromethane, CH3NO2, in drag car
racing.
(i)
What name in general is given to compounds in fuels which have oxygen atoms
in their molecules?
....................................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Of which homologous series is methanol a member?

....................................................................................................................................
[1]
(iii)
The addition of nitromethane to methanol significantly increases power but also

increases the tendency of the engine to knock.
What causes knock in a car engine and what term is used to indicate the
tendency of a fuel to cause knocking?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 4 marks]
58.
Nitromethane, CH3NO2, does not burn as quickly as petrol.

One of the more spectacular pollutants in drag car racing is flames of burning
nitromethane being emitted from the exhaust.
The products formed from this burning nitro are carbon dioxide, water and nitrogen
gas.
(i)
Write a balanced equation for the burning of nitromethane.

[3]
(ii)
Exhaust gases from petrol fuelled cars may be less spectacular, but toxic
pollutants such as nitrogen monoxide, NO, are present in the exhaust emitted.
Explain the origin of nitrogen monoxide emitted by petrol engines.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 6 marks]
59.
131
One of the main isotopes released was 53 I .
(a)
(i)
In the following table, write the number of protons, neutrons and

131
electrons in an atom of 53 I .
number
protons
neutrons
electrons
[3]
(ii)
What is meant by the term isotopes?

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
[2]
69
(iii)
Radioactive isotopes are unstable and decay by emitting either alpha

particles or beta particles.
The table below summarises some of the properties of alpha and beta
particles. Complete the table by choosing words or numbers from the
following list:
small
large nil
paper
property
aluminium foil
lead
+2
+1
alpha particle
beta particle
negligible
relative charge
relative mass
stopped by
deflection by electric field
paper
large
[4]
(iv)
The relative atomic mass of iodine in the Periodic Table is given as 126.9
on the Data Sheet. Explain what this value represents.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
[3]
(b)
131
Long term exposure to radioactive isotopes such as 53 I can cause cancers.
131
However, 53 I can be used as a radioactive tracer in small doses when
investigating patients suffering from a possible deficiency of iodine.

131
The half-life of 53 I is 8 days. A sample manufactured for use in hospitals has an
original count rate of 16 000 counts per minute. It can be used as a tracer as long
as its count rate is at or above 500 counts per minute.
For how long after manufacture can it be used as a tracer?

Show your working.
answer ................................ days

[2]
[Total 14 marks]
60.
Butane, C4H10, is used as a propellant in cans of hairspray. It often contains small

amounts of methylpropane.
Methylpropane is a structural isomer of butane.
(i)
Draw the full structural formulae for methylpropane and butane in the boxes
below.
methylpropane
butane
[2]
71
(ii)
Explain the meaning of the term structural isomer. ............................................

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 4 marks]
61.
Butane, C4H10, is used as a propellant in cans of hairspray. It often contains small

amounts of methylpropane.
(a)
(i)
The typical mass of butane in a small can of hairspray is 36 g.
Calculate the number of moles of butane in the can.
Ar:C, 12; H, 1.0
answer ....................... mol

[3]
(ii)
What volume would this amount of gas occupy at room temperature and
pressure?
One mole of molecules of a gas at room temperature and pressure
3
occupies 24 dm .
volume of gas = ................................ dm
[1]
(b)
Butane is a very flammable gas. On rare occasions, cans of hairspray have

caused injury when thrown onto a garden bonfire.
(i)
Explain what happens to butane in the can and why this can lead to injury.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii)
The equation for the complete combustion of butane gas to give carbon
dioxide and water vapour is given below.
Balance the equation. Include state symbols in the brackets.
.....C4H10 ( ) + ..O2 ( ) ..CO2 ( ) + ..H2O

( )
[2]
(iii)
Use your equation and the following bond enthalpies to calculate a value
for the enthalpy change of combustion for butane.
bond
average bond enthalpy /

kJ mol
CC
+347
CH
+413
OH
+464
O=O
+498
C=O
+805
Hc = ................................ kJ mol
73
[4]
(iv)
Would you expect the enthalpy change of combustion of methylpropane to

be higher, lower or about the same as that of butane?
Explain your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 15 marks]
62.
Butane is a minor component of the fuel used in high performance cars, such as
Formula 1 (F1) racing cars. It is known as a C4 hydrocarbon because each molecule
contains four carbon atoms.
The table below shows some other types of hydrocarbons found in F1 fuels, with their
maximum permitted composition by mass.
type of
hydrocarbon
maximum allowed percentage by mass for each type of

hydrocarbon
C4
C5
C6
C7
alkanes
10
30
25
25
cycloalkanes
10
10
aromatics
35
(i)
There are no C4 or C5 aromatics listed in the table. Explain why this is the
case.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
[1]
75
(ii)
Draw the skeletal formula for the C7 cycloalkane, methylcyclohexane.
[2]
(iii)
When hydrocarbons are blended, the entropy of the mixture is greater than
the sum of the entropies of the hydrocarbons separately.
Explain this increase in entropy of the mixture.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 5 marks]
63.
Most of the chemical elements found on Earth were produced in stars. Chemists have
arranged the elements into a Periodic Table which allows them to make predictions
about the behaviour of the elements and their compounds.
Calcium in Group 2 reacts with water to produce a solution of calcium hydroxide and
bubbles of hydrogen gas.
Predict a balanced equation for the reaction of radium, Ra, with water. Include state
symbols. Write your equation in the space below.
[3]
[Total 3 marks]
64.
The presence of different elements in the stars is inferred from absorption or emission
atomic spectra. The wavelengths involved are in the uv or visible portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
(i)
The labelled diagrams below represent part of an absorption spectrum and an

emission spectrum, drawn to the same scale.
A
f r e
a b
f r e
u
e m
c y
s o r p t i o n
D E
s p e c t r u m
I J
c y
i s s i o n
s p e c t r u m
Using the letters, choose a line from the spectra that corresponds to:
1.
the line of longest wavelength in the emission spectrum
............................................................
[1]
2.
the line corresponding to the absorption of the largest quantum of energy.
............................................................
[1]
77
(ii)
The emission and absorption spectra shown are for the same element.
What evidence is there from the two spectra that this is the case?
Explain your answer in terms of transitions between atomic energy levels. Use
the following diagram to illustrate your explanation.
l e c t r o n
e n e r g y
i c
e
e
n
n
e
e
r g
r g
y
y
l e
l e
v e
v e
l
l
5
4
r g
l e
v e
r g
l e
v e
r o
s t a
t e
r g
l e
v e
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 4 marks]
65.
Atoms react together to form molecules in the dense gas clouds in interstellar space.
Molecules of H2S, NH3 and OCS (similar in structure to CO2) have been detected.
(i)
Complete the dot-and-cross diagram for each molecule in the boxes below.
OH C S N
H
[3]
(ii)
Use the theory of electron pair repulsion to decide which of the possible shapes
below represents the shape of each molecule.
Write the formula of each of the molecules H2S, NH3 and OCS underneath its
shape.
[3]
(iii)
What is the significance of the wedge (

shape on the left?
) and the dotted line (-------) in the
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 8 marks]
66.
Environmental issues are an increasing concern and the idea of green chemistry is
becoming more and more important.
Research is being carried out to find ways of lowering the amounts of pollutants in the
air caused by motor vehicles.
In the left hand column below are some of the pollutants emitted from car exhausts. For
each pollutant, briefly explain in the right hand column how it gets into the exhaust
gases.
The first has been done for you.
how it gets into the exhaust gases
pollutant
oxides of sulphur
from the combustion of sulphur impurities in the fuel
carbon monoxide
oxides of nitrogen
hydrocarbons
[Total 3 marks]
79
67.
Hydrogen and methanol are fuels that could be used as an alternative to petrol.
Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage, different in each case, for each fuel
compared to petrol.
(i)
hydrogen advantage ..........................................................................................

disadvantage .....................................................................................
[2]
(ii)
methanol
advantage ..........................................................................................
disadvantage .....................................................................................
[2]
[Total 4 marks]
68.
Another approach is to deal with the emissions directly. A catalytic converter does this
using a solid catalyst made of a precious metal such as platinum.
(i)
What type of catalysis is this?

..............................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Describe how this type of catalysis works. In your answer, you should use the
following ideas.
adsorption
diffusion bonds weakening and breaking

bonds forming
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[4]
(iii)
Use some of the ideas in (ii) to explain how a catalyst poison can cause a
catalyst to become inactive.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 7 marks]
69.
Hydrofluorocarbons, HFCs, are now being used to replace CFCs for many of their
uses. They are broken down in the troposphere before they have time to reach the
stratosphere. Their disadvantage is that they are greenhouse gases.
(i)
What does CFC stand for?

....................................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Give the formula of a CFC. .......................................................................................

[1]
(iii)
CFCs were once widely used. Give two of their uses.

....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
[2]
81
(iv)
In this question, one mark is available for the quality of spelling, punctuation and
grammar.
CFCs cause depletion of the ozone layer. Describe how they do this.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
[4]
Quality of Written Communication [1]
[Total 9 marks]
70.
(a) One method used by geologists to date igneous rocks relies on the fact that
radioactive elements are present in the rock.
These elements decay as part of a radioactive series.
One series starts with the radioactive uranium-238 isotope and ends with a stable
lead isotope, lead-206.
(i)
Complete the table below for the isotope, lead-206.

number
protons
neutrons
electrons
[3]
(ii)
The first step in the series is the decay of uranium-238 by alpha emission.
Complete the following nuclear equation representing this step.
238
92
U ........
........ TH +
........
........
[3]
(iii)
The half-life of this first step is very long and this enables the series to be
used to date some of the oldest rocks on earth.
Explain the meaning of the term half-life.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
[2]
(iv)
In a later step in this series an atom of an isotope of bismuth, Bi, decays to

an atom of an isotope of polonium, Po.
Use the Periodic Table on your data sheet to decide what type of
radioactive decay this is. Write your answer below.
...........................................................................................................................
[1]
(b)
Another stage in this decay series results in the formation and then decay of an
isotope of the gas, radon.
Suggest why this might result in an underestimate of the age of the rock.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 11 marks]
83
71.
Pitchblende is a uranium ore found in granite rocks. The uranium is present as an

oxide.
The purified uranium oxide was analysed and found to contain 88.1% uranium by
mass.
Calculate the empirical (simplest) formula of the uranium oxide.
Ar: U, 238; O, 16
empirical formula ............................

[Total 3 marks]
72.
Power stations generate electricity by burning fuels such as natural gas, coal or oil.
The energy given out is used to heat steam to drive turbines.
The more efficient a power station is, the more electricity it produces from a fixed mass
of fuel. Heat losses reduce the overall efficiency of the process.
Coal is used as a fuel for generating electricity in some very large power stations.
A student decides to investigate, in the laboratory, the heat transferred when using coal
to heat a known mass of water. The students results are set out below.
Starting mass of coal / g
20.00
Finishing mass of coal / g
18.80
200
Mass of water / g
Starting temperature of water / C
18
Finishing temperature of water / C
38
The energy transferred to the water for the mass of coal burned can be calculated
using the following relationship.
energy
transferred (J)
mass of
water (g)
specific heat capacity temperature rise

of water (J g
K )
of water (K)
(i)
Calculate the energy transferred, in kJ, to the water for the mass of coal the
student burned.
1
The specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g
energy transferred = .............................. kJ

[2]
(ii)
Calculate the maximum energy that could be released from burning this mass of
coal. Assume coal is pure carbon.
1
Enthalpy change of combustion of carbon Hc = 394 kJ mol ;

Ar: C, 12
energy released = ................................... kJ

[3]
85
(iii)
What percentage of the maximum possible energy was transferred to the water in
the students experiment? This is the efficiency of the process.
efficiency = .................................%
[1]
[Total 6 marks]
73.
Toxic oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are produced when coal burns at high temperatures.
Explain how this NOx is produced.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
[Total 2 marks]
74.
(a) Some power stations use fuel oil.

Fuel oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons with 30 to 40 carbon atoms in their chains.
Another use of these hydrocarbons is as a source of smaller organic molecules,
which are produced by the process of cracking.
(i)
Below are some possible products from the cracking of a long chain
hydrocarbon. Label each of them from the following list.
unbranched alkane
branched alkane
unbranched alkene
branched alkene
cycloalkane.
CH3(CH2)18CH3
................................................................................
B
................................................................................
C
................................................................................
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3
................................................................................
[4]
(ii)
Name the type of structural formulae used to draw B and C above.

...........................................................................................................................
[1]
87
(iii)
Many of the shorter chain hydrocarbons produced from cracking are used
in petrol.
Other processes such as isomerisation and reforming further modify
straight chain hydrocarbons, producing products with a higher octane
number than the original molecules.
Describe the characteristics of a high octane fuel.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
[2]
(b)
Hexane can be converted to other substances by the processes described in (a)

(iii).
Three of these substances are given below:
2-methylpentane
cyclohexane
benzene.
(i)
Which of these substances is an arene?

...........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Which is a structural isomer of hexane?

...........................................................................................................................
[1]
(c)
The conversion of hexane to cyclohexane is an example of reforming.

What is the other product formed in this reaction?
.....................................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 10 marks]
75.
Actors in early theatre were literally in the limelight. This was because limestone was
heated strongly in front of the stage illuminating the actors.
The limestone (a naturally occurring form of calcium carbonate) decomposed to give
calcium oxide and carbon dioxide, emitting a bright light in the process.
(a)
Write a balanced equation, including state symbols, for the thermal

decomposition of limestone.
[3]
(b)
Another form of limestone, dolomite, proved less effective as stage lighting. This
was probably because dolomite contains both calcium and magnesium
carbonate.
Magnesium carbonate does not emit light when it decomposes.
The following diagram shows an apparatus used by a student in an experiment to
try to determine which of the above carbonates decomposes more readily.
s o
(i)
l u Xt i o
a t
Name solution X.
............................................................................
[1]
89
(ii)
Describe the changes you would see in solution X, if the carbonate you are
testing decomposes on heating.
...........................................................................................................................
[1]
(iii)
Describe how you could use the experiment to show that magnesium
carbonate decomposes more readily than calcium carbonate.
What difference would you observe?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
[2]
(c)
Powdered limestone and slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) have long been used
by farmers to help reduce the acidity of some soils.
(i)
Suggest a reason why the neutralising effects of limestone on the soil last
longer than those of slaked lime.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
What property of slaked lime is important in neutralising acid soils?

...........................................................................................................................
[1]
(iii)
Complete and balance the following equation for the reaction of calcium
hydroxide with hydrochloric acid.
Ca(OH)2(s) + HCl(aq) (aq) + (l)

[3]
(d)
Calcium and magnesium are both members of the same group in the Periodic
Table.
How many electrons are in the outer shell of elements in this group?
answer ...............................
[1]
[Total 13 marks]
76.
Antifreeze is added to car radiators in the winter to prevent the water from freezing,
expanding and cracking the engine.
One common antifreeze is the compound ethane-1,2-diol, HOCH2-CH2OH.
(i)
Draw the full structural formula of ethane-1,2-diol.

[1]
(ii)
An alternative, and less toxic, compound that can also be used as an antifreeze
is
propane-1,2-diol, HOCH2-CH(OH)-CH3.
What is the molecular formula for this compound?
.....................................................................................................................................
[1]
(iii)
Water and anti-freeze mix very well.

Describe and explain the entropy change that will occur on mixing.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 4 marks]
91
77.
Ethane-1,2-diol is made in a two stage process. The first stage is the reaction of ethene
with oxygen, in the presence of a silver catalyst. A cyclic compound, epoxyethane
(molecular formula, C2H4O) is produced.
The silver catalyst in this reaction is behaving as a heterogeneous catalyst.
(i)
Explain what is meant by the terms heterogeneous and catalyst.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[3]
(ii)
An unavoidable side-reaction in this first stage is shown below.

CH2=CH2(g) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
3
What volume of oxygen is needed to react with 1 dm of ethene in this reaction?

(Assume all volumes are measured under the same conditions of temperature
and pressure.)
3
volume = ....................... dm
[1]
(iii)
The structure of epoxyethane is given below.

O
2H
Name the functional group in epoxyethane.

.....................................................................................................................................
[1]
(iv)
The bond angles in the ring are about 60.

What is the usual bond angle when carbon forms four bonds?
Explain how you arrived at this value using the principle of electron pair repulsion.
usual bond angle =
explanation ...............................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 8 marks]
78.
The second stage in the production of ethane-1,2-diol is the reaction of epoxyethane

with water.
The equation is shown below.
O
+
H 2C
epoxyethane
O H
H
-C C H2 OH
ethane-1,2-diol
The standard enthalpy changes of formation for the above compounds are shown in
the table below.
compound
(i)
f,298/kJ
epoxyethane
78
water
268
ethane-1,2-diol
455
mol
What is the standard state at 298 K for water?

.....................................................................................................................................
[1]
93
(ii)
Calculate the enthalpy change for the above reaction using the data in the table.
H = ....................... kJ mol
[3]
[Total 4 marks]
79.
Mexico City suffers from severe photochemical smogs. These are caused by the effect
of sunlight on polluting gases from the heavy traffic and from the butane stoves widely
used for cooking.
(a)
Draw the full structural formula of butane, C4H10.
[1]
(b)
Butane for stoves can be liquefied under pressure at room temperature.

(i)
Suggest a reason why butane is sold as a liquid rather than as a gas.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Calculate the volume of butane gas that forms at room temperature and
pressure when 2.9 g of butane vaporise.
Ar: C, 12; H, 1.0
1.0 mol of molecules of a gas at room temperature and pressure
3
occupies 24 dm
volume = ..............................dm
[3]
[Total 5 marks]
80.
Propane is another hydrocarbon that is used in cooking stoves.

(i)
Write the molecular formula of propane.

.....................................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Name the homologous series to which propane and butane belong.

.....................................................................................................................................
[1]
95
(iii)
The table below gives values for the standard enthalpy change of combustion of
propane and some other hydrocarbons in the same homologous series.
compound
c, 298/kJ
methane
890
ethane
1560
propane
2219
mol
butane
Use the data to predict a value for butane and write it in the empty box.
Explain how you arrived at your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 4 marks]
81.
Petrol contains two compounds of formula C4H10 that are structural isomers. Butane is
one of these isomers.
(i)
Draw the skeletal formula for the other isomer and give its systematic name.
skeletal formula
name ..........................................................................................................................
[3]
(ii)
The two isomers differ in octane rating.

Why are hydrocarbons with high octane ratings used in petrol?
Which isomer has the higher octane rating and why?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total 7 marks]
82.
(a)
Petrol engines produce nitrogen monoxide. Explain how they do this.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b)
(i)
Petrol engines produce carbon monoxide as well as nitrogen
monoxide. Catalytic converters speed up the reaction of CO with NO to
form much less harmful gases. Write a balanced chemical equation for this
reaction.
[2]
97
(ii)
Catalytic converters contain heterogeneous catalysts. An explanation of

how such catalysts work has four steps. The first step is given below.
Describe the next three steps.
1. The gas molecules are adsorbed onto the catalyst surface.
2. .......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
3. .......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
4. .......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 8 marks]
83.
Tracers can be injected into the bloodstream to follow blood flow and locate clots and
other obstructions in the blood vessels. Sodium chloride containing sodium-24 is a
tracer used in this way.
(a)
(i)
of
Give the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom

24
11Na
protons ......................................
neutrons ....................................
electrons ....................................
[3]
(ii)
Two of these particles have similar masses. Which are they?

...........................................................................................................................
[1]
(b)
24
11 Na
gives off -particles and -rays.
(i)
Circle two words in the list below that can be used to describe this effect.
atom
radioactive
isotope
decay
fusion
[2]
(ii)
Complete the nuclear equation for the process that occurs when a
atom gives off a -particle.
24
11 Na
(c)
0
1 e
24
11 Na
+
[2]
(i)
What piece of equipment would be used to measure the
24
radiation from the NaCl tracer?
...........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Describe a possible hazard from using the tracer and explain how it might
arise.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii)
The half-life of the sodium-24 tracer is 15 hours. Explain why this half-life is
suitable, rather than a much longer one or a much shorter one.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 13 marks]
99
84.
A rocket is powered by the reaction between methylhydrazine and dinitrogen tetroxide.

4CH3NHNH2(l) + 5N2O4(l) 4CO2(g) + 12H2O(l) + 9N2(g)
A partially completed dot-cross diagram and a full structural formula for
methylhydrazine are shown below.
(i)
Complete the dot-cross diagram for methylhydrazine, showing all the outer shell
electrons.
H
H
A
C
H
(ii)
H
H
N
H
NN
HN
B
[2]
Give approximate values for the bond angles A and B in the methylhydrazine
molecule.
A ............................................................
B ............................................................
[2]
[Total 4 marks]
85.
Use the equation below to calculate the mass of dinitrogen tetroxide that will combine
with 25 g of methylhydrazine. Give your answer to two significant figures.
Ar: C, 12; N, 14; H, 1.0; O, 16
mass = .......................................
[Total 4 marks]
86.
(a)
Some standard enthalpy changes of formation are given below.

compound
(i)
f, 298/kJ
CH3NHNH2(l)
+54.0
N2O4(l)
20.0
CO2(g)
393
H2O(l)
286
mol
Give the formula of one compound from this table that is formed by an
endothermic reaction.
...........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Write the equation, with state symbols, that corresponds to the standard
enthalpy change of formation of N2O4(l).
[3]
(b)
Use the cycle below to calculate the standard enthalpy change of the reaction of
methylhydrazine and dinitrogen tetroxide. Follow the steps given.
4
C 3 NH H
2 N(
l ) H + 2 O 4 5 ( l N)
H
4
(i)
C 2 ( Og
( s )2 ( g+ ) 9 + N2 ( 1g
2)
H+
+ 2 O 1 ( 2 l ) H 2 +( g 9) N
( 1g 0)
Use the data in the table in (a) to calculate values for H1 and H2.
H1 = ................................kJ mol
H2 = ..................................kJ mol
[3]
101
(ii)
Use Hesss law to write down an equation for H in terms of H1 and H2.
H = ..................................................................................................................
[1]
(iii)
Substitute your values from (i) into your equation in (ii) to find a value for
H.
H = ....................... kJ mol
[1]
(c)

(i)
When the reaction in the equation above occurs in the rocket engine it is
not under standard conditions. Give one reason for this.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
The reaction represented by the equation above has a positive entropy

change. Give two reasons why this is so.
1 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 12 marks]
87.
Magnesium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide can both be used by farmers and
gardeners to neutralise the acidity of soils.
(a)
(i)
State the property of these hydroxides that is important in
neutralising soils.
...........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of magnesium

hydroxide, Mg(OH)2, with hydrochloric acid to form magnesium chloride.
[3]
(b)
Use your knowledge of the chemistry of Group 2 to answer the questions below.
(i)
How many electrons are there in the outer shell of a magnesium atom?
...........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
What is the formula of calcium carbonate?

...........................................................................................................................
[1]
(iii)
Circle the name of the carbonate which decomposes at lowest

temperature.
barium carbonate
carbonate
calcium carbonate
magnesium carbonate
strontium
[1]
(iv)
Name the gas formed when barium reacts with water.

...........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 8 marks]
103
88.
The Sun and planets are thought to have formed from a cloud containing hydrogen and
helium gases. Other elements were then produced by fusion reactions within the Sun.
(a)
One of these reactions is the fusion of three helium nuclei.

(i)
Complete the following nuclear equation for this reaction by filling in the
atomic number and mass number of the nucleus X that is formed.
4
.......... X
3 2He ..........
(ii)
[2]
Name the element X formed in the above reaction.

...........................................................................................................................
[1]
(iii)
Heavier elements tend to form at the centre of a star. Suggest two reasons
for this.
1 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
[2]
(b)
Some of the fusion reactions produce unstable radioisotopes such as

decays by -particle emission and has a half-life of 10 minutes.
(i)
13
13
7N . 7N
Give the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom of
13
7N .
protons .............................................
neutrons ...........................................
electrons ..........................................
[3]
(ii)
What is a -particle?
...........................................................................................................................
[1]
(iii)
Write a nuclear equation for the decay of
13
7N .
[3]
(c)
13
7N
has a half-life of 10 minutes.
Suggest a reason why it is difficult to study the reactions of compounds

13
containing 7 N .
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 13 marks]
89.
In colder parts of the universe, between stars, molecules have been identified. One
such molecule is carbon monoxide, CO.
(i)
The structure of carbon monoxide is represented as C
What type of covalent bond is represented by the arrow?

.....................................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Draw a dot-cross diagram for a molecule of carbon monoxide.
O
[3]
105
(iii)
Another molecule found in space is OCS, which has the same shape as CO2.
OCS is not stable under the conditions on Earth. We can, however, predict the
shape of the molecule using electron pair repulsion theory. Explain this theory
and use it to predict the shape of the OCS molecule.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[5]
[Total 9 marks]
90.
There are cans of coffee that heat themselves when a button on the outside is pressed.
Inside the can, in separate compartments, are calcium oxide and water. When the
button is pressed, these react together to give enough heat to warm up the coffee.
(a)
What term is used to describe a reaction that gives out heat?

.....................................................................................................................................
[1]
(b)
The equation for the reaction between calcium oxide and water to form solid
calcium hydroxide is given below.
CaO
(i)
H2O
Ca(OH)2
Insert state symbols in the equation above.

[1]
(ii)
The value for the standard enthalpy change of the reaction can be
calculated using a Hess cycle.
Complete the Hess cycle below by filling in the elements box. Include state
symbols.
C
(iii)
l e
CO a
( 2O
t s
i n
s t a
r d
s t a
t e
[2]
Use the Hess cycle and the data in the table below to calculate a value for
the standard enthalpy change of the reaction, Hr .

compound
standard enthalpy change of
formation H
f, 298/kJ
CaO
635
Ca(OH)2
986
H2O
286
mol
answer ...................... kJ mol
[2]
107
(c)
Calculate the mass of water that would be needed to react exactly with 12 g of
calcium oxide. Give your answer to two significant figures.
Ar: Ca, 40; O, 16; H, 1.0
mass = ............................. g
[3]
[Total 9 marks]
91.
Solid calcium oxide reacts with an excess of water to give calcium hydroxide solution.
A group of students set out to determine the enthalpy change of this reaction.
Suggest an experimental procedure they might use and list the measurements they
would make.
experimental procedure ....................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
measurements ....................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
[Total 5 marks]
92.
(a)
The calcium hydroxide solution contains hydroxide ions.
(i)
What term is used to describe a solution containing hydroxide ions?

...........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
How would you test the solution for the presence of aqueous hydroxide
ions?
test ....................................................................................................................
result .................................................................................................................
[2]
(b)
Magnesium oxide is a possible alternative substance to use in the self-heating

cans instead of calcium oxide.
Answer the questions below using your knowledge of Group 2 chemistry.
(i)
Compare the solubilities in water of magnesium hydroxide and calcium

hydroxide.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Write a balanced equation for the reaction of magnesium oxide with dilute
hydrochloric acid.
[2]
[Total 6 marks]
109
93.
Petrol is a complex mixture of compounds, most of which are hydrocarbons.

(a)
Some examples of hydrocarbons in petrol are given below, displayed in some of

the various ways that chemists use.
8H
CC
2H
2H
C
C
H C
3H
3H
Use the letters A to F to answer the following questions about these

hydrocarbons.
(i)
Which are alkanes? ......................................................................................

[1]
(ii)
Which are structural isomers of each other? ...........................................

[1]
(iii)
Which is an aromatic compound? .............................................................

[1]
(iv)
Which is an alkene? ....................................................................................

[1]
(v)
Which is a cycloalkane? .............................................................................

[1]
(b)
Name compound D .............................................................................................

[2]
(c)
The hydrocarbon molecules in petrol mix in a very random, disordered manner.

What term is used as a measure of the number of ways of arrangement of
molecules?
.....................................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 8 marks]
94.
Governments and car manufacturers have both investigated ways of reducing the
emissions from car engines. One possible way is the use of lean burn technology for
petrol engines.
A lean burn engine uses more air to burn a fixed mass of fuel than does a normal
engine. This reduces the amount of carbon monoxide produced in the exhaust gases.
(i)
Suggest why less carbon monoxide is formed.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
The amount of nitrogen monoxide, NO, produced is also less in lean burn
engines.
Suggest and explain a possible reason why this is the case.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 3 marks]
111
95.
Catalytic converters can reduce still further the pollution from lean burn engines.
Catalytic converters use a precious metal such as platinum spread thinly over a
honeycomb support. The platinum acts as a heterogeneous catalyst.
(i)
What is meant by the terms heterogeneous and catalyst?

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[3]
(ii)
Suggest two reasons why the platinum is used as a thin layer on a honeycomb
support.
1 ..................................................................................................................................
2 ..................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 5 marks]
96.
The longer a car engine runs, the more exhaust gases are produced. Use the steps
below to obtain an estimate of the volume of exhaust gases produced by a car each
second.
The equation for the complete combustion of heptane vapour in the car engine is
shown below,
Assume that petrol is pure heptane (C7H16).
Assume that carbon dioxide and water are the only gases present in the exhaust.
C7H16(g) + 11O2(g) 7CO2(g) + 8H2O(g)
(i)
3g of heptane are burnt per second. Calculate the number of moles of heptane
burnt per second.
Ar: C, 12; H, 1.0
answer .......................... mol s
[2]
(ii)
Using the equation, calculate the total number of moles of carbon dioxide and
water produced per second.
answer .......................... mol s
[2]
(iii)
Calculate the volume of exhaust gases produced per second.

3
One mole of molecules of the exhaust gases occupies 60 dm at the high

temperature in the exhaust.
answer ........................ dm s
[1]
[Total 5 marks]
113
97.
Chemical analysis has led to the discovery of contaminated goulash!

Unscrupulous manufacturers have been known to contaminate the goulash with a red
oxide of lead. This oxide looks like the spice paprika and improves the colour of the
food. However, this practice has resulted in several deaths since lead compounds are
poisonous.
A technique used to detect lead is atomic emission spectroscopy. One form of atomic
emission spectroscopy bombards a sample with a stream of ions to excite the atoms.
(a)
What is an ion?
.....................................................................................................................................
[1]
(b)
The diagram below represents some of the different electronic energy levels in an
atom.
Draw an arrow on the diagram to represent an electron being excited. Label the
arrow A.
r g
l e
c t r o
ic
r g
l e
v e
l
[2]
(c)
The atomic emission spectrum of contaminated goulash shows lines that are not
present in the spectrum of normal goulash. These lines correspond to the
emission spectrum for lead. Part of the emission spectrum for lead is shown
below.
f r e
c y
Each line in the spectrum corresponds to an electron changing energy levels.

On the diagram in (b) above, draw an arrow to show one possible change in
energy levels that would give rise to a line in an emission spectrum. Label this
arrow B.
[1]
(d)
The full emission spectrum for lead shows more than one set of lines.
In each set, the lines get closer together at high frequencies. Use a diagram,
similar to that in (b), to explain
(i)
why there is more than one set of lines in the full emission spectrum
[2]
(ii)
why the lines in each set get closer together as the frequency increases.
[2]
diagram
(i)
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(ii)
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
[Total 8 marks]
115
98.
Another possible instrumental technique to detect the presence of lead compounds is

mass spectrometry. A simplified mass spectrum for lead is shown below.
i n t e
n s 3i t y0
2
0
0
0 6
2
m
(i)
0 8
a s s
Explain why there is more than one peak in the mass spectrum of lead.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii)
What information is given by the relative heights of the peaks?

.....................................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 3 marks]

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1.

In the following table, write the numbers of protons, electrons and

What is meant by the term isotopes?

deflection by electric field

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Radioactive isotopes such as

can cause cancers.

However, 53 I can be used as a radioactive tracer for investigating patients

For how long after manufacture can

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Cans of self-heating coffee were available until recently.

What term is used to describe a reaction that gives out heat?

volume of water used

specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 kJ K

kg ; density of water = 1.0 g cm

heat transferred = .................... kJ

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This enthalpy change can, however, be measured indirectly using an

Magnesium oxide is a possible alternative substance to use in the self-heating

how the pollutants in the exhaust gases are formed

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Suggest one possible advantage of a fuel manufactured from soya beans.

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Biodiesel can be used on its own or blended with ordinary diesel.

Emissions of most pollutants are reduced when biodiesel is used instead of

dot-and-cross diagram for a nitrogen molecule

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Most of the chemical elements found on Earth were produced in stars.

The labelled diagrams below represent part of an atomic absorption spectrum

What is the significance of the wedge ( ) and the dotted line (

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Radio-astronomy revealed the possible presence of long chains of carbon atoms in

This C60 form of carbon (later named buckminsterfullerene) is unusual in that it is

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Information for Candidates

Getting tyred with chemistry!

Fig. 1 The structure of the isoprene monomer and natural rubber

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To produce this natural-like synthetic rubber, a process called emulsion

Fig. 2 Structures of monomeric building blocks

Curing agents In 1839, Charles Goodyear discovered, accidentally, that heating

Fig. 4 Accelerator molecules

Anti-ageing chemicals A tyre is subjected to quite harsh operating conditions. Factors

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Heterogeneous catalysts play an extremely important role in many chemical reactions,

Suggest the meaning of the letters HC in the diagram.

Explain the presence of CO in the gases from the engine.

The three-way catalytic converter involves both a reduction and an

Diesel engines without catalytic converters produce less NOx than an

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The diagram illustrates a model for heterogeneous catalysis.

New bonds in products form

Diffusion from catalyst surface

Use words from the following list to describe reactions A to D.

By what type of formula are the molecules represented?

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What is the charge on the chromate ion? ...................................................................

What is the quantity labelled as z on the above spectrum?

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why excited atoms emit light

why the emission spectrum consists of discrete lines

why there are sets of lines.