3.

Metals and Non-Metals

Metals
Physical properties
- Shining surface (in pure state) [called metallic luster]
- Generally hard [varies from metal to metal]
- Malleability [ability to make thin sheets by beating]
- Ductility [ability to make wire by drawing]
o [GoldMost ductile]
- Good conductor of heat
- High melting point
- Conduct electricity
- Produce sound [some metals; these are called sonorous]
Chemical properties
- Reaction with oxygen
o Combine with oxygen to form oxides
2Cu + O
2
2CuO
4Al + O
2
2Al
2
O
3
o Most metal oxides are insoluble in water.
o If soluble, they form alkali.
2 2
2 2
Na O+H O 2NaOH
K O+H O 2KOH

o Sodium, potassium react very easily with O
2
. So, they are kept immersed in
kerosene.
Mg, Al, Zn, Pb form thin layers of oxides.
- Reaction with water
o Produce metal oxide + H
2

o If oxide is soluble, then metal hydroxide is formed.
2 2
2 2
2K+H O 2KOH+H +Heat
2Na +H O 2NaOH+H +Heat

`

)

( ) ( )
2 2
2
Ca +2H O Co OH +H Less violent
Mg Doesnt react with cold H
2
O
o Al, Zn, Fe do not react with H
2
O, but react with steam.
2 2 3 2
2 3 4 2
2Al +3H O (g) Al O +3H
3Fe +4H O Fe O +4H

- Reaction with Acids
o Metal + Dilute acid Salt + H
2

Violent reactions
Thats why they are not put in water

o H
2
doesnt evolve in the case of HNO
3
as it is a strong oxidising agent. It oxidises
H
2
.
o Cu does not react with dilute HCl.
- Reactivity Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Cu
- Reaction with solutions of other metal salts
o Displacement reactions
Metal A + Salt solution of B Salt solution of A + Metal B
o Reactivity series
K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb > H > Cu >Hg> Ag > Au
Aqua regia
- Freshly-prepared concentrated HCl and concentrated HNO
3
in 3:1 ratio
- It can dissolve gold and platinum.

Non-metals
All metals except Hg are solid at room temperature.
Iodine (non-metal) has luster
Carbon has allotropes (exists in different forms) 1. Diamond is hard
2. Graphite Conducts electricity

Metals + Non-metals
1)

2)


Physical Properties of Ionic compounds
- Solid
- Hard [because of strong attraction force]
- Brittle
- High melting and boiling points

- Soluble in H
2
O; insoluble in kerosene, petrol
- Conduct electricity in H
2
O solution

Extraction of metals
K Na Ca Mg Al Zn Fe Pb Cu Ag Au

Highly reactive metals Medium reactive metals Found in native form

Electrolysis Carbon reduction


Low active metals
2 2
Heat
2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2HgS+3O 2HgO+2SO
2HgO (s) 2Hg (l) +O (g)
Heated in air
2Cu S+3O 2Cu O (s) +2SO (g)
2Cu O+Cu S 6Cu (s) +SO (g)

)


Middle active metals
Roasting Heating of sulphide ore in excess air
2 2
2ZnS+3O 2ZnO+2SO
Calcination Heating of carbonate ores in limited air
3 2
ZnCO ZnO+CO

Thermit reaction
2 3 2 3
Fe O 2Al 2Fe +Al O +Heat +

Electrolytic refining of metals
Impure metal is made the anode and thin strip of pure metal is made cathode.
A solution of metal salt is used as an electrolyte

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