Wireless Pers Commun (2011) 60:533545

DOI 10.1007/s11277-011-0307-6
Performance of Efcient Signal Detection for LED-ID
Systems
In Hwan Park Yoon Hyun Kim Jae Sang Cha
Yeong Min Jang Jin Young Kim
Published online: 9 April 2011
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. 2011
Abstract In this paper, effects of reader-to-reader interference are investigated for LED
identication (LED-ID) systemin a multi-reader environment. The LED-IDreaders typically
use different channels to avoid collision between readers. However, in-channel collision usu-
ally happens in terms of interrogation range. A reader-to-reader interference scenario is
proposed, and nominal interrogation range of a desired reader is derived from this model. In
order to evaluate the LED-ID reader-to-reader interference quantitatively, an efcient detec-
tion scheme is proposed and simulated by employing spreading sequence. The spreading
sequence is inserted between each users frame formats. In the receiver, the desired signal is
detected by using correlation among inserted spreading sequences. From simulation results,
it is conrmed that the proposed scheme is very effective to enhance reliability of LED-ID
communication systems.
Keywords Signal detection LED-Identication (LED-ID)
m-sequence orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
I. H. Park Y. H. Kim J. Y. Kim (B)
Department of Wireless Communications Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Korea
e-mail: jinyoung@kw.ac.kr
I. H. Park
e-mail: inhwan623@kw.ac.kr
Y. H. Kim
e-mail: ultrayh1873@kw.ac.kr
J. S. Cha
Department of Media Engineering, Seoul National University of Technology, Seoul, Korea
e-mail: chajs@snut.ac.kr
Y. M. Jang
College of Electrical Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul, Korea
e-mail: yjang@kookmin.ac.kr
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534 I. H. Park et al.
1 Introduction
Recently, LED (light emitting diode) has been emerging as a new growth technology which
is expected to replace existing illumination infrastructure. The LED is known to be more
advantageous than the existing incandescent in terms of long life expectancy, high toler-
ance to humidity, low power consumption, and minimal heat generation lighting, etc. Their
diverse applications include numeric displays, ashlights, liquid crystal backlights, vehicle
brake lights, trafc signals and the ubiquitous power-on indicator light [17].
Currently, interests in LED communication using white LEDs are gradually growing as
needs for indoor communication systems increase because there are many devices using the
lightings in our ofces, home, the lightings on roads, trafc signals, home appliances includ-
ing TVs, and etc. The typical LED has special characteristics to light on and off very fast at
ultra high speed. By using visible light for the data transmission, most of problems related to
radio communications are resolved or relieved. The visible light communication is known to
have characteristics to be ubiquitous, transmitted at ultra high speed and harmless for human
body and electronic devices, compared to those by radio communications. The human eye
would not be able to follow these variations, and, hence, the lighting will not be affected.
As a consequence, simple off-the-shelf LEDs can be used to develop cheap transmitters.
The LED visible light communication is interpreted as a convergence communication
technology which is not only used as a lighting device, but also to be used as communication
device [810]. It is a kind of indoor optical wireless communication that uses visible light
ray as communication medium. For example, LED-identication (ID) technology based on
the LED communication is ubiquitous information communication service that is used to
supply variable information at museum, super market, and restaurant etc.
The LED-ID system has a number of promising advantages such as low power consump-
tion, no interference to radio frequency (RF) based devices, and free licensing band. However,
it is also facing challenges such as using appropriate techniques to construct cheap processing
units and high brightness LEDs. Also, this system should overcome interference caused by
solar light and other forms of light.
From the implementation point of view in the LED-ID communication system, there are
still many kinds of challenging issues to be overcome. One of them include reader detection
problem which mainly occurs in a dense reader environment where several readers try to
interrogate tags at the same time in the same area. The read results may be unsatisfactory in
read times and an unacceptable level of misreads.
The objectives of this research are to formulate a reader interference scenario and provide
an efcient reader detection scheme for LED-ID deployment. In this paper, we propose the
signal detection method using spreading sequence for LED-ID system in multiuser indoor
wireless environments. The LED-ID readers typically use different channels to avoid colli-
sion between readers. However, in-channel collision may happen in terms of interrogation
range. As a spreading sequence, m-sequence is chosen due to its many advantageous features
such as highly peaked autocorrelation and minimum cross-correlation [11, 12]. The salient
feature of the autocorrelation is ratio of peak value to modulus of the highest sidelobe. Apart
fromnoise or interference, this is a key parameter which determines probabilities of detection
and false alarm.
This paper is organized as follows. In Sect. 2, reader interference scenario of LED-IDsys-
temand its systemmodle are described. In Sect. 3, signal detection scheme based on spreading
sequence is proposed for LED-ID system. In Sect. 4, simulation results are presented, and
nally, the conclusions are drawn in Sect. 5.
123
Performance of Efcient Signal Detection for LED-ID Systems 535
Fig. 1 Interference model
of LED-ID sysetm
2 LED-ID System Model
In this section, the system model of LED-ID system using LED lights is described. The
LED-ID technology is a kind of green technology which allows very low consumption tag to
communicate identication information to an interrogation reader located at some distance.
This seems to be similar to RFID system in a conceptual manner, however, it is not only used
as a lighting device, but also used as a communication means. Furthermore, the LED-ID sys-
tem allows quantitative advanced characteristics; (1) the reader can have line-of-sight to the
tag, (2) the tag can store and communicate many more bits of information, (3) multiple tags
can be interrogated by the same reader, and (4) the reader only allow secured communication
2.1 LED-ID System
There are several candidates in modulation schemes for LED-ID system. OOK (on-off-
keying), pulse code modulation (PCM) and pulse position modulation (PPM) are some of
the more popular modulation modes used in conjunction with LED-ID systems [10]. We
consider OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) transmission scheme, which
uses multiple carriers overlapped in the frequency domain. The OFDM systems are able to
support high data rates without need of channel equalizers as aggregate throughput is distrib-
uted over the set of subcarriers. The inherent robustness of OFDM against multipath effects,
the possibility to combine it with any multiple access schemes and the possibility to easily
combine OFDM with any higher order modulation scheme makes it an excellent choice also
for LED-ID systems.
Figure 1 shows a rough concept on how the interrogation between reader A and reader B
and the tag occurs. In this paper, an interference scenario of LED-ID readers involve only
two readers and the each reader transmit and receive in the LED-ID wireless optical channel.
Because both the reader A and the read B are in the FOV (eld of view) of the tag, the tag
receives signals of the reader Aand Btogether and the signals acts as interference each other.
123
536 I. H. Park et al.
Fig. 2 Geometry of transmitter and receiver
2.2 LED-ID Channel Model
For rigorous analysis of the proposed system, a suitable channel model is highly required
for exact estimate of system performance in LED-ID systems. Background noise is assumed
to be AWGN (additive white Gaussian noise). In LED-ID systems, the LEDs are usually
installed in a ceiling and they have has large supercial area. Therefore, LED-ID system
has particular impulse response other than that from infrared communication. To consider
reection effect correctly, both reex and diffusion characteristics are also taken into account
for more practical approach. Lambertian reector model has been known be a well-tting one
for modeling of indoor diffusion characteristics of representative materials such as plaster
wall, acoustic-tiled walls, carpets, unvarnished woods, and etc. [13]. Therefore, the wall or
ceiling can be interpreted as Lambertian reector in LED-ID systems.
For LOS (line-of-sight) case, we assume there are no reections and source and receiver
separation squared is much greater than the receiver area. In Fig. 2, the channel impulse
response can be approximated by a scaled and delayed Dirac delta function given by
h(t ; S, R)
m +1
2
cos
m
() d rect
_

FOV
_

_
t
R
c
_
, (1)
where m is the mode number associated with the directivity of the source and calculated from
the source half-angle, d is dened as solid angle subtended by receivers differential area
given by
d cos()
A
R
R
2
, (2)
is angle between n
R
and (r
S
r
R
)given by
cos n
R

(r
S
r
R
)
R
, (3)
R is distance between the source and receiver given by
R = r
S
r
R
, (4)
is angle between n
S
and (r
R
r
S
) approximated by
cos n
S

(r
R
r
S
)
R
, (5)
123
Performance of Efcient Signal Detection for LED-ID Systems 537
and, rectangular function is dened by
rect(x) =
_
1 for |x| 1
0 for |x| > 1
. (6)
The channel of LED-ID systems can be modeled with an additive white Gaussian noise
(AWGN) model. In optical channels, quality of transmission is typically dominated by shot
noise because receiver employs a narrow band optical lter. However, the system can neglect
the shot noise caused by signals. Accordingly, the received signal can be expressed as
y(t ) = r x(t ) h(t ) + G
n
, (7)
where y(t ) represents received signal, x(t ) embodies transmitted optical pulse, G
n
depicts
AWGN noise, the symbol denotes convolution, and r denotes an optical/electric (O/E)
conversion efciency.
In this paper, we employ impulse response channel with bounces of ninth times. Consid-
ering reected signal by reectors, the impulse response can be written as
h(t ; S, R) =

k=0
h
(k)
(t ; S, R), (8)
where h(k)(t ) is response of the reected impulse signals k times.
At k = 0, Eq. (8) is the same with Eq. (1). Higher order terms, at k > 0, can be calculated
recursively. It is given by
h
(k)
(t ; S, R) =
_
S
h
(0)
(t ; S, {r, n,

2
, dr
2
} h
(k1)
(t ; {r, n, 1}, R). (9)
Using Eq. (1), the Eq. (9) can be rearranged and be written as
h
(k)
(t ; S, R) =
m +1
2
_
S

r
cos
m
() cos()
R
2
rect
_

FOV
_
h
(k1)
(t
R
c
; {r, n, 1}, R)dr
2
. (10)
3 Proposed Signal Detection Scheme
In this section, the proposed signal detection scheme is described for LED-IDsystems. Block
diagram of the proposed LED-ID system is illustrated in Fig. 3. The serial data stream of the
i th user is mapped to data symbols with a symbol rate of 1/T
s
, employing the signal con-
stellation scheme of 4 quadrature amplitude modulation (QPSK). And the resulting symbol
stream is demultiplexed into a vector of N
c
data symbols. The parallel data symbol rate is
1/ (N
c
T
s
).
The parallel symbol duration is N
c
times longer than the serial symbol duration T
s
. Then,
inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) of the data symbol vector is computed. The results
constitute an OFDM signal of the i
t h
user, x
i
(n), which is given by
x
i
(n) =
_
1
N
c
_
K

k=K
X
i
k
exp
_
j
2kn
N
c
_
, (11)
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538 I. H. Park et al.
Data
Source
Serial
to
Parallel
Signal
Mapper
IFFT
Parallel
to
Serial
Guard
Interval
Insertion
Digital
to
Analog
LED-ID
Channel
h(n)
Parallel
to
Serial
Signal
Demapper
FFT
Serial
to
Parallel
Guard
Interval
Removal
Analog
to
Digital
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Signal
Detection
Inserted
Sequence
Removal
Insert
Sequence
Data
Output
Fig. 3 Block diagram of the proposed LED-ID sysetm
(i+1)
th
OFDM frame
M-seq.
0 Nm-sqe-1
(i+2)
th
OFDM frame i
th
OFDM frame
0 N
c
-1
Fig. 4 Procedure of inserting m-sequence in the OFDM frame
where n = 0, 1, . . . , N
c
1 and N
c
2K + 1. After the IFFT, an orthogonal m-sequence
of the i th user is combined with the OFDM signal in the time domain. This sequence is
used for frame synchronization at the receiver. The multipath effect causes the inter-symbol
interference (ISI) in time dispersive channels. And the orthogonality of the OFDM signal is
distorted. In order to maintain the orthogonality of the OFDM signal in multipath channel, a
guard interval is inserted in front of each OFDM block. The last N
g
samples of the OFDM
signal are copied and appended as a preamble to compose an OFDM frame. This is known
as a cyclic prex. Then, the resulting signal is transmitted.
At the receiver, the transmitted data is obtained after removing the orthogonal m-sequence
of the i th user and the cyclic prex, and demodulating the N
c
samples of each frame using
the FFT. The requirement for the guard interval in time dispersive environments certainly
reduces the overall efciency of OFDM transmissions by a factor of N
c
/
_
N
c
+ N
g
_
.
After the IFFT, an orthogonal m-sequences of the i th user are added to the OFDM signal
in the start position of a new frame of x
i
(n), as shown in Fig. 3. The resulting time domain
signal of the i th user, y
i
(n), is given by
y
i
(n) = x
i
(n) +
_
P
M
M
i
_
n N
g
j
_
N
c
+ N
g
__
+
_
P
M
M
i
_
n N
g
j
_
N
c
+ N
g
_
N
M
_
, (12)
where P
M
is the power of the orthogonal m-sequence, M
i
(n) is the orthogonal m-sequence
of the i th user whose value is 1, N
g
is the guard interval, and N
M
is the one orthogonal
m-sequence length. The start position of an OFDM frame is equal to that of the orthogonal
m-sequence as in Fig. 4.
The added orthogonal m-sequence is not allowed to affect the performance of the OFDM
system except for signal detection.
123
Performance of Efcient Signal Detection for LED-ID Systems 539
(j+1)
th
OFDM frame
(j+2)
th
OFDM frame
j
th
OFDM frame
guard
interval
guard
interval
guard
interval
n
Observation Interval
Signal
detection
M-sequence
Fig. 5 Observation interval of r(n)
The received signal, r (n), is given by
r (n) =
I 1

i =0
y
i
(n) h
i
(n) + G
n
, (13)
where h
i
(n) is the LED-ID channel impulse response for the i th user, is the convolution
operation, and G
n
is complex additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) with zero mean and
variance
2
n
. Then, the received signal can be written as
r (n) =
I 1

i =0
_
x
i
(n) h
i
(n)
+
_
P
M
M
i
_
n N
g
j
_
N
c
+ N
g
_
h
i
(n)
+
_
P
M
M
i
_
n N
g
j
_
N
c
+ N
g
_
N
M
_
h
i
(n)
_
+ G
n
_
=
I 1

i =0
_
x
i
(n) h
i
(n) +
_
P
M
M
i
_
n N
g
j
_
N
c
+ N
g
__
h
i
(n)
_
+n (n) .
(14)
In order to nd the start position of the OFDMframe of the i th user, we observe 3
_
N
c
+ N
g
_
consecutive samples of r (n) as in Fig. 5. In the case of N
c
1, the OFDM signals in the
time domain are Gaussian distributed
with zero mean and variance
2
x
. Besides power level of the I OFDM signals is much
higher than that of AWGN, that is, I
2
x

2
n
. Then the received signal in (14) can be
rewritten as
r (n) =
I 1

i =0
_
P
M
M
i
_
n N
g
j
_
N
c
+ N
g
__
h
i
(n) +n
0
(n), (15)
where n
0
(n) is AWGN with zero mean and variance I
2
x
+
2
n
I
2
x
.
When the OFDM signals are received, a log-likelihood function of the synchronization
position is given by
L (S) = ln p (r (n)), (16)
123
540 I. H. Park et al.
Table 1 Simulation parameters
Number of FFT points 512
Number of data sub-carriers 256
The receiver O/E conversion efciency 0.53 (A/W)
Detector physical area of PD 1.0 (cm
2
)
Transmitted optical power 1 (W)
FOV at the receiver 60 (deg.)
SNR 10 (dB)
Channel LED-ID channel
Fig. 6 Cross-correlation
at 3 m distance
Fig. 7 Cross-correlation
at 3 m distance
123
Performance of Efcient Signal Detection for LED-ID Systems 541
Fig. 8 Autocorrelation at 3.75 m
distance
where p (r (n)) denotes the probability density function of r (n). Substituting (15) in (16),
the maximum likelihood (ML) estimation of S is given by

S = arg
_
max
S
L (S)
_
= arg
_
max
S

nSync
ln ( p (r (n)))
_
= arg
_
max
S
S+N
MSeq
1

n=S
r (n) G
i
(n S)
_
.
(17)
The receiver has no idea from whom the signal is coming. But it knows that what kind of the
orthogonal m-sequence is added on the OFDM frame. Therefore, by correlating the received
signal with the known orthogonal m-sequence, the ML estimation of the synchronization
position of the signal which is transmitted by the i th user is obtained. The ML estimation of
S nds the maximum value of the correlator outputs.
4 Simulation Results
In this section, the proposed the signal detection scheme is simulated for LED-ID system.
The simulation parameters of the OFDM transmission system are listed in Table 1.
To verify the signal detection performance of the proposed detection scheme, we eval-
uate detection performance as the distance of between tag and reader in LED-ID channel
interfered by the unwanted signal.
The OFDM frame detection performances with m-sequence method over the LED-ID
channel as distance of between tag and reader are shown in Figs. 6, 8 and 10. The results in
Figs. 6, 8 and 10 show autocorrelation values for varying distance between reader and tag.
123
542 I. H. Park et al.
Fig. 9 Cross-correlation
(m-sequence) at 3.75 m distance
Fig. 10 Autocorrelation at 4 m
distance
Figures 6, 8 and 10 show autocorrelation values for varying distance between reader and
tag. We can see that the signal detection performance is gradually improved as the distance
between reader and tag becomes closer. The reason of this is that the signal power is inversely
proportional to a square of distance.
Figures 7, 9 and 11 represent cross-correlation values with m-sequence using two identical
sequences in the LED-ID channel, respectively. It is shown that the peak cross-correlation
levels of the unwanted signal are very low. In order to perform the desired signal detection,
we need to nd the points in which the autocorrelation level is peak or exceeds predetermined
threshold. However, in a multi-user environment, there exist not only the autocorrelation val-
ues but also the cross-correlation ones. Therefore, a gap for establishing threshold becomes
narrow. Then, the probability of signal detection is enhanced.
123
Performance of Efcient Signal Detection for LED-ID Systems 543
Fig. 11 Cross-correlation at 4 m
distance
5 Simulation Results
In this paper, we have proposed the improved signal detection scheme based on m-sequence
for LED-IDsystem. Am-sequence sequence has property that highly peaked autocorrelation
and minimum cross-correlation. Therefore, we superimposed the m-sequence directly over
the OFDM signals in the time domain before transmitting the signals.
Then, by correlating the m-sequence at the receiver with the received signal, we could
detect the desired signal of OFDM frame although there were several signals of multi-user,
who had their own m-sequences. From the simulation results, it was conrmed that the
proposed detection scheme is very effectively in detecting the desired signal. The proposed
scheme of this paper can be applied to detection module of the OFDMbased LED-IDsystems.
Acknowledgments This work was, in part, supported by the IT R&D program of MKE/KEIT. (10035264,
Development of Home Network Tech. based on LED-ID), and in part, supported by Kwangwoon University
in 2011.
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Author Biographies
In Hwan Park received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from
the Department of Wireless Communications Engineering, Kwang-
woon University, Seoul, Korea, in 2010. His research interests include
visible light communication, MIMO, OFDM, cooperative communica-
tion, interference cancellation, channel coding, and compatibility anal-
ysis between radio communication services. He is currently working
toward the master course at Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Korea.
Yoon Hyun Kim received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical
engineering from the Department of Wireless Communications Engi-
neering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Korea, in 2006 and in 2008,
respectively. His research interests include next generation communi-
cation systems and their applications, such as VLC, UWB, MIMO,
OFDM, CDMA, cooperative communication, interference cancellation,
and channel coding. He is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree
at Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Korea.
123
Performance of Efcient Signal Detection for LED-ID Systems 545
Jae Sang Cha received the B.Sc. And M.Sc. degrees from the School
of Electrical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University in Korea in 1991
and 1997, and the Ph.D. degree from the School of Electrical Engineer-
ing, Tohoku University in Japan in 2000, respectively. He was Member
of Research Staff at the Electronics and Telecommunications Research
Institute (ETRI), from 2000 to 2002. He was Assistant Professor at
the Dept. of Information and Communication Engineering, Seo Kyeong
University, Seoul, Korea, from 2002 to 2005. He is currently Associate
Professor at the Dept. of Media Engineering, Seoul National University
of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea. His research interests include
design and implementation of wireline/wireless multimedia communi-
cation systems for applications to spread-spectrum, digital broadcasting
transmission technology, ultrawideband (UWB), LED communication
applications.
Yeong Min Jang received the B.E. and M.E. degree in Electronics
Engineering from Kyungpook National University, Korea, in 1985 and
1987, respectively. He received the doctoral degree in Computer Sci-
ence from the University of Massachusetts, USA, in 1999. He worked
for ETRI between 1987 and 2000. Since 2002, he is with the School
of Electrical Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul, Korea. He has
organized several conferences such as ICUFN2009 and ICUFN2010.
He is currently a member of the IEEE and KICS (Korea Information
and Communications Society). He received the Young Science Award
from the Korean Government (20032006). He had been the director
of the Ubiquitous IT Convergence Center at Kookmin University since
2005. He has served as the executive director of KICS since 2006.
He has served as a founding chair of the KICS Technical Committee
on Communication Networks in 2007 and 2008. His research interests
include IMT-advanced, RRM, femtocell networks, Multi-screen con-
vergence networks, and VLC WPANs.
Jin Young Kim (S91M95SM08) received the B.Sc. M.Sc. and
Ph.D. degrees from the School of Electrical Engineering, Seoul National
University (SNU), Seoul, Korea, in 1991, 1993, and 1998, respectively.
He was Member of Research Staff at the Institute of New Media and
Communications (INMC) and at the Inter-university Semiconductor
Research Center (ISRC) of the SNU from 1994 to 1998. He was Post-
doctoral Research Fellow at the Department of Electrical Engineering,
Princeton University, NJ, USA, from 1998 to 2000. He was Principal
Member of Technical Staff at the Central Research and Development
Center, SK Telecom, Korea, from 2000 to 2001. He was Associate Pro-
fessor at the School of Electronics Engineering, Kwangwoon Univer-
sity, Seoul, Korea, from 2001 to 2010. He had his sabbatical leave as
Visiting Scientist at the LIDS (Laboratory of Information and Decision
Systems), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T), MA, USA in
2009. Now, he is currently Professor at the School of Electronics Engi-
neering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Korea.
His research interests include design and implementation of wire-
line/wireless multimedia communication systems for applications to spread-spectrum, cognitive radio,
ultrawideband (UWB), space communication, optical communication and powerline communication systems
with basis on modulation/demodulation, synchronization, channel coding, and detection/estimation theory.
He received the Best Paper Awards from several academic conferences and societies including Jack Neb-
auer Best Systems Paper Award from IEEE VT Society (2001), the Award of Ministry of Information and
Communication of Korea Government (1998), the Best Paper Award at APCC00 (2000), the Best Paper
Award at IEEE MoMuC97 (1997), and the many other Best Paper Awards from conferences of IEEK08,
KITFE08, KITS08, and KITS09 (20082009). He was listed in the Marquis Whos Who in the World,
Marquis Whos Who in Science and Engineering, ABI and IBC throughout from 2001 to 2009 Editions. He
is now Senior Member of IEEE, Regular Member of IET, IEICE, and Life Member of IEEK, KICS, KEES,
KITFE, KITS and KOSBE.
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