CLOZE TEST Gap filling -Choose 10 correct words out of 15 words (Instruction: Fill in the blanks using the

list of words given below.) I. Do butterflies fly south for the __________? Monarch butterflies do. The monarch is the only butterfly that makes a complete ___________ , heading south for the winter and ______ north in the spring. Of course, since the round-trip is ________ than a butterfly's lifespan, no single monarch butterfly completes the migration cycle. During the trip, _________ monarchs deposit eggs, and the next generation ___________ the migration. Although lepidopterists had ___________ monarch migration for decades, for many years they were unable to locate the spot where North American monarchs spent the winter. A textile ___________ and amateur lepidopterist who was living in Mexico City discovered the monarchs' winter_________ thirty-five years ago, in 1975: about 10,000 feet up the side of a mountain he found swarms of butterflies so thick that the trees looked orange __________ of green. 1.engineer 2.longer 3.habitat 4.living 5.discovered 6.Although 7.returning 8.stud ied 9.migration 10.textile 11.decades 12.instead 13.continues 14.winter 15.female.

II. For almost 50 years, astronomers have ________ over the youthful appearance of stars known as blue stragglers. Blue stragglers are the timeworn Hollywood starlets of the cosmos: They shine _________ ; they are older than they appear, and they have, disconcertingly, gained mass at a late __________ of life. "These blue, luminous stars should have used up their__________ fuel and flamed out long ago," explains Robert Mathieu, a ________ of Wisconsin-Madison astronomer. "Yet they are still here. By some means or __________ they have recently increased their mass, their _________ supply. Now, Mathieu and Wisconsin colleague Aaron Geller, show that blue stragglers, in most if not all _________ , steal that mass from companion stars and that they _________ do so by crashing into their neighbours , a __________ once thought far-fetched by astronomers.

1.puzzled 2.sometimes 3.University 4.scenario 5.bright 6.astronomers 7.cases 8.puzzled 9.another 10.timeworn 11.means 12.disconcertingly 13.stage 14.hydrogen 15.fuel. III. Ergonomists found that when replacing a vehicle's tires, the two _________ tires should be placed in the ________ in order to avoid oversteer and hydroplaning. Oversteer when the occurs rear tires ___________ out, creating a sharper turn than ________ , which causes the car to lose ___________ . If the front tires lose control on a wet road, the driver should be able to react to ____________ more effectively. The next time someone ________ tires on your vehicle, watch closely. The __________ they choose could steer you into a ________ situation. Researchers have found that three out of four people don't know where two new tires should be placed on a vehicle. It's a ___________ of safety that even sparks debate among tire experts. 1.hydroplaning 2. slip 3.causes 4.front 5.replacing 6.intended 7.traction 8.installs 9.question 10.dangerous 11.control 12.method 13.situation. 14.new 15.rear IV. A team of _________ from the University of Girona and the Max Planck Institute

in Germany has shown that some ____________ algorithms provide clues about the ________ style of a painting. A computer can already ________ the composition of colours or certain aesthetic __________ , but machines are still far from being able to interpret art in the way that people do. How does one place an artwork in a ___________ artistic period? This is the question raised by scientists from the __________ of Graphics and Image in the University of Girona and the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, in Germany. The _________ have shown that certain artificial vision algorithms mean a computer can be __________ to "understand" an image and differentiate between artistic styles based on low-level ___________ information. Human classification strategies, however, include medium and high-level concepts. 1.quantify 2.Laboratory 3.mathematical 4.team 5.interpret 6.medium 7. programmed

8.researchers 9.researchers 10.algorithms11.people 12.pictorial 13.particular 14.artistic 15.measurements.

V. Gravitational corridors could help

_________ fly across the solar system like ships __________ the

on ocean ________ , it was revealed today. Scientists are trying to

twisting 'tubes' so they can be used to cut the cost of space _________. Each one acts like a gravitational gulf stream, ________ from the complex interplay of ________ forces between planets and moons. Depicted by computer graphics, the _________ look like strands of spaghetti that wrap around ________ bodies and snake between them. The pathways _________ sites called Lagrange points where gravitational ________ balance out. 1.planetary 2.connect 3.spacecraft 4.created 5.map 6.Trying 7.currents 8.gravitational 9.depicted 10.twisting 11.attractive 12.Pathways 13.cost 14.travel 15.forces. VI. The _______ of our modern human civilization did not become clear to me until I began living full-time in South America. As a resident of Vilcabamba, Ecuador, I've grown _______ to the idea of knowing where the into a water table _________ by the clouds hanging over the Podocarpus National Forest to the East. I can make a _________ connection between the clouds, the rainfall, and the water in my glass. And if the well _______ fails, I know I can always carry a bucket to the river a few ________ meters away and scoop up ________ unlimited quantities of water that recently fell out of the sky. During a recent trip to Tucson, however, I found myself _________ when I turned on the kitchen faucet. I paused, marveling at the magic of this water, which _________ appears from nowhere. And it's always there, reliable and uninterrupted. That's when I noticed myself asking the _________ question: "Where does the water come from around here?" I had no idea. 1.Pump 2.virtually 3.replenished 4.Noticed 5.around 6.marveling 7.

Apparently 8.fragility 9.hesitating 10.Civilization 11.hanging 12.commonsense 13.Accustomed 14.hundred 15.logical.

VII. Peeved at standing in long queues at metro _________ in Delhi? Don't worry! The long wait will soon end as the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) is set to install automatic ticket vending machines at select metro stations in the ________ capital. Will be able to get their metro tokens from the vending machines ________ at Barakambha Road, Central Secretariat and Vishwa Vidayalaya metro stations from the end of April. The DMRC has __________ 16 such machines to be installed at various metro stations in the capital. "The move is to reduce the head on the _________ ticketing system. The three metro stations see huge ________ everyday and the token ________ machines will help the commuters get their tickets soon," a DMRC ______ said. Commuters, who have credit cards, will also be able to _______ their 'Metro Smart Card' through the ticket vending machine. The 'Smart Card' is a hit among the commuters as it helps them to board a train any time. 1. creditcards 2.procured 3.reduce 4.ridership 5.vending 6.installed 7.recharge 8.board 9.national 10.Commute 11.everyday 12.manual 13.stations 14.spokesperson 15.through. VIII. A mother is a person ______ magnetic charm and the uncrowned queen of a house who rules her subjects with majesty and power, untainted ________ politics. To the childs imagination, she is the epitome of strength and embodiment___________ courage. She cherishes the fondest hopes and wildest dreams ______ children. Her unselfish and limitless love and generous undertaking, mould, nourish and sustain lifes complex part ______ infancy to adolescence. She toils from morning _______ night and never complains of tiredness. She lavishes her tender care______ her children, comforting and shielding them ____ all difficulties. ______ the time of sickness many an anxious hour by the bedside keeping ______ watchful eyes ever alert, no matter how much laden with sleep they may be. 1. Her 2.From 3. On 4. For 5. With 6. From 7. At 8. of 9. with 10.by 11. In 12.over 13.till 14.of 15.to

IX. Chemists _______ a mathematical model to quickly and easily test the __________ of 'heat' in a chili pepper. To ________ how hot a pepper is, scientists _________ measure capsaicinoids- chemicals that make a pepper hot via a ________ that is time consuming and _________. The new method uses a multivariate regression ________ of known capsaicinoid _______ data from several pepper __________ . A computer program uses this data to hone in on the aspects of the heat spectrum that _________ with the capsaicinoid concentrations in the pepper. The computer can then recognize various components of heat in an extract and use the information to compare unknown pepper to what it already knows. 1.developed 2.model 3.level 4.content 5.determine 6.pepper 7.analysis 8.correla te 9.several 10.compare 11.method 12.consuming 13.traditionally 14.samples 15.expensive.

X. Totality of destruction has been _________ to the meaning of holocaust since it first appeared in Middle English in the 14th century, used in reference to the biblical sacrifice in which a male _______ was wholly burnt on the altar in worship of God. Holocaust _______ from the Greek word holokauston (that which is completely burnt). In the 17th century the ________ of holocaust ________ to something totally consumed by fire, and the word _______ was applied to fires of extreme destructiveness. In the 20th century holocaust has taken on a _______ of figurative meanings, summarizing the effects of war, rioting, storms, epidemic diseases, and even economic _________. Most of these usages arose after World War II, but it is unclear whether they permitted or ________ from the use of holocaust in ________ to the mass murder of European Jews and others by the Nazis. 1. eventually 2.reference 3.Central 4.resulted 5.broadened 7.destruction 8.Whether 9.murder 10.burnt 11.Comes 12.animal 13.Variety 14.meaning 15.failures.

Sequencing of Jumbled Sentences Arrange the following sentences in correct sequence A.1."Mr Watson! Come here! I want to see you!" Those three short exclamations mark the moment when the telephone properly came into being, thanks to Watson's brilliant colleague Alexander Graham Bell (18471922). 2. It was one of those moments when the world changes forever. 3. On March 10, 1876, Thomas Watson was staring at a strange piece of mechanical apparatus when he heard it speak the words that made history. 4. Apart from handling voice calls, it helps us send documents by fax and it's also the basic infrastructure on which the Internet is built. 5. Since that moment, a little over a century ago, the telephone has become one of the most commonplace inventions in the world. Answer _______________________ B.1. Russia launched a cargo vessel loaded with supplies for the International Space Station and its crew on Wednesday, space officials said. 2. The Progress M-04M will also deliver a mini-greenhouse with artificial soil that will be used for experiments in growing food. . One such greenhouse is already on board. 3. The supply ship is to dock at the station on Friday. 4. The ISS, a $100 billion project of 16 nations, is to remain in operation until at least 2015. Assembly began in 1998 and is almost complete. 5. Its cargo includes water, oxygen and fuel, as well as mail and care packages for the station's crew of two Russians, two Americans and a Japanese astronaut.

Answer _______________________ C.1. Using images collected through a web cam, special software recognises eight key facial features that characterise the emotional state of the person viewing the artwork. 2. If their expression changes to happy, the artwork adapts so that the colours are vibrant and more subtly applied. 3. For example, when the viewer is angry the colours are dark and appear to have been applied to the canvas with more violent brush strokes. 4. Computer scientists from Bath and Boston have developed electronic artwork that changes to match the mood of the person who is looking at it. 5. It then adapts the colours and brush strokes of the digital artwork to suit the changing mood of the viewer. Answer _______________________

D.1. Each session in magneto therapy lasts for 20-30 minutes. 2. There are no side effects but nevertheless there are some guidelines to be considered. 3. In Fact, even normal, healthy people are advised to apply magnets for 10 minutes daily to keep fit. 4. Initially, magnets are applied for 5 minutes just once a day and gradually increasing to 20-30 minutes twice a day depending upon the individual. 5. Treatment can continue even after complete cure to preserve general health. Answer _______________________

E.1.From the reservoir, the ink is drawn through a feed to the nib and then to the paper via a combination of gravity and capillary action 2. Filling the reservoir with ink may be done manually (via the use of an eyedropper or syringe), or via an internal "filler" mechanism which creates suction to transfer ink directly through the nib into the reservoir. 3.A fountain pen is a nib pen that, unlike its predecessor the dip pen, contains an internal reservoir of water-based liquid ink. 4.As a result, the typical fountain pen requires little or no pressure to write. 5.Now pens employ removable reservoirs, in the form of pre-filled ink cartridges. Answer _______________________

F.1. Take the sensors in a car mirror: If there is a change of driver, the seat and the mirror usually have to be re-adjusted. 2. Sensors accurately register the slightest temperature fluctuations, the tiniest changes to a magnetic field, or barely perceptible air currents. 3. This is possible with the aid of a tiny chip in the key or a corresponding button on the dashboard; the driver can move these into the correct position at the press of a single button. 4. In some cases, however, there are limits to their accuracy for instance when a sensor is supposed to register a small fluctuation to a magnetic field in a place where a strong magnetic field already exists. 5. It would be easier if the position of the seat and the mirror could be saved individually for each driver. Answer _______________________ G.1. When did the conservation movement begin? 2. Conservation of the environment is a hot topic now: we worry about global warming, shrinking rainforests, extinction of exotic plants and animals, disappearing frontiers and foliage. 3. The subject didn't just arise recently, however. In the US, for example, artists and writers in the nineteenth century were already singing the praises of nature and opining the encroaching settlement of wide-open spaces. 4. Chapman sold and gave away thousands of saplings and apple seeds to families migrating westward. 5. Long before early conservationists like Henry David Thoreau and John Muir, John Chapman, aka Johnny Appleseed, wandered from Pennsylvania through Ohio and Indiana, planting nurseries of flowers and fruit trees, and nurturing orchards. Answer _______________________ H.1. Phosphorus is one of the six most used chemicals in nature, so it's not all bad. 2. That's bad news for the fish, shrimp and crabs, or anything else that lives in the water. 3. Plants can't grow under this "red tide" of algae, so they die. Bacteria eat the plants, and use up all the oxygen in the water 4. And finally Phosphorus and nitrogen are common ingredients in fertilizers as well as feed. 5. But when too much phosphorus gets into a body of water, it can stimulate the growth of algae -- so much that the algae cover the water in a sheet that block out sunlight. Answer _______________________

I.1. Each session in magneto therapy lasts for 20-30 minutes. 2. There are no side effects but nevertheless there are some guidelines to be considered. 3. In fact, even normal, healthy people are advised to apply magnets for 10 minutes daily to keep fit. 4. Initially, magnets are applied for 5 minutes just once a day and gradually increasing to 20-30 minutes twice a day depending upon the individual. 5. Treatment can continue even after complete cure to preserve general health. Answer _______________________

J.1. Eratosthenes knew that in Syene, in Egypt, the Sun was directly overhead at the summer solstice, while he estimated that the angle formed by a shadow cast by the Sun at Alexandria was 1/50th of a circle. 2. The Earth's circumference was first determined around 240 BC by Eratosthenes. 3. He estimated the distance from Syene to Alexandria as 5,000 stades, and estimated the Earth's circumference was 250,000 stades and a degree was 700 stades (implying a circumference of 252,000 stades. 4. Note that Eratosthenes could only measure the circumference of the Earth by assuming that the distance to the Sun is so great that the rays of sunlight are essentially parallel. 5. Eratosthenes used rough estimates and round numbers, but depending on the length of the stadion, his result is within a margin of between 2% and 20% of the actual meridional circumference, 40,008 kilometres (24,860 mi). Answer _______________________

Read the Passage Carefully and Answer the Questions : I. Researchers at Delft University of Technology have succeeded in carrying out calculations with two quantum bits, the building blocks of a possible future quantum computer. Quantum computers have superior qualities in comparison to the type of computers currently in use. If they are realized, then quantum computers will be able to carry out tasks that are beyond the abilities of all normal computers. A quantum computer is based on the amazing properties of quantum systems. In these, a quantum bit, also known as a qubit, exists in two states at the same time and the information from two qubits is entangled in a way that has no equivalent whatsoever in the normal world. It is highly likely that workable quantum computers will need to be produced using existing manufacturing techniques from the chip industry. Working on this basis, scientists at Delft University of Technology are currently studying two types of qubits: one type makes use of tiny superconducting rings, and the other makes use of 'quantum dots'. Now for the first time a 'controlled-NOT' calculation with two qubits has been realised with the superconducting rings. This is important because it allows any given quantum calculation to be realised. 1. What does the author say about quantum bits? a) they are the building blocks of computers b) they help build future computers c) they are the building blocks of future computers d) they carry a lot of data 2. What is the ability of these quantum bits? a) they will have very tiny chips b) they will be superior in comparison with present day computer

c) they will compute very fast d) nothing, they are only slightly faster than the present day computers 3. What is the specialty of qubits a) they are very smart b) they can exist in two states at the same time c) they are special chips which have huge memories d) They are very fast processors 4. If quits are to be manufactured where will they draw their expertise? a) using super conducting rings b) using quantum dots c) quantum calculation d) distinguishable computation

II. Ancient Egyptians invented the first substance like the paper we know today called Papyrus. Papyrus scrolls were made by taking slices of the inner part of the papyrus stem, flattening and then pounding it into a hard, thin sheet. The word "paper" comes from the word "papyrus". The paper that we know today was invented by Ts'ai Lun in A.D. 105, It is believed that he mixed hemp, mulberry bark, and rags with water, mashed them into a pulp, pressed out the liquid and hung it to dry in the sun. Paper was born and this humble mixture set off one of mankind's greatest communication revolutions. Today there is a revival in homemade papermaking crafts. Not only is it a fun experience, but it's also a good way to recycle waste into wonderful possibilities. 1. Who invented paper originally? a) Indians b) Chinese c) Egyptians d) Europeans 2. Papyrus is the a) pulp of a plant b) kind of grass c) waste cloth d) recycled paper 3. Who is credited with making paper as we know it today? a) Ts'ai Lun b) T'Shima c) Tariq d) Topacio

4. Paper is a mash of a) hemp, mulberry bark, and rags with water b) wood, silk and cotton c) wood, cloth and old paper d) bamboo, cloth and silicone 5. There is a _________ of interest in making hand-made paper. a) Reconnoiter b) revival c) recapitulation d) remembrance

III. The electric fan was invented by Dr. Schuyler Wheeler in 1882.Wheeler (18601923) figured out how to apply the fledgling science of electricity to make a fan turn. Drawing on the work of Thomas Edison and Nicola Tesla, Wheeler invented a desktop fan consisting of two blades-unshielded by any sort of protective cagepowered by an electric motor. Further development of the electric fan fell to Philip H. Diehl, a German immigrant who'd lost everything in the 1871 Chicago fire. Diehl pulled up stakes for the East Coast, where he went to work for the Singer Sewing Machine Company. He took a sewing machine motor, mounted a fan blade and attached the whole thing to the ceiling-thereby inventing the ceiling fan, which he patented in 1887. Later, as head of his own company, Diehl added a light fixture to the ceiling fan. In 1904, Diehl and Co. put a split-ball joint on an electric fan, allowing it to be redirected; three years later, this idea developed into the first oscillating fan. 1. Who is credited with making use of electricity to turn a fan? a) Thomas Edison b) Nicola Tesla c) Wheeler d) Singer 2. Why is the science of electricity called fledgling in this passage a) as it was a very good invention b) as it was a very recent invention c) as people didnt know how to use it d) as people were afraid of using electricity 3. The fan invented by Wheeler was a) unsafe and ineffective b) safe and effective

c) excellent for consumers d) a very silly invention 4. Philip H. Diehl a) lost everything in the Chicago fire b) went to work for Singer Sewing Company c) made huge losses in business d) both a & b 5. Diehl used a sewing machine motor to a) invent the ceiling fan b) to give extra features to the fan c) make a big profit for Singer d) sell the motor to manufacturers

IV. Silicones are ingredients in many hair conditioners, shampoo, and hair gel products. Some silicones, notably the amine functionalized amodimethicones, are excellent conditioners. They improve combability, feel, and softness, and also lessen frizz. Another silicone family, the phenyltrimethicones, are used in reflectionenhancing and colour-correcting hair products, where they increase shine and glossiness (and possibly effect subtle colour changes). Phenyltrimethicones, unlike the conditioning amodimethicones, have refractive indices (typically 1.46) close to that of human hair (1.54). It should be noted that achieving both high-shine and excellent conditioning in one hair care product is much more difficult than simply adding two different silicones to the formulation, because amodimethicone and phenyltrimethicone interact with and dilute each other. This is one reason why modern hair care products, and cosmetics generally, are among the most highly engineered consumer products. Silicones are also used in some shaving products and personal lubricants. Silicone is also material of choice for soft toys, due to its durability, cleanability and lack of phthalates, chemicals suspected of having carcinogenic and mutagenic effects on the skin and mucous membranes. 1. Silicones a) have wide usage b) are carcinogenic c) are harmful d) none of the above 2. Silicones are very safe to use in a) hair care products b) tooth pastes

c) talcum powders d) beverages 3. Phenyltrimethicones a) enhance colour of hair b) enhance fizz of hair c) make hair soft and shiny d) makes hair look lush 4. Adding two different silicones to a formulation is difficult because a) they mix with each other b) they form an explosive mixture c) they interact with and dilute each other d) they are highly immiscible 5. Silicones quality of being non-poisonous is a good choice to make a) clothes b) Shoes c) tooth brushes d) toys V. What really caused the largest mass extinction in Earth's history? Earth scientists will reveal new clues at the annual meeting of the Geological Society of America in Philadelphia Oct. 22-25. The Permian-Triassic extinction, as it is called, is not the one that wiped out the dinosaurs. Nor does the cause appear to have been a meteorite strike, as in that famous event. The Permian-Triassic extinction is the largest recorded, more disastrous for life forms than the extinction that killed the dinosaurs. The most likely explanation for the disappearance of up to 90 percent of species 250 million years ago, said David Bottjer, is that "the earth got sick." Matthew Clapham, a recent Ph.D. graduate of Bottjer's laboratory, has found that species diversity and environmental changes were "decoupled" long before the extinction. Conditions on the planet were deteriorating long before species began to die off, casting doubt on the meteorite strike theory. "People in the past used to think this big mass extinction was like a car hitting a wall," he said. Instead, Clapham's interpretation of the geological record shows "millions of years of environmental stress." Pedro Marenco, a doctoral student in Bottjer's lab, has been testing a leading theory for the P-T extinction: that a warming of the earth and a slowdown in ocean circulation made it harder to replace the oxygen sucked out of the water by marine organisms. According to the theory, microbes would have saturated the water with hydrogen sulfide, a highly toxic chemical. For a mass extinction you really needed a good killer, and it [hydrogen sulfide] is really nasty stuff. Marenco has measured large changes in the concentration of sulfur isotopes that support the hydrogen sulfide theory.

1. The largest mass extinction in Earths History happened due to a) The Permian Triassic extinction b) The holocaust c) Meteorite Strike d) The Earth got sick 2. The largest recorded extinction is a) The meteor strike b) The Permian Triassic extinction c) The Permian- Jurassic extension d) Mass Extinction 3. What did Dr. Mathew Clap hams research find? a) Species diversity and deterioration of the planet occurred side by side b) Species diversity and deterioration of the planet were independent of each other c) The impact of the meteor hitting the earth was immense d) Conditions on the planet were deteriorating long before the animals became extinct 4. A leading theory of the Permian Triassic testing is a) that the Earth started warming up b) slowdown in ocean circulation c) a warming of the earth d) all the above 5. The most likely reason for mass extinction is a) the disappearance of dinosaurs b) the disinterest in global warming c) the increase in hydrogen sulfide in water d) the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere VI. Wool skirts and silk ties may avoid those pricey trips to the dry-cleaner in the future and clean themselves, researchers in Australia and China suggest. They report development of a nanoparticle coating that could lead to "self-cleaning" wool and silk fabrics. Wool and silk, which are composed of natural proteins called keratins, are among the most prized and widely used fabrics in the clothing industry. However, they are difficult fabrics to keep clean and are easily damaged by conventional cleaning agents. A better way to fight stains in these and other protein-based fabrics is needed, scientists say. In the new study, Walid Daoud and colleagues prepared wool fabrics with and without a nanoparticle coating composed of anatase titanium dioxide, a substance that is known to destroy stains, dirt, and harmful microorganisms upon exposure to sunlight. The researchers then stained the fabric samples with red wine. After 20 hours of exposure to simulated sunlight, the coated fabric showed almost no signs of the red stain, whereas the untreated fabric remained deeply stained, the researchers say. The coating, which is non-toxic, can be permanently bonded to the fiber and does

not alter its texture and feel, they note. 1. What is the disadvantage of silk and wool? a) they are very expensive b) they are made only into skirts and ties c) they are expensive to maintain d) they are not easily available 2. What is the substance used to coat wool and silk fabrics so that they dont need to be cleaned? a) nanoparticle coating b) nano fabric coating c) soap coating d) drip and dry methods 3. What is the component of silk and wool that is a natural protein? a) Ketone b) Keratin c) Karats d) Keystone 4. What is the solution to the problem of expensive cleaning of these materials? a) Coating with a material that is like Teflon b) coating with a substance to destroy the dirt and microorganisms c) coating with a nanoparticle that contains soap d) combining with artificial fibres 5. What are the advantages of the new self cleaning coating? a) they do not allow the fabric to fade b) the fabric becomes wash and wear c) the fabric becomes softer d) the fabric becomes non- toxic and stain proof VII. Observers of global health and wellness trends in the beverage sector are beginning to notice an increasing level of activity in India, a country that traditionally did not promise the level of awareness or uptake of health and wellness beverages that has been associated with some other markets. Why India? Economic drivers: With strong economic drivers of consumer spending, India is a very different market from that of the 1980s or 1990s. With a GDP of USD800 billion and a GDP growth rate in 2005-06 of over 8 percent, India is now the third largest economy in Asia. And this has not been the result of some freak surge in growth. Average GDP growth of the last 10 years has been 6.5 percent per annum. And most significantly, the stepping up of GDP growth is driven primarily by domestic demand rather than exports. Demographic drivers: Macro economic factors tell only one part of the story. There are compelling demographic trends in the country that promise new and sustained opportunities for beverage product suppliers who can read right the signals. The

country boasts an expanding middle class that is currently 350 million strong (a population larger than the total population of the United States or the European Union). Increased urbanization and rising disposable incomes are creating new and large target markets for food and beverage products that go beyond commodity status and command higher prices. The rapid growth in the retail sector (over 20 percent per annum) is just one confirmation of the increasing buying power of this middle class. There is today a growing health and wellness consciousness among consumers and an increasing importance given to fitness and healthy lifestyle choices. Changing work and lifestyle habits leave less time for home cooking and therefore spur demand for convenience and complete nutrition from meal replacements. There is a greater inclination to self-care rather than medicate, a greater awareness of the functional benefits of health beverages and a greater willingness to pay a premium for such beverages. 1. Observers of global health and wellness trends in the beverage sector are beginning to notice an increasing level of activity in India. This would mean a) people are becoming very active in India b) sales of health beverages is showing an increase c) health and wellness is increasing in India d) people are drinking more drinks 2. How can you say that the growth of India is one of the highest in the world? a) due to its decreasing consumerism b) due to its increasing GDP c) due to its growing population d) due to its inflationary trends 3. What kind of growth rate is India showing? a) steady growth b) erratic growth c) flat growth d) not a predictable growth 4. Which one of the following is not a factor for promise of new and sustained opportunities for beverage product suppliers who can read right the signals? a) increasing buying power of the population b) expanding middle class c) increase in education d) disposable incomes 5. Which of these is a factor for increasing sales of health beverages? a) Consciousness of what one drinks b) awareness of health and prevention of disease c) there is a greater inclination to self-care rather than medicate d) aping western habits

VIII. Scientists have developed the latest version of a driving assistance system, which controls the driver's attention level and helps to avoid accidents caused by drowsiness or distractions at the wheel. The aim of this system is to supervise and control the driver's attention level in order to detect possible distractions or signs related to drowsiness. The information comes to the system through a video camera, located on the dashboard of the car, and measures eye blinking speed, its degree of openness or where the driver is looking in order to detect potentially dangerous situations. If the system detects that the driver is getting drowsy or that he or she is distracted from the road, the driver is warned by an audible signal to alert him or her to the dangerous situation. This Advanced Driving Alert System (ADAS) can be applied to practically any type of driver. "It would be logical to start with drivers who spend a lot of time at the wheel, such as truck drivers or bus drivers and later refine the system to apply it to all types of drivers," says Arturo de la Escalera. Among the possible improvements to the system is that it registers and evaluates other types of gestures, such as a drooping head or the number of yawns, "says Marco Javier Flores, another of the authors of the research study. The results of the study have been published recently in the digital version of the Journal of Intelligent and Robotics System. This new type of electronic co-pilot is found in the IVVI (Intelligent Vehicle based on Visual Information) a real car that has become a platform for research and experimentation for professors and students at the University. The aim of researchers developing this "intelligent vehicle" at the Intelligent Systems Laboratory at the UC3M is to be able to capture and interpret all the information on the road when we drive. 1. A driving assistant has been invented in order to a) to help increase ease of driving b) to help increase speed in driving c) to help decrease accident rates d) to help police detect speeding vehicles 2. Which is the purpose for which the driving assistant not meant ? a) to supervise and control the drivers attention b) to detect possible distractions of the driver c) to detect the drivers drowsiness d) to detect the direction in which the driver is moving 3. to whom will this system be given? a) to truck drivers b) to long distance drivers c) to drivers with children with them d) both a and b 4. ADAS means a) Advanced Driving Alert System

Advanced Driving Alarm System Advanced Driving Alarm Signal Advanced Driving Ability Signal 5. The new driving system will help as a co pilot as an automatic driver as a trouble shooter like a GPS system IX. New research from the John Innes Centre on how plants adapt their flowering to climate is also helping to unravel some of the mysteries of how genes are controlled. Until recently genome sequencing projects, and studies of gene expression have mostly focussed on the messenger RNA transcripts produced from genes that contain the code needed to make proteins. But apart from this coding RNA, it is now becoming apparent that there are extensive amounts of non-coding RNA that has important roles in regulating gene expression. Despite being widespread amongst many different organisms, our understanding of this non-coding RNA is still very limited. It is thought to play major role in the differentiation of stem cells, and it has been implicated in cancer development, but we are still a long way from knowing what all this non-coding RNA is for. Recent studies by Professor Caroline Dean of the John Innes Centre on how plants control flowering in different climates have given indications of how non-coding RNA is processed and how it can affect gene expression, demonstrating the potential use of a plant based model system in unravelling fundamental questions about how genes work. Prof Dean's research has centred on a gene in Arabidopsis that suppresses flowering, Flowering Locus C (FLC). Turning off this gene triggers the plant's flowering and reproductive phase, and the timing of this is crucial to the plant's reproductive success. Many different signals integrate into FLC to either maintain or release its suppression of flowering. One of these signals is an extended period of cold that is essential for some plants to flower, a process known as vernalization. It ensures that flowering starts in the favourable conditions of spring after the cold of winter has passed. The studies on FLC are giving us a fuller understanding of the complexities of gene regulation even beyond the plant kingdom. In two papers now published in the journals Nature and Science, Prof Dean and colleagues at the John Innes Centre, an institute of the BBSRC, are providing potential roles for non-coding RNA in silencing the FLC gene. In response to cold, non-coding anti-sense transcripts covering the entire FLC gene act to silence FLC sense transcription. Once it has been turned off, or silenced, the gene retains the 'memory' of this for the rest of its life and remains silenced even after the cold stimulus has been removed. This epigenetic memory is maintained through changes in chromatin, the DNA plus associated histone proteins. 1. What is common between flowers and human genes?

one generated honey while the other eats it both are colourful both adapt to their environment both are mysterious 2. What does the gene code contained in RNA make? Proteins Vitamins genes stem cells 3. What is non-coding RNA becoming apparent for? important roles in regulating gene expression important role in creating protein important role in t- cell formation important role in gene therapy 4. Despite the fact that non- coding RNA has many useful applications why is it that it is not being used extensively? very little information is available our understanding of the RNA is very poor our perception about its uses is very minimal our need for it is very limited 5. What kind of a model is being used to unravel the fundamental question of the work of genes a mechanical model experiments on animals experiments on cadavers a plant based model X. The most important application of thorium is the production of nuclear power either as metal, oxide or alloy and even in several compounds during the U 233 production process. In the non-energetic uses, the production of gas light mantle and the use of thorium metal for imparting strength to magnesium metal can be included. Due to its low work function and high electron emissivity, thorium has found applications in a number of gaseous discharge lamps, photoelectric cells (when ultraviolet sensitivity is required) and as emitter in monochromatic X-ray tubes. The oxide has been found useful in a variety of areas. Perhaps the most recent potentially large-scale nonenergy use found for thorium oxide is as hardener of nickel for space and metallurgical industry. Thorium oxide, when properly prepared, is quite active as a catalyst for many chemical processes, like oil fractionizing and sulfuric acid preparation. Its stability at high temperatures allow the use as a coating element for melting crucibles. Hazards of thorium or its compounds may generally be classed into three types, namely, radiological, chemical and combustion. 1. What is the most useful application of Thorium? a. use it for making alloys

b. use it to generate electricity c.use it to generate nuclear power d.use it to generate U 233 2. Which of these is not a use for Thorium? a. ultraviolet sensitivity b. gas light mantle c. giving strength to magnesium d. both b and c 3. Due to the low work function and high electron emission, Thorium has not found application a. in a number of gaseous discharge lamps b. photoelectric cells c. as emitter in monochromatic X-ray tubes d .as a generator of heat 4. The oxide of Thorium is useful as all of these except a. a catalyst b. hardener of nickel c. in the metallurgical industry d. as a thinner for paints 5. Which one of the hazards below is not due to Thorium. a. Chemical b. biological c. radiological d.combustion

Correct the Errors(grammar)

(Instruction: From the following pairs of sentences identify the grammatically correct sentence) 1. a. Most banks do not mind lending money to young entrepreneurs. b. Most banks do not mind to lend money to young entrepreneurs. 2. a. After they had finished their meal, they asked the waiter the bill. b. After they had finished their meal, they asked the waiter for the bill. 3. a. He won the first rank by sheer dint of hard work. b. He won the first rank by force of hard work. 4. a. Heres the sales figures from january, february and march. If there is any possible explanation I want it before the next meeting.

b. Here are the sales figures for January, February and March. If there is any possible explanation, I want it before the next meeting. 5. a. Working all day long in financial services can be a very tired occupation. b. Working all day long in financial services can be a very tiring occupation. 6. a. Double negatives have no use in Standard English. b. Double negatives dont have no use in Standard English. 7. a. I dont know what to do with my life, as it is all shattered. b. I know what to do in life, as it is all shattered. 8. a. Congratulations! Your cover letter and resume have made a good impression and the employer has called you in for an interview. b. Congratulations! Your cover letter and resume has made a good impression and the employer has calls you in for an interview 9. a. Our sales representatives computers is leased from a company in the Midlands. b. Our sales representatives computers are leased from a company in the Midlands. 10. a. Let's get started. We're here today to discuss ways of improving sales in rural market areas. b. Let's get started. We're here today to discuss ways of improving sales in rural market areas.

11. a. It is quite acceptable to pay a lot for high quality work especially if the service is very good. b. It is quite acceptable to pay a lot for high quality work especially if the service is very well. 12. a. The new software is the best available in the market. b. The new software is the bestest among all other on the market. 13. a. After many Peace Corps teachers return to the States often they become

professional English teachers. b. After many peace corps teachers return to their country,they often become professional English teachers. 14. a. The minute they came to know that their chief was issued a charge sheet, the entire group of workers went on boycott. b. The minute they came to know that their chief was issued a charge sheet, the entire group of workers went on a boycott. 15. a. We told you we would waited you at the restaurant. b. We told you we would wait for you at the restaurant 16. a. The most hard part of the job is the bending once a minute and then lifting the weight. b. The hardest part of the job is the bending once a minute and then lifting the weight. 17. a. The real indicator of success for many people are earning more and more wealth. b. The real indicator of success for many people is earning more and more wealth. 18. a. Unless you leave this place immediately there will be chaotic b. Unless you leave this place at once there will be chaos. 19. a. When choosing a car you often have to choose among practicality and performance. b. When choosing a car you often have to choose between practicality and performance. 20. a. After the three-week vacation, she looked very well. b. After the three-week vacation, she looked good. 21. a. The new model weighed 20 pounds less than the older model. b. The new model weighed 20 pounds less than that of the older model. 22. a. This is one of the four primary libraries that are supported by our organization. b. This is one of the four primary libraries that is supported by our organization.

23. a. Her mother thought that a law career would offer her daughter the most brightest future.

b. Her mother thought that a law career would offer her daughter the brightest future. 24. a. We wondered why didn't you come. b. We wondered why you hadnt come. 25. a. Before moving to Philadelphia, they lived in Mexico City. b. Before moving to Philadelphia Mexico city was their home. 26. a. Thirty - liters of fuel does not seem to be sufficient for the distance to be covered. b. Thirty - liters of fuel do not seem to be sufficient for the distance to be covered. 27. a. We left our booking for the event till the last moment and so the hotel could not accumulate all of us. b We left our booking for the event till the last moment and so the hotel could not accommodate us. 28. a. Everyone on the project have to attend to the meeting. b. Everyone on the project has to attend the meeting. 29. a. She is a most intelligent girl in the class. b. She is the most intelligent girl in the class 30. a. Shelleys name must be remembered by all as he is of the worlds most celibate poets. b. Shelleys name should be remembered by all, as he is one of the worlds most celebrated poets.