welcome.

govt. high school,

sirhind city,
teachers:- mrs.harjot kaur,miss paramjit kaur.
students:- gagandeep singh,vijay and kuldeep kaur
reference:-text book of syd.vii

topic:- parts of the flower

flower is the reproductive organ of most seed bearing plants.flowers mainly are
composed of four parts,arranged in concentric rings attached to the tip of the stem. from
innermost to outermost, these parts are the (1) pistil, (2) stamens, (3) petals, and (4)
sepals.

a. pistil
this is the innermost part located in the center of the flower.it is the female reproductive
structure.often vase-shaped, the pistil consists of three parts: the stigma, the style, and
the ovary. the stigma, a slightly flared and sticky structure at the top of the pistil,
functions by trapping pollen grains, the structures that give rise to the sperm cells
necessary for fertilization. the style is a narrow stalk that supports the stigma. the style
rises from the ovary, a slightly swollen structure seated at the base of the flower.
depending on the species, the ovary contains one or more ovules, each of which holds
one egg cell. after fertilization, the ovules develop into seeds, while the ovary enlarges
into the fruit. if a flower has only one ovule, the fruit will contain one seed, as in a peach.
the fruit of a flower with many ovules, such as a tomato, will have many seeds. an ovary
that contains one or more ovules also is called a carpel, and a pistil may be composed of
one to several carpels.

b. stamens

the next part consists of the male reproductive structures, several to many stamens
arranged around the pistil. a stamen consists of a slender stalk called the filament, which
supports the anther, a small part where pollen forms. when a flower is still an unopened
bud, the filaments are short.they help to transport nutrients to the developing pollen. as
the flower opens, the filaments become long and hold the anthers higher in the flower,
where the pollen grains are more likely to be picked up by animals, wind, or in the case
of some aquatic plants, by water. the animals, wind, or water might then carry the pollen
to the stigma of an appropriate flower. the placement of pollen on the stigma is called
pollination. pollination starts the process of fertilization.

c. petals

petals, the next part, surround the stamens and together are called corolla. many petals
have bright colors, which attract animals that carry out pollination.these animals are
called pollinators. three groups of pigments—alone or in combination—produce a
veritable rainbow of petal colors: anthocyanins have shades of violet, blue, and red;
betalains create reds; and carotenoids produce yellows and orange. petal color can be
modified in several ways. texture, for example, can play a role in the overall effect—a
smooth petal is shiny, while a rough one appears velvety. if cells inside the petal are
filled with starch, they create a white layer that makes pigments appear brighter. petals
with flat air spaces between cells shimmer.

in some flowers, the pigments form various patterns which can not be seen by
humans but bees can see them, who can see ultraviolet light. like the landing strips of an
airport, these patterns, called nectar guides, direct bees to the nectar within the flower.
nectar is made in special glands located at or near the petal’s base. some flowers
secrete great amounts of nectar and attract big pollinators with large appetites, such as
bats. other flowers, particularly those that depend on wind or water to transport their
pollen. the petals of many species also are the source of the fragrances that attract
pollinators. in these species, the petals have tiny glands that produce essential,oils that
vaporize easily, often releasing a distinctive aroma. one flower can make dozens of
different essential oils, which mix up to yield the flower’s unique fragrance.

d.sepals

the sepals, the outermost part, together are called the calyx. in the flower bud, the
sepals tightly enclose and protect the petals, stamens, and pistil from rain or insects. the
sepals unfurl as the flower opens and often resemble small green leaves at the flower’s
base. in some flowers, the sepals are colorful and work with the petals to attract
pollinators.

thanks.