1. Which of the following hormones acts to increase blood glucose levels? A. insulin B. glucagon C. antidiuretic hormone D. pepsinogen E. aldosterone 2.

In humans, the HIV virus primarily attacks which of the following types of cells?

(A) (B) (C) (0) (E)

Epidermal cells Red blood cells White blood cells Glial cells Neurons

3. Which of the following describes the mechanism by which a plant stem grows toward light? (A) The plant seeks light in order to maximize photosynthesis. (B) Nerve like impulses stimulate contractile cells on the lighted side of the stem. (C) Cells on the dark side of the stem elongate more than those on the lighted side. (0) The plant grows into an open area where its leaves will not be shaded by competing plants. (E) The greater energy supply on the lighted side of the stem stimulates metabolism and growth on that side. 4. Fruits often ripen faster when placed in closed paper bags because of the effect of (A) cytokinin (B) abscisic acid (C) CO2 (0) gibberellin (E) ethylene

5. Certain metabolic pathways are affected by the buildup of a product that interacts with an enzyme catalyzing one of the initial steps of the pathway; this can be an example of (A) (B) (C) (0) (E) transcriptional regulation thermodynamic regulation translational regulation feedback inhibition posttranslational modification

In an experiment, rats' ovaries were removed immediately after impregnation and then the rats were divided into two groups. Treatments and results are summarized in the table below. Group 1 0.25 Group 2 2.0

Daily injections of progesterone (milligrams) Percentage of rats that carried fetuses to birth

6. The results most likely occurred because progesterone exerts an effect on the A. general health of the rat.

7. Gibberellic acid stimulates the cells of germinating grass seeds to produce mRNA molecules that code for hydrolytic enzymes. In this case the role of gibberellic acid can best be described as that of A. B. C. D. a regulator of gene activity a stimulator of hydrolase secretion a stimulator of DNA replication an allosteric activator of hydrolase an activator of translation

E.

8. Which of the following is true of humoral immunity but not of cell-mediated immunity? A. It is active in the early years of a person's life. B. It involves the activity of killer T-cells. C. Antigens are relS:ognizedin the lymph nodes. D. Antibodies are produced in response to antigens. E. Virus-infected cells are the primary targets. 9. Which of the following is LEAST likely to result in a release of epinephrine (adrenaline) from the adrenal glands? A. Competing in an athletic event B. Going out on a first date C. Falling asleep during a lecture D. Swimming in a very cold pool E. Taking a test while unprepared

A. B. C. D. E.

Testis Lining of small intestine Anterior pituitary Thyroid Pancreas

10. Releases hormones that control blood sugar levels by stimulating glycogen formation or breakdown I

12. Releases hormones that increase the rate of cellular respiration throughout the body

14. From the perspective of the cell receiving the message, the three stages of cell signaling are a. the paracrine, local, and synaptic stages. b. signal reception, signal transduction, and cellular response. c. signal reception, nucleus disintegration, and new cell generation. d. the alpha, beta, and gamma stages. e. signal reception, cellular response, and cell division. 15. Which of the following are chemical messengers that pass through the plasma membrane of cells and have receptor molecules in the cytoplasm? a. protein signals b. hormone signals c. Both d. Neither

16. Which of the following statements is (are) true of plants? a. Unlike animals, plants cannot respond to stimuli. b. Plants are stationary and are incapable of movement. c. Plants adjust their growth and development in response to environmental cues. d. Only A and B are true. e. A, B, and C are true. 17. Secondary messengers are associated with which of the following? a. Reception b. Transduction c. Response d. both A and B e. both Band C

18. In a signal transduction pathway, the transduction stage amplifies the original signal by a. involving more than one receptor molecule to receive the stimulus. b. having each receptor molecule produce multiple secondary messengers. c. having each secondary messenger activate numerous specific enzymes. d. Band Conly e. A, B, and C 19. Why might a. b. c. d. e. animal hormones function differently from plant hormones? Animals move rapidly away from negative stimuli, and most plants don't. Plant cells have a cell wall that blocks passage of many hormones. Plants must have more precise timing of their reproductive activities. Plants are much more variable in their morphology and development than animals. Both A and 0 are correct.

20. Inflammatory responses may include all of the following except a. clotting proteins sealing off a localized area. b. increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area. c. reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma. d. release of substances to increase the blood supply to an inflamed area. e. increased release of white blood cells from bone marrow. 21. Which of the following is afalse statement about innate immunity? a. They include inflammatory responses. b. They include physical and chemical barriers. c. They must be primed by the presence of antigen. d. They may involve the formation of membrane attack complexes. e. Macrophages and natural killer cells are participants in the process. 22. What are antigens? a. proteins found in the blood that cause foreign blood cells to clump b. proteins embedded in B cell membranes c. proteins that consist of two light and two heavy polypeptide chains d. foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies e. proteins released during an inflammatory response 23. Which of the following cell types are responsible for initiating a secondary immune response? a. memory cells b. Macrophages c. stem cells d. B cells e. T cells 24. In which of a. b. c. d. e. the following situations will helper T cells be activated? when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell when a cytotoxic T cell releases cytokines when natural killer (NK) cells come in contact with a tumor cell in the bone marrow during the self tolerance test when B cells respond to T-independent antigens

Second exposme to antigen A

14

21 28 35 Time (days)

25. When would memory cells be produced? a. between 0 and 7 days b. between 7 and 14 days c. between 28 and 35 days d. between 35 and 42 days e. both A and C 26. When would you find antibodies being produced? a. between 3 and 7 days b. between 14 and 21 days c. between 28 and 35 days d. both Band C e. both A and C 27. Which of the following is a pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells? a. B cell contact antigen ~ helper T cell is activated ~ clonal selection occurs b. body cell becomes infected with a virus ~ synthesis of new viral proteins ~ class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface c. self-tolerance of immune cells ~ B cells contact antigen ~ cytokines released d. complement cells ~ B cell contacts antigen ~ helper T cell activated ~ cytokines released e. cytotoxic T cells ~ class II MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed ~ cytokines released ~ cell lysis 28. The secretion of hormone A causes a change in the amount of protein X in an organism. lfthis mechanism works by positive feedback, which of the following statements represents that fact? a. An increase in A produces an increase in X. b. An increase in X produces a decrease in A. c. A decrease in A produces an increase in X. d. A and B are correct. e. Band C are correct.

29. The endocrine system and the nervous system are structurally related. illustrates this relationship? a. a neuron in the spinal cord b. a steroid-producing cell in the adrenal cortex c. a neurosecretory cell in the hypothalamus d. a brain cell in the cerebral cortex e. a cell in the pancreas that produces digestive enzymes

Which of the following

cells best

Refer to the figure below to answer the following questions.

I A I I---B~

o 0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 Gibberellin concentration (Il-g/ml)

30. The results of this a. show b. show c. show d. show e. study

Gibberellin of unknown concentration

experiment, shown on the left of the graph (area A), may be used to that these plants can live without gibberellin. that gibberellin is necessary in positive gravitropism. that taller plants with more gibberellin produce fruit (pods). a correlation between plant height and gibberellin concentration. phytoalexins in plants.

Essay: Pick ONE

# J: Homeostatic maintenance of optimal blood glucose levels has been intensively studied in vertebrate organIsms. (a) Pancreatic hormones regulate blood glucose levels. Identify TWO pancreatic hOl1l10neS and describe the effect of each hormone on blood glucose levels. (b) For ONE of the hOl1l10neS you identified in (a), identify ONE target cell and discuss the mechanism by which the hormone can alter activity in that target cel!. Include in your discussion a description of reception, cellular transduction, and response.

#2: An important defense against disease in vertebrate animals is the ability to eliminate, inactivate or destroy foreign substances and organisms. Explain how the immune system achieves THREE ofthe following: - provides an immediate nonspecific immune response - activates - responds T and B cells in response to a later infection to an infection agent

of the same infections

- distinguishes

self from non self