Experiment no:1 Date:17.09.

06
Name of the experiment:
Determination of pH of the supplied sample.

Principle:
The electrode of pH meter in contact with hydrogen ions of
the sample under test, acquires an electrical potential which depends on the
concentration of H+ ions. A measure of the electrical potential is; therefore,
give H+ ion concentration or pH of the sample because the negative
logarithm of hydrogen concentration is called pH.

pH = -log [H+]

The pH scale value is from 0 to 14. The 7 is neutral; below 7

is acidic and above 7 is basic in nature.
Materials:
1. Supplied soil sample
2. pH meter
3. Beaker
4. Buffer solution
Procedure:
a. The pH meter was calibrated before use with buffer
solution of known pH values.
b. Then the electrode of pH meter was submerged into
the sample that was taken in a beaker and pH of the
sample was recorded.

Result:
The pH of the sample was 4.4
Name of the experiment:
Determination of total Electrical
conductivity (EC) by EC meter.

Principle:
Pure water is a very poor conductor of electric current,
whereas water containing dissolved salts ordinarily found in soils conducts
current approximately in proportion to the amount of salt present. Based on
this principle, electrical conductance, which is reciprocal of resistance, is
measured for salinity appraisal. Electrical conductivity, which is commonly
represented by the symbol “EC” increase with salt content and therefore,
interpretation of reading, is simple. EC is expressed as m mhos/cm, i.e.
reciprocal of ohms.
Materials:
5. Beaker
6. Water sample
7. EC meter
Procedure:
a. water sample was taken in a beaker
b. Then EC reading was taken by a EC meter.

Result:
The EC reading of the supplied water sample was 0.6
ms/cm
Exp no: 2 Date: 19.09.06
Name of the experiment:
Determination of CO3²‾ and HCO3‾ of the supplied soil
sample.
The CO3²‾ of the supplied soil sample is absent.
Data for HCO3‾
Burette reading of H2SO4
Observation IBR FBR DIFFERENCE
SAMPLE 3.0 3.2 0.2
BLANK 0 0 0

Calculation:
Meq/L of HCO3‾ = (z-2y) × normality of H2SO4 × 1000
ml of aliquot
Here,
Z= 0.2
Y= 0
Normality of H2SO4 = 0.01 N
Amount of aliquot taken =5ml
Meq/L of HCO3 = (0.2-2×0) × 0.01×1000
5
= 0.4
Result:
The amount of HCO3ˉ present in the supplied sample was 0.4
meq /L.
Exp no: 3 Date: 19.09.06
Name of the experiment:
Determination of chloride in the supplied soil sample.
Data:
Burette reading of silver nitrate
Observation IBR FBR Difference
Sample 10.4 11.6 1.2
Blank 3.2 4.2 1.0

Calculation:
Meq/L of Clˉ= (T-B) ×N ×1000
ml of aliquot taken

= (1.2-1) × 0.005 ×1000

5
= 0.2
Result:
The amount of chloride present in the supplied soil sample was
0.2 meq/L.
Exp no: 4 Date: 19.09.06
Name of the experiment:
Determination of water soluble calcium of the supplied
sample.

Data:
Burette reading of EDTA
Observation IBR FBR Difference
Sample 2.6 3.3 0.7
Blank 6.6 6.7 0.1

Calculation:
Meq/L of Ca = (ml of versenate solution used × normality of
versenate solution ×1000)/(ml of aliquot taken)
Here, ml of versenate solution used = (T-B)
= (0.7-0.1) ml
= 0.6 ml
Normality of versanate solution = 0.01
ml of aliquot taken = ml
So, meq/L Ca = 0.06×0.01×1000
5
= 1.2
Result:
The amount of water soluble calcium present in supplied sample was
1.2 meq/L.
Exp no: 5 Date: 19.09.06
Name of the experiment:
Determination of water soluble magnesium present in the
supplied soil sample.

Data:
Burette reading of EDTA
Observation IBR FBR Difference
Sample 3.8 4.6 0.8
Blank 22.1 22.2 0.1

Calculation:
Meq/L of (Mg+Ca) = (ml of versenate solution used ×
normality of versenate solution ×1000)/(ml of aliquot taken)
Here, ml of versenate solution used = (T-B)
= (0.8-0.1) ml
= 0.7 ml
Normality of versanate solution = 0.01N
ml of aliquot taken =5 ml
So, meq/L (Ca+Mg) = 0.7×0.01×1000
5
= 1.4
So, meq/L mg = meq/L of (Ca+Mg) – meq/L of Ca
= 1.4-1.2
= 0.2
Result:
The amount of Mg present in the supplied sample as water soluble
was 0.2 meq/L.
Exp no: 6 Date: 20.09.06
Name of the experiment:
Determination of exchangeable calcium present in supplied
sample.

Data:
Burette reading of EDTA
Observation IBR FBR Difference
Sample 0.4 1.8 1.4
Blank 31.9 32.1 0.2

Calculation:
Meq/L of Ca = (ml of versenate solution used × normality of
versenate solution ×1000)/(ml of aliquot taken)
Here, ml of versenate solution used = (T-B)
= (1.4-0.2) ml
= 1.2 ml
Normality of versanate solution = 0.01
ml of aliquot taken =5 ml
So, meq/L Ca = 1.2×0.01×1000
5
= 2.4
Result:
The amount of exchangeable calcium present in supplied soil sample
was 2.4 meq/L.
Exp no: 7 Date: 24.09.06
Name of the experiment:
Determination of exchangeable magnesium present in
supplied soil sample.

Data:
Burette reading of EDTA
Observation IBR FBR Difference
Sample 1.2 2.9 1.7
Blank 47.5 47.7 0.2

Calculation:
Meq/L of (Mg+Ca) = (ml of versenate solution used ×
normality of versenate solution ×1000)/(ml of aliquot taken)
Here, ml of versenate solution used = (T-B)
= (1.7-0.2) ml
= 1.5 ml
Normality of versanate solution = 0.01N
ml of aliquot taken =5 ml
So, meq/L Ca = 1.5×0.01×1000
5
=3
So, meq/L of Mg= meq/L of (Ca+Mg)- meq/L of Ca
= (3-2.4)
= 0.6
Result:
The amount of exchangeable magnesium present in supplied soil
sample was 0.6 meq/L.
Exp no: 8 Date: 20.09.06
Name of the experiment:
Determination of exchangeable Potassium (K) present in
supplied sample by flame photometry method.

Data & calculation:

Reading =3.3ppm
Factor from standard curve=1
Dilution factor= 10
ppm K in soil = Reading × factor from standard curve × dilution factor
= 3.3×1×10
= 33 ppm
K, meq/100 gm = ppm
390

= 33
390

= 0.0846
Result:
The amount of exchangeable Potassium (K) present in supplied soil
sample 0.0846 meq/100gm.
Exp no: 9 Date: 20.09.06
Name of the experiment:
Determination of exchangeable Sodium (Na) present in
supplied sample by flame photometry method.

Data & calculation:

Reading =14.5
Factor from standard curve=1
Dilution factor= 10
ppm K in soil = Reading × factor from standard curve × dilution factor
= 14.5×1×10
= 145 ppm
Na, meq/100 gm = ppm
230

= 145
230

= 0.6304
Result:
The amount of exchangeable Sodium (Na) present in supplied soil
sample 0.6304 meq/100gm.
Exp no: 10 Date: 20.09.06
Name of the experiment:
Determination of water soluble Sodium (Na) present in
supplied sample by flame photometry method.

Data & calculation:

Reading =5ppm
Factor from standard curve=1
Dilution factor= 10
ppm K in soil = Reading × factor from standard curve × dilution factor
= 5×1×10
= 50 ppm
K, meq/100 gm = ppm
230

= 50
230

= 0.2174 meq/100 gm soil

Result:
The amount of water soluble Sodium (Na) present in supplied soil
sample 0.2174 meq/100gm soil.
Exp no: 11 Date: 20.09.06
Name of the experiment:
Determination of water soluble Potassium (K) presents in
supplied sample by flame photometry method.

Data & calculation:

Reading =0.9ppm
Factor from standard curve=1
Dilution factor= 10
ppm K in soil = Reading × factor from standard curve × dilution factor
= 0.9×1×10
= 9 ppm
K, meq/100 gm = ppm
390

= 09
390

= 0.02307
Result:
The amount of water soluble Potassium (K) present in supplied soil
sample 0.2307 meq/100gm.