HIGH-TEMPERATURE ALLOYS

HAYNES 230 ALLOY

A Ni-Cr-W-Mo alloy that combines excellent high-temperature strength and oxidation resistance with superior long term stability and good fabricability. Contents
Principal Features Creep and Stress-Rupture Strength ASME Vessel Code Low Cycle Fatigue Tensile Properties Thermal Stability Resistance To Grain Growth Physical Properties Oxidation Nitriding Carburization Field Experience Hydrogen Embrittlement Aqueous Corrosion Fabrication Microstructure Welding Health and Safety Machining Typical Applications 3 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 18 18 20 20 20 22 23 24 26 27 2, 17, 19, 21

H-3000H

TYPICAL APPLICATIONS

Nitric acid catalyst grids support made from HAYNES 230 alloy plate and bar. Excellent creep strength at 1700F (927C) makes the alloy highly suitable for this application.

Textron Lycoming gas turbine engine combustor made of HAYNES 230 alloy.

2007, Haynes International, Inc.

PRINCIPAL FEATURES
Excellent High-Temperature Strength, Thermal Stability, and Environment Resistance
HAYNES 230 alloy is a nickelchromium-tungsten-molybdenum alloy that combines excellent high-temperature strength, outstanding resistance to oxidizing environments up to 2100F (1149C) for prolonged exposures, premier resistance to nitriding environments, and excellent long-term thermal stability. It is readily fabricated and formed, and is castable. Other attractive features include lower thermal expansion characteristics than most high-temperature alloys, and a pronounced resistance to grain coarsening with prolonged exposure to hightemperatures. condition, unless otherwise specified. The alloy is solution heat-treated in the range of 2150 to 2275F (1177 to 1246C) and rapidly cooled or water-quenched for optimum properties. Annealing at temperatures lower than the solution heattreating temperatures will produce some carbide precipitation in 230 alloy, which may marginally affect the alloys strength and ductility. 230 alloy is used for catalyst grid supports in ammonia burners, high-strength thermocouple protection tubes, hightemperature heat exchangers, ducts, high-temperature bellows, and various other key process internals. In the industrial heating industry, applications for 230 alloy include furnace retorts, chains and fixtures, burner flame shrouds, recuperator internals, dampers, nitriding furnace internals, heat-treating baskets, grates, trays, sparger tubes, thermocouple protection tubes, cyclone internals, and many more.

Castings
HAYNES 230 alloy may be cast using traditional air-melt sand mold or vacuum-melt investment casting foundry practices. Silicon levels at the high end of the specification range are recommended for enhanced fluidity. Castings may be used in either the as-cast or solution-heat-treated condition depending upon property requirements.

Applicable Specifications
HAYNES 230 alloy is covered by ASME Section VII, Division I. Plate, sheet, strip, bar, forging, tubing, pipe, and fittings are covered by ASME specifications SB 435, SB 572, SB 564, SB 619, SB 622, SB 626, and SB 366 and ASTM specifications B 435, B 572, B 564, B 619, B 622, B 626, and B 366. DIN specifications are 17744 No. 2.4733 (all forms) and NiCr22W14Mo (all forms). The UNS number for the alloy is N06230. Sheet, strip and plate are also covered by AMS specification 5878, while bar and forging are covered by AMS specification 5891.

Easily Fabricated
HAYNES 230 alloy has excellent forming and welding characteristics. It may be forged or otherwise hot-worked, providing it is held at 2150F (1177C) for a time sufficient to bring the entire piece to temperature. As a consequence of its good ductility, 230 alloy is also readily formed by coldworking. All hot- or coldworked parts should be annealed and rapidly cooled in order to restore the best balance of properties. The alloy can be welded by a variety of techniques, including gas tungsten arc (GTAW), gas metal arc (GMAW), and resistance welding.

Available in Convenient Forms

HAYNES 230 alloy is produced in the form of plate, sheet, strip, foil, billet, bar, wire welding products, pipe, tubing, and remelt bar.

Applications
HAYNES 230 alloy combines properties which make it ideally suited for a wide variety of component applications in the aerospace and power industries. It is used for combustion cans, transition ducts, flameholders, thermocouple sheaths, and other important gas turbine components. In the chemical process industry,

ASME Vessel Code

HAYNES 230 alloy is covered by ASME Vessel Code case No. 2063 for Section I and Section Vlll Division 1 construction to 1650F (899C).

Heat-Treatment
Wrought 230 alloy is furnished in the solution heat-treated

Nominal Chemical Composition, Weight Percent

Ni
57 a
*Maximum

Cr
22
a

W
14

Mo
2

Fe
3*

Co
5*

Mn
0.5

Si
0.4

Al
0.3

C
0.10

La
0.02

B
0.015*

As balance

CREEP AND STRESS-RUPTURE STRENGTH

HAYNES 230 alloy is a solidsolution-strengthened material which combines excellent hightemperature strength with good fabricability at room temperature. It is particularly effective for very long-term applications at temperatures of 1200F (649C) or more, and is capable of outlasting stainless steels and nickel alloys by as much as 100 to 1 depending upon the temperature. Alternatively, the higher strength of 230 alloy allows for the use of design section thicknesses as much as 75 percent thinner than lesser alloys with no loss in load-bearing capability.

Stress-Rupture Lives for Various Alloys at Fixed Test Conditions (Bar and Plate)*
1400F/15.0 Ksi Alloy
230 alloy 625 alloy X alloy Alloy 800H INCONEL alloy 601 253 MA alloy Alloy 600 Type 316 Stainless Steel RA330 alloy Type 304 Stainless Steel
*Based upon Larson-Miller extrapolation

Hours to Rupture 1600F/4.5 Ksi (871C/31 MPa)

65,000 14,000 5,000 1,200 1,200 900 280 240 230 100

1800F/2.0 Ksi (982C/14 MPa)

5,000 2,400 2,100 920 1,000 720 580 130 130 72

(760C/103 MPa)
8,200 19,000 900 130 50 140 15 100 30 10

Comparison of Stress to Produce 1% Creep in 1000 Hours (Sheet)

Sheet - 2250F (1232C) Solution Anneal

Test Temperature Creep, F (C) Percent
1200 (649) 0.5 1.0 Rupture 0.5 1.0 Rupture 0.5 1.0 Rupture 0.5 1.0 Rupture 0.5 1.0 Rupture 0.5 1.0 Rupture 0.5 1.0 Rupture 0.5 1.0 Rupture
*Significant Extrapolation of Data

Approximate Initial Stress, Ksi (MPa) to Produce Specified Creep in: 10 Hours 100 Hours 1,000 Hours 10,000 Hours*
48.0 (330) 51.0 67.0 31.0 34.0 47.0 17.2 20.0 32.0 13.1 14.1 23.3 (350) (460) (215) (235) (325) (120) (140) (220) (90) (97) (160) 32.0 (220) 36.0 48.0 21.3 24.0 34.0 (250) (330) (145) (165) (235) 22.0 (150) 25.0 36.0 14.5 16.5 25.0 (170) (250) (100) (115) (170) ------27.0 (185) ------18.5 (130) ------13.2 ------8.4 ------5.6 ------3.2 ------1.1 ----------

1300 (704)

1400 (760)

1500 (816)

13.7 (95) 14.8 (100) 24.5 (170) 10.3 (71) 11.2 (77) 17.5 (120) 7.6 8.4 12.1 5.4 5.7 8.0 3.4 3.6 4.9 ------3.5 (52) (58) (83) (37) (39) (55) (23) (25) (34)

10.8 (75) 11.7 (81) 18.2 (125) 7.8 (54) 8.6 (59) 12.5 (86) 5.5 5.8 8.2 3.4 3.6 4.9 1.7 1.9 2.6 ------1.6 (38) (40) (57) (23) (25) (34) (12) (13) (18)

(91)

(58)

1600 (871)

1700 (927)

l0.0 (69) 11.0 (76) 17.0 (115) 7.5 (52) 8.3 (57) 12.0 5.4 5.7 8.0 ------7.5 (83) (37) (39) (55)

(39)

(22)

1800 (982)

(7.6)

1900 (1038)

(52)

(24)

(11)

Plate and Bar - 2250F (1232C) Solution Anneal

Test Temperature Creep, F (C) Percent
1200 (649) 0.5 1.0 Rupture 0.5 1.0 Rupture 0.5 1.0 Rupture

Approximate Initial Stress, Ksi (MPa) to Produce Specified Creep in: 10 Hours 100 Hours 1,000 Hours 10,000 Hours*
59.0 (405) 60.0 (415) ---30.0 35.0 52.0 19.0 21.5 37.0 (205) (240) (360) (130) (150) (255) 34.0 (235) 39.0 (270) 56.0 (385) 20.5 23.5 39.0 14.0 15.9 27.0 (140) (160) (270) (97) (110) (185) 23.0 (160) 26.4 (180) 42.5 (295) 15.0 18.0 29.0 11.0 11.5 20.0 (105) (125) (200) (76) (79) (140) ---17.5 (120) 29.0 (200) ---12.3 (85) 21.0 (145) ---8.0 (55) 14.2 (98)

1300 (704)

1400 (760)

Plate and Bar - 2250F (1232C) Solution Anneal (con't)

Test Temperature Creep, F (C) Percent
1500 (816) 0.5 1.0 Rupture 0.5 1.0 Rupture 0.5 1.0 Rupture 0.5 1.0 Rupture 0.5 1.0 Rupture 0.5 1.0 Rupture 0.5 1.0 Rupture

Approximate Initial Stress, Ksi (MPa) to Produce Specified Creep in: 10 Hours 100 Hours 1,000 Hours 10,000 Hours
13.4 (92) 10.6 (73) 8.2 9.2 14.0 5.6 60 9.5 3.4 4.0 6.0 1.6 2.0 3.0 (57) (63) (97) (39) (41) (66) (23) (28) (41) (11) (14) (21) ---6.5 9.8 ---4.4 6.2 ---2.6 3.5 ---1.1 1.6 ---------------------------(45) (68) (30) (43) (18) (24) (7.6) (11) 15.0 (105) 26.0 (180) 10.3 (71) 11.7 (81) 18.8 (130) 7.8 8.8 13.4 5.5 6.3 9.4 ---4.4 7.0 ---2.3 (54) (61) (92) (38) (43) (65) (30) (48) (16) 12.0 (83) 19.0 (130) 8.0 (55) 9.0 (62) 13.7 (95) 5.5 6.3 9.4 3.4 3.8 6.0 (38) (43) (65) (23) (26) (41)

1600 (871)

1700 (927)

1800 (982)

1900(1038)*

2000(1093)*

---2.0 (14) 3.5 (24) ---0.8 (5.5) 2.1 (14) ---0.4 (2.8) 1.2 (8.3)

---0.9 (6.2) 1.8 (12) ------1.0 (6.9) ------0.6 (4.1 )

2100(1149)*

4.2 (29) ---1.1 (7.6) 2.3 (16)

*Based upon limited data

Vacuum Investment Casting (As Cast)

Test Temperature F (C)
1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 (760) (816) (871) (927) (982)

10 Hours
32.0 23.0 17.0 12.5 9.0 6.5 4.7 3.2 (220) (160) (115) (86) (62) (45) (32) (22)

Approximate Initial Stress, Ksi (MPa) to Produce Rupture in: 100 Hours 1,000 Hours 10,000 Hours*
23.8 17.4 12.5 9.0 6.4 4.5 3.0 1.9 (165) (120) (86) (62) (44) (31) (21) (13) 18.3 13.0 9.3 6.4 4.4 2.9 1.8 0.9 (125) (90) (64) (44) (30) (20) (12) (6.2) 13.9 9.8 6.7 4.5 2.9 1.7 ------(96) (68) (46) (31) (20) (12)

1900 (1038) 2000 (1093) 2100 (1149)

*Significant Extrapolation of Data

ASME VESSEL CODE ALLOWABLE STRESSES

HAYNES 230 alloy is approved for ASME Vessel Code Section I and Section Vlll Division 1 construction to 1650F (899C) in Section II, Part D for plate, sheet, strip, bar, and forgings. (See also Code Case No. 2063 for Section I, Applications). Allowable stresses are reprinted here by permission of the ASME.

ASME Vessel Section II, Part D, Table 1B

Metal Temperatures Not Exceeding F C
100 200 300 400 500 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 37 93 149 204 260 315 343 371 398 426 454 482 510 537 565 593 621 648 676 704 732 760 787 815 843 871 898

Maximum Allowable Stress Values Standard Ksi MPa

30.0 28.2 26.4 24.7 23.1 22.0 21.5 21.2 21.0 20.9 20.9 20.9 20.9 20.9 20.9 20.9 19.0 15.6 12.9 10.6 8.5 6.7 5.3 4.1 2.7 1.8 1.2 207 194 182 170 159 152 146 145 145 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 131 107 89 73 59 46 37 28 19 12 8

Note (1) Ksi MPa

30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 29.4 29.1 28.7 28.4 28.2 28.2 28.2 28.2 28.2 28.2 23.2 19.0 15.6 12.9 10.6 8.5 6.7 5.3 4.1 2.7 1.8 1.2 207 207 207 207 207 203 200 198 196 194 194 194 194 194 194 160 131 107 89 73 59 46 37 28 19 12 8

NOTE (1) Due to the relatively low yield strength of this material, these higher stress values were established at temperatures where the short time tensile properties govern to permit the use of these alloys where slightly greater deformation is acceptable. These higher stress values exceed 67%, but do not exceed 90% of the yield strength at temperature. Use of these stresses may result in dimensional changes due to permanent strain. These stress values are not recommended for flanges of gasketed joints or other applications where slight amounts of distortion can cause leakage or malfunction.

Comparative Design Strength Values*

HAYNES 230 alloy exhibits significant design strength advantages over other ASME vessel code covered materials for Section Vlll Division 1 construction at temperatures up to 1650F (899C).

*All values taken from ASME Vessel Code Section VIII Division 1 or appropriate Code Cases.

LOW CYCLE FATIGUE PROPERTIES

HAYNES 230 alloy exhibits excellent low cycle fatigue properties at elevated temperature. Results shown below are for strain-controlled tests run in the temperature range from 800 to 1800F (427 to 982C). Samples were machined from plate. Tests were run with fully reversed strain (R=-1) at a frequency of 20 cpm (0.33 Hz).

Comparative Low Cycle Fatigue Properties

The graph below compares the low cycle fatigue lives of a number of alloys tested at 800F (427C) in both the asreceived and 1400F(760C)/ 1000 hour pre-exposed condition. Samples were machined from plate or bar, after exposure for exposed samples. Tests were again run with fully reversed strain (R=-1) at a frequency of 20 cpm (0.33 Hz). TSR=Total Strain Range.

800F (427C) LCF Life for Various Alloys

TYPICAL TENSILE PROPERTIES

Cold-Rolled and 2250F (1232C) Solution Annealed (Sheet)
Test Temperature
F Room 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 C Room 538 649 760 871 982 1093

Ultimate Tensile Strength

Ksi 121.6 101.5 97.2 78.3 44.7 25.0 13.1 MPa 838 699 668 539 308 172 90

Yield Strength at 0.2% Offset

Ksi 61.3 44.0 43.6 46.9 33.9 18.2 10.0 MPa 422 303 300 323 234 125 69

Elongation in 2 in. (50.8 mm)

% 47.2 53.7 56.7 61.2 75.0 50.2 37.0

Hot-Rolled and 2250F (1232C) Solution Annealed (Plate)

Test Temperature
F Room 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 C Room 538 649 760 871 982 1093

Ultimate Tensile Strength

Ksi 121.8 100.1 96.0 76.9 45.6 24.7 13.2 MPa 840 690 662 530 315 171 91

Yield Strength at 0.2% Offset

Ksi 54.4 36.4 37.0 36.7 35.1 17.0 9.1 MPa 375 251 255 253 242 118 63

Elongation in 2 in. (50.8 mm)

% 47.7 54.6 54.5 69.5 99.5 96.3 92.1

Vacuum Investment Castings (As Cast)

Test Temperature
F Room 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 C Room 538 649 760 871 982 1093

Ultimate Tensile Strength

Ksi 89.0 65.6 69.8 55.8 41.0 29.4 12.9 MPa 615 450 480 385 285 205 89

Yield Strength at 0.2% Offset

Ksi 46.8 33.1 32.4 32.9 26.6 24.8 12.6 MPa 325 230 225 225 185 170 87

Elongation in 5D
% 37.8 38.2 44.2 32.3 19.0 25.5 41.0

Reduction in Area
% 37.7 35.9 34.9 36.0 29.8 39.9 46.6

Comparison of Yield Strengths (Plate)

THERMAL STABILITY
HAYNES 230 alloy exhibits excellent retained ductility after long-term thermal exposure at intermediate temperatures. It does not exhibit sigma phase, mu phase, or other deleterious phase formation even after 16,000 hours of exposure at temperatures from 1200 to 1600F (649 to 871C). Principal phases precipitated from solid solution are all carbides. This contrasts markedly with many other solid-solutionstrengthened superalloys such as HAYNES 188 alloy, HAYNES 625 alloy, and HASTELLOY X alloy. These alloys all precipitate deleterious phases, which impair both tensile ductility and impact strength.

10

Room-Temperature Properties After Thermal Exposure (Plate)

Exposure Temperature F (C) Hours
1200 (649C) 0 1000 4000 8000 16000 0 1000 4000 8000 16000 0 1000 4000 8000 16000

Ultimate Tensile Strength Ksi MPa

123 130 130 130 133 123 128 129 131 132 123 126 127 127 129 850 895 895 895 915 850 885 890 905 910 850 870 875 875 890

Yield Strength at 0.2% Offset Ksi MPa

59 64 59 61 65 59 59 55 57 61 59 54 51 51 57 405 440 405 420 450 405 405 380 395 420 405 370 350 350 395

Elongation in 2 in. (50.8mm) %

51 43 41 38 37 51 33 38 35 33 51 37 43 36 34

Impact Strength ft.-lb. Joules

54 34 29 30 28 54 18 22 21 19 54 18 26 21 19 73 46 39 41 38 73 24 30 28 26 73 24 35 28 26

1400 (760C)

1600 (871C)

Comparative Room-Temperature Impact Strength

Solution-Annealed Charpy V-Notch Impact Charpy V-Notch Impact after 8000 Hours at Temperatures, ft.-lb. (Joules) Alloy ft.-lb. (Joules) 1200 F (649C) 1400F (760C) 1600F (871C)
230 625 X 188 54 81 54 143 (73) (110) (73) (194) 30 5 15 23 (41) (7) (20) (31) 21 5 8 3 (28) (7) (11) (4) 21 15 15 9 (28) (20) (20) (12)

RESISTANCE TO GRAIN GROWTH

HAYNES 230 alloy exhibits excellent resistance to grain growth at high temperatures. As a consequence of its very stable primary carbides, 230 alloy can be exposed at temperatures as high as 2200F (1204C) for up to 24 hours without exhibiting significant grain growth. Materials such as HAYNES 188 alloy or HASTELLOY X alloy exhibit greater grain growth under such conditions, as would most iron-, nickel-, or cobalt-bae alloys and stainless steels.

Exposure Time (Hours)

0 1 4 24
*Plate Product

Grain Size for Alloys Exposed at Temperature for Various Times* (ASTM Grain Size No.) 230 alloy HAYNES 188 alloy HASTELLOY X alloy 2150F 2200F 2150F 2200F 2150F 2200F (1177C) (1204C) (1177C) 1204C) (1177C) (1204C)
4-4 1/2 4-5 4-4 1/2 4 4-4 1/2 4-4 1/2 4-4 1/2 4-4 1/2 4-5 2-5 3 1/2 0-2 4-5 2-4 3 1-3 3 1/2 3 1/2 3 1/2 00-4 3 1/2 0-1 0-1 0-1 1/2

11

TYPICAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Temperature, F Density Melting Range
Electrical Resistivity

British Units 0.324 lb/in

3

Temperature, C Room 1301-1371

Metric Units 8.97 g/cm 3

Room 2375-2500
Room 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

49.2 microhm-in. 49.5 microhm-in. 49.8 microhm-in. 50.2 microhm-in. 50.7 microhm-in. 51.5 microhm-in. 51.6 microhm-in. 51.1 microhm-in. 50.3 microhm-in. 49.3 microhm-in.

Room 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

125.0 microhm-cm 125.8 microhm-cm 126.5 microhm-cm 127.3 microhm-cm 128.4 microhm-cm 130.2 microhm-cm 131.2 microhm-cm 130.7 microhm-cm 129.1 microhm-cm 127.1 microhm-cm 125.0 microhm-cm 24.2 x 10 -3 cm 2 /sec. 26.8 x 10 -3 cm 2 /sec. 29.9 x 10 -3 cm 2 /sec. 32.9 x 10 -3 cm 2 /sec. 35.7 x 10 -3 cm 2 /sec. 38.5 x 10 -3 cm 2 /sec. 41.9 x 10 -3 cm 2 /sec. 43.0 x 10 -3 cm 2 /sec. 43.2 x 10 -3 cm 2 /sec. 44.4 x 10 -3 cm 2 /sec. 48.2 x 10 -3 cm 2 /sec. 8.9 W/m-K 10.4 W/m-K 12.4 W/m-K 14.4 W/m-K 16.4 W/m-K 18.4 W/m-K 20.4 W/m-K 22.4 W/m-K 24.4 W/m-K 26.4 W/m-K 28.4 W/m-K

Thermal Diffusivity

Room 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

3.8 x 10 -3 in.2 /sec. 4.1 x 10 -3 in.2 /sec. 4.7 x 10 -3 in.2 /sec. 5.2 x 10 -3 in.2 /sec. 5.6 x 10 -3 in.2 /sec. 6.1 x 10 -3 in.2 /sec. 6.5 x 10 -3 in.2 /sec. 6.7 x 10 -3 in.2 /sec. 6.7 x 10 -3 in.2 /sec. 7.3 x 10 -3 in.2 /sec.

Room 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Thermal Conductivity

Room 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

62 Btu-in./ft. 2 hr.-F 71 Btu-in./ft. 2 hr.-F 87 Btu-in./ft. 2 hr.-F 102 Btu-in./ft. hr.-F 118 Btu-in./ft. hr.-F 133 Btu-in./ft. hr.-F 148 Btu-in./ft. 2 hr.-F 164 Btu-in./ft. 2 hr.-F 179 Btu-in./ft. 2 hr.-F 195 Btu-in./ft. hr.-F
2 2 2 2

Room 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

12

Typical Physical Properties (continued)

Temperature, F
Specific Heat Room 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Temperature, British Units

0.095 Btu/lb.-F 0.099 Btu/lb.-F 0.104 Btu/lb.-F 0.108 Btu/lb.-F 0.112 Btu/lb.-F 0.112 Btu/lb.-F 0.134 Btu/lb.-F 0.140 Btu/lb.-F 0.145 Btu/lb.-F 0.147 Btu/lb.-F

C
Room 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Metric Units
397 J/Kg-K 419 J/Kg-K 435 J/Kg-K 448 J/Kg-K 465 J/Kg-K 473 J/Kg-K 486 J/Kg-K 574 J/Kg-K 595 J/Kg-K 609 J/Kg-K 617 J/Kg-K 11.8 10 -6 m/m-C 12.4 10 -6 m/m-C 12.8 10 -6 m/m-C 13.2 10 -6 m/m-C 13.6 10 -6 m/m-C 14.1 10 -6 m/m-C 14.7 10 -6 m/m-C 15.2 10 -6 m/m-C 15.7 10 -6 m/m-C 16.1 10 -6 m/m-C

Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

70-200 70-400 70-600 70-800 70-1000 70-1200 70-1400 70-1600 70-1800

6.5 microinches/in.-F 6.9 microinches/in.-F 7.2 microinches/in.-F 7.4 microinches/in.-F 7.6 microinches/in.-F 8.0 microinches/in.-F 8.3 microinches/in.-F 8.6 microinches/in.-F 8.9 microinches/in.-F

25-100 25-200 25-300 25-400 25-500 25-600 25-700 25-800 25-900 25-1000

Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity

Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity, Temperature, F 10 6 psi
Room 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 30.6 30.1 29.3 28.3 27.3 26.4 25.3 24.1 23.1 21.9

Temperature, C
Room 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity, GPa

211 207 202 196 190 184 177 171 164 157 150

13

Thermal Expansion Characteristics

Expansion Coefficient, in/in-F

Alloy 800H 10 Alloy 600 9 Alloy X 8 230 alloy 14 16 Alloy 188 18

7 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Room Temperature To T (F) 1600 1800

12

OXIDATION RESISTANCE
HAYNES 230 alloy exhibits excellent resistance to both air and combustion gas oxidizing environments, and can be used for long-term continuous exposure at temperatures up to 2100 deg. F (1149 deg. C). For exposures of short duration, 230 alloy can be used at higher temperatures.

Schematic Representation of Metallographic Technique used for Evaluating Oxidation Tests

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Metal Loss = (A-B)/2 Average Internal Penetration = C Maximum Internal Penetration = D Average Metal Affected = ((A-B)/2) + C Maximum Metal Affected = ((A-B)/2) + D

HAYNES 230 alloy

14

Expansion Coefficient, m/m-C

HAYNES 230 alloy has relatively low thermal expansion characteristics compared to most high-strength superalloys, iron-nickel-chromium alloys, and austenitic stainless steels. This means lower thermal stresses in service for complex component fabrications, as well as tighter control over critical part dimensions and clearances.

200 11

300

Room Temperature To T (C) 400 500 600 800 700 Type 304

900

1000 20

Comparative Burner Rig Oxidation Resistance 1000 Hour Exposure at 1800F (982C)
Metal Loss Mils m
0.8 1.1 2.7 4.9 7.8 13.7 12.3 3.0 20 28 69 124 198 348 312 76

Alloy
230 alloy HAYNES 188 alloy HASTELLOY X alloy 625 Alloy RA330 alloy Type 310 Stainless Steel Alloy 600 INCONEL alloy 601

Average Metal Affected Mils m

2.8 3.5 5.6 7.1 10.6 16.2 14.4 18.8 71 89 142 180 269 406 366 478

Maximum Metal Affected Mils m

3.5 4.2 6.4 7.6 11.8 16.5 17.8 20.0 89 107 163 193 300 419 452 508

Oxidation Test Parameters

Burner rig oxidation tests were conducted by exposing samples 3/8 inch x 2.5 inches x thickness (9 mm x 64 mm x thickness), in a rotating holder, to

the products of combustion of No. 2 fuel oil burned at a ratio of air to fuel of about 50:1. (Gas velocity was about 0.3 mach.) Samples were automatically

removed from the gas stream every 30 minutes and fancooled to near ambient temperature and then reinserted into the flame tunnel.

Comparative Burner Rig Oxidation Resistance at 2000F (1093C) for 500 Hours
(Width of Micros Indicates Original Sample Thickness)

230 alloy Average Metal Affected = 5.2 Mils (132 m)/Side

Alloy 600 Average Metal Affected = 19.5 Mils (495 m)/Side

Type 310 Stainless Steel Average Metal Affected = 23.7 Mils (602 m)/Side

HASTELLOY X alloy Average Metal Affected = 12.9 Mils (328 m)/Side

RA330 Alloy Average Metal Affected = 12.9 Mils (328 m)/Side

INCONEL alloy 601 Average Metal Affected = > 24.0 Mils (610 m)/Side

15

Comparative Oxidation Resistance in Flowing Air*

1800F (982C) Mils m
0.7 0.6 1.3 0.9 0.7 1.8 2.3 14.3 18 15 33 23 18 46 58 363

Alloy
HAYNES 230 alloy HAYNES 188 alloy INCONEL alloy 601 HASTELLOY X alloy Alloy Alloy Type Type 625 800H 446 Stainless Steel 316 Stainless Steel

Average Metal Affected in 1008 Hours** 2000F (1093C) 2100F (1149C) 2200F(1204C) Mils m Mils m Mils m
1.3 1.3 2.6 2.7 4.8 7.4 14.5 >68.4 33 33 66 69 122 188 368 >1737 3.4 8.0 5.3 5.8 86 203 135 147 7.9 201 >21.7 >551 7.5*** 191*** >35.4 >889 >47.6 13.6 >23.3 >140.4 >1209 289 >592 >3566

18.2 462 8.9 226 >21.7 >551 >105.0 >2667

*Flowing air at a velocity of 7.0 feet/minute (213.4 cm/minute) past the samples. Samples cycled to room temperature once-a-week. **Metal Loss + Average Internal Penetration ***601 Sample exhibited very large internal voids.

Comparative Oxidation in Flowing Air 2100F (1149C) For 1008 Hours

Microstructures shown are for coupons exposed for 1008 hours at 2100F (1149C) in air flowing 7.0 feet/minute (2.1 m/minute) past the samples. Samples were descaled by cathodically charging the coupons while they were immersed in a molten salt solution. The black area shown at the top of each picture represents actual metal loss due to oxidation. The data clearly show HAYNES 230 alloy to be superior to both INCONEL alloy 601 and alloy 800H, as well as the other heatresistant materials listed in the table above.

230 alloy Average Metal Affected = 3.4 mils (86 m)

INCONEL alloy 601 Average Metal Affected = 5.3 mils (135 m)

Alloy 800H Average Metal Affected = 8.9 mils (226 m)

16

TYPICAL APPLICATIONS

Prototype 230 combustor for Dresser-Rand DR-990 land-based turbine.

Resistance-heated 230 superheater tubes at the Penn State Applied Research Laboratory. Used to produce about 1625F (885C) highpressure steam.

Prototype 230 high-temperature expansion bellows made of 0.020-inch (0.5mm) thick sheet in a catalytic cracker configuration.

17

NITRIDING RESISTANCE
HAYNES 230 alloy is one of the most nitriding resistant materials commercially available. Tests were performed in flowing ammonia at 1200F (649C) and 1800F (982C) for 168 hours. Nitrogen absorption was determined by chemical analysis of samples before and after exposure and knowledge of the exposed specimen area.

Alloy
HAYNES 230 alloy Alloy 600 Alloy 625 HASTELLOY X alloy RA330 Alloy Alloy 800H Type 316 Stainless Steel Type 310 Stainless Steel Type 304 Stainless Steel

Nitrogen Absorption (mg/cm2) 1200F (649C) 1800F (982C)

0.7 0.8 0.8 1.7 3.9 4.3 6.9 7.4 9.7 1.4 0.9 2.5 3.2 4.0 6.0 7.7 7.3

CARBURIZATION RESISTANCE
HAYNES 230 alloy exhibits good resistance to carburization when compared with many other industrial alloys. Test results were generated for 500 hours exposure in packed graphite at 1800F (982C). Carbon absorption was determined by chemical analysis of samples before and after exposure and knowledge of the exposed specimen area.

18

TYPICAL APPLICATIONS

This horizontal electrically fired 230 retort replaced an alloy 600 retort which lasted only an average of eight months in 1400 to 2200F (760 to 1204C) service in hydrogen atmosphere. The 230 retort was still in excellent condition after 24 months service, as shown.

Wire annealing fixture of 230 alloy reduces thermal mass and cycle times after replacing massive carbon-steel stub used previously.

Fabricated heat-treating basket for vacuum furnace application to 2300F (1260C). Made from 1/2-inch (12.7 mm) diameter 230 bar.

This striking shot of a HAYNES 230 heat-treat fixture was taken at a leading off-road automotive equipment plant. This conveyor fixture operates at 1550F (843C) with a subsequent water quench followed by a four hour cycle at 1050F (566C).

19

FIELD EXPERIENCE - WASTE INCINERATION

Coupon exposures performed in the flue of an industrial waste incinerator burning wood, cardboard, and other plant waste revealed that HAYNES 230 alloy was very resistant to the mildly sulfidizing flue gases produced. Coupons were exposed in the average 1700F (927C) gases for more than 400 hours over 31 days. Seven start-up/shut-down cycles were experienced.

HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT RESISTANCE

Notched tensile tests performed in hydrogen and air reveal that 230 alloy is resistant to hydrogen embrittlement. Tests were performed in MIL-P-27201B grade hydrogen, with a crosshead speed of 0.005 in/min (0.13 mm/min). Specimens were notched with a K T value of 8.0.

Temperature F C
70 70 1200 1600 21 21 649 871

Hydrogen Pressure Psig MPa

3000 5000 3000 3000 21 34 21 21

Ratio of Notched Tensile Strength Hydrogen/Air

0.92 1.07 1.00 1.00

AQUEOUS CORROSION RESISTANCE

Coupons were exposed for four 24-hour periods in various acids at the stated temperatures, and general corrosion rates were calculated from weight change measurements.

10% HNO3 Boiling

230 alloy Alloy 625 Alloy 600 Type 316 Stainless Steel HASTELLOY X alloy 0.3 0.7 0.8 1.0 -

Corrosion Rate (mils per year) 10% H 2SO4 10%HCl 150F (66C) 150F (66C)
0.6 0.4 41.8 17.8 <0.1 112 65 366 3408 99

20

TYPICAL APPLICATIONS

HAYNES 230 damper atop this glass melting furnace withstands 2300F (1260C) for short times and 2000F (1093C) for sustained periods.

Cast heat-treat basket of 230 alloy in use at Alloy Foundries, Division of the Eastern Company, Naugatuck, Connecticut.

Substrate holder and box of 230 alloy resist temperatures of 1650F (899C) during the production of semiconductors.

230 retorts operate at 2100F (1149C) with a hydrogen atmosphere (inside) and combustion products outside.

21

FABRICATION CHARACTERISTICS
Heat Treatment
HAYNES 230 alloy is normally final solution heat-treated at 2250F (1232C) for a time commensurate with section thickness. Solution heat-treating can be performed at temperatures as low as about 2125F (1163C), but resulting material properties will be altered accordingly. Annealing during fabrication can be performed at even lower temperatures, but a final, subsequent solution heat treatment is needed to produce optimum properties and structure. Please refer to following sections and publication H-3159 for additional information.

Typical Hardness Properties

45

40 35

Hardness, RB

30

Hardness, R C

Solution Annealed Room Temperature Hardness

Form
Sheet Plate Bar

25 100 98 96 94 92 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 % Cold Reduction

RB
92.5 95.2 92.7

Pieces Tested
37 26 24

Sheet Hardness at Room Temperature Sheet Hardness at Room Temperature

20

Effect of Cold Reduction Upon Room-Temperature Tensile Properties*

Percent Subsequent Cold Anneal Reduction Temperature
0 10 20 30 40 50 None

Ultimate Tensile Strength Ksi MPa

128.2 144.5 163.9 187.5 201.5 214.6 885 995 1130 1295 1390 1480

Yield Strength at 0.2% Offset Ksi MPa

61.8 104.0 133.4 160.1 172.4 184.6 425 715 920 1105 1190 1275

Elongation in 2 in. (50.8 mm) %

46.6 31.8 16.8 9.7 7.5 6.0

22

Effect of Cold Reduction Upon Room-Temperature Tensile Properties*- (cont.)

Percent Subsequent Cold Anneal Reduction Temperature
10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50 1950F (1066C) for 5 min.

Ultimate Tensile Strength Ksi MPa

143.5 141.9 142.1 145.5 147.7 139.0 135.7 140.0 142.3 143.9 129.5 134.3 138.1 139.2 137.7 990 980 980 1005 1020 960 935 965 980 990 895 925 950 960 950

Yield Strength at 0.2% Offset Ksi MPa

91.9 80.8 75.9 81.2 86.1 80.8 65.4 72.0 76.1 80.8 55.5 64.4 70.2 73.4 71.9 635 555 525 560 595 555 450 495 525 555 385 445 485 505 495

Elongation in 2 in. (50.8 mm) %

32.9 35.6 35.7 32.3 34.6 36.5 39.2 37.6 35.5 36.3 43.7 40.1 38.5 38.1 39.1

2050F (1121C) for 5 min.

2150F (1177C) for 5 min.

*Based upon rolling reductions taken upon 0.120-inch (3.0 mm) thick sheet. Duplicate tests.

TYPICAL MICROSTRUCTURE
(ASTM 5 grain size) Annealed at 2250F (1232C)

Etchant 95ml HCl plus 5 gm oxalic acid, 4 volts

23

WELDING
HAYNES 230 alloy is readily welded by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), and resistance welding techniques. Its welding characteristics are similar to those for HASTELLOY X alloy. Submerged-Arc welding is not recommended as this process is characterized by high heat input to the base metal and slow cooling of the weld. These factors can increase weld restraint and promote cracking. products, paint, scale, dye penetrant solutions, and other foreigh matter should be completely removed. It is preferable, but not necessary, that the alloy be in the solutionannealed condition when welded. may all be considered, depending upon the particular case. Please see HAYNES publication H-3159 for more information.

Preheating, Interpass Temperatures, and PostWeld Heat Treatment

Preheat is not required. Preheat is generally specified as room temperature (typical shop conditions). Interpass temperature should be maintained below 200F (93C). Auxiliary cooling methods may be used between weld passes, as needed, providing that such methods do not introduce contaminants. Post-weld heat treatment is not generally required for 230 alloy. For further information please consult HAYNES publication H-3159.

Filler Metal Selection

HAYNES 230-W filler wire (AWS A5.14, ERNiCrWMo-1) is recommended for joining 230 alloy by Gas Tungsten Arc or Gas Metal Arc welding. Coated electrodes of 230-W alloy are also available for Shielded Metal Arc welding in non-ASME code construction . For dissimilar metal joining of 230 alloy to nickel-, cobalt-, or ironbase materials, 230-W filler wire, HAYNES 556 alloy, HASTELLOY S alloy (AMS 5838) or HASTELLOY W alloy (AMS 5786, 5787) welding products

Base Metal Preparation

The welding surface and adjacent regions should be thoroughly cleaned with an appropriate solvent prior to any welding operation. All greases, oils, cutting oils, crayon marks, machining solutions, corrosion

Nominal Welding Parameters

Nominal welding parameters are provided as a guide for performing typical operations. These are based upon welding conditions used in our laboratories. Details are given for GTAW, GMAW and SMAW welding.

Automatic Gas Tungsten-Arc Welding Square Butt Joint - No Filler Metal Added
0.040" (1.0 mm)
Current (DCEN), amperes Voltage, volts Travel Speed, in/min. (mm/min) Electrode Size - EWTH-2, in (mm) Electrode Shape Cup Size Shield Gas Flow, CFH (liters per min.) Gas Backing Gas Flow, CFH (liters per min.) Gas 50 8 10 (254) 0.063 (1.6) 45 inc #8 30 (14.2) argon 10 (4.7) argon

Material Thickness 0.063" (1.6 mm)

80 8.5 12 (305) 0.094 (2.4) 45 inc #8 30 (14.2) argon 10 (4.7) argon

0.125" (3.2 mm)

120 9.5 12 (305) 0.125 (3.6) 45 inc #8 30 (14.2) argon 10 (4.7) argon

24

Manual Gas Tungsten Arc Welding V-or U-Groove - All Thicknesses 0.125" (3.6 mm) or greater
Technique Current (DCEN), amperes Voltage, volts Filler Metal Travel Speed, in/min (mm/min) Electrode Size - EWTH-2, in (mm) Electrode Shape Cup Size Shield Gas Flow, CFH (liters per min.) Gas Backup Gas Flow, CFH (liters per min.) Gas Preheat Interpass Temperature Maximum Stringer Bead 120 root, 140-150 Fill 11 to 14 230-W filler wire, 0.125" (3.6 mm) diameter 4 to 6 (102 to 152) 0.125 (3.6) 30 included #8 or larger 30 to 35 (14.2 to 16.5) Argon 10 (4.7) Argon None if T > 32F (0C) 212F (100C)

Gas Metal Arc Welding Short Circuiting Transfer Mode - All Thicknesses 0.090" (2.3 mm) or greater
Technique Current (DCEP), amperes Voltage, volts Feed Rate, in/min (m/min) Stickout, in (min) Filler Metal Travel Speed, in/min (mm/min) Torch Gas Flow, CFPH (LPH) Gas Stringer Bead or Slight Weave 100 to 130 18 to 21 170 to 190 (4.3 to 4.8) 0.5 to 0.75 (12.7 to 19.1) 230-W filler wire, 0.045" (1.1 mm) diameter 8 to 14 (203 to 356) 50 (1416) Ar-25% He

Typical Shielded Metal Arc Welding Parameters (Flat Position)*

Electrode Diameter in. (mm)
3/32 1/8 5/32 3/16
*DCEP

Approximate Welding Voltage Volts

22-24 22-24 22-25 24-26

Welding Current Aim Amps

65-70 90-100 130-140 160-170

Range Amps
55-75 80-100 125-150 150-180

(2.4) (3.2) (4.0) (4.8)

25

Typical Tensile Properties For GMAW Deposit Weld Metal

Ultimate Test Temperature F C
Room 1000 1600 Room 538 871

Tensile Strength Ksi MPa

113.9 88.7 44.7 785 610 310

Yield Strength at 0.2% Offset Ksi MPa

71.0 62.8 39.6 490 435 275

Elongation in 2 in. (50.8 mm) %

48.2 34.8 45.4

Typical face and root bends for welded 230 alloy 0.5-inch (13 mm) plate and matching filler metal. Bend radius was 1.0-inch (25 mm).

HEALTH AND SAFETY INFORMATION

Those involved with the welding industry are obligated to provide safe working conditions and be aware of the potential hazards associated with welding fumes, gases, radiation, electrical shock, heat, eye injuries, burns, etc. Various local, municipal, state, and federal regulations (OSHA, for example) relative to the welding and cutting processes must be considered. Nickel-, cobalt-, and iron-based alloy products may contain, in varying concentrations, the following elemental constituents: aluminum, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, and tungsten. For specific concentrations of these and other elements present, refer to the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) H2071 and H1072 for the product. The operation and maintenance of welding and cutting equipment should conform to the provisions of American National Standard ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding and Cutting. Attention is especially called to Section 4 (Protection of Personnel), Section 5 (Ventilation), and Section 7 (Confined Spaces) of that document. Adequate ventilation is required during all welding and cutting operations. Specific requirements are included in Section 5 for natural ventilation versus mechanical ventilation methods. When welding in confined spaces, ventilation shall also be sufficient to assure adequate oxygen for life support. The following precautionary warning, which is supplied with all welding products, should be provided to, and fully understood by, all employees involved with welding. Caution
Welding may produce fumes and gases hazardous to health. Avoid breathing these fumes and gases. Use adequate ventilation. See ANSI/AWS Z49.1, Safety in Welding and Cutting published by the American Welding Society. EXPOSURES: Maintain all exposures below the limits shown in the Material Safety Data Sheet, and the product label. Use industrial hygiene air monitoring to ensure compliance with the recommended exposure limits. ALWAYS USE EXHAUST VENTILATION . RESPIRATORY PROTECTION: Be sure to use a fume respirator or air supplied respirator when welding in confined spaces or where local exhaust or ventilation does not keep exposure below the PEL and TLV limits. WARNING: Protect yourself and others. Be sure the label is read and understood by the welder. FUMES and GASES can be dangerous to your health. Overexposure to fumes and gases can result in LUNG DAMAGE. ARC RAYS can injure eyes and burn skin. ELECTRIC SHOCK can kill.

26

MACHINING
HAYNES 230 alloy is similar in machining characteristics to other solid-solution-strengthened nickel-base alloys. These alloys as a group are classified as moderate to difficult to machine; however, it should be emphasized that they can be machined using conventional methods at satisfactory rates. As these alloys will work-harden rapidly, the keys to successful machining are to use slower speeds and feeds, and to take heavier cuts than would be used for machining stainless steels. See Haynes International publication H-3159 for more detailed information.

Normal Roughing (Turning/Facing)

Use carbide C-2/C-3 grade tool Speed: 90 surface feet/minute Feed: 0.010 in./revolution Depth of Cut: 0.150 in. Negative rake square insert, 45 SCEA 1 1/32 in. nose radius. Tool holder: 5 negative back and side rakes. Lubricant: Dry2 , Oil 3 or water-base 4,5

Finishing (Turning/Facing)
Use carbide C-2/C-3 grade tool Speed: 95-110 surface feet/minute Feed: 0.005-0.007 in./revolution Depth of Cut: 0.040 in. Positive rake square insert, if possible, 45 SCEA, 1/32 in. nose radius. Tool holder: 5 positive back and side rakes. Lubricant: Dry or water-base

Drilling
Use high speed steel M-33/M-40 series6/ or T-15 grades* Speed: 10-15 surface feet/minute (200 RPM maximum for 1/4 in. diameter or smaller) Lubricant: Oil or water-base. Use coolant feed drills if possible Short, heavy-web drills with 135 crank shaft point. Thinning of web at point may reduce thrust.

Feed (per revolution): 0.001 in. rev. 1/8 in. dia. 0.002 in. rev. 1/4 in. dia. 0.003 in. rev. 1/2 in. dia. 0.005 in. rev. 3/4 in. dia. 0.007 in. rev. 1 in. dia.

* Carbide drills not recommended, but may be used in some set-ups. See Haynes International publication H-3159 for details.

Notes:

SCEA-Side cutting edge angle, or lead angle of the tool. At any point where dry cutting is recommended, an air jet directed on the tool may provide substantial tool life increases. A water-base coolant mist may also be effective. Oil coolant should be a premium quality, sulfochlorinated oil with extreme pressure additives. A viscosity at 100F from 50 to 125 SSU is standard. Water-base coolant should be a 15:1 mix of water with either a premium quality, sulfochlorinated water soluble oil or a chemical emulsion with extreme pressure additives. Water-base coolants may cause chipping or rapid failure of carbide tools in interrupted cuts. M-40 series High Speed Steels include M-41 through M-46 at time of writing, others may be added, and should be equally suitable.

Acknowledgements:
253 MA is a registered trademark of Avesta Jernwerks Aktiebolag. RA330 is a registered trademark of Rolled Alloys, Inc. INCONEL and 800HT are registered trademarks of Inco Family of Companies.

27

STANDARD PRODUCTS
By Brand or Alloy Designation: HASTELLOY Family of Corrosion-Resistant Alloys

HAYNES International

B-3, C-4, C-22 , C-276, C-2000, C-22HS, G-30, G-35, G-50, HYBRID-BC1, and N

HASTELLOY Family of Heat-Resistant Alloys

S, W, and X

HAYNES Family of Heat-Resistant Alloys

25, R-41, 75, HR-120, HR-160, 188, 214, 230, 230-W, 242, 263, 282, 556, 617, 625, 65SQ, 718, X-750, MULTIMET, NS-163, and Waspaloy

Corrosion-Wear Resistant Alloy

ULTIMET

Wear-Resistant Alloy
6B

HAYNES Titanium Alloy Tubular

Ti-3Al-2.5V

Standard Forms: Bar, Billet, Plate, Sheet, Strip, Coils, Seamless or Welded Pipe & Tubing,
Pipe Fittings, Flanges, Fittings, Welding Wire, and Coated Electrodes

Properties Data: The data and information in this publication are based on work conducted principally by Haynes International, Inc. and occasionally supplemented by information from the open literature, and are believed to be reliable. However, Haynes does not make any warranty or assume any legal liability or responsibility for its accuracy, completeness, or usefulness, nor does Haynes represent that its use would not infringe upon private rights.

Any suggestions as to uses and applications for specific alloys are opinions only and Haynes International, Inc. makes no warranty of results to be obtained in any particular situation. For specific concentrations of elements present in a particular product and a discussion of the potential health affects thereof, refer to the Material Safety Data Sheet supplied by Haynes International, Inc. All trademarks are owned by Haynes International, Inc.

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