THERMAL ENVIRONMENT ENGINEERING

Hantoro, R. Energy And Environmental Engineering Laboratory Engineering Physics - ITS

American Standard Inc. 1999

Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

Refrigeration System Components

Air Conditioning Clinic

American Standard Inc. 1999

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC005-EN

Vapor-Compression Refrigeration
condenser

expansion device compressor

evaporator
American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

Refrigeration System Components

period one

Refrigeration Cycle

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Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC005-EN

Refrigeration Cycle

pressure

evaporator

enthalpy
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Refrigeration Cycle

C pressure

compressor A B

evaporator

enthalpy
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Refrigeration Cycle

D pressure

condenser

compressor A B

evaporator

enthalpy
American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

Refrigeration Cycle

D pressure expansion device A

condenser

compressor B

evaporator

enthalpy
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Refrigeration System Components

period two

Condensers

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Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC005-EN

Air-Cooled Condenser
propeller fan

outdoor air condenser coil

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subcooler
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Effect of Subcooling
subcooling C DI

{
D pressure AI A refrigeration effect enthalpy
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Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

Centrifugal Fan Air-Cooled Condenser

condenser coil centrifugal fan

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Evaporative Condenser
fan refrigerant vapor condenser coil

sump
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pump subcooler
Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

liquid refrigerant

Water-Cooled Condenser
hot, refrigerant vapor 95F
[35C]

cooling water 85F

[29C]

subcooled, liquid refrigerant

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subcooler

Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

Cooling Tower
propeller fan sprays

fill outdoor air sump 85F

[29C]
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to condenser

from condenser

95F
[35C]
Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

Condenser Control
Condenser capacity is influenced by:
Temperature difference between refrigerant and cooling media Flow rate of cooling media through condenser Flow rate of refrigerant through condenser

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Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

Condenser Capacity
full load condenser heat rejection capacity full load pressure part load part load condenser heat rejection capacity

enthalpy
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Condensing Temperature Control

flowflow-regulating valve

condenser condenser water pump

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Vary Condenser Water Flow Rate

cooling tower

cooling tower

condenser variablevariable-speed drive diverting valve bypass pipe condenser

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Vary Entering Water Temperature

variablevariablespeed drive cooling tower condenser bypass pipe diverting valve cooling tower

condenser
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Cooling Tower Bypass

40F
[4C]

cooling tower bypass pipe diverting valve 65F

[18C]

55F
[13C]

condenser
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Air-Cooled Condenser Control

damper A B condenser airflow

fan A

fan B fan A heat rejection capacity

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Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

Condenser Flooding Control

B C condenser

A liquid receiver

expansion valve evaporator

discharge line
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compressor

Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

Refrigeration System Components

period three

Evaporators

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Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC005-EN

Finned-Tube Evaporator
liquid/vapor refrigerant airflow

refrigerant vapor
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Turbulent Flow

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Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

Finned-Tube Evaporator
liquid/vapor refrigerant

airflow liquid distributor

suction header
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refrigerant vapor
Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

Superheat
B A

B A C
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C superheat
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Shell-and-Tube Evaporator
chilled water supply baffles chilled water return

refrigerant vapor liquid/vapor refrigerant

Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

tube bundle
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Shell-and-Tube Evaporator

baffles

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Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

Evaporator Control
Evaporator capacity is influenced by:
Temperature difference between refrigerant and air or water being cooled Flow rate of air or water through evaporator Flow rate of refrigerant through evaporator

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Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

Finned-Tube Evaporator Control

expansion valve evaporator liquid refrigerant refrigerant vapor

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Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

Face-Split Arrangement
distributors

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Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

Face-Split Arrangement
80F
[27C]

55F
[13C]

80F
[27C]

30F
[-1.1C]

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Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

Intertwined Arrangement

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Row-Split Arrangement

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Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

Row-Split Arrangement
70F
[21C]

80F
[27C]

55F
[13C]

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Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

Shell-and-Tube Evaporator Control

shell-andshell-and-tube evaporator

refrigerant vapor liquid refrigerant

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expansion valve
Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

Refrigeration System Components

period four

Expansion Devices

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Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC005-EN

Expansion Device

D pressure expansion device A

condenser

compressor B

evaporator

enthalpy
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Thermostatic Expansion Valve

thermostatic expansion valve (TXV) evaporator liquid/vapor mixture A refrigerant vapor
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liquid refrigerant

TXV Control

liquid refrigerant A liquid/vapor mixture refrigerant vapor

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Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

TXV Control

liquid refrigerant liquid/vapor mixture

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Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

Superheat
85 psia, 41F
[0.59 MPa, 5C]

TXV liquid refrigerant 290 psia, 109F

[2 MPa, 42.8C]

A superheated vapor
American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

Superheat
85 psia, 41F
[0.59 MPa, 5C]

TXV

290 psia, 109F 79 psia

[0.54 MPa] [2 MPa, 42.8C]

49F
[9.4C]

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Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

TXV Operation
diaphragm evaporator spring remote bulb

suction line
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external equalizer

distributor
Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

TXV Operation
valve diaphragm 97 psia
[0.67 MPa]

49F
[94C]

spring

79 psia
[0.54 MPa]

79 psia 18 psi
[0.54 MPa] [0.13 MPa]

suction line
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valve pin

Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

TXV Operation
external equalizer TXV

remote bulb
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Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

Superheat Setting
Too little superheat:
Risk of damage to compressor by liquid refrigerant

Too much superheat:

Reduction of system efficiency Potential of coil frosting Risk of compressor damage due to overheating

American Standard Inc. 1999

Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

Refrigeration System Components

period five

Accessories

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Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC005-EN

Solenoid Valve

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Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

Solenoid Valve
expansion valve

finnedfinned-tube evaporator

solenoid valves

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Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

Solenoid Valve
liquid line condenser expansion valve compressor evaporator suction line discharge line

solenoid valve
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Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

Liquid-Line Filter Drier

liquid line

liquidliquid-line filter drier

expansion valve

solenoid valve evaporator

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Liquid-Line Filter Drier

replaceable core type

core

sealed type
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Moisture-Indicating Sight Glass

liquid line

sight glass

expansion valve

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Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

Suction Line Filter

suction line filter suction line

compressor

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Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

Suction Line Filter

replaceable core type

sealed type
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Hot Gas Muffler

reciprocating compressor hot gas muffler shell discharge line

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perforated tube

Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

Shutoff Valve
shutoff valve liquid line condenser liquidliquid-line filter drier evaporator compressor shutoff valve

shutoff valves
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Access Port

condenser liquid line access port evaporator compressor suction line access ports
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Refrigeration System Components

period six

Review

American Standard Inc. 1999

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC005-EN

ReviewPeriod One

D pressure expansion device A

condenser

compressor B

evaporator

enthalpy
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ReviewPeriod Two
evaporative condenser

air-cooled condenser

water-cooled condenser
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ReviewPeriod Three
finned-tube evaporator

shell-and-tube evaporator
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ReviewPeriod Four

evaporator TXV remote bulb

external equalizer
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ReviewPeriod Five
shutoff valve condenser solenoid valve sight glass evaporator
Air Conditioning Clinic Hantoro, R.

access port

TXV

suction line filter compressor

liquidliquid-line filter drier

American Standard Inc. 1999