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Documenti di Cultura
Preface xiii
1 Introduction 1
2 The Treaties 4
The Treaty of Rome – The Single European Act –
Maastricht – Amsterdam – Nice
3 The Institutions 14
The European Council – The Council of Ministers
– The Council Presidency – COREPER (The Committee
of Permanent Representatives) – The Convention and
Intergovernmental Conferences (IGCs) – The Commission
– The European Parliament – The European Court of
Justice (ECJ) – The European Court of Auditors –
The Economic and Social Committee (ECOSOC) –
The Committee of the Regions
5 Enlargement 43
Background and history – Problems – The mass
accession of May 2004 – Possible further accessions
8 Monetary Policy 68
Arguments for and against a single currency – The
Convergence Criteria and Growth and Stability Pact –
The Euro
14 Transport 141
The Common Transport Policy and its limitations –
The 2001 White Paper – Trans-European Networks (TENs)
– Marco Polo and Galileo
18 Conclusion 179
A summary of the criticisms 180
Notes 188
Recommended Reading 201
Index 211
1
Introduction
The European Union
211
212 The European Union
Political Groups 35, 36, 37, 144 foreign policy, see Common Foreign
powers of 22–3 and Security Policy (CFSP)
Rapporteurs 36 ‘Four Freedoms’ 80
‘readings’ 35–8 France 8, 18, 19, 26, 27, 51, 64, 70, 73,
rejects proposed Directive on 74, 162, 166, 168, 169, 170, 175
Market Access to Port Services freedom of movement 57, 80, 81,
144–5 170–1
representation in 26, 27–8 Friends of the Earth 136
resolutions of 33
Shadow Rapporteurs 36 Galileo (satellite-based radio
and TENs 146 navigation system) 146
European Political Parties 28–9 General Agreement on Tariffs and
European Prosecutor 165 Trade (GATT) 94, 135
European Regional Development General Agreement on Trade in
Fund (ERDF) 150, 152 Services (GATS) 97
European Research Area 160 Generalised System of Preferences
European Research Council, proposal (GSP) 134
for 106 General Product Safety Directive
European Social Action Investment (1992) 90
Plan, proposal for 107 genetically-modified organisms
European Social Charter (1961) 59 (GMOs) 120, 126–7, 131
Geneva Convention on Refugees 63,
European Social Fund (ESF) 117–18,
67
150
Germany 19, 26, 27, 44, 47, 51, 64,
European System of Central Banks
70, 71, 73, 74, 77, 98, 160, 168,
(ESCB) 75
169, 170
European Trade Union
Giscard d’Estaing, Valery 18–19, 162,
Confederation (ETUC) 107
166
European Union (EU) 1, 2–3, 14
globalisation 95–6, 107
citizenship of 57
Great Britain see United Kingdom
and democracy 182–6
Greece 26, 27, 43, 64, 149, 150, 152
extradition and judicial co- greenhouse gases 124, 125
operation, agreement with US Green Papers, see European
on 65 Commission
history and development of 180–1 Green parties 119
and legal personality 167 Gross Domestic Product (GDP),
militarisation, see Common limitations of as measure of real
Foreign and Security Policy economic success 99
right of member states to secede Growth and Stability Pact 70, 71, 95,
from 167 103, 104, 107, 169
European Works’ Councils 112 Grundtvig (EU adult education
Europol (EU police force) 62, 63 programme) 117
agreement with US 65
‘euro-sceptics’ 1, 26 health and safety at work 86, 107–10
Action Programmes 108–9
Farage, Nigel 28 Commission Communication
federalism 166–7 Adapting to change in work and
Financial Instrument for Fisheries society: A New Community
Guidance (FIFG) 150 Strategy on Health and Safety at
Finland 19, 26, 27, 43, 52, 70, 73, 151 Work, 2002–2006 109–10
fiscal policy 167–8 Framework Directive (1989) 108
food safety 130–1, 135 and women 109, 112
218 The European Union
police 9, 10, 11, 58, 59, 62, 63, 65, and Maastricht Treaty 9
66, 67 and Nice Treaty 6, 7, 12, 55
Political Cooperation 51 and Single European Act 8
Political Parties at European Level, weighting of votes per member
see European Political Parties state 168
Political and Security Committee
(PSC), see Common Foreign and racism 11, 63, 67
Security Policy (CFSP) REACH 127–8
pollution 80, 119, 120, 125, 126, Readmission agreements 67
141, 142, 145, 147, 158 ‘Recommendations’ 33
Portugal 26, 27, 43, 45, 71, 73, 74, Redundancy 111
149, 150, 169 refugees 66–7
postal services 85 refunds, to member states 39
poverty 39, 45, 97, 98, 101, 103, 114, regional policy 149–54
149, 156 and Constitutional Treaty 174–5
privacy 65 and poverty and social exclusion
privatisation 95, 176, 181 149
productivity 100, 104 see also European Regional
agricultural 132 Development Fund; Cohesion
in EU compared to US and Japan Fund; Structural Funds
157
‘Regulations’ 32, 34
and Lisbon Agenda 106
Renault, factory closure 111
in new member states 105
renewable energy 158–9
‘pro-European’ 1
Research and Development (R&D)
professional qualifications,
104, 156, 157, 159–61
recognition of 88–9
Sixth Framework Programme for
proportionality 6, 167
(2003–06) 160
protectionism 30, 95, 186
spending on 161
‘provisional twelfths’ 41
residence, right of 11, 57
public health 128–30
resident non-EU nationals, rights of
and the Common Agricultural
Policy 136 63
DG Sanco 128 right to demonstrate, restriction of
public ownership 84, 96 by EU measure 66
public–private partnerships 106 risk capital, availability of 106
public procurement 106, 107 Romania 20, 26, 27, 43, 49, 149
pure beer law (German) 77 rural development 135