ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS

CAKES & MATHEMATICS IN THE MAKING

NAME :HANIZ AMAR BIN MAZLAN CLASS : 5 TEGAS I/C NO : 941111-01-6027 TEACHER : EN. RAZALI BIN SUDIN SPM NO :

TABLE OF CONTENT
Elements Greetings Introduction Definition History Part 1 Part 2 -Question 1 -Question 2 -Question 3 Part 3 Further Exploration Reflection Appendix / Credits Page no.

GREETINGS
Firstly, I would like to say thanks to Principal of Sekolah Menengah Sains Muar(SAMURA),Tn. Hj. Samian Bin Sawiyo who allow us to create Additional Mathematics Project Work Folio 2011 until it is done. I also would like to say thanks to my Additional Mathematics teacher, En. Hj. Razali Bin Sudin for helping me by giving the rubrics and guidelines for this folio. Also thanks to my parents, En. Mazlan Bin Kassan and Pn. Noraziah Bte Ahmad for their support and always help me to finish this folio. To my beloved friends, thanks greetings for all the ideas, advices, cooperations and help that you can share with me. Finally, I would like to say thanks for those involved in the making of this folio regardless where are you come from. Hopefully God may bless your kindness. Thank you.

INTRODUCTION
A circle is a simple shape of Euclidean geometry consisting of those points in a plane which is the same distance from a given point called the centre. The common distance of the points of a circle from its center is called its radius. Circles are simple closed curves which divide the plane into two regions, an interior and an exterior. In everyday use, the term "circle" may be used interchangeably to refer to either the boundary of the figure (known as the perimeter) or to the whole figure including its interior. However, in strict technical usage, "circle" refers to the perimeter while the interior of the circle is called a disk. The circumference of a circle is the perimeter of the circle (especially when referring to its length). A circle is a special ellipse in which the two loci are coincident. Circles are conic sections attained when a right circular cone is intersected with a plane perpendicular to the axis of the cone. The circle has been known since before the beginning of recorded history. It is the basis for the wheel, which, with related inventions such as gears, makes much of modern civilization possible. In mathematics, the study of the circle has helped inspire the development of geometry and calculus. Circles had been used in daily lives to help people in their living.

DEFINITION
Pi, has the value of 3.14159265. In Euclidean plane geometry, is defined as the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter.

The ratio

is constant, regardless of a circle's size. For example, if a circle has twice the

diameter of another circle it will also have twice the circumference, C, preserving the ratio . Alternatively can be also defined as the ratio of a circle's area (A) to the area of a square whose side is equal to the radius.

HISTORY
Pi or is a mathematical constant whose value is the ratio of any circle's circumference to its diameter in Euclidean space; this is the same value as the ratio of a circle's area to the square of its radius. It is approximately equal to 3.14159 in the usual decimal notation. is one of the most important mathematical and physical constants: many formulae from mathematics, science, and engineering involve . is an irrational number, which means that its value cannot be expressed exactly as a fraction m/n, where m and n are integers. Consequently, its decimal representation never ends or repeats. It is also a transcendental number, which means that no finite sequence of algebraic operations on integers (powers, roots, sums, etc.) can be equal to its value; proving this was a late achievement in mathematical history and a significant result of 19th century German mathematics. Throughout the history of mathematics, there has been much effort to determine more accurately and to understand its nature; fascination with the number has even carried over into non-mathematical culture. The Greek letter , often spelled out pi in text, was adopted for the number from the Greek word for perimeter "", first by William Jones in 1707, and popularized by Leonhard Euler in 1737. The constant is occasionally also referred to as the circular constant, Archimedes' constant (not to be confused with an Archimedes number), or Ludolph's number (from a German mathematician whose efforts to calculate more of its digits became famous). The name of the Greek letter is pi, and this spelling is commonly used in typographical contexts when the Greek letter is not available, or its usage could be problematic. It is not normally capitalised () even at the beginning of a sentence. When referring to this constant, the symbol is always pronounced like "pie" in English, which is the conventional English pronunciation of the Greek letter. In Greek, the name of this letter is pronounced /pi/. The constant is named "" because "" is the first letter of the Greek words (periphery) and (perimeter), probably referring to its use in the formula to find the circumference, or perimeter, of a circle. is Unicode character U+03C0 ("Greek small letter pi").

Guidelines for the Implementation of Additional Mathematics Project Work 2011

1. Every student taking Additional Mathematics is required to carry out a project work in Form 5. 2. The aims of carrying out this project work are to enable students to: a) apply mathematics to everyday situations and appreciate the importance and the beauty of mathematics in everyday lives; b) improve problem-solving skills, thinking skills, reasoning and mathematical communication; c) develop positive attitude and personalities and intrinsic mathematical values such as accuracy, confidence and systematic reasoning; d) stimulate learning environment that enhances effective learning, inquiry-based and teamwork. e) develop mathematical knowledge in a way which increases students interest and confidence. 3. The project work can be done in groups or individually but each student is expected to submit an individual written report. The written report should emphasise among others problem-solving strategies, communication in mathematics and reasoning, as clearly outlined in the rubric. The duration to complete this project work should not exceed three weeks. 4. The task and the rubric are to be distributed to the students together with the guidelines. Teachers need to discuss with their students the content of the guidelines and the rubric so that students are able to gauge the needs and requirements to complete their project work. It is also necessary that teachers organize, guide and monitor groups so that each member of the group would be able to work effectively as a team. 5. The individually written report must be handed in by the end of the third week. Students written report will be marked according to the rubric. Oral presentation by the students is highly encouraged in order to develop social skills and presentation skills. 6. The use of technology such as graphing calculator and computer software is strongly encouraged. Using software such as Microsoft Excel, Geometers Sketchpad and GeoGebra as aids in solving problems will enable complex calculations to be solved much easier besides giving the students experience and useful skills in using technologies. 7. It is suggested that this project work contributes 10% of the marks for the trial examination of the Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM). Certificates will be awarded to students who hand in their written reports. Certificates are based on the following scores and grades. SCORE 80 100 60 79 40 59 20 39 0 19 GRADE Excellent Good Satisfactory Achieved minimum requirements Does not achieve minimum requirements

PART 1
Cakes come in a variety of forms and flavours and are among favourite desserts served during special occasions such as birthday parties, Hari Raya, weddings and etc. Cakes are treasured not only because of their wonderful taste but also in the art of cake baking and cake decorating. Find out how mathematics is used in cake baking and cake decorating and write about your findings.

Answer :

Cake is a form of food, typically a sweet, baked dessert. Cakes normally contain a combination of flour, sugar, eggs, and butter or oil, with some varieties also requiring liquid (typically milk or water) and leavening agents (such as yeast or baking powder). Flavourful ingredients like fruit pures, nuts or extracts are often added, and numerous substitutions for the primary ingredients are possible. Cakes are often filled with fruit preserves or dessert sauces (like pastry cream), iced with butter cream or other icings, and decorated with marzipan, piped borders or candied fruit. Cake is often the dessert of choice for meals at ceremonial occasions, particularly weddings, anniversaries, and birthdays. There are countless cake recipes; some are bread-like, some rich and elaborate and many are centuries old. Cake making is no longer a complicated procedure; while at one time considerable labour went into cake making (particularly the whisking of egg foams), baking equipment and directions have been simplified that even the most amateur cook may bake a cake. Cake baking and decorating are not just pure culinary art but also where mathematics and science are involved and applied to make a perfect cake. In math application, cake baking involves ratios and proportions for the ingredients used and geometry to determine the shape of a cake, the price and volume of the cake. Cake decorating applies calculus such as differentiation to determine minimum or maximum amount of ingredients for cake-baking, to estimate minimum or maximum amount of cream needed for decorating and size of cake produced and to prevent wastage of ingredients used. In a baking of more complex cakes such as multi-storey cakes or multilayered cakes, progressions are applied. Progressions allow us to calculate the size or volume or volume of a subsequent layer. Also, it allows us to estimate the quantity of ingredients needed. Usually, geometric progressions are used. Besides that, baking cakes also requires you to do the accurate calculations such as bakers percentage which is the bakers notation method indicating the flour-relative proportion of ingredients used when making breads, cakes, muffins and other pastries. It is also referred to as bakers math, or otherwise contextually indicated by a phrase such as based on flour weight.

PART 2
Best Bakery Shop received an order from your school to bake a 5 kg of round cake as shown in Diagram 1 for the Teachers Day celebration.

h cm

d cm

Question 1
If a kilogram of cake has a volume of 3800 cm3, and the height of the cake is to be 7.0 cm, calculate the diameter of the baking tray to be used to fit the 5 kg cake ordered by your school.[Use = 3.142]

Answer :

Qustion 2
The cake will be baked in an oven with inner dimensions of 80.0 cm in length, 60.0 cm in width and 45.0 cm in height.

a) If the volume of cake remains the same, explore by using different values of heights, h cm, and the corresponding values of diameters of the baking tray to be used, d cm. Tabulate your answers.

b) Based on the values in your table: i. State the range of heights that is NOT suitable for the cakes and explain your answers. Suggest the dimensions that you think most suitable for the cake. Give reasons for your answer

ii.

c) Based on the values in your table: i. Form an equation to represent the linear relation between h and d. Hence, plot a suitable graph based on the equation that you have formed. (a) If Best Bakery received an order to bake a cake where the height of the cake is 10.5 cm, use your graph to determine the diameter of the round cake pan required. (b) If Best Bakery used a 42 cm diameter round cake tray, use your graph to estimate the height of the cake obtained.

ii.

Answer :

Question 3
Best Bakery has been requested to decorate the cake with fresh cream. The thickness of the cream is normally set to a uniform layer of about 1 cm. a) Estimate the amount of fresh cream required to decorate the cake using the dimensions that you have suggested in 2(b)(ii). b) Suggest three other shapes for cake, that will have the same height and volume as those suggested in 2(b)(ii). Estimate the amount of fresh cream to be used on each of the cakes. c) Based on the values that you have found, which shapes requires the least amount of fresh cream to be used?

Answer :

PART 3
Find the dimension of a 5 kg round cake that requires the minimum amount of fresh cream to decorate. Use at least two methods including Calculus. State whether you would choose to bake a cake of such dimensions. Give reasons for your answers.

Answer :

Further Exploration
Best Bakery received an order to bake a multi-storey cake for Merdeka Day celebration, as shown in Diagram 2.

The height of each cake is 6.0 cm and the radius of the largest cake is 31.0 cm. The radius of the second cake is 10% less than the radius of the first cake, the radius of the third cake is 10% less than the radius of the second cake and so on. a) Find the volume of the first, the second, the third and the fourth cakes. By comparing all these values, determine whether the volumes of the cakes form a number pattern? Explain and elaborate on the number patterns. b) If the total mass of all the cakes should not exceed 15 kg, calculate the maximum number of cakes that the bakery needs to bake. Verify your answer using other methods.

Answer :

REFLECTION