Question # 2 There are seven network layer models proposed by OSI model.

Application Layer Presentation layer The Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data link layer Physical Layer Application Layer:The application layer is the OSI layer that is closest to the user. This layer provides network services to the user's applications. It differs from the other layers in that it does not provide services to any other OSI layer, but only to applications outside the OSI reference model. Applications layer provide a platform to access the data of remote computer.

Presentation layer:The presentation layer is responsible for formatting data so that application-layer protocols can recognize it. Presentation layer format the file extensionssuch as .doc, .jpg, .txt, .avi, and so on. The presentation layer taking the application layer data and make it compatible with the formatting codes so that it can be viewed reliably when accessed later.The presentation layer might be able to translate between multiple data formats by using a common format.

The Session Layer:The session layer is responsible for establishing a connection between two communicating hosts.It provides its services to the

presentation layer. The session layer also synchronizes dialogue between the presentation layers of the two hosts and manages their data exchange. For example, web servers have many users, so many communication processes are open at a given time. Therefore, keeping track of which user communicates on which path is important.

Transport Layer:-

It sets up and maintains a session connection between two devices.It provides reliable or unreliable delivery of data across this connection.It allows multiple applications to simultaneously send and receive data. When Implementing a reliable connection, sequence numbers and acknowledgments (ACKs) are used.It also controlls data error and correction and also flow control. Transport layer use two protocols for sending data TCP and UDP. TCP is connection oriented protocols. Connection-oriented transmission is said to be reliable. It is a wired connection between two communication devices.It is more reliable. UDP is a wireless connection between two devices.it is not a reliable connection means there is more chances of data loss during transmission.

Network Layer:The network layer provides a logical topology and layer3 addresses. This layer is responsible for three main functions.Defines logical addresses used at layer-3 .Finds paths, based on the network numbers of logical addresses, to reach destination devices .Connects different data link types together, such as Ethernet, FDDI, Serial, and Token Ring

Data link layer:Main functions of data link layer is defining the Media Access Control (MAC) or hardware addresses .It defines the physical or hardware topology for connections,it describes how the network layer protocol is encapsulated in the data link layer frame.It provides both connectionless and connection-oriented services.It defines hardware (MAC) addresses as well as the communication process that occurs within a media.

Physical Layer:-

Question #3

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