26-BucklindCrippling CompressionCrippling

Compression Crippling
INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................3 GENERAL EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS ........................................................................................4 COMPUTER SOLUTIONS.............................................................................................................6 ATYPICAL MATERIALS..............................................................................................................7 LIPS AND BULBS..........................................................................................................................7 FORMED SECTIONS...................................................................................................................10 EXAMPLE PROBLEM:................................................................................................................20 EXTRUDED AND MACHINED SECTIONS..............................................................................21
BDC
Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures
26-1
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Introduction Compression crippling is defined as an inelastic distortion of the cross-section of a structural element in its own plane resulting in permanent deformation of the section. (See Figure 1). This behavior is one of the most common failure mechanisms encountered by structures under compressive loads. Consequently, the crippling strength predictions form the foundation for strength predictions for most compression structures. The compression crippling concept is an invention devised to permit a simplistic analytical treatment to account for behaviors which are actually quite complex.
Figure 1. Typical Pre-crippling Buckles Compression crippling involves elastic, or inelastic, buckling of less stable elements of a structural cross-section, and always involves inelastic axial compression of the more stable portions of the section. Unlike initial elastic buckling, crippling induced deformations in the member do not disappear when the member is unloaded. Although crippling itself does not necessarily result in lateral translation of the section, the loss of stiffness, which occurs as the buckles associated with the crippling develop, will typically result in other failure modes that are initiated at lower maximum loads than those at which failure by inelastic buckling of the individual elements would occur. This is particularly true of certain shapes, angles, and Tsections, which are frequently selected for crippling test specimens that typically fail by torsional instability. It is significant to note that a structural section, made up of elements that all have the same local buckle length, will fail at a lower load than a similar section with elements with differing buckle lengths. Also, the load at which one element will buckle and the rate at which the buckle develops with respect to load is influenced by torsional stiffness provided by adjacent elements. However, the existing parametric treatments give no indication of these trends. The parametric treatments are both easy to use and conservative in that the "allowables" have typically been established at the lower boundary of a fairly wide scatter band of test data. The width of the test scatter bands, as well as test data well above the compression yield, indicate that greater structural efficiencies than those typically realized could be available for many designs through a more accurate design and analysis approach. Programs requiring greater structural efficiencies may elect to conduct large deflection finite elements analyses using inelastic material properties and then conduct verification tests.
BDC
26-3
The historical parametric crippling strength predictions are described in 2. Formed and extruded sections are discussed in 6 and 7 respectively. Round tube crippling is presented in 8 for metal tubes. General Empirical Equations Empirical techniques have been developed using coefficients derived from tests since there is no analytical basis for the prediction of crippling strength. The crippling stress for a particular cross-section area is calculated as if the stress were uniform over the entire section. Furthermore, the maximum crippling strength of a member is calculated as a function of its cross-section rather than its length. In reality, parts of the section buckle well below the crippling stress. This results in the more stable areas, such as corners and intersections, reaching a higher stress than buckled elements. At failure, the stress in the corners and intersections is always above the material yield stress although the "crippling" stress, which is an average value, may be considerably less than the yield stress. The compression yield strength is used as the crippling strength cut-off since there is not sufficient data to permit an exact solution at higher stress values for most materials. Several empirical techniques using coefficients derived from test results have been developed but none appear to solve all of the needs of the structural designer. The method used here is a semi-empirical method which is a modification of Needham's * method. * Needham, R.A., "The Ultimate Strength of Aluminum Alloy Formed Structural Shapes in Compression", J. Aero, Sci., Vol. 21, April 1954. This method uses the following general equation (a typical normalized plot is shown in Figure 1:
Fcc FcyE
B10 = b 10 gft
where m = slope of versus curve (See Figure 2) B10 = value of at = 10.0 B T gf E Fcy = Segment width = Segment thickness = Term distinguishing stability differences of segments with one edge free and segments with no edges free (gf = 1.0 for one edge free) = Youngs Modulus = Compression yield stress of material
26-4
BDC
Fcc = Crippling stress
.10
.05 B10 m 1.0
Fcy E
Fcc
.03
.01
10 b gf t
20
30
50
Figure 2. Typical Normalized Compression Crippling Curve The terms m, B10 and gf typically fall within a limited range for most materials. The crippling strength for individual materials varies by as much as 10 or 15 percent from that predicted by the average values oftn, B10 and gf therefore, specific values of m, B10 and gf must be established, where applicable, for each material separately when firm allowables are required for final design. Formed sections are analyzed in the same manner as extruded and/or machined sections. However, different coefficient values are used for the two types of sections. The sections are analyzed as follows: The section is broken down into individual segments as shown in Figure 2. The allowable crippling stress for each segment is found from the applicable material curve in 6 and 7. The allowable crippling stress for the entire section is computed by taking an area weighted average of the allowables for each segment. Where b1, b2 T1, t2 Fcc1, Fcc2 = Lengths of the individual segments = Individual segments thickness = Allowable crippling stress corresponding to computed b/t values of the individual segments.
BDC
26-5
b3 b4 t b2 No edge free
b1
One edge free
Figure 3. Formed Section Computer Solutions The Equations presented in 2 can be used to develop computer solutions that provide crippling strength estimates for both formed and extruded and/or machined structural sections for most isotropic structural materials. The resulting Fcc values will be identical to those presented in graphical form in 6 and 7, provided that the same crippling coefficients, B\Q, gf and m values, elastic modulus and compression yield values are used. Figure 6.4.2-4 provides a number of sets of B \ Q, gf and m values. These do not change significantly within the normal temperature usage ranges or as a result of compression yield variations for individual materials and heat treatment ranges. Required elastic modulus values and compression yield strengths should be obtained from DM84 to support computer solution crippling strength predictions. NOTE: Variations within the crippling strength coefficients for different material, either for formed or extruded or machined sections are not large. This permits the use of average value coefficients for preliminary design purposes for materials for which the required coefficients have not been developed by tests. However, the user should be aware that crippling strengths for specific materials may vary by as much as 10 to 15 percent from the average value predictions. Variations of crippling plots, all reflecting the above general relationships and the curve shape indicated in Figure 2, have been developed and are presented for convenience to the various users. The applicable parameters are also provided for those who wish to computerize their analysis tools. Material specific curves and/or parameters should always be used if they are available.
26-6
BDC
Alloy Aluminum 2024 Temper T3,T351,T42 T3,T351,T42 T4, T351x T6,T651 T6, T651 T6, T651x Form Bare Sheet & Plate Clad Sheet & Plate Extrusion < .25 Bare Sheet & Plate Clad Sheet & Plate Extrusion < .25 thick m .82 .80 .75 .80 .82 .75 BIO .063 .054 .059 .05275 .061 .063 Sf* 2.5 3.4 2.3 2.65 1.9 2.3 2.7 2.7 2.7
7075
Titanium CP-70A 6A1-4V 6A1-4V
Annealed Sheet & Plate Annealed Sheet Soln. Heat Treat Sheet & Age @ 1000F
.80 .060 .80 .060 .80 .060
Magnesium HK31A-H24 Sheet AZ31B-H24 Sheet ZK60A T5 Extrusion All Sheet & Plate Average Values Extruded and/or Machined * For No Edge Free (gf= 1-0 for one edge free) See 4 for discussion of Titanium For use in Preliminary Design only Figure 4. Crippling Coefficients Atypical Materials
.815 .78 .75 .80
.0527 .053 .061 .053
2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.3
.75 .061
Figure 27 illustrates a somewhat different crippling curve shape and presentation format that was developed by extensive testing of extruded sections of a specific titanium alloy. Two distinct features of those particular crippling tests results were that the curve is not a straight line and that it extends well above compression yield at the lower b/t values. This atypical crippling behavior is believed to be due to a higher FCy/E ratio and to involve the torsional stability developed at the intersection of the elements. This suggests that other materials with uncommon strength to modulus ratios may also display unexpected crippling behaviors. NOTE: Many, although not all, compression crippling curves have been drawn as a straight line on a log-log plot with an arbitrary cutoff at FCy. Tests have shown that materials with Lips and Bulbs Lips and bulbs are often used, for formed and extruded sections as shown in Figure 65 (A) and (B) respectively, to simulate a simply supported edge condition for the adjacent plate element. This produces a more efficient load carrying element since the compressive buckling coefficient is 4.0 for a plate element and 0.43 for a flange element. For such designs, it is necessary for the buckling stress of the lip or bulb to be at least equal to the buckling stress of BDC Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures 26-7
the adjacent plate element. The minimum dimensions required for the flange to buckle at the same stress level as the adjacent simply supported plate are plotted in Figure 6 for lips and Figure 7 for bulbs. However, the strengths are less than would be predicted by extension of the straight line allowable curve from the elastic range. Developing those allowables will require crippling tests for each heat treat level for each material. Programs desiring those allowable compression crippling curves should contact their Allowables or Analysis Methods Group.
Bulb Lip (A)
Bulb
Lip
Bulb (B)
Figure 5. Typical Lips and Bulbs
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BDC
Above Minimum Effective Lip Curve: Consider lip as a flat segment with one edge free. Consider adjacent flange as having no edge free. Below Minimum Effective Lip Curve: Consider the flange adjacent to lip as segment with one edge free. The length of the flange becomes b = bF + bL. Use this b in analyzing the flange and the lip.
.91
bL 3 bF bF =5 tL tF tF
6
b F
=. 32
bL tL
75
4
b L
Minimum efffective lip size tL tF t
bL bf
tL
tF
tL > tF 0
Applicable at > 40
10
20
30
40 bF tF
50
60
70
80
90
Figure 6. Typical Element Breakdown for Complex Formed Section Above the minimum effective curve: Below the minimum effective curve: Consider the flange as having no edge free. Fcc of the bulb equals Fcy. Consider the flange as having one edge free. The length of the flange becomes fF + E and the area of the flange becomes
BDC
26-9
5
4 Minimum effective bulb size 3 D min t 2 bF 1 D 4 D 3 - 1.6 t - .374 t 0 0 10 20 bF t 30 40 50 D 2 = 7.44 t bF t D t
Figure 7. Formed Section Allowable Crippling Stress-General Solutions Formed Sections The method used for the crippling analysis of formed sections develops the crippling stress by analyzing individual segments of the section. All of the individual segments are analyzed by a single strength plot. The analysis uses the same formula as those presented in 2. It should be noted that for formed sections, the bend radii are ignored and only an idealized flat segment is considered. That is, no recognition is given to the differences between flat and curved segments as is shown in Figure 1. The analysis of a formed section is illustrated in the example problem at the end of this section. Use care when computing the crippling allowable for a lipped section. Consult Figure 6 to determine if the lip is of sufficient size to provide stability to the adjacent segment. If the value on the figure falls above the curve, the lipped section is of sufficient size. If so, the lipped section should be regarded as a flat segment with one edge free and the adjacent flange should be regarded as having no edges free. If the value on the figure falls below the curve, the lipped section is not of sufficient size to support the flange. Therefore, the adjacent flange should then be regarded as having one edge free and the length of the flange becomes b = bLip + bFlange For sections having laminated (bonded) flanges, the flanges should be treated as one flange with a thickness equal to the total thickness. For riveted flanges, the possibility of inter-rivet buckling should be investigated.
26-10
BDC
Figure 9 provides an average value nondimensional plot of crippling strengths, for formed sections, to be used for preliminary design for materials for which crippling strengths have not been established by test. Note that the crippling strength coefficients are the same as indicated in Figure 4 for computer solutions. However, the plot is difficult to use in the nondimensional form. The coefficients used in Figure 11 have been used to develop the plot presented in Figure 10, which may be more useful. It is specialized for materials withamodulus of 10X 10 psi., aluminums. Corresponding curves, specialized for other modulus values can also be developed. The remainder of the crippling curves presented in this BDM have been developed from tests of crippling specimens of the indicated alloys. They are listed below: Material 2024-T3, -T351, -T42 Bare 2024-T3, -T351, -T42 Clad 7075-T6, T351 Bare 7075-T6, T351 Clad 7178-T6-Bare titanium (MIL-T-9046): Commercially Pure, Annealed 6AI-4V, Annealed Sheet and Plate 6AI-4V, S.TA. + 1000F Age, Sheet and Plate <.75 inch
b3 b4
Figure 6.7.5-4 6.7.5-5 6.7.5-6 6.7.5-7 6.7.5-8 6.7.5-9 6.7.5-10 6.7.5-11
b2
where b1, b2, . . = lengths of individual segments t = section thickness Fcc1, Fcc2 = allowable crippling stresses corresponding to computed b/gft values of the individual segments.
b1
Figure 8. Formed Section Allowable Crippling Stress
BDC
26-11
One edge free One edge free t t 2 b t t 2 b No edge free Fcc = bntnccn Ebntn
.2 Number of g f free edges 1 1.0 0 2.7 .1 .08 .06 .05 .04

On e
No
B10
.053 .80
Cutoff at
Fcy E
(Fcc < Fcy)

Fcy E
Fcc
ed
ge
fre e
.03
ed
ge
fre
.02
.01
7 8
10
20 b t
30
40
50 60
80 100
150
Figure 9. Compressive Crippling of Formed Sections, 2024-T3, T351, -T42 Bare Aluminum
26-12
BDC
One edge free One edge free t t 2 b t t 2 b No edge free Fcc = bntnccn Ebntn
E = 10 x 106 psi 100 80 60 Number of free edges 1 0 gf 1.0 2.7 B10 m
.053 .80
40
Fcc, ksi
20
10 8 6 Note: Fcc cutoffs are at Fcc - Fcy. 4 4 6 8 10 20 b t 40 60 80 100 0 Edges free 1 Edge free
Figure 10. Compressive Crippling of Formed Sections, 2024-T3, -T351, -T42 Clad Aluminum
BDC
26-13
One edge free One edge free t t 2 b t t 2 b No edge free 100 80 60 50 40 30 Fcc, ksi 20 200F Fcy = 36,480 psi 70F Fcy = 38,000 psi Fcc = bntnFccn bntn
No
ed ge
fre e
On ee dg e
fre e
10 8 7 6 5 5 6 7 8 10 20 b t 30 40 50 60 80 100 150
Figure 11. Compressive Crippling of Formed Sections, 775-T6, -T651, Bare Aluminum
26-14
BDC
One edge free One edge free t t 2 b t t 2 b No edge free Fcc = bntnFccn bntn
100 80 60 50 40 30 Fcc, ksi 20 200F Fcy = 34,560 psi
70F Fcy = 36,000 psi
No
ed ge
fre e
On e
ed ge
fr e e
10 8 7 6 5 6 7 8 10 20 b t 30 40 50 60 80 100 150
Figure 12. Compressive Crippling of Formed Sections, 7075-T6, -T651, Clad Aluminum
BDC
26-15
One edge free One edge free t t 2 b 100 80 60 50 40 30 Fcc, ksi 20 200F Fcy = 63,920 psi 70F Fcy = 68,000 psi t t 2 b No edge free Fcc = bntnFccn bntn
No
ed ge
fre e
On e
ed ge
fr e e
10 8 7 6 5 5 6 7 8 10 20 b t 30 40 60 80 100 150
Figure 13. Compressive Crippling of Formed Sections, 7178-T6, Bare Aluminum
26-16
BDC
One edge free One edge free t t 2 b t t 2 b No edge free 100 80 70 60 50 40 30 Fcc, ksi 20 t = .063 - .187 Fcy = 64,000 psi t = .012 - .039 Fcy = 61,000 psi Fcc = bntnFccn bntn
70F 200F
No
ed ge
On e
fre e
ed ge
fr e e
10 8 7 6 5 6 7 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 150
b t
Figure 14. Compressive Crippling of Formed Sections, Commercially Pure Titanium (MIL-T-9046) (Annealed)
BDC
26-17
One edge free One edge free t t 2 b t t 2 b No edge free 100 80 70 60 50 40 30 Fcc, ksi 20 Fcy = 73,000 psi Fcc = bntnFccn bntn
No
ed ge
fre e
On e
ed ge
fre e
10 8 7 6 5 6 7 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 150
b t
Figure 15. Compressive Crippling of Formed Sections, Ti6A1-4V (MIL-T-9046), Annealed Sheet and Plate
26-18
BDC
One edge free One edge free t t 2 b t t 2 b No edge free 100 80 60 50 40 30 Fcc, ksi 20 Fcc = bntnFccn bntn
No
ed ge
fre e
On e
ed ge
fre e
10 8 7 6 5
6 7 8
10
20 b t
30
40
50 60
80
100
150
70F, Fcy = 70,000 psi 250F, Fcy = 42,700 psi 400D, Fcy = 31,900 psi 500F, Fcy = 31,200 psi
Figure 16. Compressive Crippling of Formed Sections, Ti-6AI-4V (MIL-T-9046), Solution Heat Treat + 1000F Age, Sheet and Plate (< .750 Inch)
BDC
26-19
Example Problem: Find: Crippling for the section shown below. Given: The material is 2024 clad, Fcy = 36 ksi.
Step 1: Determine whether the lip segment, , provides sufficient stability to the adjacent flange segment.
These values lie within the acceptable range in Figure 6.4.2-6 Step 2: Prepare tabular from and calculate Fcc. The solution of crippling stress lends itself to a tabular format as follows: Segment Free edges 1 0 0 1 Bn .275 .85 2.45 .975 tn .05 .05 .05 .05 Bn/tn 5.5 17. 49. 19.5 Bntn .01375 .04250 .12250 .04875 .22750 Fccn* 36. 36. 24.5 19. tnbnFccn .495 1.53 3.001 .926 5.952
From Figure 13.
26-20
BDC
Extruded and Machined Sections The method used for the crippling analysis of extruded or machined sections develops the crippling stress by analyzing individual segments of the section. A typical breakdown for a complex extruded section is shown in Figure 19. All of the individual segments are analyzed by a single strength plot. The analysis used the same formula as that presented in 2. Unbalanced sections should be broken down in a special manner. Whenever the thicknesses in a section differs by a factor of more than 3.0, the excess thickness should be discounted in calculating both the crippling stress and the section area effective in carrying load. In addition, an unbalanced section should be checked for flexural or torsional stability. For a bulb section, consult Figure 7 to see if the bulb is of sufficient size to provide stability to the adjacent segment. If the value on the figure falls above the curve, the bulb section is of sufficient size. In this case, the adjacent flange should be regarded as having no edges free and Fcc of the bulb equals Fcy. If the value on the figure falls below the curve, the bulb section is not of sufficient size to support the flange. Therefore, the adjacent flange should then be regarded as having one edge free, the length of the flange becomes bF + D, and the area of the flange becomes bft + (D2/4). Lipped sections should be checked to determine whether the lip provides sufficient stability to the adjacent flange. This may be done using Figure 6 in the same manner as described for formed sections in 6. Current crippling stress prediction methods ignore fillets. However, recent tests of extruded angles and channels indicated that increasing the fillet radius from t/2 to 2t will increase the crippling stress by 6 to 12 percent. Additional testing would be required to justify increasing allowables to reflect the fillet radius.
BDC
26-21
200
100 80
o N ge ed
60 50 Fcc, ksi 40 30
e fre
O ne
ed ge
fre e
20
10
7 8 9 10
20 b t
30
40
50 60 70 80
100
150
Figure 17. Typical Element Breakdown for a Complex Extruded Section
26-22
BDC
Figure 20 provides an average value nondimensional plot of crippling strengths, for extruded and/or machined sections. This plot corresponds to that provided by Figure 2 for formed sections and is to be used for preliminary design for materials for which crippling strengths have not been established by test. Note that the crippling strength coefficients are the same as indicated in Figure 4 for computer solutions. However, the plot is difficult to use in the nondimensional form. The coefficients used in Figure 4 have been used to develop the plot presented in Figure 23, which may be more useful. It is specialized for materials (aluminums) with a modulus of 10 X 10" psi. Corresponding curves, specialized for other modulus values can also be developed. The remainder of the crippling presented in 7 has been developed from tests of crippling specimens of the indicated alloys. They are as follows: Material Figure Aluminum: 2024-T3, -T351X Extrusion 22 2219 Bare (Machined Shape) 23 7075 Extrusion 24 7079 Extrusion 25 7178 Extrusion 26 Titanium: 6AI-4V Extrusion 27 thru 29 Note that the atypical nature of the titanium curves is discussed in 4.
BDC
26-23
200
100 80 60 50 Fcc, ksi 40 30
No
ed ge
fre e
On e
ed ge
fre e
20
10
7 8 9 10
20
30 b t
40
50 60
80
100
150
Figure 18. Extruded Section Normalized Allowable Crippling Stress General Solution
26-24
BDC
b1 b2 t2 One edge free t3 0 edge free
t1
One edge free
b3
b4
t4
t5
Where b1, b2 = Lengths of individual segments t1, t2 = Individual segment thickness Fcc1, Fcc2 = Allowable crippling stresses b/gft corresponding to computed values of the individual segments
b5
Figure 19. Extruded Section Allowable Crippling Stress

One edge free One edge free t2 t2 2 b t3 t3 2 t2 t2 2 b No edge free .2 Number of g f free edges 1 1.0 0 2.3 B10 m Fcc = bntnFccn bntn
t 2
.061 .75
Cutoff at
Fcy E
.1 .08 .07 .06 .05
(Fcc < Fcy)
No
ed
ge
fre e
Fcy E
Fcc
.04 .03
On e ed ge
fre
.02
.01
6 7 8
10
20 b t
30
40 50 60
80 100
150
Figure 20. Compression Crippling of Extrusions, 2024-T4, -T351X Aluminum
BDC
26-25
One edge free One edge free t2 t2 2 b t3 t3 2 t2 t2 2 b No edge free Fcc = bntnFccn bntn
t 2
E = 10 x 106 psi 100 80 60 Number of free edges 1 0 gf 1.0 2.3 B10 m
.061 .75
40
Fcc, ksi 20
10 8
0 Edge free 1 Edge free NOTE: Fcc cutoffs are at Fcc = Fcy.
6 4 6 8 10 b t 20 40 60 80 100
Figure 21. Compression Crippling of Machined Shapes, 2219-T62, -T87, -T851 Bare Aluminum
26-26
BDC
t 2
100 70 60 50 40 30 Kcc, ksi 20 200F Fcy = 32,640 psi

On e ed
70F Fcy = 34,000 psi
No
ed
ge
fre e
ge
10 8 7 6 5 5 6 7 8 10 20 b t 30 40
fre
50 60
80 100
150
Figure 22. Compressive Crippling of Extrusions, 7075-T6, -T6510 Aluminum
BDC
26-27
t 2
100 80 60 50 40 30 Kcc, ksi 20 T87 Fcy = 50,000 psi T85 Fcy = 46,000 psi T62 Fcy = 38,000 psi
No
ed
ge
fre
On e
ed
ge
fre e
10 8 7 6 5 6 7 8 10 20 b t 30 40 50 60 80 100 150
Figure 23. Compressive Crippling of Extrusions, 7079-T6 Aluminum
26-28
BDC
One edge free One edge free t2 t2 2 b t3 t3 2 t2 t2 2 b No edge free 100 80 60 50
No
t 2
Fcc =
bntnFccn bntn
70F Fcy = 70,000 psi
40 30 Kcc, ksi 20 10 8 7 6 5 6 7 8 10 20 b t 30 40 200F Fcy = 65,800 psi

On e
ed
ge
fre e
ed
ge
fre e
60
80 100
150
BDC
26-29
t 2
100 80 60 50 40 Fcy = 67,000 psi
No
30 Kcc, ksi
ed
ge
20
On e
fre e
ed
ge
fre e
10 8 7 6 5 6 7 8 10 20 b t 30 40 50 60 80 100 150
Figure 25. Compressive Crippling of Extrusions, 7079-T6 Aluminum
26-30
BDC
t 2
100 80 60 50 40 30 Kcc, ksi
Fcy = 78,000 psi
No
On e
ed
ge
fre
ed
ge
20
fre e
10 8 7 6 5 5 6 7 8 10 20 b t 30 40 50 60 80 100 150
BDC
26-31
One edge free One edge free t2 t2 2 b t3 t3 2 t2 t2 2 b No edge free 70F (Fcy = 129,000 psi; E = 17,100,000 psi) 250F (Fcy = 106,800 psi; E = 16,360,000 psi) 400F (Fcy = 89,400 psi; E = 15,610,000 psi) 200 500F (Fcy = 80,900 psi; E = 15,220,000 psi) Number of free edges 1 0 100 Fcc = bntnFccn bntn
t 2
gf 1.0 2.3
Fcc, ksi 50
30
20
10
b gft
20
30
50
Figure 27. Compressive Crippling of Machined Extrusion, Ti-6Ai-4V, Condition I (Mill Anneal)
26-32
BDC
t 2
70F (Fcy = 147,000 psi; E = 17,100,000 psi) 250F (Fcy = 123,000 psi; E = 16,360,000 psi) 400F (Fcy = 105,400 psi; E = 15,610,000 psi) 200 500F (Fcy = 97,800 psi; E = 15,220,000 psi) Number of free edges 1 0 100
gf 1.0 2.3
Fcc, ksi 50
30
20
10
b g ft
20
30
50
Figure 28. Compressive Crippling of Machined Extrusions, Ti-6A1-4V, Condition III
BDC
26-33
t 2
70F (Fcy = 136,000 psi; E = 16,400,000 psi) 250F (Fcy = 113,600 psi; E = 15,500,000 psi) 400F (Fcy = 97,500 psi; E = 15,610,000 psi) 200 500F (Fcy = 90,400 psi; E = 14,300,000 psi) Number of free edges 1 0 100
gf 1.0 2.3
Fcc, ksi 50
30
20
10
b gft
20
30
50
Figure 29. Compressive Crippling of Machined Extrusions, Ti-6AI-4V, Solution Heat Treat, +1250F Age
26-34
BDC

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Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures

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Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures

Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures

Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures

.05 B10 m 1.0

Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures

One edge free

Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures

Titanium CP-70A 6A1-4V 6A1-4V

.80 .060 .80 .060 .80 .060

.815 .78 .75 .80

.0527 .053 .061 .053

2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.3

Bulb Lip (A)

Figure 5. Typical Lips and Bulbs

Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures

Minimum efffective lip size tL tF t

Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures

4 Minimum effective bulb size 3 D min t 2 bF 1 D 4 D 3 - 1.6 t - .374 t 0 0 10 20 bF t 30 40 50 D 2 = 7.44 t bF t D t

Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures

Figure 6.7.5-4 6.7.5-5 6.7.5-6 6.7.5-7 6.7.5-8 6.7.5-9 6.7.5-10 6.7.5-11

Figure 8. Formed Section Allowable Crippling Stress

Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures

.2 Number of g f free edges 1 1.0 0 2.7 .1 .08 .06 .05 .04

(Fcc < Fcy)

Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures

E = 10 x 106 psi 100 80 60 Number of free edges 1 0 gf 1.0 2.7 B10 m

Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures

Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures

100 80 60 50 40 30 Fcc, ksi 20 200F Fcy = 34,560 psi

70F Fcy = 36,000 psi

Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures

Figure 13. Compressive Crippling of Formed Sections, 7178-T6, Bare Aluminum

Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures

Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures

Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures

Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures

From Figure 13.

Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures

Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures

Figure 17. Typical Element Breakdown for a Complex Extruded Section

Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures

Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures

100 80 60 50 Fcc, ksi 40 30

Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures

One edge free

Figure 19. Extruded Section Allowable Crippling Stress

.1 .08 .07 .06 .05

(Fcc < Fcy)

Figure 20. Compression Crippling of Extrusions, 2024-T4, -T351X Aluminum

Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures

E = 10 x 106 psi 100 80 60 Number of free edges 1 0 gf 1.0 2.3 B10 m

Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures

100 70 60 50 40 30 Kcc, ksi 20 200F Fcy = 32,640 psi

70F Fcy = 34,000 psi

Figure 22. Compressive Crippling of Extrusions, 7075-T6, -T6510 Aluminum

Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures

Figure 23. Compressive Crippling of Extrusions, 7079-T6 Aluminum

Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures

70F Fcy = 70,000 psi