10 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 36, NO.

1, JANUARY 2000

High Ku Materials Approach to 100 Gbits/in2

Dieter Weller, Andreas Moser, Liesl Folks, Margaret E. Best, Wen Lee, Mike F. Toney, M. Schwickert,
Jan-Ulrich Thiele, and Mary F. Doerner

Abstract—High K , uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy, Not surprisingly, therefore, rather “moderate” media pa-
materials are generally attractive for ultrahigh density magnetic rameters of – erg/cm3 and –
recording applications as they allow smaller, thermally stable emu/cm3, hence switching fields in the order of
media grains. Prominent candidates are rare-earth transition
metals (Co5Sm,…) and tetragonal intermetallic compounds (L10 – Oe, have been assumed in recent
phases FePt, CoPtY,…), which have 20–40 times higher than 40–100 Gbits/in2 areal density designs [2], [3]. Allowable grain
today’s hexagonal Co-alloy based media. This allows for about 3 sizes, compatible with the thermal stability requirement, are
times smaller grain diameters, , and a potential 10-fold areal about – nm (grain diameter) and (media
density increase ( 1 2 ), well beyond the currently projected
thickness/grain diameter ratio) in one of these scenarios [2].
40–100 Gbits/in2 mark. Realization of such densities will depend
on a large number of factors, not all related to solving media By comparison, recent 10 Gbits/in2 media designs already use
microstructure problems. In particular, it is at present not known nm grains [7], indicating that there is “limited”
how to record into such media, which may require write fields in room for further grain size and therefore noise reduction.
the order of 10–100 kOe. Despite this unsolved problem, there Improved coding techniques, allowing signal retrieval at lower
is considerable interest in high Ku alternative media, both for signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) [8], as well as reduced bit aspect
longitudinal and perpendicular recording. Activities in this area
will be reviewed and data on sputtered and evaporated thin FePt ratios ( write width; =
films, with coercivities exceeding 10000 Oe will be presented. linear transition spacing) which are favorable from the SNR
perspective, may soon be needed to continue areal density
Index Terms—FePt, hard magnet materials, high alloys, L10
phases, longitudinal media. growth beyond 20–40 Gbits/in2. The latter is expected to drop
from – in the recent 20 Gbits/in2 laboratory
demonstrations [1] to at 100 Gbits/in2 [2], [3].
I. INTRODUCTION If one drops or circumvents the write field constraint, e.g. by
implementing temperature assisted writing schemes [9], higher
A REAL densities in longitudinal magnetic recording have
reached 36 Gbits/in2 in laboratory demonstrations [1].
Roadmaps toward 40–100 Gbits/in2 have been proposed [2],
media alloys become extremely attractive. Continued grain
size scaling to diameters considerably below – nm,
[3]. At such densities, tight control of the media microstructure, would be possible allowing for densities well beyond the cur-
especially grain size, grain size dispersion and chemical isola- rently perceived 40–100 Gbits/in2 mark. This prospect has been
tion to break exchange are necessary, in order to keep the media the main driving force behind industrial and academic research
noise within acceptable bounds [4]. To avoid thermal instabili- in the area of thin film hard magnet materials, which promise
ties, a minimal stability ratio of stored magnetic energy, , minimal thermally stable grain sizes down to 2–3 nm and a more
to thermal energy, , – , is required than 10-fold potential density gain!
[2], [5], [6]. and are the anisotropy energy density and The present paper attempts to provide an overview of var-
magnetic switching volume, respectively. typically drops ious alternative high materials candidates. Specifically, re-
with higher areal density, hence higher materials are needed cent progress in the low temperature fabrication of thin L10-type
to maintain stability. Increasing , however, also increases FePt alloy and compound films with coercivities exceeding 10
the media switching field, , which is proportional to the ratio kOe, will be reported.
saturation magnetization), and cannot exceed
the write field capability of the head. The latter is believed to
II. HIGH MATERIALS
be near 5000 Oe for longitudinal and possibly twice as large
for keepered perpendicular magnetic recording. Because of A. Overview
this constraint, use of “excessively” high materials and
Table I summarizes intrinsic magnetic properties of a
aggressive scaling to much smaller grain sizes is not reasonable.
number of potential alternative media alloys, following a
similar compilation of hard magnet alloys by Klemmer et
Manuscript received July 9, 1999. D. Weller and L. Folks gratefully acknowl- al. [10]. The table contains the first order magnetocrystalline
edge the partial support of this work by AMRI and DOD/DARPA through Grant anisotropy constant , which becomes for uniaxial
MDA 972-97-1-003.
D. Weller, A. Moser, L. Folks, M. E. Best, W. Lee, M. F. Toney, and M. systems, the saturation magnetization , the anisotropy
Schwickert are with IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120 field and the Curie temperature .
(e-mail: dieter@almaden.ibm.com). Further, the intrinsic domain wall width , the wall energy
J.-U. Thiele and M. F. Doerner are with IBM Storage Systems Division, San
Jose, CA 95193. and the single particle domain size as defined in
Publisher Item Identifier S 0018-9464(00)00257-0. the table caption are reported. A minimal stable grain size is
0018–9464/00$10.00 © 2000 IEEE
WELLER et al.: HIGH K MATERIALS APPROACH TO 100 Gbits/in2 11

TABLE I
PROPERTIES OF HARD MAGNETIC MATERIALS SIMILAR TO KLEMMER et al. [10], INCLUDING hcp-Co, CHEMICALLY ORDERED Co3Pt [11] AND A CONVENTIONAL
MEDIA ALLOY CoPtCr [12]. ALL THESE MATERIALS ARE CAPABLE OF SUSTAINING D 10 nm GRAIN SIZES OVER STORAGE TIMES OF 10 YEARS

computed for a “storage” time constant years using solved for 2.5 nm grains of Co-Sm or FePt structures, the write
the media stability criterion [2], [5], [6], fields of these materials would be somewhere in the vicinity of
discussed above and assuming “cubic” grains, according to 50 000–100 000 Oe.
( Generally, the write field requirement can be expressed as
erg). The materials considered are Co-alloys, tetragonal (L10)
phases of 3d–4d and 3d–5d intermetallics, and rare-earth (1)
transition metal compounds. The table has been expanded
from Klemmer’s [10] original compilation to include hcp-Co, where is a structure factor ( for 2-D random longitu-
chemically ordered Co3Pt [11] and a representative CoPtCr dinal media) and is an effective demagnetizing factor [17].
( , Ta) granular media alloy [12]. Many of these An obvious route toward alleviating the write field problem is
materials are well known bulk hard magnets, which have consequently to operate at higher , despite the caveat that
been extensively reviewed in the literature (see for example higher magnetization also increases the demagnetization field
[13]–[15]). No distinction is made at this point as to the across written bit transitions [6], [4]. Optimization, using micro-
easy axis orientation in these materials. It is assumed that magnetic calculations, results in (linear bit density dependent)
depending on the choice of substrates and/or underlayer/seed stability boundaries versus , as discussed by Charap et
structures they may be synthesized with easy axis alignment al. [5]. Such a plot is displayed in Fig. 1 to demonstrate the the-
either in-plane, for longitudinal recording or out-of-plane, for oretical potential of hard magnet materials. The dashed line in
perpendicular recording. the figure represents Charap’s 40 Gbits/in2 boundary [5] (814
Consider, e.g., Co5Sm or FePt systems. They have kfci linear density, nm bit-spacing Oe).
anisotropies in the 108 erg/cm3 regime, which are about The boundary line represents the optimal media design point, for
20 times larger than in hcp Co and 50–100 times larger than any given combination of and . Operating at “low” ,
in advanced CoPtCr media alloys. This offers stable grains i.e. below the boundary, generates stable media, but their grains
down to sizes of nm, about a are relatively large. This is nonoptimal from the noise perspec-
factor of 4 smaller than in typical 100 Gbits/in2 scenarios [2]. tive. On the other hand, operating at “high” , i.e. above the
Using simple grain counting statistics for noise control, one boundary, allows smaller grains and “quieter” media, however,
can argue that the areal density (AD) scales as AD they are not writeable, because , according to (1), exceeds
[16]. Hence, enormous densities, in the Tbit/in2 regime, would the write field capability of the head. In Charap’s modeling ap-
be possible if one only considered stability against thermal proach, a restriction Oe was applied. Improving the
agitation. One serious problem is the write field requirement of write field capabilities of heads may alleviate this restriction and
such materials, which obviously can not be ignored. Providing possibly shift the boundary upward, moving some of the hard
that all microstrucural and grain isolation problems could be magnet materials into the realm of possible applications.
12
Fig. 1. Stability contour plot, K versus M , for the materials listed in
Table I, including the 814 kfci (40 Gbits/in2) stability boundary according
to Charap et al. [5] and the 100 Gbits/in2 projection by Bertram et al. [2]
(open square) and various published data for CoCrX Y alloys: (CoPtCrX
(X = Ta; B ) Kubota et al. [12], CoPtCr: Peng et al. [18], CoCr15Ptx:
Ishikawa et al. [19], CoPtCr/Cr-Ti: Inaba et al. [20], CoCrTa: Inaba et al. [21]).
B. CoCrXY Alloys
CoCr ( Ta, Pt, Nb ) alloys are the first
choice in evolutionary future media designs. They do not nec-
essarily fall into the category of high materials and will
therefore be discussed only briefly. An overview of these im-
portant “conventional” media alloys has been given by Doerner
et al. [4]. Both anisotropy and magnetization generally depend
on the alloy composition, the microstructure, epitaxial relation-
ships to the underlayer, texturing, strain and growth conditions,
etc. For example, Cr decreases the magnetization and anisotropy
of grains [18], [21]. Pt, on the other hand, tends to increase
the anisotropy and has less dilution effect on the magnetization
[19]. Fig. 1 contains several Co-alloy structures in the lower left
corner.
C. Chemically Ordered Co3Pt
A chemically ordered, hexagonal phase of Co3Pt was discov-
ered by Harp et al. [22] in molecular beam epitaxial (MBE)
growth of Co∼75Pt∼25 on sapphire (0001). Large out-of-plane
anisotropies were reported by Yamada et al. [11] and the oc-
currence of long-range chemical ordering has been attributed to
Pt segregation effects at the advancing surface during growth
[23]. This new compound phase forms at growth temperatures
of about 380 C. The fact that it is hexagonal and close to today’s
media compositions makes it an attractive candidate for ex-
tending conventional alloy systems to higher . Fig. 2 shows
the growth temperature dependence of the magnetic anisotropy
and the related characteristic magnetic domain width as reported
by Folks et al.[24].
D. Nanocomposite Films
Nanocomposites, e.g., metal-carbon, metal-oxide or im-
miscible metal-metal mixtures are prospective routes toward
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 36, NO. 1, JANUARY 2000
Fig. 2. Anisotropy constant K and characteristic domain width, d, at a range
of deposition temperatures for MBE grown Co77Pt23 films on sapphire (0001)
(from [24]).
generating sub 10 nm, granular structures, needed for ul-
trahigh density recording. A lot of work has been reported
on nanocrystalline rare-earth tranistion metal films, most
prominently Co5Sm and Co17Sm2 based films [25]–[29]
High-density recording studies, e.g., have been reported on
CoSm//Cr structures with coercivities in the 2000–4000 Oe
range [25], [26]. Another example is nanocrystalline high
coercivity CoPr//Cr films, where coercivities of about 8000 Oe
and 10 nm grain sizes were obtained [30].
Face centered tetragonal (fct) or L10-phases of
near-equiatomic composition CoPt and FePt have been
studied extensively. In both cases, huge coercivities, close to
the theoretical maximum given by (1) were found.
kOe have been reported in 12–15 nm thick, epitaxial Fe-Pt(001)
films with perpendicular orientation, grown on MgO substrates
[31]. “Nanometer-size” CoPt particles (100–300 nm) were
obtained in dc-magnetron sputtered and post-annealed CoPt
films, exhibiting coercivities of about 30 kOe [32] and 37 kOe
[33]. Annealed nano-composite CoPt : C films may be tailored
for magnetic recording media applications [34].
Recording experiments were discussed by Coffey et al. [35],
who reported ZrO doped CoPt L10 media with acceptable
SNR and found Oe in 2.5 nm thick, annealed
CoPt films. Li et al. recently, discussed recording experiments
in FePt-B media [36]. They also studied interaction effects
in FePt and FePt ( , Ni) films and showed that
coercivities and magnetizations close to actual media design
points can be obtained [37].
Some of the common problems with hard magnet materials
approaches are unfavorably high processing temperatures
during either annealing [38] or growth [39], which may
adversely affect grain growth. As a consequence the noise
performance is compromised as recently found in perpendicular
recording studies of polycrystalline ordered Fe-Pt(001) thin
films [40]. Co-deposited nanophase materials, e.g., CoPt/Ag
and CoPt/C may alleviate some of these problems [41].
Exciting new developments may further evolve from chem-
ical synthesis routes, which are currently being explored to gen-
erate mono-disperse, ordered nanoparticle arrays [42].
WELLER et al.: HIGH K MATERIALS APPROACH TO 100 Gbits/in2 13

III. EVAPORATED FePt L10 FILMS

A. Background
Both from the fabrication and grain growth perspective it is
desirable to lower the transition temperature from the fcc-disor-
dered to the fct-ordered L10-phase. As part of an ongoing effort,
we have investigated the effect of composition and growth tem-
perature on the degree of long range chemical ordering (LRO) in
epitaxial, sputtered and evaporated films grown on single crys-
talline MgO (001) and MgO (110) films. Generally, higher LRO
was found in (001) oriented compared to (110) oriented films
[43]. Chemical ordering parameters up to in sput-
tered films grown at C and in evap-
orated films grown at C were found, as deduced
from X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. The fct lattice dis-
tortion, which is responsible for the large magnetocrystalline Fig. 3. In-plane Kerr hysteresis of a 6 nm thick Fe55Pt45 film grown on Pt/SiN
anisotropy in FePt and other L10-phases, is characterized by the coated Si (001) at 380C. The observation of large coercivity of about 8 kOe is
-ratio, which was found to be as low as 0.96 for “fully” or- consistent with the presence of highly chemically ordered FePt L10 phase.
dered FePt. Here is along the (001) direction in the unit cell. It
determines the anisotropy or easy axis direction, which can be
engineered to be either out-of-plane for (001) oriented films or
in plane for (110) oriented films, as, e.g., shown in MBE growth
experiments [44].
Polycrystalline films, suitable for recording studies were fab-
ricated by electron beam co-evaporation of Fe and Pt metal on
Pt/SiN coated or thermally oxidized Si(001) substrates. The
substrates were kept at about 400 C during growth, deposition
rates were in the 0.5–1 Å/s range and the background pressure
was mbar during evaporation. In a typical deposi-
tion run, eight different samples are fabricated implying that
the films were kept (“annealed”) at C for at least one
hour. Under such conditions we obtain (111)-textured films.
XRD measurements of the structure and chemical ordering of
these films are in progress, but based on our previous experi-
ence with sputtered polycrystalline films, we expect these evap-
Fig. 4. Coercivity of 5 nm thick evaporated Fe Pt (111) films (in-plane,
orated films will be highly chemically ordered. Thickness and present work) and 50 nm thick Fe Pt (001) films (perpendicular, Gong et
composition were determined using Rutherford backscattering al. [45]).
spectrometry (RBS).
Fig. 3 shows an in-plane Kerr hysteresis loop of a 6 nm thick served that the density of {111} twins changes drastically with
Fe54Pt46 film co-evaporated onto Pt/SiN (40 nm) coated Si composition, which may be at least one of the reasons for the
(001). Large coercivity of about 8 kOe is observed indicating presently observed strong coercivity-composition dependence.
the presence of large anisotropy. The remanence ratio is From the practical perspective it is thus advantageous to
, compatible with an average -axis orientation operate in the Fe-rich regime. Fig. 5 shows measurements
of 36 ( 36 = 0.80), which is expected for (111) textured of the loop coercivity of a series of (111) textured Fe55Pt45
films. The saturation magnetization of this (Fe-rich) film was films grown on thermally oxidized Si (001) as a function of
emu/cm3 resulting in an areal moment density of the areal moment density . The data are compared with
memu/cm2. Typical 40–100 Gbits/in2 designs, on representative CoPtCrB results (lower Pt content alloy in
the other hand, require somewhat smaller in the 0.3–0.5 [4] in ( ) orientation and several 10–20 Gbits/in2 media
memu/cm2 range [2], [4]. can be adjusted by either drop- design points [1], [46]. The solid lines are fits to the data
ping the film thickness or by changing the alloy composition using the well known “superparamagnetic approach” equation
and/or third element addition.
Fig. 4 shows the result of a Fe Pt -series in which was and substituting , i.e.
dropped to 5 nm and the Pt content was varied in the range assuming that the grain diameter and the remanence ratio
. While we observe a moment reduction from do not change with film thickness . Although crude
about 1300 emu/cm3 for the Fe-rich to 950 emu/cm3 for Pt-rich and ignoring microstructural changes with film thickness,
films, the coercivity drops dramatically from about 4200 Oe to these fits are useful and can provide a rough estimate of the
less than 500 Oe. This trend is compared to similar observations anisotropy field and average grain diameter . We find
by Gong et al. [45] in 50 nm thick FePt (001) films. They ob- kOe and nm for the present Fe55Pt45
14
Fig. 5. In-plane coercivity as function of areal moment density for a series of
evaporated Fe55Pt45 thin films compared with CoPtCrB media [4] and several
recently demonstrated 10–20 Gbits/in2 media design points [1], [46].
film series from which we calculate an anisotropy constant
of erg/cm3 (
emu/cm3). Similarly, for the quoted CoPtCrB media films we
find Oe and nm, which roughly agrees
with earlier measurements.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Thermal stability and write field constraints put a limit on the
use of high alternative materials for magnetic recording. If
the write field limit can be alleviated, e.g. by thermally assisted
writing or other schemes, huge, more than 10-fold hypothetical
density gains become possible by continuing grain size scaling
down to the 3 nm range. The materials “engineering” problems
associated with such an approach, however, are also “huge”,
as some of the presented work on ultrathin films of FePt L10-
phases may reflect.
REFERENCES
[1] “Seagate announced 23.8 Gbits/in2, Read-Rite 26.5 and 36 Gbits/in2,
and IBM 35.3 Gbits/in2 demos in recent press releases,” Data Storage
Magazine, p. 8, July 1999.
[2] H. N. Bertram, H. Zhou, and R. Gustafson, “Signal to noise ratio scaling
and density limit estimates in longitudinal magnetic recording,” IEEE
Trans. Magn., vol. 34, p. 1845, 1998.
[3] H. N. Bertram and M. Williams, “SNR and density estimates: A compar-
ison of longitudinal and perpendicular recording,” IEEE Trans. Magn.,
vol. 36, Jan. 2000.
[4] M. F. Doerner, K. Tang, T. Arnoldussen, H. Zeng, M. F. Toney, and D.
Weller, “Microstructure and thermal stability of advanced longitudinal
media,” in IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 36, Jan. 2000.
[5] S. H. Charap, P.-L. Lu, and Y. He, “Thermal stability of recorded infor-
mation at high densities,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 33, p. 978, 1997.
[6] D. Weller and A. Moser, “Thermal effect limits in ultrahigh density
magnetic recording,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 35, pp. 4423–4439, Nov.
1999.
[7] J. Li, M. Mirzamaani, X. Bian, M. Doerner, S. Duan, K. Tang, M. Toney,
T. Arnoldussen, and M. Madison, “10 Gb/in2 longitudinal media on a
glass substrate,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 85, p. 4286, 1999.
[8] R. Wood, “Detection capacity limits in magnetic media noise,” IEEE
Trans. Magn., vol. 34, p. 1848, 1998.
[9] H. Katayama, S. Sawamura, Y. Ogimoto, K. Kojima, and K. Ohta,
“New magnetic recording method using laser assisted read/write
technologies,” J. Magn. Soc. Jpn., vol. 23, no. S1, p. 233, 1999.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 36, NO. 1, JANUARY 2000
[10] T. Klemmer, D. Hoydick, H. Okumura, B. Zhang, and W. A. Soffa,
“Magnetic hardening and coercivity mechanisms in L10 ordered FePd
ferromagnets,” Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia, vol. 33, no. 10–11,
pp. 1793–1805, 1995.
[11] Y. Yamada, T. Suzuki, H. Kanazawa, and J. C. Österman, “The origin of
the large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in Co3Pt alloy thin films,”
J. Appl. Phys., vol. 85, p. 5094, 1999.
[12] Y. Kubota, L. Folks, and E. E. Marinero, “Intergrain magnetic coupling
and microstructure in CoPtCr, CoPtCrTa and CoPtCrB alloys,” J. Appl.
Phys., vol. 84, p. 6202, 1998.
[13] K. J. Strnat, Rare-Earth-Cobalt Permanent Magnets, in Ferromagnetic
Materials, E. P. Wohlfarth and K. H. J. Buschow, Eds: Elsevier Science
Publishers B.V., 1988, vol. 4.
[14] K. H. J. Buschow, “Permanent magnet materials,” in Materials Science
and Technology, ser. Electronic and magnetic properties of metals and
ceramics, R. W. Cahn, P. Haasen, E. J. Kramer, and V. C. H. Weinheim,
Eds., 1994, pt. II, vol. 3B, pp. 451–528.
[15] K. H. J. Buschow, “New developments in hard magnetic materials,” Rep.
Prog. Phys., vol. 54, p. 1123, 1991.
[16] D. N. Lambeth, “Hard disk media: Future problems and possible solu-
tions,” in 5th International Symp. on Sputtering and Plasma Processes
ISSP’99, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan, June 16–18, 1999.
[17] H. Kronmüller, “Micromagnetism and magnetization processes in
modern magnetic materials,” in Science and Technology of Nanostruc-
tured Magnetic Materials, G. C. Hadjipanayis and G. A. Prinz, Eds,
NY: Plenum Press, 1991, p. 657.
[18] Q. Peng, H. N. Bertram, N. Fussing, M. Doerner, M. Mirzamaani, D.
Margulies, R. Sinclair, and S. Lambert, “Micromagnetic and experi-
mental studies of CoPtCr polycrystalline thin film media with bicrystal
microstructure,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 31, p. 2821, 1995.
[19] A. Ishikawa and R. Sinclair, “Effects of Pt addition on the magnetic
and crystallographic properties of Co-Cr-Pt thin-film media,” J. Magn.
Magn. Mater., vol. 152, pp. 265–273, 1996.
[20] N. Inaba, A. Nakamura, T. Yamamoto, Y. Hosoe, and M. Futamoto,
“Magnetic and cyrstallographic properties of CoPtCr thin films formed
on Cr-Ti single crystalline underlayers,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 79, pp.
5354–5356, 1996.
[21] N. Inaba, M. Futamoto, and A. Nakamura, “Temperature dependence of
magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy determined using CoCrTa single
crystal thin films,” IEEE TRans. Magn., vol. 34, pp. 1558–1560, 1998.
[22] G. R. Harp, D. Weller, T. A. Rabedeau, R. F. C. Farrow, and M. F. Toney,
Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 71, p. 2493, 1993.
[23] M. Maret, M. C. Cadeville, A. Herr, R. Poinsot, E. Beaurepaire,
S. Lefebre, and M. Bessière, “Enhanced perpendicular magnetic
anisotropy in chemically long-range ordered (0001) Co Pt films,”
J. Magn. Magn. Mater., vol. 191, p. 61, 1999.
[24] L. Folks, U. Ebels, R. Sooryakumar, R. Rohklin, D. Weller, and R. F. C.
Farrow, “Domain structures of Co3Pt films,” J. Magn. Soc. Jpn., vol. 23,
no. S1, p. 85, 1999.
[25] E. M. T. Velu and D. N. Lambeth, “ACoSm-based high coercivity thin
films for longitudinal recording,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 69, p. 5175, 1991.
[26] E. M. T. Velu and D. N. Lambeth, “High density recording on SmCo/Cr
thin film media,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 28, p. 3249, 1992.
[27] Y. Liu, D. J. Sellmyer, B. W. Robertson, S. S. Shanand, and S. H.
Liou, “High resolution electron microscopy and nano-probe study of
CoSm//Cr films,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 31, p. 2740, 1995.
[28] D. N. Lambeth, D. E. Laughlin, S. Charap, L.-L. Lee, P. Harllee, and
L. Tang, NATO ASI Ser. E: Magnetic Hysteresis in Novel Magnetic Ma-
terials, G. C. Hadjipanayis, Ed. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer
Academic Publishers, 1997, p. 767.
[29] Y. Kubota, E. E. Marinero, and M. F. Toney, “Coercivity and magnetic
anisotropy in Aamorphous CoSm thin films,”, to be published, preprint,
to be published.
[30] S. S. Malhotra, Y. Liu, Z. S. Shan, S. H. Liou, D. C. Stafford, and D.
J. Sellmyer, “Nanocrystalline high coercivity PrCo//Cr thin films: Po-
tential high density magnetic recording media,” J. Magn. Magn. Mater.,
vol. 161, p. 316, 1996.
[31] Y. Ide, T. Goto, K. Kikuchi, K. Watanabe, J. Onagawa, H. Yoshida, and
J. M. Cadogan, “Ultrahigh coercive force in epitaxial FePt(001) films,”
J. Magn. Magn. Mater., vol. 245, pp. 177–181, 1998.
[32] S. H. Liou, Y. Liu, S. S. Malhotra, M. Yu, and D. J. Sellmyer, “Magnetic
properties of nanometer-size CoPt particles,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 79, p.
5060, 1996.
[33] S. H. Liou, S. Huang, E. Klimek, R. D. Kirby, and Y. D. Yao, “Enhance-
ment of coercivity in nanometer-size CoPt crystallites,” J. Appl. Phys.,
vol. 85, p. 4334, 1999.
WELLER et al.: HIGH K MATERIALS APPROACH TO 100 Gbits/in2
[34] M. Yu, Y. Liu, A. Moser, D. Weller, and D. J. Sellmyer, “Nanocomposite
CoPt:C films for extremely high-density recording,” Appl. Phys. Lett.,
vol. 75, no. 25, pp. 3992–3994, 1999.
[35] K. R. Coffey, M. A. Parker, and J. K. Howard, “High anisotropy L10 thin
films for longitudinal recording,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 31, p. 2737,
1995.
[36] N. Li and B. M. Lairson, “Magnetic recording on FePt and FePtB inter-
metallic compound media,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 35, pp. 1077–1082,
Mar. 1999.
[37] N. Li, B. Lairson, and O.-H. Kwon, “Magnetic characterization of inter-
metallic compound FePt and FePtX (X = B , Ni) thin films,” J. Magn.
Magn. Mater., 1999, to be published.
[38] B. M. Lairson, M. R. Visokay, R. Sinclair, and B. M. Clemens, “Epi-
taxial PtFe(001) thin films on MgO(001) with perpendicular magnetic
anisotropy,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 62, p. 639, 1993.
[39] A. Cebollada, D. Weller, J. Sticht, G. R. Harp, R. F. C. Farrow, R. F.
Marks, R. Savoy, and J. C. Scott, “Enhanced magneto optical Kerr effect
in spontaneously ordered FePt alloys: Quantitative agreement between
theory and experiment,” Phys. Rev. B, vol. 50, p. 3419, 1994.
[40] T. Suzuki, N. Honda, and K. Ouchi, “Magnetization reversal process in
polycrystalline ordered Fe-Pt(001) thin films,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 85, p.
4301, 1999.
[41] S. Stavroyiannis, I. Panagiotopoulos, N. Niarchos, J. A. Christodoulides,
Y. Zhang, and G. C. Hadjipanayis, “CoPt/Ag nanocomposites for high
density recording media,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 73, p. 3453, 1998.
[42] S. Sun and C. Murray, “Synthesis of monodisperse cobalt nanocrystals
and their assembly into magnetic superlattices,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 85,
p. 4325, 1999.
15
[43] J.-U. Thiele, L. Folks, M. F. Toney, and D. K. Weller, “Perpendicular
magnetic anisotropy and magnetic domain structure in sputtered epi-
taxial FePt(001) L10 films,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 84, p. 5686, 1998.
[44] R. F. C. Farrow, D. Weller, R. F. Marks, M. F. Toney, A. Cebollada,
and G. R. Harp, “Control of the axis of chemical ordering and magnetic
anisotropy in epitaxial FePt films,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 79, p. 5967, 1996.
[45] M. H. Gong, K. Hono, and M. Watanabe, “Microstructure of FePt/Pt
magnetic thin films with high perpendicular coercivity,” J. Appl. Phys.,
vol. 84, p. 4403, 1998.
[46] J. Li, M. Mirzamaani, X. Bian, M. Doerner, S. Duan, K. Tang, M. Toney,
T. Arnoldussen, and M. Madison, “10 Gb/in2 longitudinal media on a
glass substrate,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 85, p. 4286, 1999.
[47] B. Zhang and W. A. Soffa, “The structure and properties of L10 ordered
ferromagnets: Co-Pt, Fe- Pt, Fe-Pd and Mn-Al,” Scripta Metallurgica et
Materialia, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 683–688, 1994.
[48] D. N. Lambeth, “Hard disk media: Future problems and possible so-
lutions,” presented at the 5th Int. Symp. Sputtering Plasma Processes
ISSP’99, Ishikawa, Japan, 1999.
[49] S. Stavroyiannis, I. Panagiotopoulos, D. Niarchos, J. A. Christodoulides,
Y. Zhang, and G. C. Hadjipanayis, “Investigation of CoPt/M(M = Ag,
C) films for high density recording media,” J. Magn. Magn. Mater., vol.
193, p. 181, 1999.
[50] I. Panagiotopoulos, S. Stavroyiannis, D. Niarchos, J. A. Christodoulides,
and G. C. Hadjipanayis, “Granular CoPt/C Films for High Density
Recording Media,”, to be published, preprint, Mar. 1999, to be pub-
lished.