L2

L2_Horizontal G-L_Flow/Course Notes-Dr P.
Toma/PET E-632/2011 1
Notes L2
L2_1 Horizontal Flow Momentum Equation to Calculate (h/D) for Stratified Flow, The
Role of Wavy Interface,
L2_2 Horizontal Flow Pattern Transitions
Key papers : Horizontal flow transition
1
, Interfacial form & effect
2
L2_1 - HORIZONTAL STRATIFIED GAS - LIQUID FLOW
1. Momentum equations for calculating the void fraction
2. Dimensionless Analysis
3. Horizontal Pipe Flow Patterns
4. Lockhart - Martinelli Empirical Pressure Drop Model (slides only)
5. Model Comparison Template (slides only)
Goals : Assess and calculate
i. Gas - Liquid holdup
ii. Pressure drop
iii. Mapping and Transition (see L3)
Applications :
# gas-liquid pipe transport (horizontal, inclined)
# transportation of drilling fluids and cuttings,
# problems :
calculate actual phase velocities and void fractions applied to
oil-gas (gathering lines) and to
oil-water-steam (horizontal well)
L2_11-0 General Objectives
1. Applications - present knowledge and ongoing R&D efforts
2. Momentum balance for smooth, stratified, gas-liquid flow
gas-liquid distribution (holdup),
pressure drop,
patterns and transitions,
3. Numerical model and results - discussion
Prerequisites:
basic knowledge of spreadsheet calculations (quattro/excel),
momentum equation
1
DISTRIBUTED KEY PAPER: Y. Taitel and A. E. Dukler, A Model for Predicting Flow Regime
Transitions in Horizontal and Near Horizontal Gas-Liquid Flow, AIChE J v.22, n.1 Jan. 1976,
pp47-55 (note: 76 but used in books printed after 2000 - more than #425 quotations so far !)
2
Kowalski,J.E., Wall and Interfacial Shear Stress in Stratified Flow in a Horizontal Pipe, AIChE J, v.33, n.2 Feb.1987, pp.274-
281
L2_Horizontal G-L_Flow/Course Notes-Dr P.Toma/PET E-632/2011 2
L2-1 Mechanistic modeling (Generals)
The engineering approach performed in order to solve a complex practical problem by avoiding
rigorous (mathematical equations-driven) exact solution is called MODELING.
The engineering problems related to multiphase flow and involving transfer of heat, mass and
momentum are generally solved using the MODELING approach.
One dimensional (pipe flow) is widely accepted and used for a broad scope of engineering
calculations involving ducts/pipes (confined) flow.
An engineering physical model is required when all information available at the micro-scale
(elementary particles) cannot be combined to describe the behavior of macroscopic processes.
The engineering approach aims to find the particular arrangements that will precisely and
conveniently describe the behavior of macroscopic processes.
The engineer performs the same type of analysis as say, a physicist - he collects and analyzes a
large number of experimental evidence and develops rules, but he does so on a different scale
(after D. Himmeblau and K. Bischoff - Process Analysis and Simulation - Deterministic
Systems - John Willey & Sons, 1968).
Since almost any process in two-phase flow is complex, it is necessary to simplify its nature such
that the model captures the dominant effects, while less important effects are ignored.
The mechanistic (or physical) modeling provides a relatively easy mean to extend the
engineering capability of prediction.
This approach is superior to the method of correlating experimental data prior to in-depth
understanding of the nature of flow and specific pattern (characteristic and statistically
reproducible structures) and transition rules. Unlike empirical correlations , limited to ranges and
conditions of experiments (operation ranges and specific testing conditions), the results based on
mechanistic models can be extrapolated with acceptable confidence beyond physical conditions,
however, preferably within the pattern specific to the test (see also Y. Taitel, SPE 27959, Tulsa,
August 1994 - not attached).
To be discussed in this lecture:
- momentum equation (one fluid only review)
(wall shear stress frictional pressure drop)
- possible flow patterns in horizontal gas-liquid pipes
- application of momentum equation to a stratified flow
- simple geometry with pipe full (horizontal)
- finding the holdup/void fraction from 2-fluid momentum equation
- dimensionless description,
- superficial and actual velocities in stratified flow,
- empirical model Lochart & Martinelli for frictional pressure loss and
assessment of a model
L2-2 Stratified Smooth Pattern (SS)
Flow patterns recognition
(see figure L2_11-1 - medallion)
Figure L2_11-1 Typical flow patterns for gas-liquid horizontal pipe flow
Note: The Flow Pattern Map has been obtained using water-air and 2" pipe at "room" P,T
conditions (ref. Taitel-Dukler attached paper). Using the specifically observed pattern
boundaries for other conditions is ABSOLUTELY PROHIBITED. The "map" has to be re-
drawn for each LOCAL and specific conditions (fluids, P,T, D) and how to do it is discussed
in Lectures L2_1 &2.
General Observations Regarding Flow Patterns
The stratified flow pattern occurs at relatively low superficial gas velocity values (under 0.6 to
3.5 m/s). A visible slightly rippled interface between gas and liquid represents one of the main
feature of the pattern.
(SS to SW and A) Transition from stratified-smooth (SS) to stratified wavy (SW) and, then,
to annular (A)
With increasing the gas velocity, the amplitude of the ripples (small waves at the G-L interface)
increases and, the relatively small and uniform wave shapes becomes more complex. During the
transition interval, large and small waves are co-existing. With the increasing gas velocity, large
waves (disturbance wave) are first observed then, the large disturbance waves are further broken
and resulted droplets entrained into the gas, upper flow zone.
Flow patterns notations (to be discussed in L4 through L5):
Lecture # Flow Pattern ID
L2_1........................................Stratified Smooth.......................................(SS)
L2/2.......................................................Stratified Wavy............................(SW)
L2/2.......................................................Annular - Dispersed Liquid........(A,D)
L2/2.......................................................Intermittent....................................(I)
L2/2....................................................Dispersed Bubble.........................(DB)
Typical Vertical Flow Patterns:
L3/2........................................................Bubble..........................................(B)
L3/2.....................................................Finely Dispersed Bubble............(FB)
L3/2........................................................Slug...............................................(SL)
L3/2........................................................Slug/Churn...................................(SC)
L3/2........................................................Annular.........................................(A)
L2_11-1 Void Fraction () or Holdup (1-) calculation from momentum
equation
(liquid) holdup (1-)= (A
L
/A)
void fraction o
Wall shear stresses:
wL
- lower, liquid layer
wG
- upper, gas layer
What do we know?
1. The gas flowrate .Q
g
(m
3
/h)
2. The liquid flowrate. Q
l
(m
3
/h)
3. Pipe inside diameter (ID).D (m)
4. Gas & liquid properties (for the "local" P,T):
densities.
l
and
g
(kg/m
3
)
viscosities (kinematic). v
l
and v
g
(m
2
/s)
Note: for a relatively small pipe length, L, fluid properties are
considered constant - or, conversely, the length of the pipe should be
"made" small enough such that properties variations are negligible.
What do we want to find out?
1. Liquid-gas distribution h
l
/D (-)
(note : h
l
is the level of liquid (or of more dense phase) when the two phases
are separately flowing in the horizontal pipe)
2. Pressure drop. (DP/L) (Pa/m)
3. The flow pattern and transition conditions
Note: For a certain flowrate/fluid property situation and pipe (DID) the
transition from one pattern to another is a function such as :
conditions PT local for
S
G
S
L
U F U =
Why do we need this data (practical applications)?
-Design-Operate-Adapt- :
a. determine the pump characteristics,
b. avoid critical flow situations leading to advanced corrosion (read segregated,
stagnant water layers etc),
c. determine the required tank capacity for pipe drainage (holdup),
d. minimize the capital and operation cost,
e. assess start-up conditions (for extra-heavy or paraffin oil),
f. calculate heat transfer,
g. assess pipeline allocation problems,
h. check for suitable instrumentation,
i. determine pig handling conditions,
How?
a. Assume a perfectly segregated (separated) phase situation in a horizontal circular duct
leading to an INITIAL, ASSUMED h/D value,
b. Calculate the main geometry characteristics [A
L
(m
2
), A
G
, (m
2
), S
L
(m),S
G
(m),S
i
(m)]
c. Calculate the "equivalent hydraulic diameters D
hL
and D
hG
(using the "Agrawal's"
assumption and assume f
i
f
G
("Gazley's" assumption),
d. Calculate individual shear stresses () using a simplified (one-phase) friction factor
(Blasius smooth) - attention: the Dukler-Taytel 1976 KEY paper uses f
F
(Faning's) ,
e. Apply the momentum equations to each (segregated) phase, separately (see Figure L2_11-
2).
f. Introduce the condition of frictional pressure drop equality (steady, developed flow),
g. Add the two momentum equations
h. Solve the momentum equation for (h
L
/D) (use an EXCEL solver routine)
i. ADITIONAL : Use dimensionless quantities to obtain a general representation of the
reduced pressure drop
Figure L2-2 The Seven Steps Approach - Stratified Smooth Flow Pattern Assumption :
Schematic of Iterative Calculation Routine for Liquid Holdup (or gas void fraction) and
pressure drop - step-by-step procedure and main assumptions (schematic)
The model enables us to calculate both the pressure gradient and the phase holdup without referral
to the (overall) empirical relationships.
Momentum balance:
Single-phase/ circular pipe (reminder)
If fluid gravity-related forces are neglected, a simple momentum relationship is used to relate the
wall shear stress t
w
to frictional pressure drop :
) 0 for ( L D
4
D
2
U
D
L
f A P F
w
2 2
M cross fr
= =
= = =
(L2-1,2)
and, for Moody friction factor f
M
:
8
U
f
2
M w
=
(L2-3)
Stratified, two-phase flow
Figure L2-3 Gas-Liquid co-current flow in a
(slightly inclined
3
) horizontal pipe (assumed:
stratified-smooth flow pattern)
The Target:
Find h/D for given D, Qg, Qo
A. Momentum Equations for Each (Separated)
Phase
Using notations from Figures L2-3&4, a momentum balance for a pipe length x applied to liquid
(L) and gas phase (G) yields:
3
The initial intent of the authors of the famous "T-D" Paper (Key reference) was to develop a unique model for both horizontal
and inclined G-L Flow (and in keeping with the paper notations an inclination angle | is introduced). However, it was
demonstrated much later (see Barnea, D. A Unified Model for Predicting Flow-Pattern Transitions for the Whole Range of Pipe
Inclinations," Int. J. Multiphase Flow, v.13, No.1 1987) that even angles as small as 10o may induce a flow pattern transition
unseen in "horizontal" - To be discussed latter in this course.
0 sin g A S S
dx
dP
A
0 sin g A S S
dx
dP
A
G G i i G wG
G
G
L L i i L wL
L
L
= + |
.
|
\
|
= + + |
.
|
\
|
(L2-4a,b)
B. Equality of Pressure Drop in Each Phase
By adding L2-4a and L2-4b and introducing
4
:
L G
dx
dP
dx
dP
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
(L2-5)
By equating the pressure drop in liquid (L) and in gas (G) phase
5
and assuming a negligible
static pressure effect, results :
0 sin g ) (
A
1
A
1
S
A
S
A
S
G L
G L
i i
L
L
WL
G
G
WG
= +
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
(L2-6)
Where
wL
,
wG
and
i
are the shear stresses acting
on the wall wetted by the liquid (S
L)
, or by the gas
(S
G)
and on the gas-liquid interface S
i
(see Figure
L2-4) :
Figure L2-4 The main notations in the cross-
section of a 2-Layer Stratified Flow Model
Friction factors and wall/interface shear
stresses
Simplified correlations are used to calculate the
wall shear stresses.
4
the equality of specific pressure drop is an important condition adopted for (any) multi-fluid flow system see also fn #5
5
first used by Nelson & Martinelli,1944
Friction factor coefficient (f) determined for circular pipes and calculated pressure drop for
conventional one-phase flow is adapted
6
to estimate the shear stresses (L2-7) () (Pa=N/m
2
) for
each wetted solid-fluid or fluid-fluid interface
7
:
8
) U U (
f ,
8
U
f ,
8
U
f
2
i G G
i i
2
G G
G wL
2
L L
L wG
= = =
(L2-7)
and friction factors are simply determined similar to one-phase, pipe flow as such :
G
G G
L
m
G
G
) M ( G
L
L L
L
n
L
L
) M ( L
U D
Re : where
Re
C
f
and
U D
Re : where
Re
C
f
= =
= =
(L2-811)
The exponents m and n and the constants C
L
&C
G
are resulting from the (slightly altered) Blasius
equations L2-811 are indicated in the table L2-T1(note L-T transition at Re=2000 and Re
0.2
replacing Re
0.25
):
Table L2-T1 T-D/Gazley's adapted expressions for laminar-turbulent transition &
coefficients for calculation of friction factors recommended in the T-D Model
Moody's
Re
m
<2000 Re
m
<2000 Re
m
>2000 Re
m
>2000
Laminar Laminar Turbulent Turbulent
Gas (G) C
G
=64 m=1 C
G
=0.184 m=0.2
Liquid (L) C
L
=64 n=1 C
L
=0.184 n=0.2
(Note : transition to turbulence for a gas-liquid system is not well understood Nelson &
Martinelli used a conventional system of empirical equations and Re calculated for superficial
velocities - N-M Model uses 1000 Re
S
L , G
= as transition; use of transport velocity and
homogeneous properties appears more realistic. (see also ref. in footnote #3),
Attention : Moody friction[f
M
] factor notation has been used, for Fanning's fr. Factor [f
F
]
and the respective convention, C
G
and C
L
are of the value indicated in this table) used in
the T-D 1976 paper (key paper transferred to Class ! see f.n. #1)
6
see Agrawal,S.S., Gregory,G.A, and Govier,G.W. An analysis of Horizontal Stratified Two-Phase Flow in Pipes, The Can.J.
Chem.Eng. v.31, June 1973 (pp.280-286) and Etchells,A.W. PhD Dissertation Univ.of Delaware, 1970
7
Note : equation L2-7 is using the Darcy-Weisbach (Moody) relations for friction factor; sometimes the Fanning friction factor f
notation is used and cautions should be given to this detail as : f
M
=4 f
F
C. Essential Conventions (see Ref.1 and Gazley, 1949):
1. Hydraulic diameters
8
(eq. L2-13) are used for estimation of Reynolds number in
the gas and in the liquid zones (see D
L
and D
G
eq.L2-811) as suggested by Agrawal,
Gregory, Govier
9
:
) m (
S S
A
D ,
S
A
D
i G
G
G
L
L
L
+
= =
4 4
(L2-12, 13)
This implies that the wall resistance of the liquid is similar of that for open-channel flow and that
of the gas to a closed (duct) gas flow.
D. Introduce Non-Dimensional Parameters (fashionable during 60-
70... not absolutely necessary with the computing power today!)
To create dimensionless quantities (over lined) D is used for length, and D
2
for area :
2
G
G
2
L
L
L
L
D
A
A ,
D
A
A ,
D
h
h = = =
(L2-14..16)
Geometric description of liquid and gas areas (A) and interfaces (S) uses pipe diameter D to
calculate non-dimensional liquid and gas areas and express them as functions of (h
L
/D).
All geometrical characteristics from momentum equation L2-6 are expressed (as sectors and areas
in a circle) as function of
L
h
10
:
] ) 1 h 2 ( 1 ) 1 h 2 ( ) 1 h 2 cos( a [ 25 . 0 A
2
L L L L
+ =
(L2-17)
8
D
h
=(4 Flow Area)/(Hydraulic Diameter for a pipe A-Cross. Sect, P wetted perimeter) D
h
=4A/P
9
Agrawal,S.S., G.A. Gregory, and C.W. Govier (Univ.of Calgary & Alberta) An Analysis of Horizontal Stratified Two-Phase
Flow in Pipes, Can.J. Chem.Eng.,51,280-286 (1973)
10
a cos (arc cos) is sometimes indicated as cos
-1
the argument is always expressed in radians
] ) 1 h 2 ( 1 ) 1 h 2 ( ) 1 h 2 ( cos a [ 25 . 0 A
2
L L L G
=
(L2-18)
) 1 h 2 cos( a S
L L
=
(L2-19)
) 1 h 2 cos( a S
L L
=
(L2-20)
) 1 h 2 cos( a S
L G
=
(L2-21)
2
L i
) 1 h 2 ( 1 S =
(L2-22)
At this point, by replacing all geometrical characteristics (A
L,
A
G
, S
G
, S
L
and S
i
) as well as
friction factors and shear stresses as described by equations L2-7L2-20 into equations L2-6,
a unique equation with the variable h
L
/D is obtained such as :
0 )
D
h
( F sin g ) (
A
1
A
1
S
A
S
A
S
L
G L
G L
i i
L
L
WL
G
G
WG
= = +
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + +
A simple solver routine (EXCEL) may be used to determine the value
D
h
l
and the actual gas and
liquid velocities.
In a similar way, dimensionless velocities may be expressed as:
G
G
L
L
A
A
U ,
A
A
U = =
(L2-22,23)
Dimensionless - Generalized Momentum Equations
With the assumptions:
U
G
>>U
i ,
(U
G
-U
i
)
2
U
G
2
, f
i
=f
G
equations L2_11 take the form :
0 Y 4
A
S
A
S
A
S
U ) D U (
A
S
U ) D U (
G
i
L
i
G
G 2
G
m
G G
L
L 2
L
n
L L
2
=
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
(

(L2-24)
Where X is exactly the Martinellis Parameter (X) representing the ratio of pressure
drops evaluated for the (conventional, not real !) superficial velocities for gas and for liquid
phases:
S
G
S
L
2 S
G G
2 S
L L
m
G
S
G G
n
L
S
L L
2
dx
dP
dx
dP
2
) U (
2
) U (
D U
D
C 4
D U
D
C 4
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

(L2-25)
and Y is a dimensionless inclination factor used by Taitel-Dukler [see main ref. 1 - we are
not suggesting the use of Taitel-Dukler (T-D Model) stratified calculation routine for
inclinations outside
o o
10 10 + < < | as the stratified geometry is essentially distorted for
small inclinations only (see f.n.#3)] - therefore, for all practical reasons at this course will
consider:
(L2-26)
0
dx
dP
sin g ) (
2
) U (
D U
D
C 4
sin g ) (
S
G
G L
2 S
G G
m
G
S
G G
G L
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|

=

(L2-27)
S
G
S
L
dx
dP
dx
dP
X
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
The dimensionless parameter (X) obtained by introducing dimensionless parameters in the
stratified momentum equations and the solution of momentum equation leading to the
solver h/D=F(X) is the main feature of this lesson. The graphic representation of this
function in Figure L2-5 (obtained with the aid of EXCEL model) allows for rapid
assessments of the effect of flow and pressure changing to the level of liquid (h/D.
Questions such as :
a. in a gas-liquid line (h/D)
1
was 0.3; how it is expected this value (h/D)
2
to be (say) 1000
m downstream ? like (h/D)
1
> or < (h/D)
2
b. in a gas line (mainly) reservoir water is entrained and (inadvertently) deposited on
the bottom of the line - indicate potential actions available (at the moment of pipes-
wells design) to reduce this effect and other (negative) implications (use the h/D
versus X diagram as well as the IPR-Line [P
(BH)
versus Q] diagrams to justify your
decisions etc.
may be discussed with the aid of this important diagram (class discussion)
Example of solver routine used in the EXCEL model for stratified 2-Fluid
Flow (Class Numerical Model DEMO & Discussion)
Table L2-T2 View of the model solver screen (EXEL)
[ P)/( x ] is the pressure drop of one phase flowing alone in the pipe.
Tools/Goal Seek/Solve for(*)
Solver for h(L)/D - Stratified Smooth Flow Set cell : I96 (Turb) or K96 (Lamin) to:
To value....0
file : UNIV/StratFlow/P.Toma By changing cell: [h(L)/D] ...H97
24-Oct-98
10:16:05 AM
Note : for NOMOGRAM builder data see program :File 2P_FITransitionFeb97.wb3 Result : h(L)/D= F(CHI, Y)
(*)EXCEL
E F G I J K L M N O P
87 D'(L) D'(G) U'(L) U'(G) A' A'(L) A(L)
88 D h(l) A S eq.L2-22 eq.L2-23 eq.L2-17 m
2
89 m m m
2
m 0.9300374 0.0038658 2.30198009 1.7680609 0.7853982 0.3411837 0.0019811
90 0.0762 0.03416754 0.0045604 0.2393894
91 A'(G) A(G) S'(L) S'(G) S'(i)
92 Test>>> 0.00456037 eq.L2-16 m
2
eq.L2-19 eq.L2-20 eq.L2-21
93 X eq.L2-6 Turb eq.L2-6 Lam 0.44421443 0.0025793 1.4673979 1.6741947 0.9946591
94 eq.L2-25 eq.L2-26 h(L)/D Funct=0 or>>> Funct=0
95 X Y (-) Turb Lam
96 2E+00 4.6289932 0.44839 -5.694E-05 32.488006
Turbulent :
F=0=(X^2)*((UL`*DL`)^(-0.2))*UL`^2*SL`/AL`-((UG`*DG`)^(-0.2)*UG`^2*(SG`/AG`+Si`/AL`+Si`/AG`))-4*Y L-24 Turb.
Laminar :
F=0=(X^2)*((UL`*DL`)^(1))*UL`^2*SL`/AL`-((UG`*DG`)^(1)*UG`^2*(SG`/AG`+Si`/AL`+Si`/AG`))-4*Y L-24 Lamin
D*(L)= (4*AL`/SL`) A'(G)= +0.25*((@ACOS(2*(HL/D)-1))-(2*(HL/D)-1)*(1-(2*(HL/D)-1)^2)^0.5)
D*(G)= (4*AG)/(SG`+Si`) A(G)= (AG`*D^2)
U*(L)= (A`/AL`) S'(L)= (@PI-@ACOS(2*(HL/D)-1))
U*(G)= (A`/AG`) S'(L)= @ACOS(2*(HL/D)-1)
A*(L)= (@PI*D^2/4)/(D^2) S'(i)= (1-(2*(HL/D)-1)^2)^0.5
A(L)= +0.25*((@PI-@ACOS(2*(HL/D)-1))+(2*(HL/D)-1)*(1-(2*(HL/D)-1)^2)^0.5)
L2_Horizontal G-L_Flow/Course Notes-Dr P.Toma/PET E-694/2005
14
X is identical with the parameter introduced by Lockhart and Martinelli
11
(1949) and can be
calculated using superficial, conventional velocities and the well known one-phase pressure drop.
Parameter Y represents the relative forces due to gravity and gas pressure drop and is zero for
horizontal tubes.
Figure L2-5 Dimensionless level (h
L
/D) versus Martinellis Parameter (X) for rapid
estimations of gas-liquid distribution in a horizontal pipe with gas-liquid flow for horizontal
pipes Y=0)
12
11
Lockhart, R. W., and R.C. Martinelli, Proposed Correlations of Data for Isothermal Two-Phase, Two - Component Flow in Pipes, Chem.Eng.
Progress, 45, 39-48 (1949)
12
see also Eaton et. al. JPT, June 1967 for a similar display
15
L2-6 Key features of Lochart-Martinelli (L-M) empirical model
One of the first empirical model used for calculations of frictional pressure drop of gases and
liquids was the well known Lockhart-Martinelli (L-M) model (1949).
Its simplicity and accessibility have given this model a widely accepted stature for base-line
(comparison). The L-M Parameter (X) - (ratio of frictional pressure drop for superficial liquid and
superficial gas local velocities) has been introduced as a "critical dimensionless criteria" since the
L-M publication in 1949 (see eq. L2-26).
The "Martinelli parameter", X, was further introduced in a large number of empirical models
for two-phase flow and convective heat transfer to mass transfer etc.
The elegance of mechanistic T-D (1976) consists in converting a
momentum equation into a dimensionless function by introducing the
Martinelli (well known at the time) parameter.
The concept introduced by the (empirical) L-M Model suggests that the
frictional pressure drop experienced during a gas-liquid flow in a pipe (dP/dL)
2-P
can be
Lochart & Martinelli (1949)
(*)
An Absolutely Empirical Model:
1. No Flow Patterns,
2. No Forces or/and Momentum Equations,
3. No Clear Application Domain,
BUT:
1. Lots of Field & Factory Pressure Drop Data,
2. Fantastic Vision (Grouping Data),
3. ABase-Line for Today (Mechanistic) Modeling,
4. Dimensionless Criteria (X) Still in Use (after
more than 60 years!). Lets see it is EASY !
(*)Lockhart, R.W., Martinelli, R.C.; Chem. Eng. Prog., Vol. 45. 1949, pp. 39-48
S
G
S
L
dx
dP
dx
dP
X
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
16
calculated as a product between the pressure drop CALCULATED with the aid of
SUPERFICIAL (liquid or gas) velocity ( )
S
L or G
dL dP and a multiplier
2
L or G
.
It was observed (through grouping a large number of data) that the value of the multiplier is
obtainable for a certain Martinelli Parameter (X)
Local
using one of four (heuristically
introduced) calculation functions.
L2-7 The four (imaginary) flow regimes leading to four independent functions for
calculating the L-M multiplier
Therefore, the (local, function of P,T local and specific gas or liquid properties) the pseudo-
pressure drop is calculated, separately for the superficial (calculated, not real !) velocities of gas
and liquid (e.g. for liquid component):
Then, the (dimensionless) Martinelli Parameter
(X) is further calculated as the sq. root of the
ratios (see eq. L2-26).
An (empirical) flow regime (pseudo-laminar or pseudo-turbulent with a transition at
( )
S
L and G
Re =1000; one out of four possible (pseudo) flow regimes (see Figure L2-7: LL-LT-TT-
TL) is selected as valid for local flow conditions. The specific L-M multiplier ( ) is obtained
from a graph (1949 technology !) or with the aid of respective (curve-fitting) equations With the
( )
( )
( ) | |
25 . 0
S
L
.) Turb ( M
S
L
.) Lam ( M
2
S
L L
M
S
L
Re
3164 . 0
f
Re
64
f
) m / Pa (
D 2
U
f
L
P
= =
= |
.
|
\
|
A
A
Lochart &Martinelli (1949)
S
G
2
G
P 2
dL
dP
dL
dP
|
.
|
\
|
u =
|
.
|
\
|
S
G
S
L
L
P
L
P
X
|
.
|
\
|
A
A
|
.
|
\
|
A
A
= _
Idealized L&M
Regime
(Re)
L
S
Liquid
(Re)G
S
Gas C
L turbulent/G turbulent >1000 >1000 20
L laminar/G turbulent <1000 >2000 12
L turbulent/G laminar >1000 <1000 10
L laminar/G laminar <1000 <1000 5
>1000
17
aid of Martinelli Parameter, the pressure drop for the two-phase flow is obtained from the
(calculated) - as indicated in Figure L2-8.
L2-8 The four characteristics [ ) ( F = ] used to obtain the L-M multiplier as function of
Martinelli parameter (X) for one of four (pseudo) possible flow regimes in gas and in liquid
L2-9 L-M functions used for calculations of L-M multipliers (eq. L2-28 a,b) and their
analytical equations (the values of coefficient "C" is tabulated in Figure L2-7 for each
(pseudo) flow regimes.
1
10
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
y=(1+20x+x
2
)
(0.5)
y=(1+12x+x
2
)
(0.5)
y=(1+10x+x
2
)
(0.5)
y=(1+5x+x
2
)
(0.5)
y=(1+20/x+1/x
2
)
(0.5)
y=(1+12/x+1/x
2
)
(0.5)
y=(1+10/x+1/x
2
)
(0.5)
y=(1+5/x+1/x
2
)
(0.5)
X=[(AP/AL)
L
S
/(AP/AL)
G
S
]
0.5
L
o
c
h
a
r
t
-
M
a
r
t
i
n
e
l
l
i
P
a
r
a
m
u
) LL ( L
) TL ( L
) LT ( L
) TT ( L
u
u
u
u
) LL ( G
) TL ( G
) LT ( G
) TT ( G
u
u
u
u
2
G
2
L
X X C 1 and ,
X
1
X
C
1 + + = u + + = u
1
10
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
X=[(AP/AL)
L
S
/(AP/AL)
G
S
]
0.5
L
o
c
h
a
r
t
-
M
a
r
t
i
n
e
l
l
i
P
a
r
a
m
u
) LL ( G
) TL ( G
) LT ( G
) TT ( G
u
u
u
u
) LL ( L
) TL ( L
) LT ( L
) TT ( L
u
u
u
u
S
G
2
G
P 2
dL
dP
dL
dP
|
.
|
\
|
u =
|
.
|
\
|
S
G
S
L
L
P
L
P
X
|
.
|
\
|
A
A
|
.
|
\
|
A
A
= _
18
(L2-28 a,b)
An extension of L-M model was suggested by Chisholm (eq. L2-29 a,b) for calculating the static
pressures with the aid of an (empirically evaluated) void fraction and of an empiric coefficient
"k".
(L2-29a,b)
where G-L quality (x) is, again:
2
G
2
L
X X C 1 and ,
X
1
X
C
1 + + = + + =
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
= o x k where ,
x
k
x
x
G
L
G G
G
1 1
) (
G G
G
x
L G
G
+
=
19
L2-T3 Geometry
Definition Circular Pipe Rectangular
Channel
D h h
L
= D h h
L
=
2
D A A =
t/4
D L L =
2
D A A
G G
=
] ) 1 2 ( 1 ) 1 2 ( ) 1 2 cos( [ 25 . 0
2
h h h a
L h) 1 (
2
D A A
L L
=
] ) 1 2 ( 1 ) 1 2 ( ) 1 2 cos( [ 25 . 0
2
+ h h h a t
L h
D S S
G G
=
) 1 2 cos( h a L h + ) 1 ( 2
D S S
L L
= ) 1 2 cos( h a t
L h + 2
D S S
i i
=
2
) 1 2 cos( h a L
S
G G G G
U U A A U = =
] ) 1 2 ( 1 [ ) 1 2 ( ) 1 2 ( cos [
2
h h h a t
) 1 ( 1 h
S
L L L L
U U A A U = =
] ) 1 2 ( 1 [ ) 1 2 ( ) 1 2 ( cos [
2
+ h h h a t t
h 1
h d dS S
G G
=
'
- ) 1 ( 1 h h
-2
h d dS S
L L
=
'
) 1 ( 1 h h
2
h d dS S
i i
=
'
2
) 1 2 ( 1 ) 1 2 ( 2 h h
0
h d A d A
G G
=
'
2
) 1 2 ( 1 h L
Nmenclature:
U
S
..... superficial velocity (m/s)............Q(m
3
/s)/A(m
2
)
U
G
S
- gas superficial................Q
g
(m
3
/s)/A(m
2
)
U
L
S
- liquid superficial.............Q
l
(m
3
/s)/A(m
2
)
U
M
=U
L
S
+U
G
S
...........................(Q
L
+Q
G
) (m
3
/s)/A(m
2
)
U
L
, U
S
- average local (pipe cross-section) velocities
homogeneous flow model
U
G
=U
L
=U
S
G
+ U
S
L
=U
M
......... (m/s)
Q....volumetric flow rate (m
3
/s)
S
G
S
L
S
i
D
h
L
Circular pipe
S
G
S
L
S
i
D
h
L
Rectangular channel
20
Q
L
liquid flowrate (m
3
/s)
Q
G
gas flowrate (m
3
/s)
D.....pipe diameter....(ID)....(m)
d......bubble diameter (average) (m)
A....pipe flow area D
2
/4...(m
2
)
g...acceleration due to gravity..(note : g as a subscript denotes gas)..=9.81 (m/s
2
)
Re..Reynolds number representing inertia versus viscous forces
Re=UD/........................(m/s)(m)/(m
2
/s)..............................................( - )
WOR=Q
w
/Q
o
...............................(m
3
o
/d)/(m
3
w
/d) ..........................................(-)
Greek :
....density (gas or liquid) .....................................................(kg/m
3
)
calculated/measured at local or averaged pressure & temperature conditions
....interfacial tension...............................................................(N/m)
1 dyne/cm=10
-3
N/m=mN/m
...kinematic viscosity..............................................................(m
2
/s)
................... Absol. Viscosity Pa.s=Ns/m
2
=kg/m s (1 cP=0.001 Pa s)
L
S
L
G
S
G
U
U
) 1 ( ,
U
U
= | = o = o
... void fraction and ...... & (liquid) holdup (1-) ...................................(-)
f
o
=OVF (oil volume fraction)=1-(WOR)/(1+WOR)......................................(-)
|........pipe inclination
Subscripts/Superscripts :
U
G
S
,U
L
S
... superficial gas or liquid (calculated as only one, specified phase will flow through conduit at
the prescribed rate of that particular phase) ...see e.g. superficial velocity
g,G...gas phase
l, L...liquid phase
S ... superficial ..... for velocity .... calculated for actual phase flowrate and entire duct cross-section

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