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Introduction
A logic gate is an electronic circuit, which makes logical decisions. It has ohe
output and one or more inputs. The output signal appears only for certain
combinations of input signals. Logic gates are the basic building blocks from
which most of the digital systems are built up. They implement the hardware of
logical function, based on the logical algebra developed by George Boole. A
unique characteristic of the Boolean algebra is that variables used in it can assume
only one of the two values i.e. either 0 or 1.
In this experiment, we will study the OR, AND, NOT, NAND, NOR gates
some applications. They are used in computers, telephone switching systems,
industrial control system, and automation etc.
for an OR gate.
A B c
0 0 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 1
K
Diode OR Gate
(a)
+9V
Diode AND Gate
D1 2.2 K
A
C
D2
B
(b)
Figure2: A Symbolic representation (a),and circuit diagram(b) for an AND gate.
Logic circuits BS P-III
The circuit in fig 2(b). If any of the point A or B (or both) is at zero potential, the potential
of point C will be nearly zero, as the voltage across a forward- biased diode is very
small (0.3 V). Moreover if both A and B are connected to the point C will be
at '+9V', because now both the diodes are off. This is called a 'diode AND gate'
for obvious reason. More than two diodes may be used to form a. triple or multiple
AND gate.
A B c
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1
3
+9V
1K
A C C
4.7 K
A NPN
(a)
Figure 3 : Symbolic (a), and circuit diagram (b), for NOT gate.
(b)
How does it work...
In this circuit two resistors are used. The resistor used with the base terminal is
higher than with the collector. The emitter base junction is forward biased and
collector base junction is reverse biased. To control the base current we use the
high resistance. Now see what happens when we make the input logically '1' and
afterward '0'.
When A is at '+9V', the emitter base junction is forward biased and the transistor
is 'ON' and maximum current flows through the collector lead. We get the point C
at '0V'. Conversely, when we connect A with '0V', The transistor stops working
and we get the point C point at '+9V'.
Procedure
1. Construct the curcuit given in fig-3(b).
2. Verify the truth table given by applying the input voltage ( A as
given in table ) and recording out puts.
4
Logic circuits BS P-III
+9V
D1
1K
A C
4.7 K
D2 NPN
B
2.2 K
A NOR gate will have an output ' 1 ' only when both inputs A and B are logically
'0' If any of the input is '1' the output is '0'.
A B c
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 0
Truth table for NOR gate
Procedure
1. Construct the curcuit given in fig-4(b).
2. Verify the truth table given by applying the input voltage ( A and B as
given in table ) and recording the out puts.
(a)
Figure5:
Symbolic representation (a), +9V
and circuit diagram (b)
2.2 K
for a NAND gate. 1K
D1
A C
4.7 K
D2 NPN
B
(b)
5
Logic circuits BS P-III
This gate gives an output of '1' if its both inputs are not '1'. In other words it gives
an output of ' 1 ' if either A, or B, or both are logically. '0'.
A B c
0 0 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0
Truth table for NAND gate.
Procedure
1. Construct the curcuit given in fig-5(b).
2. Verify the truth table given by applying the input voltage ( A and B as
given in table ) and recording the out puts.