Biology 102

Study Questions Final Exam

Chapter 20: Classification of Living Things
1. Define taxonomy. What is binomial nomenclature? Give an example. 2. List the 7 categories of classification in order, from most to least inclusive. 3. Define: homologous structure; analogous structure; convergent evolution; parallel evolution. 4. List the 5 kingdoms of living things. Give an example of an organism in each kingdom. List the 3 domains of living things.

Chapter 21: Viruses, Bacteria & Archaea

5. Describe the basic structure of a virus (what is a virus made of)? Why are viruses said to be obligate intracellular parasites? 6. Define: lytic cycle; lysogenic cycle; viroid; prion; retrovirus. 7. Define: plasmid; fimbriae; peptidoglycan; capsule. 8. What is the difference between the bacteria & the archaea? List the 3 major groups of archaea.

Chapter 22: The Protists

9. Distinguish among the major groups of algae: unicellular, filamentous, colonial & multicellular green algae; brown algae; red algae. Give an example of each. 10. Identify the division name & basic characteristics of: diatoms; flagellates. 11. Identify the division name & an example of: ciliates; amoeboids. 12. Distinguish among the slime molds & water molds. Which forms a plasmodium? Which forms a pseudoplasmodium? Which is parasitic?

Chapter 23: The Fungi

13. What type(s) of nutrition does a fungus use? 14. Define: thallus; mycelium; hyphae; rhizoids. 15. Describe sexual & asexular reproduction in fungi. 16. List the major fungal divisions & give an example of each.

Chapter 24: Evolution & Diversity of Plants

17. Describe the basic differences between nonvascular plants, vascular plants & seed plants. 18. Distinguish among the different phyla (divisions) of nonvascular plants (basic characteristics of each group). List 3 characteristics all nonvascular plants have in common.
Kevin Kelleher, MTC Biology 102 Study Questions Final Exam

19. What is the function of: xylem, phloem, cuticle, stomata? 20. What is the basic difference between gymnosperms & angiosperms? To which phylum (division) do angiosperms belong?

Chapter 25: Structure and Organization of Plants

21. Briefly describe the function of: roots; stems; leaves. What is the shoot of a plant? 22. Compare the following characteristics of monocots & eudicots: number of cotyledons, root & stem vascular tissue structure, leaf venation, number of flower parts, number of apertures in pollen grain. 23. Define: vascular cylinder; vascular bundle; pericycle. What is the difference in appearance of vascular tissue in monocot & dicot roots & stems? 24. Define: blade; petiole; upper & lower epidermis; palisade mesophyll; spongy mesophyll.

Chapter 26: Nutrition and Transport in Plants

25. Describe the role of the following plant nutrients: carbon dioxide; water; oxygen. What is hydroponics? 26. Describe the 3 particles in soil. Define: loam; humus. 27. Briefly describe the structure of a stoma. Where are stomata located (plant tissue, & in monocots & dicots)? 28. What is the function of phloem? What factors drive movement of material through phloem?

Chapter 27: Control of Growth and Responses in Plants

29. Define: tropism; phototropism; gravitropism; thigmotropism. 30. Describe the general function of: auxin; gibberellins; cytokinins; abscisic acid; ethylene. 31. Define: senescence; dormancy; abscission. 32. Which of the plant hormones regulates each of the above processes? Which hormone is a gas involved in fruit ripening?

Chapter 28: Reproduction in Plants

33. Define: sporophyte; gametophyte; zygote; microspore; megaspore. 34. Describe the process of double fertilization in angiosperms. How are the zygote & endosperm formed? 35. Define: epicotyl; hypocotyl; radicle; germination. 36. Define fruit & distinguish between a simple & compound fruit. Briefly describe & give an example of: legume; fleshy fruit; accessory fruit; aggregate fruit; multiple fruit.

Kevin Kelleher, MTC Biology 102 Study Questions Final Exam

Chapter 29: Introduction to Invertebrates

37. Identify the 3 tissue layers in animals. Which layer is necessary for an organ level of organization? 38. Define: coelomate; acoelomate; pseudocoelomate. Which of these includes the protostomes & deuterostomes? 39. For sponges & cnidarians list the: phylum; type of symmetry; highest level of organization; nutritional strategy. 40. Identify the 3 major classes of flatworms and the major organisms belonging to each class. Which of the classes includes primarily parasitic species?

Chapter 30: The Protostomes

41. For protostomes and deuterostomes, describe: cleavage type; structure associated with blastopore; type of coelom. Which groups of organisms belong to each? 42. Identify the 4 major classes of mollusks and the major organisms belonging to each class. 43. Identify the 3 major classes of annelids and the major organisms belonging to each class. What is hirudin & which class/organism uses it? 44. Identify the major subphyla, superclasses & classes of arthropods. Give an example of an organism in each group.

Chapter 31: The Deuterostomes

45. What are the four basic chordate characteristics? What does each become in adult vertebrates? 46. Identify the class for sharks, rays & skates. What is the common name for this class & why is it used? Identify the class for ray-finned (common) fish. 47. Identify 4 common groups of reptiles. Identify the class for birds. 48. Define: monotremes; marsupials; placental mammals. Give an example of each.

Chapter 33: Animal Organization and Homeostasis

49. List the 4 major tissue types & briefly describe the function of each. 50. Briefly describe & identify the major cell type(s) found within the following connective tissues: fibrous connective tissue; cartilage; bone; blood; adipose tissue. 51. Distinguish among the 3 major muscle types: skeletal muscle; smooth muscle; cardiac muscle. Use the following characteristics: voluntary/involuntary; striated/nonstriated; location. 52. Give the location and function of the following in skin: keratin; melanocytes; sebaceous glands; sweat glands; sensory receptors.

Kevin Kelleher, MTC Biology 102 Study Questions Final Exam

Chapter34: Circulation
53. List 2 organisms or groups of organisms in each of the following categories: no circulatory system; open circulatory system; closed circulatory system. 54. Give the function of the following in circulation: arteries; veins; capillaries. 55. List the complete pathway of blood through the heart (from superior & inferior vena cava through aorta)... this will also be an extra credit question. 56. Identify the function of the following in blood: erythrocytes; leukocytes; platelets.

Chapter 35 Lymph Transport and Immunity

57. What are the 3 major functions of the lymphatic system? 58. Identify the function (& structure if applicable) of the following antibody classes: IgG; IgM; IgA; IgD; IgE. 59. Define: helper T cell; cytotoxic T cell; memory T cell; antigen-presenting cell. Which cell type releases cytokines? Which cell type is infected by HIV? 60. What are the 4 blood types? What antigen is responsible for + and - in blood types? Which blood type is: universal donor; universal acceptor?

Chapter 36: Digestion and Nutrition

61. Define: herbivore; carnivore; omnivore; grazer. 62. Give the function in digestion of: pharynx; esophagus; stomach; small intestine; large intestine. 63. Give the function in digestion of: salivary glands; liver; gallbladder; pancreas. 64. Give the source & primary function of the following vitamins: vitamin A; B vitamins; vitamin C; vitamin D; vitamin K. What is an antioxidant & which vitamins function as antioxidants?

Chapter 37: Respiration

65. Give an example of an organism using each of the following respiratory mechanisms: diffusion across skin/body surface; gills; tracheae; lungs with positive pressure; lungs with negative pressure. What is the difference between complete & incomplete ventilation? 66. Identify the location & function of the following: diaphragm; uvula; epiglottis; vocal cords; alveoli. 67. Briefly describe the structure & function of hemoglobin. In what cell type is hemoglobin found? 68. Distinguish among the following respiratory tract disorders: strept throat; pneumonia; tuberculosis; chronic bronchitis; emphysema; asthma.

Kevin Kelleher, MTC Biology 102 Study Questions Final Exam

Chapter 38: Body Fluid Regulation and Excretion

69. What are the major ions animals retain in body fluids? By what mechanism is water retained & excreted by animals? 70. Distinguish among the following waste products: ammonia; urea; uric acid. Which is: most toxic; most soluble in water? 71. Identify the excretory structures/organs used by the following animals: planaria; earthworms; insects; mammals. 72. For the following hormones, indicate their site of synthesis, site of release & function: aldosterone; antidiuretic hormone (ADH); atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH).

Chapter 39: Neurons and Nervous Systems

73. Define the following neuron parts: cell body; dendrites; axon; myelin sheath. 74. Identify the structure & function of the following cells: motor neuron; sensory neuron; interneuron; Schwann cell. 75. Identify the major regions of the diencephalon and brain stem. What is the primary function of each? 76. What is the primary function of the: cerebrum; cerebellum; limbic system?

Chapter 42: Hormones and the Endocrine System

77. Identify the major endocrine glands of the human endocrine system. 78. Distinguish between amino-acid based & steroid hormones. What molecule is used to synthesize steroid hormones? 79. Identify the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary & posterior pituitary. Give the basic function for each hormone. 80. Identify the hormone(s) produced by the: adrenal medulla; pancreas; pineal gland. Give the basic function for each hormone.

Kevin Kelleher, MTC Biology 102 Study Questions Final Exam