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Study objectives
- define the morphosyntactic environments in which the Japanese copula emerges based on linguistic research - integrate a set of emergence criteria stemming from formal research into a hierarchy of grammatical procedures based on a processability theory approach (PT, Pienemann, 1998) - apply those criteria in empirical analyses of JSLA based on profiling adult Japanese L2 learner spontaneous speech
Study overview
1. Review literature related to Japanese copula 2. Implement hierarchical language processing model based on PT 3. Analyze spontaneous speech of adult JSLA participants
Research question
Question: Can PTs theory-model accurately predict the order of emergence of target grammatical contexts involving the copula in the spontaneous speech of adult L2 learners of Japanese?
Hypothesis: If the various grammatical processing procedures involving the copula are constrained by morphosyntactic environments based on a procedural call hierarchy, then a PT approach to the study of empirical data based on spontaneous speech production by adult learners of JSL will show that a) longitudinally, the order of emergence of target criteria will follow the procedural grammar hierarchy of the language b) cross-sectionally, the emergence of target morphosyntax of higher stages in the hierarchy implies emergence of each lower-stage for every sample
Lexical sharing
Kim, Sells & Westcoat (2004) Discussing the Korean copula, the authors explain how atoms (smaller than words) combine to form words. The projected lexical item is sharedit belongs to more than one constituent which then may combine with higher-up syntactic constituents.
Example: sensei-da-kedo (teacher-COP-however) is a word and sentence at once. sensei is only a word, but in combination here a subject is subcategorized for as a result of sharing the syntactic properties of atoms that are inherited. C indicates the sentence may combine with another sentence (but it does not have to). e.g. sensei -da -kedo N V C
Categorial heads of S
Lexical Category S headed by lex: PRED(LFG)/ HEAD(HPSG)/ dictionary form iku(SUBJ) go/goes X goes S headed by lex share: pre-complementizer (C) (e.g. kara because, -kedo but) iku-kara go-because (it is) because X goes S headed by lex share: pre-nominalizer (NMZ) (e.g. no, -koto) iku-no (+alpha) go-NMZ (it is) (that) X goes; Xs going S headed by lex share: pre-Noun (eg. -tokoro place, -kodomo child) iku-kodomo go-child (those are) the children (who are) going; the child that goes
Verb (inflected)
Adjective (inflected)
Nominal Adjective
benri-na-no convenient-COP-NMZ
benri-na-tokoro convenient-COP-place
Noun
Non-obligatory when the complementizer (C) -to heads a GF sharing N/NA lex that is predicated as main clause dependent (argument) in A-G.
Obligatory when C is not main clause dependent: when N/NA preceding adverbial (-to) modifier or conjunction-sharing S modifiers such as -kara/-kedo/-ga/-shi (etc.)
A. Otousan-ga sensei da to omou B. Otousan-ga sensei to omou C. Ima oshigoto da to omou D. Koko-wa chuushajou-to omou E. Koko-wa chuushajou-da-to omou F. Kore-wa benri to itta G. Kore-wa benri-da-to itta (f. *Kore-wa atarashii da to omou)
A. B.
C.
Toukyou-da to shibuya-ga ii Otousan-wa amerika da kedo kodomo-wa nihon. Otousan-wa america da/datta kedo.
Preston, Judith. 2011. Copula processing and grammar development in Japanese second language acquisition. Paper presentation, 11th PALA (Processing Approaches to Language Acquisition) International Symposium. University of Innsbruck, September 12.
References
Attia, Mohammed. (2008) . A unified analysis of copula constructions in LFG. Proceedings of the LFG08 Conference. (Miriam Butt and Tracy Holloway King (Eds). Stanford: CSLI Publications Dalrymple, Mary, Helge Dyvik & Tracy Holloway King. 2004. Copular complements: Closed or open? Proceedings of the LFG04 Conference. (Miriam Butt and Tracy Holloway King (Eds). Kim, Jong-Bok, Peter Sells & Michael Westcoat. 2004. Korean copula constructions: A lexical sharing approach. Proceedings of the 13th Japanese-Korean Linguistics Conference. Stanford: CSLI. Konomi, Emiko. 1994. The Structure of the Nominal Predicate in Japanese. Ithica, NY: Cornell University dissertation. Murasugi, Keiko. 1991. Noun Phrases in Japanese and English: A Study in Syntax, Learnability and Acquisition. Storrs, CT: UConn dissertation. Nakau, Minoru. 1973. Sentential Complementation in Japanese. Tokyo: Kaitakusha. Narahara, Tomiko. 2002. The Japanese Copula: Forms and Functions. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Nordlinger, Rachel, and Sadler, Louisa. 2006. Verbless clauses: revealing the structure within. In Architectures, Rules and Preferences: A Festschrift for Joan Bresnan (2007). Jane Grimshaw, Joan Maling, Chris Manning, Jane Simpson and Annie Zaenan (Eds). Stanford: CSLI Publications. Pienemann, Manfred. 1998. Language Processing and Second Language Development. Studies in Bilingualism, 15. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Sells, Peter. 1997. The expression of the Japanese copula: The survival of the weakest. Ms. [14 pp.] Stanford University, Department of Linguistics.