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ACTIVE FILTERS
ACTIVE FILTERS
Objectives:
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To describe the gain-versus-frequency responses of the basic filters To describe the three basic filter response characteristics and other filter parameters To analyze active low-pass filters, highpass filters, band-pass filters, and bandstop filters
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Filter Fundamentals
A filter accepts a wide spectrum of inputs, but only passes certain of these inputs through to the output. In some cases, it may pass through the good stuff while it catches the bad stuff. Other applications require a filter to catch the good stuff and let the bad stuff pass through. The filter discriminates between good and bad on the basis of their frequency. The input will be a broad range of signal frequencies. The filter will allow a certain range of them to pass and will reject others.
ACTIVE FILTERS
Electronic filters designed to discriminate as a function of frequency can be broadly grouped into five classes:
Low pass allows frequencies below a specified frequency to pass through the filter circuit. High pass allows frequencies above a specified frequency to pass through the filter circuit. Bandpass allows a range or band of frequencies to pass through the filter circuit while rejecting frequencies higher or lower than the desired band. Band reject rejects all frequencies within a certain band, but pass frequencies higher or lower than the specified band. Also called a band-stop filter. Notch essentially a band-stop filter with a very narrow range of frequencies that are required.
ACTIVE FILTERS
ACTIVE FILTERS
A filter is a circuit that passes certain frequencies and attenuates or rejects all other frequencies. The passband of a filter is the range of frequencies that are allowed to pass through the filter with minimum attenuation (usually defined as less than - 3 dB of attenuation). The critical frequency, fc, (also called the cutoff frequency) defines the end of the passband and is normally specified at the point where the response drops - 3 dB (70.7%) from the passband response. Following the passband is a region called the transition region that leads into a region called the stopband.
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Basic Filter Responses
Low-Pass Filter Response
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High-Pass Filter Response
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Bandpass Filter Response
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Bandstop Filter Response
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Filter Response Characteristics
Each type of filter response (low-pass, high-pass, bandpass, or bandstop) can be tailored by circuit component values to have either a Butterworth, Chebyshev, or Bessel characteristic. Each of these characteristics is identified by the shape of the response curve, and each has an advantage in certain applications.
ACTIVE FILTERS
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The Butterworth Characteristics
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The Chebyshev Response
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The Bessel Response
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The Damping Factor
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Critical frequency and Roll-off Rate
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Active Low-Pass Filters
Filters that use op-amps as the active element provide several advantages over passive filters (R, L, and C elements only). The op-amp provides gain, so the signal is not attenuated as it passes through the filter. The high input impedance of the op-amp prevents excessive loading of the driving source. and the low output impedance of the op-amp prevents the filter from being affected by the load that it is driving. Active filters are also easy to adjust over a wide frequency range without altering the desired response.
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A Single-Pole Filter
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The Sallen-Key Low-Pass Filter
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Cascaded Low-Pass Filters
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Active High-Pass Filters
A Single-Pole Filter
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The Sallen-Key High-Pass Filter
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Cascading High-Pass Filters
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Active Bandpass Filters
Cascaded Low-Pass and High-Pass Filters
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Multiple-Feedback Bandpass Filter
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State-Variable Filter
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The Biquad Filter
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Active Bandstop Filters
Multiple-Feedback Bandstop Filter
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State-Variable Bandstop Filter
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QUESTIONS