Energy changes in chemical reactions Chemical reactions absorb or release energy in the form of heat.

Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between two bodies at different temperatures. The system is the specific part of the universe that is of interest to us. The surroundings are the rest of the universe outside the system. An open system can exchange mass and energy with its surroundings. A closed system allows the transfer of energy but not mass. An isolated system does not allow the transfer of either mass or energy. An exothermic process is one that gives off heat (transfers thermal energy) to the surroundings.

An endothermic process is one in which heat has to be supplied to the system by the surroundings. Enthalpy The change in enthalpy ( H) is a measure of the heat of reaction at constant pressure. H = H (products) H (reactants) The enthalpy change in a chemical reaction gives the quantity of energy transferred to or from the surroundings, when the reaction is carried out in an open container. In an exothermic process, the enthalpy of the reacting system decreases. H is negative In an endothermic reaction, the enthalpy of the reacting system increases. H is positive Thermochemical equations The stoichiometric coefficients always refer to the number of moles of a substance.

When the equation is reversed the magnitude of H for the equation remains the same, but its sign changes. If both sides of an equation is multiplied by a factor n, H must also change by the same factor.

The physical states of reactants and products should always be specified. They help determine the actual enthalpy changes.

Thermochemistry Exercises 1. Consider the following reaction: 2CH3OH (l) + 3O2 (g) 4H2O (l) + 2CO2 (g) H= - 1452. kJ

What is the value of H if (a) the equation is multiplied throughout by 2 (b) the direction of the reaction is reversed (c) water vapor instead of liquid water is formed as product. H2O (l) H2O (g) H=44. kJ/mol 2. The combustion of one mole of liquid benzene, C6H6, in oxygen gas releases 3268 kJ of heat. The products of the reaction are carbon dioxide (g) and water (l). (a) Write the thermochemical equation for the combustion of benzene. (b) How much heat is given off when 8 moles of benzene are burned? (c) How much heat is given off when 183g of oxygen gas are reacted? 3. Given the thermochemical equation SO2(g) + O2(g) SO3(g) How much heat is evolved when (a) SO2(g) reacts (b) 3 mol SO2(g) reacts (c) 75g of SO2(g) is combusted H= 99kJ

4. Hydrogen bromide (HBr) can be produced according to the following equation: H2 (g) + Br2 (g) 2HBr(g) H= 72.8 kJ What is the enthalpy of formation of HBr?