Dot plot graph

DEFINITION
1. A dot plot is a graphical method that allows the comparison of two biological sequences and identify regions of close similarity between them. It is a kind of recurrence plot. Dot Plots are one of the oldest ways of comparing two sequences. A dot chart or dot plot is a statistical chart consisting of group of data points plotted on a simple scale. Dot plots are used for continuous, quantitative, univariate data. Data points may be labelled if there are few of them. ADVANTAGES 1. Dot plots are one of the simplest statistical plots, and are suitable for small to moderate sized data sets. 2. They are useful for highlighting clusters and gaps, as well as outliers. 3. It is the conservation of numerical information. When dealing with larger data sets (around 20-30 or more data points) the related stemplot, box plot or histogram may be more efficient, as dot plots may become too cluttered after this point. DISADVANTAGES 1. Although the plot appears to be simple, its computation and the statistical theory underlying it are not simple. The algorithm for computing a dot plot is closely related to kernel density estimation. 2. The size chosen for the dots affects the appearance of the plot. Choice of dot size is equivalent to choosing the bandwidth for a kernel density estimate.
FEATURES

1. Dot plot graph compare two sequences by organizing one sequence on the x-axis, and another on the y-axis, of a plot. 2. The sequences on both axes must be written in the same direction.

3. The direction of the sequences on the axes will determine the direction of the line on the dot plot.

Pictograph
Definition of Pictograph Pictograph is a way of representing statistical data using symbolic figures to match the frequencies of different kinds of data.

A pictograp also called pictogram or pictogramme is an ideogram that conveys its meaning through its pictorial resemblance to a physical object. Earliest examples of pictographs include ancient or prehistoric drawings or paintings found on rock walls. Pictographs are also used in writing and graphic systems in which the characters are to considerable extent pictorial in appearance.

ADVANTAGES Pictographs can often transcend languages in that they can communicate to speakers of a number of tongues and language families equally effectively, even if the languages and cultures are completely different. This is why road signs and similar pictographic material are often applied as global standards expected to be understood by nearly all. Pictographs can also take the form of diagrams to represent statistical data by pictorial forms, and can be varied in color, size, or number to indicate change. It is also easy to read.

Every pictograph has a:

title key
Terms for Pictograph

labels pictures or symbols Related

Data Symbols

Examples of Pictograph

The pictograph shows the number of varieties of apples stored at a supermarket.

Bar graph
A bar chart or bar graph is a chart with rectangular bars with lengths proportional to the values that they represent. Bar charts are used for comparing two or more values that were taken over time or on different conditions, usually on small data sets. The bars can be horizontally oriented (also called bar chart) or vertically oriented (also called column chart). Sometimes a stretched graphic is used instead of a solid bar. It is a visual display used to compare the amount or frequency of occurrence of different characteristics of data and it is used to compare groups of data. Bar graphs are an excellent way to show results that are one time, that aren't continuous - especially samplings such as surveys, inventories, etc. Below is a typical survey asking students about their favorite after school activity. Notice that in this graph each column is labeled - it is also possible to label the category to the left of the bar. In this case, the numbers for each category are across the bottom of the chart. A bar chart is marked off with a series of lines called grid lines. These lines typically mark off a numerical point in the series of numbers on the axis or line. In this case, each grid line going up and down marks a multiple of 20 as the graph is divided such.More gridlines can make it easier to be exact with the amounts being shown on the bar graph, but too many can make it confusing. Notice that for data that does not fall evenly on a multiple of 20, the bar is in between two grid lines. Bar graphs are useful to get an overall idea of trends in responses - which categories get many versus few responses.

Example
The following table lists the number of seats allocated to each party group in European elections in 1999 and 2004. The results of 1999 have been multiplied by 1.16933, to compensate for the chang

e in number of seats between those years.

This bar chart shows both the results of 2004, and those of 1999:

Ogive (Cumulative Frequency Curve)-prononunced (o-jive)

There are two ways of constructing an ogive or cumulative frequency curve. (Ogive is pronounced as O-jive). The curve is usually of 'S' shape. We illustrate both methods by examples given below: To Plot an Ogive

(i) We plot the points with coordinates having abscissae as actual lower limits and ordinates as the cumulative frequencies,
(70.5, 2), (60.5, 7), (50.5, 13), (40.5, 23), (30.5, 37), (20.5, 49),

(10.5, 57), (0.5, 60) are the coordinates of the points.

(ii) Join the points by a smooth curve.

(iii) An Ogive is connected to a point on the X-axis representing the actual upper limit of the last class [in this case) i.e., point (80.5, 0)].
Scale:

X-axis 1 cm = 10 marks
Y-axis 2 cm = 10 c.f

To reconstruct frequency distribution from cumulative frequency distribution.

1. http://www.scribd.com/doc/17727/complete-notes-on-Bioinformatics