GREEN BUILDING CONCEPT AND MATERIALS

Submitted by

A.SHRIKANT RAMAKANT B.MAYANK P.MITHUN

ROLL NO. 63001 ROLL NO. 63037 ROLL NO. 63040

A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of academic requirements for the award of Quantity surveying (PGPQS) .

PGP QS VI BATCH 2009-2010 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH, HYDERABAD.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this research thesis titled GREEEN BUILDING CONCEPT AND MATERIALS is the bonafide work of :

Mr. AWADKE SHRIKANT.R Mr. MAYANK BANSAL Mr. MITHUN U. PRABHA

Roll No. 63001 Roll No.63037 Roll No. 63040

In the partial fulfillment of academic requirement for the award of diploma in Post Graduate Programme in Quantity surveying (PGP- QS). This work is carried out under my guidance and supervision. Date: Place: Hyderabad Signature of guide Dr.V.SRI HARI ASSISTANT PROFESSOR NICMARs-CISC

Prof. K.R.Ramana, Dean-in-charge NICMARs-CISC.

2

DECLARATION
We declare that the thesis titled Green Building Concept And Materials is the bonafide work carried out by us under the guidance of Dr.V.Sri Hari Further, we declare that this has not formed the basis of award of any degree, diploma, association or other similar degree or diploma and has not been submitted anywhere else.

Signature:

Name: Awadke Shrikant.R

Signature:

Name: Mayank Bansal

Signature:

Name: Mithun U.Prabha

Date: Place: Hyderabad

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We first thank our parents who gave us the moral support right from the moment we thought about this project and who have provided us with opportunity to serve the society as Quantity Surveying, even though one can never repay the debts to his parents. We express our sincere thanks to Prof.K.R.RAMANA, Dean of NICMAR for his constant encouragement during the course. Moreover we thank for his timely suggestion and beneficial discussion and helping us to overcome all hurdles while carrying out our project. Our warm thanks to our guide Dr.V.SRI HARI, Assistant Professor for giving the most valuable input for this successful work - the freedom to think. His leniency is worth mentioning which helped us to succeed. We express our sincere thanks to DR.B.RAVINDER, Our coordinator for his valuable guidance during the course of our project. It would be a big sin if I exempt Prof.R.SATISH KUMAR, Assistant Professor who is prime reason for me to get admitted in this institute. Our job would remain incomplete if we do not thank all our friends, and the college staffs, teaching and non-teaching, the eagerness, support and their good will that had helped us to perform to the best of our ability.

ABSTRACT
Its hard to pick up a newspaper or magazine or turn on your TV without hearing about some associated topics such as global warming, dwindling water supplies, the ozone layer, the oil crisis, ethanol, or renewable energy resources. Concern for the environment and the desire to be more eco-friendly is no longer a nice-to-do, but a must-do for people. The days of being EITHER profitable OR sustainable are gone. Call that Green business 1.0. We're now coming around to the fact that adoption of sustainable practices actually increases profitability when implanted with a solid plan, and most importantly, actually allows companies to make a positive impact on our society and planet. From planting trees, to using solar energy, to constructing smart buildings and even collecting litter, India is going all green. These days, greener pastures are looking more like battlefields for companies to people, all trying to position themselves as environmentally friendly.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Contents Objective Introduction What is Green Building Perceptions and Realities Green Building Rating System LEED Certification Levels History of Green Buildings in India Green Buildings in India Materials A. Steps product Selection B. FLY Ash C. FLY Ash Brick D. Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Block E. Paints,Finishes &Adhesive F. High Performance Glas

Page no. 8 9 11 12 14 15 17 18 19

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Climatic Analysis

29

11

Green Building Provisions A. Water Harvesting System B. Roof water harvesting system C. Maximum Daylight factor D. Sun dial & sun path E. Roof ventilation F. Tube Cooling G. Properties of greenery to be provided

31

12 13 14 15

Energy efficiency Why Green building? Conclusion References

43 46 51 52

OBJECTIVE

The objective of study of this green building concept is: To know about the green building. To study about the perceptions and realities of green building concept. To study about the various materials used in green building concept. (1) Autoclaved aerated concrete blocks (AAC). (2) High performance glass. (3) Galvalume sheets. To study about various green building provision.
(1) Water Harvesting System (2) Maximum daylight factor (3) Sun dial & Sun path (4) Roof ventilation (5) TUBE COOLING

Introduction
Its hard to pick up a newspaper or magazine or turn on your TV without hearing about some associated topics such as global warming, dwindling water supplies, the ozone layer, the oil crisis, ethanol, or renewable energy resources. Concern for the environment and the desire to be more eco-friendly is no longer a nice-to-do, but a must-do for people. The days of being EITHER profitable OR sustainable are gone. Call that Green business 1.0. We're now coming around to the fact that adoption of sustainable practices actually increases profitability when implanted with a solid plan, and most importantly, actually allows companies to make a positive impact on our society and planet. From planting trees, to using solar energy, to constructing smart buildings and even collecting litter, India is going all green. These days, greener pastures are looking more like battlefields for companies to people, all trying to position themselves as environmentally friendly. Is it a change in corporate and consumer attitude, or just marketing spin? Are caring and green just the latest must have, brand value buzzwords? The existing literature on greenism is endless in international context, but there has not much literature available in Indian context. Globally there are a number of massive changes occurring because of environmental concern. These changes are being heavily influenced by a variety of environmental, economic, and social factors such as climate changes, new stricter trade regulations, and a growing awareness by consumers about how their purchasing habits can affect not only their health, but the health of the world around them. These issues will increasingly impact not only the quality of life in India, but also the ability for the country to remain competitive in an ever-globalizing world. With recent exponential increases in energy pricing, the formerly neglected or underestimated concept of energy conservation has swiftly assumed great significance and potential in cutting costs and promoting economic development, especially in a developingcountry scenario. Reckless and unrestrained urbanization, with its haphazard buildings, has bulldozed over the valuable natural resources of energy, water, and ground cover, thereby greatly hampering the critical process of eco-friendly habitat development. However, it is not too late to retrace the steps. The resource crunch confronting the energy supply sector can still be alleviated by designing and developing future buildings on the sound concepts of energy efficiency and sustainability. Buildings are part of basic needs. It is for protecting us from Nature's extremes: cold, heat, wind and rain. But these structures make as well as affect
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our environment too. Constructing and operating buildings requires enormous amounts of energy, water, and materials and creates large amounts of waste. Where and how they are built affects the ecosystems around us in countless ways. And the buildings themselves create new indoor environments that present new environmental problems and challenges. The building sector is growing at very rapid pace and it is the third largest consumer of energy, after industry and agriculture. Environmentally benign technologies and practices can address sustainability issues and contribute to conservation of national resources, besides saving on operating cost. World over, today, the focus is on constructing Green Buildings, which addresses environmentally sustainable issues in good manner.

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WHAT IS A GREEN BUILDING

Green building does not mean building is painted green but building which has incorporated nature friendly features. Green represents nature. Green building is the practice of increasing the efficiency with which buildings use resources energy, water, and materials while reducing building impacts on human health and the environment during the building's lifecycle, through better siting, design, construction, operation, maintenance, and removal. Green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by: Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation

Effective green building can lead to 1) Reduced operating costs by increasing productivity and using less energy and water, 2) Improved public and occupant health due to improved indoor air quality, and Reduced environmental impacts by, for example, lessening storm water runoff And the heat island effect, etc. In short, A Green building should create delight when entered, serenity and health when occupied and regret when departed Energy efficient and environment conscious building design is essentially an integrated approach. The available options in architectural intervention, building materials and design methodologies need to be carefully evaluated to minimize energy usage, minimize the ecological degradation that may be caused by the construction of the building and provide cost effective solutions. The aim is to achieve the desired comfort with the least input of conventional energy. Though the rules are not very well defined, architects and designers accomplish the task through solar passive design, use of renewable energy technology systems, and/or natural building materials. While designing such buildings, not only new

11

building stock can be targeted but also existing buildings can be retrofitted with energy efficient and eco-friendly technologies, thereby substantially reducing energy consumption.

Perceptions and Realities

Perception #1: Green buildings are costlier
Reality: Considerable research and analysis has been carried out with regard to the cost

impacts of a green building. The cost could be slightly higher than a conventional building. But then, this needs to be seen with a different paradigm. The question is how do we compare the costs? There needs to be a baseline cost for all comparisons to be alike. The incremental cost is always relative and depends on the extent of eco-friendly features already considered during design. The incremental cost would appear small if the baseline design is already at a certain level of good eco-design; It would appear huge if the base design has not considered green principles. The second and rather a critical paradigm is to look at the incremental cost in relation to the life cycle cost. This kind of an approach could be revealing. Who knows, buildings would last for a 50 years or 60 years or 100 years!. Over its life cycle, the operating cost would work out to 80-85 % while the incremental cost which is a onetime cost is only 810 %. There is a decreasing trend in the incremental cost over the years. This trend would continue and we all look forward to the day when the cost of a green building is lower than a conventional building and it can be easily viewed by the Energy performance of three LEED Platinum rated buildings have been monitored for about 3 years and energy savings achieved are shown in Table: Building Built-up Area (Sq.ft) Consumption of Conventional Building (kWh) Consumption of LEED Designed Building (kWh) Wipro Technologies,
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% Reduction

Annual Energy saving in Rs Lakhs

1,75,000

48,00,000

31,00,000

40%

102

Gurgaon ITC Green Centre, Gurgaon CII Godrej GBC, Hyderabad 20,000 3,50,000 1,30,000 63% 9 1,70,000 35,00,000 20,00,000 45% 90

Perception # 2: Green buildings have to be air-conditioned

Reality: Green building concepts and the LEED rating can be applied for non-air

conditioning buildings. It has been applied on three such buildings in India viz. IGP office, Gulbarga, the Royal Engineering College, Hyderabad and LIC office, Shimoga. While performing the energy analysis using software tools, such buildings will input the same cooling system both in the baseline and the proposed design. This ensures that the building is recognized for any of the other energy efficiency measures incorporated, for example - envelop, lighting, roof insulation etc. This kind of an approach also ensures that an apple-to-apple comparison is made while evaluating two green buildings, whether conditioned or not.

Perception # 3: Green buildings take more time

Reality: There is a general perception that going the green way may affect the project

schedules. This was perhaps the case for the CII-Godrej GBC building when it was the first time that a green building rating tool was being applied in the country. The design in this case took about one-and-half years while the construction was completed in about 9 months! Thanks to the Green building movement; now there is so much of capacity building that has happened in the country. Now, there is absolutely no difference in the time involved in constructing a green building vis--vis a normal building. The time schedule for the rating can be synchronized with that of the building. This has been amply demonstrated in buildings like the Wipro in Gurgaon and Grundfos in Chennai.

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Green Building Rating System

There have been buildings which adopt one or more green features. To recognize the extent of green features that a building adopts, Rating Systems have been evolved and come of age in the US and Europe. These rating Systems are playing a pivoted role in market transformation of the green buildings. Eco or green design principles are universal; it cannot be one for USA, one for India and one for Japan. Most of the green building rating systems touch on the same chord conservation of resources. But the LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system has turned out to be the most versatile and robust. After considering various rating systems, the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) decided to adopt the LEED rating system. The LEED green building rating system developed by the US Green Building Council is now recognized as an international rating system and followed by more than 24 countries. The potential for energy savings is 40 50% in buildings, if energy efficiency measures are incorporated at the design stage. For existing buildings, the potential can be as high as 20-25% which can be achieved by implementing house keeping and retrofitting measures. In India the rating system is organized into five environmental categories: Sustainable Sites (max 13 points) Water Efficiency (max 6 points) Energy & Atmosphere (max 17 points) Materials & Resources (max 13 points) Indoor Environmental Quality (max 15points)

An additional category, Innovation & Design process (max 5 points)

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LEED Certification Levels

Different certification levels are based on the amount of points a building receives for successful attempts at the six categories. The certification levels range from simply "Certified" to "Platinum," which is the highest level of LEED certification and the most environmental and health friendly.

Certification Level

Points

Certified Silver Gold Platinum

26 to 32 33 to 38 39 to 51 52 or more

In addition, LEED has a number of different types of certifications including: LEED for New Construction: New construction and major renovations (the most commonly applied-for LEED certification) LEED for Existing Buildings: Existing buildings seeking LEED certification LEED for Commercial Interiors: Commercial interior fit outs by tenants LEED for Core and Shell: Core-and-shell projects (total building minus tenant fit outs) LEED for Homes: Homes LEED for Neighborhood Development: Neighborhood development LEED for Schools: Recognizes the unique nature of the design and construction of K12 schools LEED for Retail: Consists of two rating systems. One is based on New Construction and Major Renovations

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What does LEED cost?

The cost to achieve LEED certification can depend upon a variety of factors and assumptions, including: Type and size of project; Timing of introduction of LEED as a design goal or requirement; Level of LEED certification desired; Composition and structure of the design and construction teams; Experience and knowledge of designers and contractors or willingness to learn; Process used to select LEED credits; Clarity of the project implementation documents; Base case budgeting assumptions.

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History of Green Buildings in India

The concept of green buildings is not as nascent as we think it is. The Evolution of housing started by utilizing nature and natural resources like trees and caves as shelter from the severity of natural elements like sun, rain, wind, etc. Based on such complex experiences, our Vedic philosophy evolved certain methods to maximize the use of Panch Mahabhuta or the 5 basic elements of nature, i.e., Jal (water), Agni (fire), Prithvi (earth), Vayu (wind), and Avkash (space). Our ancient builders tried to harmonies these five elements in building planning and construction so that maximum advantage of these elements can be taken and ill effects can be avoided. They called this science as Vastushastra. The basic principal of Vastushastra is to get maximum advantage out of nature without harming nature. Leaving open spaces in a centre of a building was done to provide light and cross ventilation to adjoining rooms. Water storage and prayer rooms were positioned in the northeast direction to facilitate solar rays to disinfect water and rooms. The south west portion of the house was made heavy to protect it against heavy winds and heavy rains. The south east portion of the house receives comparatively less solar rays and hence the kitchen is placed here so that the general temperature of the kitchen is not raised. This was the kind of wisdom prevailing at that time. In simple terms, these were the bye-laws for the planning and construction of any building. Our ancient builders desired that everyone should follow these rules religiously. Hence, for better implementation of these rules, they coupled it with fear psychology. They associated each building norm with aspects of personal life and specified that lack of adherence to these norms would results in loss of health, wealth or even reputation due to the disapproval of nature gods. This was done to instigate fear so that building rules are adopted properly. What a way to implement and enforce the laws, without any police, inspector or supervisors!

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Green Buildings in India

The Green Building movement has gained tremendous momentum during the past 6 years, ever since the CII- Godrej GBC embarked on achieving the prestigious LEED rating for centre at Hyderabad. The Platinum Rating for the Green Business Centre building has sensitized the stakeholders of the construction industry. Today, several corporate and Government organizations are considering Green Buildings in a major way. From a humble beginning of 20,000 sq.ft of green footprint in the country in the year 2003, to a staggering 10 million sq.ft expected by end 2008,green buildings are well poised to reach scalar heights. Today a variety of green building projects are coming up in the country residential complexes, exhibition centers, hospitals, educational institutions, laboratories, IT parks, airports, government buildings and corporate offices.

18

MATERIALS
Introduction:
General changes in the outside ambient temperature affect the comfort level of inhabitants in the building. The concept of green building incorporates and integrates a variety of strategies during the design, construction and operation of building projects. The use of green building materials and products represents one important strategy in the design of a building. Green building materials offer specific benefits to the building owner and building occupants, which can be:

Reduced maintenance/replacement costs over the life of the building. Energy conservation. Improved occupant health and productivity. Lower costs associated with changing space configurations. Greater design flexibility. Green materials are environmentally responsible because the impacts are considered over the life of the product. Therefore it is very important to select these green materials with good selection criteria. These environmental criteria may vary as per the project. It may also vary depending upon whether the project is a new construction or renovation of an existing building.

Three basic steps of product selection

Product selection can begin after the establishment of project-specific environmental goals. The environmental assessment process for building products involves three basic steps:

1. Research
This step involves gathering all technical information to be evaluated, including manufacturers' information such as Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) test data, product warranties, source material characteristics, recycled content data, environmental statements, and durability information. In addition, this step may
19

involve researching other environmental issues, building codes, government regulations, building industry articles, model green building product specifications, and other sources of product data. Research helps identify the full range of the projects building material options.

2. Evaluation
This step involves confirmation of the technical information, as well as filling in information gaps. For example, the evaluator may request product certifications from manufacturers to help and sort out possible exaggerated environmental product claims. Evaluation and assessment is relatively simple when comparing similar types of building materials using the environmental criteria. For example, a recycled content assessment between various manufacturers of medium density fiberboard is a relatively straightforward "apples to apples" comparison. However, the evaluation process is more complex when comparing different products with the same function. Then it may become necessary to process both descriptive and quantitative forms of data.

3. Selection
This step often involves the use of an evaluation matrix for scoring the project-specific environmental criteria. The total score of each product evaluation will indicate the product with the highest environmental attributes. Individual criteria included in the rating system can be weighted to accommodate project-specific goals and objectives.

1. FLY ASH
The pozzolanic Property of Fly Ash makes it a good resource for the construction industry. As pozzolanic material, Fly Ash is used to manufacture Portland Pozzolana Cement, Ready Mixed Concrete, various building products including Bricks / blocks etc. As an inert material, it is used for development of low lying areas, construction of Road Embankments. Its use in farmers fields also improves the crop production by 15 to 25%

FLY ASH BRICKS

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ADVANTAGES

The unburn carbon present in the pond ash helps in reducing coal consumption up to 5 tonnes per lakh bricks. Addition of Ash to the plastic red and black soils reduces drying losses in the shaped bricks. Higher strength bricks can be made from red and black soils. Up to 40% additional bricks can be produced with same quantity of top soil. Provides better thermal insulation to walls and also reduces dead load on structures.

2. AUTOCLAVED AERATED CONCRETE BLOCKS (AAC)

AAC is one of the lightest forms of Concrete and is the most technically advanced material used for the manufacture of mass produced concrete blocks properties provided in one product: Acoustic Energy Conservation Fire Resistance Structural Properties Unique

WHY USE AUTOCLAVED AERATED CONCRETE BLOCKS? Large quantities of fly ash from coal based power plants can be utilized for construction purposes instead of using mining materials for construction. As Nanded is situated near to Parali where Thermal Power station is located
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The fly ash is cheaply available for the manufacturing process. Optimum use of resources thereby causing minimum Damage to natural and social environment. Reduction in consumption of heavier quarried material Minimizes wastage and contributes significantly to the health And safety of construction workers by providing easily handled Light weight units Sizes: Blocks--Face size 600 x 200 Slabs--Face Size 600 x 600 Thickness ranging from 75mm 100mm 125mm 150mm 200mm 230mm It is a factory made product can be made available in the desired thickness as per requirement. Strengths of AAC AAC products exceed the compressive strength requirements of building codes and conventional bricks Compressive Strength for product is more than 3 N/mm2 For special applications compressive strength can be made available from 4.0, 7.0 and 8.4 N/mm2 Bending Strength lies in the range of 15% to 20% of the
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compressive strength Modulus of elasticity is 1.5 - 3.2 X 103 N/mm2

ADVANTAGES: a. LIGHT WEIGHT Reduces dead load on structures Saves in foundations and structural members Ideal for seismic & low soil bearing capacity zones Construction of additional floors Easy handling Faster construction Quicker construction gives higher worker productivity Possible 25% saving in beam costs

b. HIGH THERMAL INSULATION Interiors - Cooler in summer & warmer in winter Reduces air conditioning costs Energy conservation Reduces quantum heat of flow Delays transmission of heat Enhances comfort level by maintaining nearly constant temperature Reduces energy costs

c. SOUND INSULATION Possess excellent sound reduction capacity inherent sound insulating properties make it ideal for controlling noise transmission between adjoining rooms Higher sound insulation to be obtained based on the need by giving higher density blocks for special applications reduces echo effect in an empty room
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d. GOOD WORKABILITY Only material that can be easily cut, drilled, nailed and routed Faster installation of plumbing, electrical & other services

3.) PAINTS, FINISHES, ADHESIVES

Most finishes and adhesives contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which outgas and adversely affect indoor air quality. Lower VOC and non-VOC products are now readily available from many companies. In India, the eco-labeling on paints is monitored by BIS which allows a maximum of 5-30% of VOCs.

4.) HIGH PERFORMANCE GLASS

High Performance Glass is the one which reduces the ingress of the heat and at the same time allows the highest penetration of the daylight. Of late, glazing is a favored feature in the buildings. Glazing not only adds to the aesthetic elements but it also has a good impact on the energy performance apart from visual and acoustic effects.

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BENEFITS: Energy savings up to 30-40% compared to conventional glass. Enhance occupant comfort due to access of day lighting.

Types of High Performance Glass: a. INSULATED DOUBLE / TRIPPLE GLAZED.

1. GAS FILLED GLAZING It consist of two or three panes of glass, making it double/triple glazed. The panes are spaced apart and sealed to make a single a single glazed unit, having air space between the panes. Thus the glass layers and the air spaces resist the flow. GAS FILLED GLAZING

25

To improve the insulation, the gap between the panes is filled by inert gas as these gases are good resistance of heat. Most commonly used gases are krypton and argon.

2. HEAT ABSORBING TINTST Tinted glass absorbs a large fraction of the incoming solar radiation. Grey & Bronze tinted glazing reduces the penetration of light

and heat. Blue & Green offers a greater penetration to the heat and visible light.

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3.) GALVALUME SHEETS

Galvalume sheet steel having a hot-dip coating of corrosion resistant, aluminum zinc alloy is available repainted from the manufacturer. The use of prepainted Galvalume sheet offers the consumer many positive features in addition to the proven superior corrosion resistance of the substrate. Compared with post painting, More uniform paint coating. Reduction of in-plant rejections resulting from defective material treatments and coatings. Longer tool life because of prepainted Galvalume sheet's lubricity and nonabrasiveness. Shorter production schedules by eliminating handling, cleaning and postpainting. the features include:

27

Elimination of capital equipment by the fabricator; thus, saving money and maintenance time. Reduction of fire hazard and pollution problems by eliminating storage of volatile solvents. No special tooling requirement because prepainted Galvalume sheet is generally formed on press brakes and roll forming equipment with the same dies and rolls used for bare steel.

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The Climatic Analysis

TEMPERATURE (degree celcious) Mean Jan May Aug Nov

Max

29.30

44.00

29.90

30.30

Min

15.10

27.10

22.80

17.00

Highest

32.30

44.80

33.50

32.40

Lowest

10.70 Max Recorded Min Recorded 47.20 5.00

23.20

21.20

13.10

HUMIDITY ( % ) Mean Jan May Aug Nov

Morning

52.00

38.00

86.00

53.00

Evening

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Vap Pressure

10.40

17.30

25.70

12.90

Rainfall Annual total

900 mm

Highest in 24 hr 235.00 mm WIND DATA (m/s) Mean Jan May Aug Nov

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Morning

NE/E

W/SW

W/NW

NE/E

Evening

NE/E

W/SW

W/SW

NE/E

Speed

5.79

9.33

10.62

5.31

CLIMATIC ZONE:Mean Jan May Aug Nov

Zone

T-HU

VH-D

T-VHU

T-HU

T HU VH D

Temperature > 35 degree Humid Very Hot Dry Very Humid

VHU

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GREEN BUILDING PROVISION

1. Water Harvesting System Catching rainwater when and where it falls for use during no monsoon months is called rainwater harvesting. This can be done in two ways as surface water by diverting the rainwater into tanks, ponds etc. or as ground water by ingesting it into the soil. In cities, due to shrinking of open spaces, rainwater can be harvested only as ground water.

NEED FOR RAINWATER HARVESTING What is presently happening in our city is that the areas around houses and flat complexes are paved indiscriminately. As a result all the rainwater runs off into the road and floods the area making life miserable. It is quite possible to put all this water into the soil below with a little effort and expenditure so that the precious rainwater is not lost but becomes available for our use subsequently.

BENEFITS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING Rainwater harvesting replenishes the ground water table and enables our dug wells and bore wells to yield in a sustained manner. If the ground water happens to be brackish, harvesting will reduce the salinity. In areas where the water becomes yellow due to presence of iron salts, rainwater harvesting will progressively leach out these salts leading to clean water availability in the long run. Flooding of low lying areas and roads can be avoided to a large extent, since rainwater that is not harvested both within the house as well as outside is mainly responsible for flooding.

Roof rain water harvesting System

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The schematic below shows the roof rain water harvesting structure. Rain water is collected from the roof and flows through the drain pipes to a filter below. The roof has a gradual slope to direct the rain water towards the drain pipes see photo). At the rain center, the drain pipes are 100 mm wide PVC pipes (see photo) whose average life is expected to be around 10 years. People have also used cast iron pipes as drain pipes. The choice purely depends on the individual's preference and cost. The drain pipes are covered with a drain cover (see photo). The drain cover lets water flow into the drain pipe while holding back the leaves, stones, and other garbage which can clog the drain pipe. Once in two years it is a good idea to clean the drain pipes to ensure free flow of water. When the rainy season begins, the initial water that pours through the drain pipes is not saved. Instead it is discarded as "first flush" (see photo). This water theoretically just cleans the drain pipes of dust, leaves, and other garbage collected over the rest of the year. Once the first flush is cleared, the rest of the water flows through a filter (see photo) into the well at the site. A total of four drain pipes drain into the filter. The dimension of the filter is as follows:

Length: 3 ft Width: 3 ft Depth: 10 ft The bottom of the filter is filled with 4 feet of pebbles followed by coarse sand

up to 4 ft. The schematic is shown below. The filter can also be made of sponge, but the sand and pebble arrangement is more economical. If water does not flow freely through the filter and starts clogging the filter, then the filter will need cleaning. Cleaning involves removing the sand and the pebbles from the filter and putting them back since over time the dust and particles from the rain water can clog the pores in the sand and pebbles. The maintenance is needed once every 10 years or so and costs about Rs. 200/-

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The water thus filtered is sent to the well attached to the rain center (see photo). When required, the water is pumped (see photo) to an overhead tank (see photo).

Rain Water Harvesting in Building

33

In the proposed school building the water harvesting system is provided as shown in fig. The rain water is collected with the help of gutters provided to the roof of building and by using P.V.C pipes the water is guided in a filter and then the filtered water is stored in a sump. The sump is a underground structure of masonry or RCC in which filtered water is stored. The filter is used to remove suspended pollutants from rainwater collected over roof. A filter unit is a chamber filled with filtering media such as fibre, coarse sand and gravel layers to remove debris and dirt from water before it enters the storage tank or recharges structure. Charcoal can be added for additional filtration. After the water being stored in the sump it is raised in the overhead tank by suitable pumping arrangement.

2.) Maximum daylight factor

34

The maximum daylight factor concept is such that the maximum use of sun light can be achieved by proper planning of the building. The size of courtyard should be such that the shadow of any wing should not fall on another wing and the maximum use of light can be achieved throughout the day.

35

3.) Sun dial & Sun path

In case of planning for a Green Building Sun dial and Sun path are very important factors. The planning should be done in such away that when sun deflects towards north during summer then the minimum light should enter into the building and during the winter maximum light should enter into the building.

4.) Roof ventilation

The roof ventilation rage over the past 15 years has been continuous ridge and soffit ventilation. These systems are nearly invisible and they create a system through which air enters your attic space and then gently floats through the attic space. No matter what the time of year, the air exits the attic space through small gaps at the peak of the roof. These
36

gaps are covered with any number of different products that allow air to pass, but prohibit rain, snow and insects from entering your attic area. You can't see these vents as they are almost always covered by the roofing shingles at the peak. The mechanics of the air movement are quite simple. During warm weather, the air inside your attic heats up. Since warm air rises, it tends to float out of the high ventilation spaces. This convection movement naturally draws in cooler outside air to replace the air that just exited. Wind that blows across the roof any time of year also acts to vacuum air from the attic space. The wind blowing across a roof can create a partial vacuum on the leeward side of a roof. When the wind blows and at the right angle a significant amount of air can be pulled through the attic space. .

Turbine vents have been used for many years in both residential, commercial, agricultural and industrial buildings. The vents are very affordable, easy to install, and they pump vast amounts of air from attic spaces. A small 12 inch diameter turbine vent with a constant wind speed of 5 miles per hour (mph) can remove 347 cubic feet of air per minute (cfm) from the attic space. A
37

single 14 inch diameter turbine vent that is subjected to 15 mph winds can expel up to 1,342 cfm of air! If the winds are still, the vents still allow air to drift up and out of the attic space, although not nearly as much

5.) TUBE COOLING

Earth Tubes (also known as ground-coupled heat exchangers, earth cooling tubes or earth warming tubes) use the Earths near constant subterranean temperature to warm or cool air for residential, agricultural or industrial uses. They are often a viable and economical alternative to conventional heating, cooling or heat pump systems since there are no compressors, chemicals or burners and only blowers are required to move the air. Most systems are usually constructed from 100 to 600 mm (4 to 24 inch) diameter, smooth-walled (so they do not easily trap condensation moisture and mold), rigid or semi-rigid plastic, plastic-coated metal pipes or plastic pipes coated with inner antimicrobial layers, buried 1.5 to 3m (6 to 10 feet) underground where the ambient Earth temperature is typically 10 to 23 C (50-73 F ) all year round in the temperate latitudes where most humans live. Smaller diameter tubes require more energy to move the air and have less Earth contact surface area. The higher the ambient temperature of the Earth, the less effective they are for cooling and dehumidification. There are basically three configurations, a closed loop design, an open 'fresh air' system or a combination: Closed loop system: Air from inside the home or structure is blown through a U-shaped loop(s) of typically 30 to 150m (100 to 500 feet) of tube(s) where it is moderated to near earth temperature before returning to be distributed via ductwork throughout the home or structure. The closed loop system can be more effective (during air temperature extremes) than an open system, since it cools and recools the same air. Open system: outside air is drawn from a filtered air intake. The cooling tubes are typically 30 meters (100 ft) long (or more) of straight tube into the home. An open system combined with an Energy Recovery Ventilator (ERV) (Energy recovery ventilation) can be nearly as efficient (80-95%) as a closed loop, and ensures that entering fresh air is filtered and tempered.
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Combination system: This can be constructed with dampers that allow either closed or open operation, depending on fresh air ventilation requirements. Such a design, even in closed loop mode, could draw a quantity of fresh air when an air pressure drop is created by a solar chimney, clothes dryer, fireplace, kitchen or bathroom exhaust vents. It is better to draw in filtered passive cooling tube air than unconditioned outside air. Installation: Whether using Earth Tubes with or without antimicrobial material, it is extremely important that the underground cooling tubes have an excellent condensation drain and be installed at a 2-3 degree grade to ensure the constant removal of condensed water from the tubes. When implementing in a house without a basement on a flat lot, an external condensation tower can be installed at a depth lower than where the tube enters into the house and at a point close to the wall entry. The condensation tower installation requires the added use of a condensate pump in which to remove the water from the tower. For installations in houses with basements, the pipes are graded so that the condensation drain located within the house is at the lowest point. In either installation, the tube must continually slope towards either the condensation tower or the condensation drain. The inner surface of the tube, including all joints must be smooth to aid in the flow and removal of condensate. Corrugated or ribbed tubes and rough interior joints must not be used. Joints connecting the tubes together must be tight enough to prevent water or gas infiltration. In certain geographic areas, it is important that the joints prevent Radon gas infiltration. Porous materials like uncoated concrete tubes cannot be used. Ideally, Earth Tubes with antimicrobial inner layers should be used in installations to inhibit the potential growth of molds and bacteria within the tubes. Efficiency and Effectiveness: Earth cooling tubes vary widely depending on the location latitude, altitude, ambient Earth temperature, climatic temperature-and-relative-humidity extremes, solar radiation, tube diameter / length / depth, soil type (thermal conductivity), soil moisture content and the efficiency of the building's exterior envelope design / insulation. Generally, dry-and-low-density soil with little or no ground shade will yield the least benefit, while dense damp soil with considerable shade should perform well. A slow drip watering system may improve thermal performance. Damp soil in contact with the cooling tube conducts heat more efficiently than dry soil.

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It is more efficient to pull air through a long tube than to push it with a fan. A solar chimney can use natural convection (warm air rising) to create a vacuum to draw filtered passive cooling tube air through the largest diameter cooling tubes. Natural convection may be slower than using a solar-powered fan. Sharp 90-degree angles should be avoided in the construction of the tube - two 45-degree bends produce less-turbulent, more efficient air flow. While smooth-wall tubes are more efficient in moving the air, they are less efficient in transferring energy. Larger tubes permit a slower airflow, which also yields more efficient energy transfer and permits much higher volumes to be transferred, permitting more air exchanges in a shorter time period, when, for example, you want to clear the building of objectionable odors or smoke. Earth cooling tubes are much less effective in hot humid climates (like Florida) where the ambient temperature of the Earth approaches human comfort temperature. However, they can be used to partially cool and dehumidify the replacement fresh air intake for passive-solar Thermal Buffer Zone areas like the laundry room, or a solarium / greenhouse, especially those with a hot tub, swim spa, or indoor swimming pool, where warm humid air is exhausted in the summer, and a supply of cooler drier replacement air is desired. Benefits: In the context of today's diminishing fossil fuel reserves, increasing electrical costs, air pollution and global warming, properly-designed earth cooling tubes offer a sustainable alternative to reduce or eliminate the need for conventional compressor-based air conditioning systems, in non-tropical climates. They also provide the added benefit of controlled, filtered, temperate fresh air intake, which is especially valuable in tight, wellweatherized, efficient building envelopes. Alternatives: An alternative to the earth-to-air heat exchanger is the "water" to earth heat exchanger. This is typically similar to a geothermal heat pump tubing embedded horizontally in the soil (or could be a vertical sonde) to a similar depth of the EAHX (earth-to-air heat exchanger). It uses approximately double the length of pipe of 35 mm diameter, e.g., around
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80 meters compared to an EAHX of 40 meters. A heat exchanger coil is placed before the air inlet of the HRV (heat recovery ventilator). Typically a brine liquid (heavily salted water) is used as the heat exchanger fluid. Many European installations are now using this setup due to the ease of installation. No fall or drainage point is required and it is safe because of the reduced risk from mold

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Properties of Greenery to be provided

As Green Building is nature friendly structure, hence the Greenery to be provided plays main role. The greenery should be such that, The following trees are more important for green buildings in India, 1. ChampaChampa is a tree which is native to India. It has property that it is fully green during summer and due to which it can block the sun rays and during the winter the fall will take place and the maximum sunlight is achieved.

2. Ashoka Ashoka is a tree which is native to India. The property of Ashoka tree is that it acts as sound proofing barrier. It should give maximum amount of shadow. It should be pleasant appearance. It should not completely block the sun rays. More amount of flora and fauna which have large amount of Flowers should be used to give the courtyard a pleasant appearance. Also the trees can act as sound proofing barriers.

The following trees are more important for green buildings in India, 3. ChampaChampa is a tree which is native to India. It has property that it is fully green during summer and due to which it can block the sun rays and during the winter the fall will take place and the maximum sunlight is achieved.

4. Ashoka Ashoka is a tree which is native to India. The property of Ashoka tree is that it act as sound proofing barrier.
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Energy efficiency
Energy conservation is possible by judicious design of lighting and HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) systems, controls and operation strategies. Increasing insulation levels in conditioned buildings is regarded as the most cost-effective investment in energy efficiency. Thermal insulation of external walls, roofs and floors, and double-pane windows can reduce energy consumption for space heating by lowering heat losses through the envelope of the building. Energy consumption for cooling is also reduced because of lesser heat gains from outside through the envelope. Energy efficient windows with their high thermal insulating values and spectral selectivity can make air-conditioning systems work more effectively. This can lead to reduction in AC loads, lower consumption of electrical energy and reduction in peak load demand. The use of energy efficient glazing helps in minimizing unwanted solar gains in summer and heat losses in winter, while maximizing the amount of useful daylight in buildings. Lighting load constitutes about 10 to 15 percent of the total electrical load of a building, and so energy efficient lighting systems, such as compact fluorescent lamps and fluorescent tubes with electronic ballast, are generally recommended instead of conventional lighting fixtures to reduce the lighting load. Although the initial cost of such installation is high, they last longer and the running cost is also less. As electricity is efficiently converted to light in energy efficient lamps, the amount of heat generated is also less.

Use of renewable energy technologies

Renewable energy systems are installed for meeting a partial load of the building, thus considerably reducing the overall electrical and thermal load. Solar energy could be utilized for a variety of purposes and in a number of ways: generating electricity, providing hot water, and heating, cooling, and lighting buildings. Solar photovoltaic (PV) can provide electricity for lighting. Solar thermal systems may be used for heating water or space heating and transpired solar collectors can preheat air for the building's ventilation system. Solar water heaters generate hot water at 60 to 85 degrees C and can conveniently be used for domestic use. The usefulness of a solar water heater can be ascertained from the fact that a standard 100 liter capacity system can be installed as an alternative to electric geyser for residential use that can save 1500 units of electricity annually and could prevent emissions of 15 tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere every year. It is estimated in India that the use of 1000 solar water heater of a 100 liter capacity each can contribute to a peak load saving of
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1 MW. In cold and sunny climates, solar air heaters can be used extensively to reduce demand for electricity and firewood for space heating. Solar electricity can be generated by integrating solar cells in buildings, on roofs and facades, or by installing grid connected photovoltaic plants. It is an expensive proposition where grid connected electricity is available, but for locations where conventional electricity is not available or the grid is far away, it makes an ideal alternative. Further, building integrated PV (BIPV) systems may be installed for the generation of electricity, and surplus electricity generated during nonworking hours could be fed to the grid. Inclined roofs, if oriented in the right direction, are an ideal support structure for PV modules. In moderate to high wind speed locations, roof top aero generators may be installed for the generation of electricity. A sunspace or solarium, which comprises of a combination of direct and indirect gain systems, may be used to heat up the living space by convection and conduction through the mass wall. Technologies have been commercialized to convert the solid and liquid waste generated in a building to productive use in the form of bio-fertilizer, gas for power generation, cooking etc. The longterm objective is thus to reduce building energy loads in a cost-effective manner such that renewable sources of energy can meet and exceed energy demand in the building.

Low energy materials and methods for building construction

The choice of building materials also substantially contributes towards reducing the energy load of buildings. The use of conventional energy can be minimized by use of low energy materials, efficient structural design and reduction in transportation energy. Thus when building an energy efficient structure, it is necessary to closely examine the issues of building materials and to make appropriate decisions according to local conditions. Bamboo which is called the poor mans timber in India is also getting recognized globally as a suitable building material because it is eco-friendly and highly suitable for energy efficient buildings.

Waste water management

Our "blue" planet is abundant in water resources. But 97% of it is salt water and 3% is fresh water. Two-thirds of this fresh water is locked in the polar ice caps. After rainfall, only 9% of precipitation is captured for beneficial use and 91% is lost by evaporation, transportation and run-off. Increased demand for water and its limited availability make it essential to have an efficient water management system as well as strategies for efficient water re-use. While water use can be minimized by reducing losses
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and adopting water efficiency techniques, there is great potential for reducing the overall water requirement by recycling and reuse of water.

Architectural Techniques
Architects can achieve energy efficiency in the buildings they design by studying the macro-and micro-climate of the site, applying bioclimatic architectural principles to combat the adverse conditions, and taking advantage of the desirable conditions. Some common design elements that directly or indirectly affect thermal comfort conditions and thereby the energy consumptions in a building are:

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Why Green Buildings?

A study conducted by Energy Information Administration, (EIA) U.S. Department of Energy indicates that there is a visible trend across the globe wherein the growth rate in total energy consumption has been greater than the population growth rate. In the developed countries the energy consumption growth rate is only marginally higher compared to the population growth rate. For example, in USA, energy consumption is projected to grow at 1.3% while the population growth rate is projected to grow at 0.8%. In contrast, in developing countries like India population growth rate is expected to grow at 1.3% while the energy consumption rate is expected to grow at 4.3%. This trend would strain the energy sector to a large extent. The construction industry in the country is growing at a rapid pace and the rate of growth is 10 % as compared to the world average of 5.2%. Hence energy efficiency in the building sector assumes tremendous importance. Commercial buildings are one of the major consumers of energy and are the third largest consumers of energy, after industry and agriculture. Buildings annually consume more than 20% of electricity used in India. Health and buildings are closely linked. We all spend an average of over 90% of our lives in buildings, which can affect our health in many different ways. For instance, mental health can be badly affected in noisy buildings. Buildings can fall on people injuring or killing them. Toxic emissions from finishing materials or mold growth can seriously damage health. Sick building syndrome (SBS) is an example of how important buildings are to the well-being of the ordinary citizen and how widespread health impacts of buildings are. SBS is a recognized condition in which occupants of a building experience mild-to-acute health effects that seem to be linked to the time spent in a building, but no specific illness or cause can be identified. The complaints may be localized, that is associated with a particular room or zone, or may be widespread. The incidence of SBS is particularly high in airconditioned buildings and can result in a wide range of symptoms from headaches to severe physiological reactions. There is no single source of SBS although it is often linked to unclean air-conditioning duct systems, lack of good ventilation and mould. The worst kind of outbreak is associated with the fatal Legionnaires disease, which is on the increase in the UK and many other regions of Europe. Perhaps the best way to reduce SBS is to design good
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robust passive, shallow plan, day lit, naturally-ventilated and finished offices for SBS seldom occurs in such buildings.

Business Opportunities
There is a tremendous potential for construction of Green Buildings in India. This could open up a plethora of opportunities for several stakeholders like construction industry, architects, material, equipment manufacturers etc in India and abroad. While constructing Green Buildings in India, the availability of materials and equipment is one of the major issues to be addressed. Towards this objective, the Green Business Centre is networking with several manufacturers in India to create new markets. A few green materials and equipment are available in the country. To name a few - Fly-ash cement, Fly-ash block, Recycled Aluminum, Recycled steel, Recycled tiles, Low VOC paints, Bamboo based products, HFC based high efficiency chillers, Building Controls, Green Roof, Recycled wood, etc. However there is a huge market for green materials, which is still untapped. Typical examples are - Composting toilets, waterless urinals, Low VOC adhesives & sealants, CRI certified carpets, FSC Certified wood, High albedo roof paints, BIPV, CTI certified cooling towers, Living machines, etc. The total estimated potential for Green Building materials and equipment is about 4000 Million US$ by the year 2012. This potential is only for those buildings, which would go for the LEED rated buildings. However there would be other buildings also which would opt for green materials & equipment. Considering these buildings also, the overall potential for Green Building materials & equipment would be nothing less than huge! The estimated Green Building Materials & Equipment (Product-wise) Business Potential in India by 2010 (from those aspiring for LEED rating buildings) is shown below:

Sr No

Materials & Equipment

Potential for Green

Potential for Non

Total potential
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Buildings Million US$ per Year

Green

Million

Buildings US $ per per year in million USD year

Materials 1 Fly ash based blocks 90 810 900

Recycled flooring tiles

10

90

100

CRI Certified Carpet

10

90

100

Recycled materials for false

10

90

100

Low VOC Paints

10

90

100

Recycled Particle & Gypsum Boards

10

90

100

Recycled Aluminum works

10

90

100

FSC Certified Wood

15

135

150

Energy efficient Windows

10

90

100

10

High performance Glazing & Glass 15

135

150

11

High Albedo roofing paints

10

90

100

12

Eco Friendly Modular

25

225

250

13

Bamboo Products

15

135

150

Equipments
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HFC Based High Efficiency Chillers

50

450

500

Variable Frequency Drives

10

90

100

3 4

Building Automation System Solar PV

30 10

270 90

300 100

High efficiency light sources

10

90

100

Waterless Urinals

45

50

Composting toilets

45

50

Living machines

45

50

Total

365

3285

3650

Considering the tremendous potential available for green materials & equipment, India would be the destination for several green materials and product manufacturers.

Why people are attracting towards a green building?

This question has been posed to several occupants of a green building. Of all the many reasons, three top reasons often cited by those occupying these buildings are the following: Operational Savings: Green buildings consume at least 40-50 % less energy and 20-30 % less water vis--vis a conventional building. This comes at an incremental cost of about 5-8 %. The incremental cost gets paid back in 3-5 years time.

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Daylights & Views: Working in environment with access to daylight and views provides connection to the exterior environment. This has a soothing effect on the mind. Various studies prove that the productivity of people who have access to day lighting and views is at least 12-15 % higher.

Air Quality: Green buildings are always fresh and healthy. Every green building will have to purge continuous fresh air to meet the ASHRAE 62 requirements. The green buildings use interior materials with low volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. A typical office building would require purging of fresh air of about 15 cfm/person which provides a fresh ambience inside the building.

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Conclusion:
With the tremendous growth the country is witnessing, energy efficiency in buildings assumes paramount importance. The energy saving potential can be as high as 4050%, if addressed right at the design stage. There exist tremendous opportunities to introduce new materials, equipment and technologies which can help enhance energy efficiency of buildings. The launch of LEED India Green Building rating system will facilitate to advance the growth of green buildings in India. The Indian Green Building Council would provide the right impetus for advancing the Green Building movement in India and enable India to be recognized as one of the leaders in Green buildings. It is high time that an Indian green building council is formed based on Indian Conditions. India being a vast country, provisions also need to be made for utilization of regional methods and materials. Concrete using fly ash or slag is known internationally as green concrete. Such green concrete is being used in many projects in India and due credit should be given to such projects. Local municipal corporations and housing finance institutions should also be involved in rewarding the green achievements of the builder by giving some sort of incentives by way of reduced property taxes, loans at concessional rates, etc. Manufacturers and suppliers of energy efficient building materials and alternative products, solid waste management and waste water recirculation system suppliers, etc. can also be offered easy and low interest finance as well as tax concessions or exemptions. In short, the concept of green buildings and its implementation should be made optional so that the concept can develop on its own. Government should encourage it by framing proactive provisions. If such guidelines are implemented in the right manner, then the concept of green buildings would spread across the nation just like the IT revolution.

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References

1. SP16 2. Roof Material(Magazani) 3. Green Building.pdf 4. Indian Green Building counsil (www.igbc.com)

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