International Rice Research Notes Vol.18 No.4

International Rice Research Notes
The International Rice Research Notes (IRRN) expedites communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and ricebased systems. The IRRN is a mechanism to help scientists keep each other informed of current rice research findings. The concise scientific notes are meant to encourage rice scientists to communicate with one another to obtain details on the research reported. The IRRN is published quarterly in March, June, September, and December by the International Rice Research Institute; annual subject and variety indexes are also produced. The IRRN is divided into three sections: notes, news about research collaboration, and announcements.
December 1993
Contents
Integrated germplasm improvementirrigated
15 Evaluation of rice varieties for lowland cultivation in Papua New Guinea 16 16 17 Two newly developed glutinous rice varieties for Assam, India Yield performance of rice hybrids in Cuu Long Delta, Vietnam Kamini: a quality rice released in Bihar, India Xiang-Zao Xian No. 15: a high-quality variety in Hunan, China 17 Performance of IRRI rice hybrids at Rice Research Institute (RRI), Kala Shah Kaku, Lahore, Pakistan 17
Germplasm improvement
Genetic resources
4 4 Relationship among Latin American rice breeding sites for disease evaluation In vitro propagation of conserved rice germplasm
Genetics
6 Inheritance of thermosensitivity for seedling color in japonica variety Fan5
Breeding methods
6 7 Restorers and maintainers for cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines in rice Identifying restorers and maintainers for cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines lR62829 A and lR58025 A in Myanmar 7 Identifying restorers and maintainers for cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines lR58025 A and lR62829 A in Vietnam 7 Identifying and evaluating photoperiodsensitive genic male sterile (PGMS) lines in China 9 Inflorescence culture in rice 21 19
Integrated germplasm improvementrainfed lowland

19 IR-Kesar: a brown planthopper (BPH)-resistant variety for Cambodia Lioto, a short-duration rice variety suitable for northern Zaire
Integrated germplasm improvementupland

20 Brazilian Upland Rice Breeding Network: varietal release, time span, and yield increase Elite upland rice lines in Japan
Pest resistancediseases
10 11 Evolution of rice blast (BI) fungus based on cross-fertility of Pyricularia grisea Sac. Reaction of some rice germplasm to leaf blast (BI) in Guyana
Integrated germplasm improvementtidal wetlands

22 Yield performance of some rice lines in acid sulfate soils of Indonesia
Seed technology
23 Effect of different doses of gamma rays on germination and survival of upland rice varieties
Pest resistanceinsects
11 Resistance to whitebacked planthopper (Sogatella furcifera) in rice varieties with different genes for brown planthopper (BPH) resistance 12 Field screening of rice cultivars for resistance to leaffolder (LF) (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guene) and stem borer (SB) (Sesamia inferens Walker) 12 Evaluation of rice genotypes for resistance to orange-headed leafhopper (OHLH) in the Hill Zone of Karnataka, India 13 Resistance to gall midge (GM) Orseolia oryzae in Chinese rice varieties compared with varieties from other countries 14 14 Resistance to green leafhopper (GLH) in hybrid rice Screening rice accessions for resistance to thrips 26 26
Crop and resource management

Soils
24 Puddling depth and soil texture influence percolation rate (PR)
Physiology and plant nutrition

24 Characteristics of rice root growth under salt stress
Fertilizer managementinorganic sources

25 Yield response of Basmati rice to applied P at different soil P values Effect of timing of basal N application on transplanted rice yield and N recovery Retention and movement of applied Zn in rice soils
ISSN 0115-0944
Fertilizer managementorganic sources

27 27 28 Influence of green manure (GM) Sesbania aculeata on Zn and S translocation in rice Biofertilizers enhance dissolved oxygen content (DOC) in water Biomass and N content of Sesbania rostrata mutant with long vegetative phase
37 38
An empirical relationship between N input and false smut intensity in rice A rapid method for screening riceassociated bacteria antagonistic to Rhizoctonia solani
39
Using single-site augering to determine root distribution of rice
lntegrated pest managementdiseases

28 Analysis of genetic diversity and population structure of bacterial blight (BB) pathogen in West Java, Indonesia 29 Use of DNA probes to distinguish mycoplasma-like organisms (MLOs) of yellow dwarf (RYD) and orange leaf (ROL) in rice 30 Toxin produced by Sarocladium oryzae involved in inducing sheath rot (ShR) symptoms in rice
News about research collaboration

40 40 41 41 41 IRRI guidelines encourage marketing of hybrid rice seed to farmers Thai farmers like mechanized harvesting system New center for rice research in Iran Potassium deficiency potentially linked with disease problems in Vietnam Weedy forms of rice present in Southeast Asia Chinas hybridization program benefits from INGER 42 Chinese provincial researchers to be trained by IRRI 41
lntegrated pest managementinsects

31 31 32 Farmers estimates of percent whiteheads (WH) Managing thrips in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam Parasitism of brown planthopper (BPH) and green leafhopper (GLH) eggs by Anagrus flaveolus Waterhouse 33 Egg-laying behavior of African white rice borer Maliarpha separatella Ragonot
Announcements
42 42 43 Postdoctoral research fellowships at IRRI Rice dateline Send in your nomination for Outstanding Young Women in Rice Science Awards 44 44 44 44 45 IRRI group training courses for 1994 Climate Change and Rice Symposium Wet seeded rice workshop 25th Meeting of the Rice Technical Working Group Temperate rice conference Rice conference for Latin America and the Caribbean 45 McNamara Fellowship Program New IRRI publications Rice literature update reprint service Call for news New publications IRRI address 45 45 45 45 46 45
lntegrated pest managementother pests

34 35 Feeding behavior of parakeets on rice in Hill region of Karnataka, India Effect of selected genera of plant parasitic nematodes on germination of rice seeds in eastern India
Farming systems
35 Effect of preceding crops on rice yield
Socioeconomic impact
36 Impact of modern mangrove swamp rice varieties in Sierra Leone and Guinea
Research methodology Errata

37 Lyophilized blast (BI) fungal mycelia are nonviable and suitable for international exchange
Instructions for contributors

Inside back cover
Germplasm improvement
Genetic sources
Relationship among Latin American rice breeding sites for disease evaluation
C. A. Moquete-C. and E. P. Guimares, Centro lnternacional de Agricultura Tropical, Apartado Areo 6713, Cali, Colombia
a
Table 2. Percentage of coincidence among the susceptible lines at SRES, Villavicencio, and the same lines in 2 other locations. a 1991-92. Location Cristina Goinia SRES BI 33 (5) 0 (2) 100 (12) PB 85 (15) 75 (24) 100 (13) LSc 27 (6) 0 (3) 100 (11) Gd 0 (1) 11 (4) 100 (19)
Values in parentheses refer to the number of susceptible lines.
Latin American countries exchange germplasm through several mechanisms, a major one being the International Network for Genetic Evaluation of Rice (INGER)-Latin America. Countries expect certain desirable traits when requesting for germplasm. One important characteristic is disease reaction. To characterize germplasm for distribution, INGER-Latin America uses a disease hot spot, located at the Santa Rosa Experimental Station (SRES), Villavicencio, Colombia. More than 80 rice varieties have been released in the region through this mechanism. The efficiency of the exchange system needs to be improved, however, and the relationship among breeding sites needs to be better known. We estimated the level of coincidence among evaluations at SRES and four other breeding sites in Latin America. We tested 46 commercial varieties and breeding lines in Villavicencio and Palmira, Colombia; Cristina, Guatemala; Goinia, Brazil; and Juma, Dominican Republic during 1991-92. We evaluated
Table 1. Average disease reaction at 5 locations in Latin America. a 1991-92. Location Cristina Goinia Juma Palmira SRES Bl b 1.7** 2.6** 0.0** 0.0** 3.4 PB 2.7** 4.9** 2.5** 0.0** 3.7 LSc 3.1 ns 2.3** 2.3** 0.0** 3.4 Gd 1.8** 3.3** 1.4** 1.2** 4.0
disease reaction for leaf blast (B1), panicle blast (PB), leaf scald (LSc), and grain discoloration (Gd) using IRRIs 1988 Standard evaluation system for rice. Disease reaction was analyzed using the t test. Overall averages of each site were compared with that of SRES. To calculate the level of coincidence, we used only materials that were susceptible at SRES (score 4). If all materials were used, the resistance reaction in a low disease-pressure site would be misleading. Percentage of coincidence was estimated as number of susceptible lines at a given location that coincide with those susceptible at SRES divided by total number of susceptible lines at SRES and the result multiplied by 100. SRES had the highest average scores for all four diseases, except at Goinia for PB (Table 1). Highly significant differences existed between SRES and all other sites for all diseases, except at Cristina for LSc. Palmira seemed to be a
location without disease pressure, confirming several reports about disease pressure at SRES. We estimated the percentage of coincidence among the susceptible lines at SRES and the same lines at Cristina and Goinia (Table 2). Palmira and Juma were not included because no lines in those places had susceptible reactions. The highest values were obtained for PB at Cristina (85%) and Goinia (75%), suggesting a high degree of relationship of information on germplasm evaluation among the sites. Latin American countries can use data from the three sites to guide exchanges if PB is of concern. Differences in fungal races and environmental conditions can explain some of these results. The higher coincidence for PB than for B1 suggests that race and/or site by race-specific interactions are more important for B1 than for PB.
In vitro propagation of conserved rice germplasm

A. Juliano, D. A. Vaughan, Chuan Yin Wu, and F. J. Zapata, IRRI
using the t test. ** = difference significant at 1% probability. ns = difference not significant. b Evaluation of disease reaction was based on the Standard evaluation system for rice. BI = leaf blast, PB = panicle blast, LSc = leaf scald, and Gd = grain discoloration.
a All values were compared with SRES, Villavicencio,
Some conserved rice varieties and wild rices are poorly adapted to the locations of genebanks and sometimes produce very few or no seeds. Several wild rice populations are sterile. As a consequence, seed stocks are limited for rejuvenation and distribution, and some conserved accessions are maintained in a vegetative state. In vitro propagation can be used more safely and efficiently than in vivo propagation for increasing plants of these
accessions. Another advantage is that plantlets in sterile media can be safely distributed to requesters worldwide. We conducted two experiments to determine the best protocol for in vitro propagation of conserved germplasm. The first used seeds to proliferate plantlets of wild Oryza species. The second used immature panicles of O. sativa to develop calli from which plants were regenerated. In the first experiment, nine accessions of wild rices representing O. rhizomatis (CC genome) and diploid (BB) and tetraploid (BBCC) accessions of O. punctata were used for in vitro propagation (see table). Dehulled seeds
IRRN 18:4 (December 1993)
In vitro shoot proliferation from seeds of wild rices. IRGC a ACC. no. 101417 103897 103906 104064 104073 101409 104059 103410 103417 Species O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. punctata punctata punctata punctata punctata punctata punctata rhizomatis rhizomatis Genome BB BB BB BB BB BBCC BBCC CC CC Origin Kenya Tanzania Tanzania Nigeria Cameroon Ghana Nigeria Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Ploidy level Diploid Diploid Diploid Diploid Diploid Tetraploid Tetraploid Diploid Diploid
a International Rice Germplasm Center.
were surface-sterilized in 70% ethanol for 2-3 min, followed by 20% Chlorox commercial bleach for 30 min (Fig. 1Al). The seeds were germinated in test tubes on sterilized MS medium plus 0.4% agarose and 3% sucrose at pH 5.8 (Fig. 1-A2). Hypocotyls and radicles were excised from 30-d-old seedlings and inoculated into 125-ml erlenmeyer flasks containing sterilized MS medium plus 0.5% agar, 3% sucrose, 300 mg casein hydrolysate/liter, 2 mg kinetin/
Proliferation of germplasm from seeds. See text for explanation.
liter, 0.1 mg IAA/liter, and 0.1 mg NAA/ liter at pH 5.8 (Fig. 1-A3). The seedlings were maintained at 25 C and 16-h daylength. An average of 4 shoots were produced after 70 d. Single shoots were separated from multiple-shoot clusters and
transferred to a test tube containing a root induction medium (MS medium plus 0.4% agar, 6% sucrose, and 0.5 mg NAA/liter at pH 5.8) until roots were well established (Fig. 1-A4). Single shoots from multipleshoot clusters could be repeatedly used to increase plants (Fig. 1-A7). Plants derived directly from seeds and from seeds via in vitro culture were compared for various characters using five replications per accession. Most characters showed no differences between treatments. Number of days to flowering and maturity, however, were fewer in plantlets derived from in vitro culture due to their more advanced development than germinated seeds upon transfer to soil. In the second experiment, we used Rayada (International Rice Germplasm Center Acc. 27588), a photoperiodsensitive and long growth duration deepwater variety from Bangladesh. Prior to flag leaf emergence, young panicles (40-50 mm) were excised from all but the final enclosing leaf sheath (Fig. 1-Bl). These were surface-sterilized using 70% ethanol followed by 20% Chlorox commercial bleach. Immature panicles were cut into 3-10 mm long pieces and placed in petri dishes containing 20 ml callus induction medium (LS medium plus 0.8% agar, 3% sucrose, 2.5 mg 2,4-D/ liter at pH 5.8) and kept at 27 C in the dark for 3-4 wk (Fig. 1-B2). Calli produced were transferred to a 125-ml erlenmeyer flask containing 45 ml plant regeneration medium (MS medium plus 0.6% agar, 3% sucrose, 2 mg kinetin/liter, 1 mg NAA/liter, 0.5 mg IAA/liter at pH 5.8) (Fig. 1-B3). Regenerated plants, about 8 cm tall (Fig. 1-A3), were separated into single shoots and transferred to test tubes containing a root proliferation medium (MS medium plus 0.4% agar, 6% sucrose, 0.5 mg NAA/liter at pH 5.8) until roots were well established (Fig. 1-A4). Rooted plants were transferred to Yoshida's culture solution (Fig. 1-A5) and acclimatized in a glasshouse before transferring to soil in a nursery where photoperiod treatments were applied (Fig. 1-A6). Mature seeds were produced within 158 d after transfer to the nursery. In vitro production of plantlets can be continued until there are sufficient seed stocks of the accession (Fig. 1-A7).
Genetics
Inheritance of thermosensitivity for seedling color in japonica variety Fan5
Dong Yanjun, Shi Shouyun, and Zhang Hongde, Crop Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021; Cheng Shihua and Sun Zongxin, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
Seedling color of thermosensitive Fan5, four thermoinsensitive japonica rice varieties, and their F1, BC1, and F2 populations grown at 20C. Hangzhou, China.
Material Parent Fan5 700 1S N5047S Zhenong 1S 7627 A F1 7001S/Fan5 N5047S/Fan5 Zhenong 1S/Fan5 7627 A/Fan5 a BC1 7001S/Fan5//Fan5 N5047S/Fan5//Fan5 Zhenong 1S/Fan5//Fan5 7627 A/Fan5//Fan5 F2 7001S/Fan5 N5047S/Fan5 Zhenong 1S/Fan5
Seedling color Green 0 37 41 16 23 15 17 21 9 52 38 50 44 153 113 143 White 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 c 47 29 56 39 47 31 45 c

2 (1:1) 0.162 0.955 0.223 0.193 2 (3:1) 0.167 0.750 0.638
We isolated a mutant that is thermosensitive for seedling color in japonica variety Fan5. Expression of seedling color of Fan5 and four other japonicas was studied at temperatures of 20, 23.1, 26.1, 28, and 30.1C in a growth chamber. Seedling color was examined after 10 d. Thermosensitive Fan5 showed variation in seedling color at different temperatures: white at 20C, yellow-white at 23.1C, yellow-green at 26.1C, and green at 28 and 30.1C. The other four japonicas were thermoinsensitive for seedling color at all five temperatures. Crosses of Fan5 and japonica varieties and cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) japonica line 7627 A were grown in 1991 in Hangzhou. In Oct 1992, P1, P2, F1, F2, and BC 1 populations were sown in plastic pots at 20C.
0.50-0.75 0.25-0.50 0.50-0.75 0.50-0.75 0.50-0.75 0.25-0.50 0.75-0.90
a F from 7627 A/Fan5 was not tested due to poor seed setting in F . 2 1
F1 seedlings from all crosses were green, indicating that thermosensitivity for seedling color in Fan5 is recessive (see table). The segregation ratio of green to white in BC, was 1:1 and in F2, 3:1. Results showed a recessive nuclear gene controls thermosensitivity for seedling season at RRS. Each 1.7- 0.2-m plot had a single row of 11 plants at 20- 15-cm spacing. Fertilizer was applied at 100-50-50 kg NPK/ha and other recommended cultural practices were followed. Spikelet fertility was assessed on five randomly selected plants in each replication for each genotype. Pollen parents were classified as effective restorers if spikelet fertility was more than 80%, as weak or partial restorers if 20-80%, as weak maintainers if 5-20%, and as effective maintainers if 0-5%. Fourteen hybrids had more than 80% spikelet fertility, involving nine pollen parents. These pollen parents were identified as effective restorers for CMS lines V20 A, IR58025 A, and IR62829 A (see table). These prospective restorers
color in Fan5. If the character can be transferred to CMS lines and their maintainers, it could be used as a morphological marker for purifying them by roguing green seedlings at lower temperature.
Breeding methods
Restorers and maintainers for cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines in rice
W. Wilfred Manuel and M. Rangaswamy, Rice Research Station (RRS), Ambasamudram, Tamil Nadu 627401, India
Maintainer and restorer lines identifled for 3 CMS lines at RRS, Ambasamudram, Tamil Nadu, India, 1991 WS. Spikelet fertility a of hybrid with particular CMS line V20 A PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR R PR PR PR PR PR R M lR58025 A PR PR PR R R PR R PR PR PR R PR R PR R PR lR62829 A R PR PR R PR PR PR PR R PR R PR R PR PR PR
Pollen parent
Hybrid rice can only be developed if effective fertility restorers for CMS lines are identified and maintainers are isolated to develop new CMS lines. We evaluated F1s of 51 hybrids, their 17 pollen parents, and 3 isogenic maintainers (B lines) of CMS lines for spikelet fertility. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with two replications during 1991 wet
ADT36 ASD16 ASD17 ASD18 CO 37 IR36 IR50 IR60 IR64 IET1444 TKM6 TKM9 TM4309 TNAU801793 TNAU88013 ADT39 Jaya
PR
PR
a R = restorer, PR = partial restorer, M = maintainer.
can be purified genetically and then used in developing hybrids. V2O A/ADT39 recorded 4.3% spikelet fertility, so pollen parent ADT39 was identified as a potential maintainer for CMS line V2O A. This prospective maintainer line will be used in a backcrossing program to develop new CMS lines. CMS lines V2O A, IR58025 A, and IR62829 A, which all have the same wild abortive cytoplasm but different nuclear genotypes, differed in maintainer and restorer frequencies. Genetic background of CMS lines seems to influence their maintaining and restoring abilities. Restoration-maintenance behavior sometimes differed among pollen parents for CMS lines with the same cytoplasmic source, possibly because of nuclear and cytoplasmic interactions between pollen parents and CMS lines or the heterozygosity of pollen parents.
in the hybrid and partial restorers were those with 31-79% pollen fertility. Varieties Sinekeri 3, BG120 3, Hmawbi 2, and Kyawzeya were found to be effective maintainers for both CMS lines and Sintheingyi, Theedatyin, and
IR50, effective restorers. We will use effective maintainer lines as male parents for backcrossing to develop new CMS lines. Effective restorer lines will be used in hybrid seed production next season. To observe pollen sterility, florets from the upper part of the panicles were collected before flowering and pollen grains were stained with KI. Spikelet sterility was recorded on bagged panicles. When a hybrid showed 99-100% pollen sterility, its male parent was designated as a maintainer for the corresponding female parent (CMS line). When a hybrid showed more than 90% pollen and spikelet fertility, its male parent was identified as a restorer. Other male parents were considered to be partial restorers (see table). The frequency of maintainers for IR58025 A was higher than that for IR62829 A. Most of the maintainers and restorers identified were adapted to Cuu Long Delta and are being used in a backcross program or to develop new F1 hybrids.
Identifying restorers and maintainers for cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines lR58025 A and lR62829 A in Vietnam
Pham Thi Mui and Bui Ba Bong, Cuu Long Delta Rice Research Institute, Omon, Cantho, Vietnam
Identifying restorers and maintainers for cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines lR62829 A and lR58025 A in Myanmar
Hla Min, Myanmar Agriculture Services, Thayawadi; Khin Than Nwe and Tin Tin Myint, Central Agricultural Research Institute (CARI), Yezin, Pyinmana, Myanmar
We identified restorers and maintainers for promising CMS lines IR58025 A and IR62829 A in Cuu Long Delta of Vietnam. Improved lines and varieties adapted to Cuu Long Delta were crossed with IR58025 A or IR62829 A. F1 hybrids were grown in the field during 1992 wet season and 1993 dry season. Hybrids and their male parents were transplanted in rows of 30 plants spaced at 20 20 cm.
Maintalner and restorer lines identified for CMS lines lR58025 A and lR62829 A in Cuu Long Delta, Vietnam, 1992 WS and 1993 DS.
lR58025 A Maintainer OM43-26 OM59-7 OM576 MTL 58 MTL 61 lR44595-70 lR50404 lR52280 lR19725 Restorer OM53-71 OM80 OM725 OM269 lR52287-15 lR9729 IR64 lR42068 S818B Partial restorer IR72 OM547 lR31917 lR43158 lR42068 OM987-1 16B Maintainer lR44595-70 OMCS6
lR62829 A Restorer OM1037 lR42068 lR35546 lR35311 Partial restorer OM987-1 OMCS9 OM90-2 OM43-26 lR49517 IR64 OM547
CMS lines IR62829 A and IR58025 A were crossed with seven high-yielding rice varieties in 1991 wet season at Hmawbi Research Station and CARI at Yezin. F1s and their parents were grown in 3-m rows at 20- 20-cm spacing in 1992 dry season. Florets from each plant were collected before flowering and stained with KI solution to determine pollen sterility. Pollen sterility percentage was estimated by counting filled and unfilled grains from harvested F1 panicles. Varieties were classified as effective maintainers of male parents if pollen fertility of the hybrid was less than 5%. Male parents were identified as restorers if pollen fertility of the hybrid was more than 80%. Partial maintainers were those with 6-30% pollen fertility
Identifying and evaluating photoperiod-sensitive genic male sterile (PGMS) lines in China
Ziguo Zhang, Hanial Zeng, and Jing Yang, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
Both photoperiod and temperature regulate fertility alteration of PGMS rice, including the original line Nongken 58 S.
Photoperiod sensitivity in fertility alteration of PGMS occurs only within a specific temperature range. The higher point (HP) of the range affects multiplication of the sterile line. The lower point (LP) affects sterility fluctuation of the PGMS line when occasionally exposed to low temperature under long-day conditions. We studied the percentages of fertile pollen and spikelet fertility of PGMS lines in China under different temperature
conditions during 1992 long-day and short-day seasons in Wuhan (3030' N, 114 04' E, 23 m altitude). Plants were grown in phytotrons for about 10 d, from the differentiation of stamen and pistil primordia stage to the meiotic division of pollen mother cell stage. We recorded percentage of fertile pollen during
heading and percentage fertility 30 d after heading of selfed-PGMS lines (Table 1). Results show that HPs and LPs of PGMS lines are different. Lines can be divided into four groups based on combinations of HPs and LPs (Table 2). The high HP-low LP group sterile lines (Nongken 58 S, 5088 S, 7001 S,
31111 S, and 1541 S) have stable sterilities under long-day conditions and can be easily multiplied under short-day conditions regardless of temperature changes. They can be used in the two-line hybrid production system for subtropical rice-growing areas.
Table 1. Fertility of PGMS lines under various conditions. Wuhan, China, 1992.
Line
Daylength a
Fertility b 22C 24C 2.3 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 12.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 2.3 0.0 3.5 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 26C 2.7 0.0 47.3 27.7 1.2 0.0 18.5 4.0 0.0 0.0 17.7 2.5 0.0 0.0 26.1 0.0 0.0 8.2 0.0 39.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 6.9 1.9 35.4 18.4 47.0 15.5 8.9 0.0 18.9 0.0 48.5 17.5 43.0 37.4 1.4 2.4 17.1 3.8
Fertility (%) 28C 0.6 0.0 38.4 24.1 0.0 0.0 6.6 1.7 0.0 0.0 6.2 2.8 0.0 0.0 13.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.8 0.0 9.1 4.6 7.6 0.0 2.9 1.1 20.3 9.6 0.6 0.0 2.5 0.5
b
30C
32C
Nongken 58 S
LD SD
5088 S
LD SD
7001 S
LD SD
31111 S
LD SD
1541 S Pei>ai 64 S
LD LD SD
M901 S HN5-2 S
LD LD SD
8906 S
LD SD
8902 S
LD SD
8912 S 5047 S Shuangguang S
LD LD LD SD
9044 S W6154 S
a
LD LD
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
9.5 15.6 0.3 0.8 3.7 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.5 0.0 2.7 0.0 10.8 0.0 4.6 1.3 5.6 1.7 1.5 0.0 0.4 0.0 1.5 0.0 4.1 0.0
9.9 0.0 17.3 15.2 2.0 0.0 20.4 5.4 0.0 0.0 20.8 4.6 0.0 0.0 26.7 0.0 0.0 14.4 0.0 32.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 9.8 3.8 23.4 16.9 22.1 16.5 14.5 0.0 13.4 0.0 6.8 13.2 18.9 25.6 4.6 2.1 14.9 6.0
0.5 0.2 14.5 0.0 0.9 0.0 5.9 0.0 0.0 0.1
25.4 0.0 8.8 0.5 9.2 9.8
8.9 4.5
0.0 0.1
25.3 17.2 17.3 26.6 40.7 15.73 16.0 15.9 31.5 11.4 19.9 2.0 17.2 0.7 19.2 16.1 23.6 4.1 13.4
27.6 25.9 13.3 12.2
2.0 0.0 24.6 29.1 0.0 0.0 10.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 16.9 6.2 0.0 0.0 21.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 10.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.1 0.4 0.0 3.2 0.0 13.2 1.1 7.2 0.0 1.1 1.5 23.1 2.4 1.9 0.0 6.0 0.9
16.4 17.7 7.4 12.6 9.7 17.9 1.8 3.6 4.9 13.6 0.0 0.0 3.2 0.0 5.6 0.0
2.2 5.1 0.0 0.0 0.9 1.3 0.0 0.0 4.8 9.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 5.8
0.0 0.0 8.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 4.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
31.8 2.6 58.2 22.9 8.5 2.9 10.2 3.4
26.8 2.7 3.8 9.9 14.8 2.7 20.0 7.8
17.4 2.8 26.4 1.6
16.2 23.7 1.3 2.5
4.0 2.5 1.5 2.9
LD = long-day season. Heading occurred 1-10 Aug 1992. SD = short-day season. Heading occurred 11-20 Sep 1992.
1 =fertile pollen % S, 2 = spikelet fertility % S.
Table 2. Temperature range of photoperiod sensitivity in fertility alteration in PGMS. Line Nongken 58 S 5088 S 7001 S 31111 S 1541 S Pei>ai 64 S M901 S HN5-2 S 8906 S 8902 S 8912 S 5047 S 9044 S Shuangguang W6154 S Low point (C) High point (C) 24 22 22 22 22 22 24 24 24 28 26 26 28 28 28 30 30 28 28 (28) a (24) (26) (24) (26) 30 30 (30) (32) 32 (28)
Inflorescence culture in rice

A. B. Mandal, P. Mohanraj, and A. K. Bandyopadhyay, Biotechnology Laboratory, Central Agricultural Research Institute (CARI), Port Blair 7441 01, India
a Numbers in parentheses were in other experiments.
The low HP-low LP group sterile lines (Pei'ai 64 S, M901 S, HN5-2 S, and 8906 S) have stable sterilities under longday conditions (without impact of temperature) and under high temperature conditions (regardless of daylength). Their multiplications, however, are easily lost under short-day conditions when temperature rises occasionally. These PGMS lines can be used for producing hybrid seed in most rice-growing areas. Sterile lines can only be multiplied during certain seasons or at higher altitudes in tropical areas. The high HP-high LP group sterile lines (8902 S, 8912 S, 5047 S, 9044 S, and Shuangguang S) can be multiplied easily under short-day conditions, but their sterilities are unstable under longday conditions as temperature decreases. Because their sterilities are unstable, they are difficult to use in the two-line system. They can possibly be used in subtropical rice-growing areas of China. The low HP-high LP group sterile lines (W6154 S and others) have stable sterilities under higher temperature without impact of photoperiod. Their sterilities, however, are unstable under long-day conditions when exposed to lower temperature. Their multiplication under short-day conditions can be affected when temperature rises occasionally. These lines can be used for hybrid seed production and multiplied during a specific season or at higher altitudes in tropical rice-growing areas. We do not recommend their use in the subtropics.
We successfully induced calli and regenerated plants in salt-tolerant indica line IR3 1662-47-2-1 for exploitation of somaclonal variation. Young tillers were cut about 7-9 cm from the base of vigorous plants in pots. Tillers were thoroughly scrubbed with and dipped in 75% alcohol for 10 min. Leaf sheaths were stripped off under aseptic conditions. Young inflorescences were divided into groups based on their length: DS1 (0.5 cm), DS2 (1 cm), DS3 (2 cm), DS4 (3 cm), DS5 (4 cm), and DS6 (5 cm). Inflorescences were cleaned with the commercial detergent Teepol (5% vol/ vol) for 5 min, rinsed in water, sterilized with 0.1 % aqueous HgCl 2 for 10 min, and then washed three times with sterile double-distilled water. Sterilized explants were placed on slant cultures with basal LS medium supplemented with 2,4-D and kinetin at rates of 0.5 (LS1), 1 (LS2), 1.5 (LS3), and 2 (LS4) mg/liter each, and on MS basal medium supplemented with naphthalene acetic acid and kinetin at rates of 0.5 (MS1 ), 1
(MS2), 1.5 (MS3), and 2 (MS4) mg/liter each. Cultures were kept in total darkness at 252 C. After 28 d, portions of calli were subcultured on the same medium without hormone. Remaining calli were directly placed on regeneration medium (LS basal + 2 mg kinetin/iter + 0.5 mg indole acetic acid/liter). For subculturing, culture tubes were kept in total darkness; for regeneration, cultures were maintained under 16:8 h 1ight:dark cycle. Light intensity was 2,000 lux. LS1, MS 1, MS2, MS3, and MS 4 failed to induce any calli, but direct plant regeneration without a visible callus stage was obtained in MS2, MS3, and MS4 with 2-cm-long young inflorescences. LS2, LS3, and LS4 induced callus formation. During peak callus formation, callus induction percentage and callus health varied significantly according to developmental stage of inflorescences (Table 1). Calli formed earliest in young inflorescences (0.5 and 1.0 cm), which grew vigorously and had high induction frequencies of healthy calli. Induction percentage was inversely proportional to developmental stage of the inflorescence. LS 3 was the best hormonal level for inducing calli. In the subculturing experiment, all calli died within 16-22 d, suggesting
Table 1. Degree of callus-forming ability and callus health in lR31662-47-2-1.
Treatment
Inflorescence length (cm) 0.5 1 2 3 4 5 0.5 1 2 3 4 5 0.5 1 2 3 4 5
Callus induction (%) 82 78 70 68 50 44 100 100 90 84 62 52 90 86 82 74 60 47
Peak callusforming period (d) 12 12 16 16 25 40 -
Callus health (1-6 scale) a 2 1 3 3 5 6 1 1 2 4 6 6 1 1 4 5 3 3
LS2
LS3
15 15 18 19 26 42
LS4
a 1 = excellent, 2 - 3 =good, 4 - 5 = moderate, and 6 = poor.
Table 2. Regeneration ability of plants from inflorescence-derived calli of IR31662-47-2-1. Explant length (cm) DS1 (0.5) DS2 (1) DS3 (2) DS4 (3) DS5 (4) DS6 (5) Days to form green plantlet 23 20 26 25 23 21 Regeneration (%) 74.2 65.0 40.6 25.2 22.8 19.0
hormones might be an integral component of media for successful subcultures. In the regeneration experiment, 2.4-D was completely withdrawn and replaced with IAA. Appearance of green plantlets was fastest with 1-cm-long young inflorescences and slowest with 2-cmlong inflorescences. Regeneration frequency notably varied with perithecia produced varied greatly with combinations of isolates. In general, the fertile isolates with wide cross-fertility also showed higher cross-fertility, producing more perithecia and ascospores compared with other isolates. Isolates with greatest mating competence, YL 90-84 (MAT1-2) and YL 90-7l, YL 90-90, YL 90-80, YL 90-77, and others (MAT1-1), were all isolated from upland rice in Xishuangbanna, southern Yunnan province. Single cultures of these isolates, except YL 90-84, produced sterile perithecia on oatmeal agar at 22 C with
developmental stage of the explant. Highest regeneration frequency occurred in 0.5-cm-long young inflorescences and lowest frequency in 5-cm-long inflorescences (Table 2). Young inflorescences are a good source for rice tissue culture. They have efficient callus induction and redifferentiation frequencies.
Pest resistance diseases

Evolution of rice blast (BI) fungus based on crossfertility of Pyricularia grisea Sac.
Chengyun Li, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (YAAS), Kunming, China; Y. Fujita, Tropical Agricultural Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan; N. Hayashi, National Agricultural Research Center, Tsukuba; and Jiaru Li and Rui Shen, YAAS
continuous illumination. The process of perithecial formation conformed with the formation process of perithecium in mating and also the perithecium-like structure produced by single cultures of Pyricularia from Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. and E. coracana (L.) Gaertn. The perithecia produced by single cultures had two common characteristics: they were derived from isolates with higher cross-fertility, and they formed two bands of perithecia. These isolates were all hermaphrodites. We speculate that Pyricularia might have evolved from
We collected 500 monoconidial isolates of P. grisea from rice-growing regions of Yunnan Province, China. These isolates were crossed with standard isolates 57-R-33 (MAT1-1) and 57-R-28 (MAT1-2), both of which were isolated from Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. Results showed that geographic environment and rice type influenced crossfertility of P. grisea: in southern Yunnan, it was more than 60%, and in the high-altitude cold region where japonicas are grown, it was only 10%. Twenty-six isolates that produced perithecia and ascospores were selected for further study. (See table for location, hosts, mating type, perithecial formation by single culture of isolates, and rate of perfect state formation.) Ten isolates of MAT1-1 were crossed with 16 isolates of MAT1-2. Although isolates crossed with the mating standard isolates produced ascospores, the cross-fertility of these isolates was remarkably different. Isolate YL 90-84 crossed with all fertile isolates. Y88-285 did not produce any ascospores in any cross combinations, although a few produced sterile perithecia. Number of
Location, host source, race, and mating type of Pyricularia grisea. Yunnan Province, China. Isolate YL 90-7 YL 90-10 YL 90-11 YL 90-13 YL 90-175 YL 90-51 YL 90-52 YL 90-84 YL 90-71 YL 90-74 YL 90-77 YL 90-80 YL 90-90 Y88-685 Y88-285 Y88-282 Y88-249 13-1 5-1 5-2 5-5 45-1 45-2 45-3 45-4 45-5 Location Mojiang Mojiang Mojiang Mojiang Jingping Jingping Jingping Jinghong Jinghong Jinghong Jinghong Jinghong Jinghong Maguang Liuku Liuku Tengchong Tengchong Qujing Qujing Qujing Jinghong Jinghong Jinghong Jinghong Jinghong Host source Variety Dalixian 40 Luoping Luoping Luoping Gaoshanzaogu Luopinggu Luoping Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown D-you 63 Yunjing 134 Nuogu 74-35 74-35 Chujing 3 Chujing 3 Chujing 3 Luexi Luexi Luexi Luexi Luexi Typea I ? ? ? ? ? ? U U U U U U I J J J J J J J U U U U U Race 016-t 136 136 036 106 016 117 134-t 102 116 102 136-t 116 0 017 037-t 0 0 016-t 016-t 016-t 136 136 136 136 136 Mating MAT1-2 MAT1-2 MAT1-2 MAT1-2 MATI-2 MAT1-2 MAT1-2 MAT1-2 MAT1-1 MAT1-1 MAT1-1 MAT1-1 MAT1-1 MAT1-2 MAT1-2 MAT1-2 MAT1-2 MAT1-2 MAT1-2 MAT1-2 MAT1-2 MAT1-1 MAT1-1 MAT1-1 MAT1-1 MAT1-1 Pb + + + + + Rc 40.0 10.0 20.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 50.0 100.0 87.5 43.8 43.8 62.5 75.0 20.0 0.0 70.0 40.0 60.0 30.0 60.0 30.0 6.3 12.5 18.8 18.8 37.5
a I = indica, U = upland rice, J =japonica, ? = unknown. b P = perithecia production in single culture. + = produced, - = not produced. c R= rate of perfect state formation.
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homothallism to heterothallism and then to the infertile state in which the sexual function might have been lost. Southern Yunnan Province is a center of rice origin and has a long history of upland rice cultivation. The possibility that parasitic differentiation could be established from grasses to cultivated
rice (H. Katos hypotheses) might have occurred in this area. The Pyricularia in this area exhibit the same properties as those of grass isolates (E. indica, E. coracana). Many isolates produced a lot of perithecia and produced sterile perithecia in single culture (see table). The formation rate of Pyricularia
becomes gradually less from south to northfrom temperate to cool to cold regionsuntil it cannot form. The trend from high to low fertility corresponds with direction of the spread of rice cultivation.
Reaction of some rice germplasm to leaf blast (BI) in Guyana

C. R. Paul, National Agricultural Research Institute, Mon Repos, East Coast Demerara; and J. S. Nanda, Guy/86/002, Guyana
Reaction of rice breeding lines to blast (BI) in Guyana, 1991. Breeding line CT80083-5-2P-M CT8008-3-5-5P-M CT8008-3-5-6P-M CT8008-3-5-7P-M CT8008-3-5-8P-M CT8222-4-1-8P-M CT8238-6-14-P-M CT8285-13-1-3P-M CT8285-13-5-2P-M Diwani Surinam Eloni Surinam lR8192-31-2-1-2 lR44624-127-1-2-2-3 lR47761-27-1-36 lR51678-93-2-2 lR52350-93-2-2 lR53306-36-1-3-1 lR53306-64-1-3-2 IR53649-AC5-2 BI BI score a reactionb Origin 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 1 5 3 1 3 1 R R R R R R R R R MR MR MR MR R MS MR R MR R IRRI IRRI IRRI IRRI IRRI IRRI IRRI IRRI ClAT ClAT ClAT ClAT ClAT ClAT ClAT ClAT ClAT Breeding line lR54791-19-2-3 lR56382-123-31 lR56383-46-1-2-1 lR56446-94-3-1-2 NAR8 F5 -1-3-2 NAR8 F5 -2-3-1 NAR9 F5 -1-3-2 NAR12 F2 -1-2-3 NAR126 F4 -2-1-1 NAR126 F4 -2-5-2 NAR151 F4 -4-3 NAR210-1-1-4 NAR210-1-4 NAR218-2-4-4 Pedigree 9 Pedigree 12 TX06 TX49 (Aromatic Lemont) 6039 BI BI scorea reactionb Origin 1 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 1 1 3 3 3 5 3 3 R MR MR R MR MR MS MS MR MS MS R R MR MR MR MS MR IRRI IRRI IRRI IRRI Guyana Guyana Guyana Guyana Guyana Guyana Guyana Guyana Guyana Guyana Guyana Guyana USA USA
Blast caused by Pyricularia grisea is an important rice disease in Guyana. We screened 377 breeding lines for leaf B1 resistance during Aug and Sep 1991 . Breeding lines were grown in International Rice Blast Nurseries to score leaf B1 reactions. Highly B1-susceptible variety Rustic was used as susceptible check and in spreader rows. Varieties Diwani and 6039 served as resistant checks. Entries were inoculated at the fourleaf stage with chopped infected leaves. Nursery beds were irrigated twice a day between 1000 and 1100 h, and 1500 and 1600 h. Beds were covered with polyethylene sheets at night to maintain high humidity.
MR Guyana
a Scored (0-9) using the Standard evaluation system for rice. b R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, and
MS = moderately susceptible.
Entries were scored on a scale of 0-9 using the Standard evaluation system for rice when the susceptible check had scored 7-9. Sixteen lines were resistant,
16 lines moderately resistant, and 6 lines moderately susceptible under conditions conducive to severe disease development (see table).
Pest resistance insects

Resistance to whitebacked planthopper (Sogatella furcifera) in rice varieties with different genes for brown planthopper (BPH) resistance
R. Velusamy, M. Ganeshkumar, Y. S. Johnson Thangaraj Edward, and M. Gopalan, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, lndia
Resistance of BPH-resistant rice varieties to S. furcifera in the standard seedbox screening test (SSST) and modified seedbox screening test (MSST).a Variety lR47-B2-6 Mudgo Ptb18 Rathu Heenati Gambada Samba Babawee ARC10550 Swarnalata Ptb21 Ptb33 IR26 IR36 IR56 IR62 IR64 TN1 Genes for resistance to BPH Bph1 Bph1 bph2 Bph3 bph4 bph4 bph5 bph6 bph2 + Bph3 bph2 + Bph3 Bph1 bph2 Bph3 Bph3 Bph1 No gene Plant damage rating b SSST 9.0 1.8 9.0 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.8 1.4 1.0 1.4 9.0 9.0 9.0 2.2 1.4 9.0 a a bc c c bc bc bc c bc MSST 9.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 9.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 9.0 a a
We evaluated 15 BPH-resistant rice varieties for resistance to S. furcifera using the standard seedbox screening test (SSST) and modified seedbox screening test (MSST). The experiment was laid out
a a a a
b b b b b b b b b b b b
b bc
a ln a column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT; av of 5 replications. b Damage was rated on a 0-9 scale where 0-3 = resistant, 4-6 = moderately resistant, and 7-9 = susceptible.
11
in a split-plot design with screening methods as the main plot and varieties as subplots. Treatments were replicated five times. In the SSST, seeds of BPH-resistant varieties and susceptible check TN1 were sown in rows in seedboxes (60 x 40 x 10 cm). At 7 d after sowing (DAS), seedlings were thinned to 15/row and infested with eight 2d-instar S. furcifera nymphs/plant. When all TN1 seedlings were dead, plants were rated for damage on a 0-9 scale where 0-3 = resistant, 4-6 = moderately
resistant, and 7-9 = susceptible. In the MSST, seeds were sown and seedlings thinned as described for the SSST experiment. Plants were infested with four 2d-instar nymphs/plant at 20 DAS. Damage was rated at 25 d after infestation when TN1 was dead. In the SSST, insects in the initial infestation killed TN1; in the MSST, the progeny of the infesting insects killed TN1. There were distinct differences among BPH-resistant varieties in both tests (see LF and SB can be destructive rice pests in Sikkim. Infestations of LF and SB occur from late Aug through Oct. We observed peak infestation of LF at panicle initiation, the last week of Sep. Yield losses to both pests can be avoided by using resistant varieties. Twenty-four cultivars with medium to late maturity from around India, including the NEH Region, were transplanted in 2-m2 field plots during 1990 and 1991
table). Mudgo and IR64 ( Bph 1 gene), Rathu Heenati and IR62 (Bph 3 gene), Gambada Samba and Babawee (bph 4 gene), ARC10550 (bph 5 gene), Swarnalata (bph 6 gene), and Ptb21 and Ptb33 (bph 2 + Bph 3 genes) were rated as resistant in both tests. Varieties Ptbl8 and IR36 (bph 2 gene) and IR56 (Bph 3 gene) were susceptible in the SSST as seedlings, but were highly resistant as the older plants in MSST (see table).
Field screening of rice cultivars for resistance to leaffolder (LF) ( Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guene) and stem borer (SB) (Sesamia inferens Walker)
S. Ray, M. Singh, and G. Singh, Indian Council for Agricultural Research Complex for Northeastern Hill (NEH) Region, Sikkim Centre, Tadong, Gangtok 737102, India
Screening of rice cultivars for resistance to LF and SB. Sikkim, India, 1990 and 1991 kharif seasons. LF incidence (% infested hills/plot) Cultivar VL 23 Nagoba Sikre Srinivasa Zhapara DR92 Khonorullo TRUA 490 IC25697 Khusaro PP2-24-1557 RCPL 3-5 IRAT141 IR36 Sarassa Jaya ICPL 131 Akhanpan ARU3 CSR80 Attey Vikash RCPL 3-4 Dhanse 1990 23.1 8.6 0.0 7.3 7.0 11.3 0.0 0.0 5.9 2.0 12.3 3.2 8.0 10.0 11.3 16.7 4.1 11.1 13.3 17.1 4.8 10.9 9.9 0.0 1991 8.3 9.5 4.5 10.6 10.8 13.6 3.1 11.2 2.2 0.8 5.5 5.5 8.2 5.7 6.9 13.3 7.6 6.3 7.8 7.8 8.2 4.5 9.1 3.7 Mean 15.7 9.0 2.3 8.9 8.9 12.5 1.5 5.5 4.1 1.4 8.9 4.3 8.1 7.9 9.1 14.8 5.8 8.7 10.6 12.5 7.0 7.7 9.5 1.9 Reaction a S MS MR MS MS S MR MS MS MR MS MR MS MS MS S MS MS S S MS MS S MR SB incidence (% infested hills/plot) 1990 6.4 2.5 0.0 0.0 1.2 2.6 7.4 14.1 10.3 0.0 7.0 9.5 2.3 12.9 0.0 2.9 3.1 17.5 1.1 2.3 1.2 4.4 0.0 7.2 1991 3.3 2.2 0.7 3.6 4.2 12.8 1.6 2.1 7.8 4.4 1.3 2.0 0.7 14.9 0.7 9.9 1.5 11.5 6.6 3.5 3.4 3.5 0.7 6.8 Mean 4.9 2.4 0.4 1.8 3.3 7.7 4.5 8.1 9.0 2.2 4.2 5.8 1.5 13.9 0.4 6.4 2.3 14.5 3.8 2.9 2.3 3.9 0.4 7.0 Reaction MS MS MR MR MS MS MS S S MS MS MS MR S MR MS MS S MS MS MS MS MR MS
kharif (monsoon) seasons with three replicates. All recommended crop management practices were followed except plant protection measures. For each entry, we recorded number of hills with LF and SB infestations at panicle initiation and total hills per plot. Sikre, Khonorullo, Khusaro, RCPL 3-5, and Dhanse were found moderately resistant to LF, 13 cultivars were moderately susceptible, and 6 cultivars were susceptible. Sikre, Srinivasa, IRAT141, Sarassa, and RCPL3-4 were moderately resistant to SB, 15 cultivars were moderately susceptible, and 4 cultivars were susceptible (see table).
Evaluation of rice genotypes for resistance to orangeheaded leafhopper (OHLH) in the Hill Zone of Karnataka, India
V. V. Belavadi, B. Mallik, A. Manjunath, and Y. G. Shadakshari, Regional Research Station (RRS), Mudigere 577132, India
a MR = moderately resistant, MS = moderately susceptible, and S = susceptible.
Orange-headed leafhopper ( Thaia subrufa M., Cicadellidae: Homoptera) is a serious pest of summer rice in the Hill Zone of Karnataka. Feeding by nymphs and adults causes leaves to become speckled. The speckles coalesce when infestation is severe, leading to hopperburn symptoms. Grain losses can range from 30 to 70%. Rice genotypes were screened for resistance to OHLH in two phases at RRS. We mass-screened 243 varieties in phase one (1986-88). Each entry was planted in three rows with two replica-
12
Evaluation of rice varieties for resistance to OHLH. RRS, Mudigere, India.
OHLH Entry IET10131 IET10396 CTH1 IET10117 RR32 IET6983 Rasi Madhu Tibetan Sanna IR20 Mangala (susceptible check) Damage 1.2 1.3 4.2 1.7 3.0 2.7 5.2 5.0 1.3 4.4 3.7 scorea Nymphs/leaf b 4.7 12.2 26.0 7.0 27.0 14.0 43.0 33.0 14.0 37.0 32.0 (no.) Yield (t/ha) 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.2 3.2 3.3
a Highest score recorded in 2 yr on a 0-6 scale. b Mean of 45 leaves.
tions. We scored damage from OHLH on the 2d leaf from the top on a 0-4 scale where 0 = no damage, 1 = less than 25% leaf area damage, 2 = 26-50%, 3 = 51-75%, 4 = more than 75%. Varieties were classified as moderately resistant (0-1), susceptible (1.1-3), and highly susceptible (3.1-4). In phase two, 10 moderately resistant varieties were screened intensively during 1989-90 and 1990-91 summers in a randomized block design with three replications in 6-m2 plots. Mangala was the susceptible check. Damage was scored on a 0-6 scale where 0 = no
damage, 1 = <l0% leaf area damage, 2 = 11-20%, 3 = 21-30%, 4 = 31-40%, 5 = 41-50%, and 6 = >51 %. We also counted nymphs on the 3d leaf from the top of each entry to assess OHLH population. We randomly selected 15 leaves in each plot for scoring and counting nymphs, which were recorded 30 d after transplanting. In mass screening, 9.8% of entries were moderately resistant to OHLH, 81.5% susceptible, and 8.6% highly susceptible. Damage scores in phase two ranged from 1.2 in IET10131 to 5.2 in Rasi, IET10131 yielded more
Resistance of rice varieties to OHLH damage based on damage score and nymphs/leaf. RRS, Mudigere, India.
grain than other varieties (see table). When OHLH nymph populations were plotted against damage scores, IET10131, IET6983, IET10396, IETl0l17, and Tibetan Sanna emerged as resistant, while Madhu, CTH 1,1R20, and Rasi proved susceptible (see figure).
Resistance to gall midge (GM) Orseolia oryzae in Chinese rice varieties compared with varieties from other countries
Tan Yujuan, Pan Ying, and Zhang Yang, Plant Protection Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, (GAAS), and Zhao Lixia and Xu Yenkang, Rice Research Institute, GAAS, China
Table 1. Reactions of GM-resistant varieties to 2 GM biotypes. GAAS, China.
Growth stage
Variety
Origin
Biotype 1a Samples (no.) 79 61 87 67 117 86 80 80 60 48 92 51 327 381 332 343 Plants infested (%) 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 91.7 93.5 92.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 72.6
Biotype IV b Samples (no.) 44 57 44 38 39 46 43 40 49 38 889 950 1039 Plants infested (%) 2.3 0.0 81.8 63.2 84.6 47.8 16.3 60.0 100.0 92.1 0.0 16.8 14.7
Seedling c
China was reported to have four GM biotypes in 1983. Chinese GM biotype IV could damage six GM-resistant varieties from other countries that carried different GM resistance genes. Daqiuqi and other Chinese traditional varieties resist all Chinese GM biotypes. We have bred three photoperiodsensitive, GM-resistant varieties. Kangwen 1, Kangwen 2, and Duokang 1, respectively, have growth durations of
Kangwen 2 Dekang 1 Kangwen 1 Daqiuqi Yangshanzhan d Leuang 152 OB677 IET2911 W1263 Muey Nahng 62M Ptb21 TN1 (susceptible check) Duokang 1 Kangwen 2 Kangwen 1 TN1 (susceptible check)
GAAS GAAS GAAS GAAS GAAS IRGMN e IRGMN IRGMN IRGMN IRGMN IRGMN IRGMN GAAS GAAS GAAS GAAS
Tillering f
a Insects were collected from Huaxian. b Insects were collected from Yangshan; data were recorded in Yangshan fields; infested by natural GM biotype IV population. cInfested on a hill basis. d Resistant donor of Kangwen 1. e lRGMN =
International Rice Gall Midge Nursery (Thailand); f Infested on a tiller basis.
13
Table 2. GM-resistant reactions of Daqiuqi and its hybrid progeny.a GAAS, China.
Test item Resistance of parent
Parent and hybridized combination Wanhuaai 1 TN1 (susceptible check) W1263 Daqiuqi Wanhuaai 1/ Daqiuqi Wanhuaai 1/ Daqiuqi//Wanhuaai 1 F1 F2 B1 F 1 F1 F2 T1
Resistant Susceptible Resistant: plants (no.) plants (no.) susceptible c 0 0 73 74 30 313 40 97 442 66 70 80 2 0 0 104 47 7 60 19 3:1 1:1 15:1 3:1
Resistance heredity
0.008 0.563 27.857 0.317
Allelic relationship
W1263/ Daqiuqi W1263/Daqiuqi// Wanhuaai
P = 0.05, c2 = 3.84.
132, 130, and 130 d; are 90, 83, and 93 cm tall; and yield 5.9, 7.0, and 6.6 t/ha in Guangzhou. Since 1989, they have been planted at 22 sites experiencing serious GM outbreaks in Guangzhou, Guangxi, Fujian, Jiangxi, and Hunan Provinces. Kangwen 2 and Duokang 1 were resistant or highly resistant to GM at all 22 sites, which represent different ecosystems with
different GM biotypes. Kangwen 1 was resistant in regions where only GM biotypes I and II occurred. Resistance was evaluated with Chinese GM biotypes I and IV using the IRRI screening method in the greenhouse and field. Seedlings and tillers of varieties were infested with GM adults and kept in nylon cages with three were sown in 40-cm rows 2-3 cm apart in wooden trays (60 45 10 cm) in a greenhouse. Ptb33 served as resistant check and TN1 as susceptible check. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design; each breeding line was replicated five times. Seedlings were thinned to 15 per row at 7 days after sowing and infested with 5-6 2d-instar
replications. Resistance was evaluated as average of silvershoot frequency based on a random sample. Reactions of varieties to GM biotypes differed distinctly (Table 1), but reactions to GM at seedling and tillering stages were similar. All varieties except Muey Nahng 62M and Ptb21 were resistant to Chinese GM biotype I. Only Kangwen 2 and Duokang 1 were resistant to Chinese GM biotype IV. We analyzed the inheritance and allelic relationship of resistance to GM in varieties Wanhuaai 1 and Daqiuqi, and cross W1263/Daqiuqi. Parents and F1, F2, B1F1, and T1 progeny were infested at seedling stage with Chinese GM biotype I. Silvershoots and healthy plants were recorded per hill. Results indicate that Daqiuqi, the resistant parent of Kangwen 2 and Duokang 1, has a single dominant gene for GM resistance (Table 2). This gene is nonallelic to gene Gm-1 of W1263. We think that the resistance gene of Daqiuqi is also not allelic to gene Gm-2 of Leuang 152. Further study is needed.
Resistance to green leafhopper (GLH) in hybrid rice

R. Velusamy, Entomology Department; P. Jayamani, K. Thiygarajan, and M. Rangasamy, School of Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, India
nymphs per seedling. Plant damage was scored on a 0-9 scale when the susceptible check scored 9. Hybrids IR62829 A/IR10198-66-2 R, IR58025 A/IR10198-66-2 R, and IR62829 A/Pusa 150 R and restorer lines IR10198-66-2 R and Pusa 150 R exhibited high levels of resistance to N. virescens (see table). counting total leaves and damaged leaves in randomly selected plants at 25 d after planting. Mean infestation percentage was calculated and damage scored as 0-10% infestation = resistant (R), 11-20% = moderately resistant (MR), 21-50% moderately susceptible (MS), and 51-100% = susceptible (S). Accessions BPT6038, BPT688 1, BPT7325, KAU42-40-4-1, MTU11351, RP2333-59-25, RP2543-12874-286-1, and RP1746-12360-340 were resistant. Nine accessions were moderately resistant (see table).
We evaluated three hybrids and their parents for resistance to GLH Nephotettix virescens (Distant). Seeds of test lines
Reaction of hybrids and their parents to GLH.
Screening rice accessions for resistance to thrips

R. Rajendran. M. M. Zainudeen, N. Raju, and K. Chozhan, Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute (TRRI), Aduthurai, lndia
Designation lR62829 A/IR1019866-2 R lR58025 A/IR10198-66-2 R lR62829 A/Pusa 150 R lR62829 A lR58025 A lR10198-66-2 R Pusa 150 R Ptb33 TN1
Damage rating a 1 c 1 c 1 c 3 b 9a 1 c 1 c 1 c 9a
a Mean of 5 replications. Means followed by a common
letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.
We screened 177 rice accessions from the All India Crop Improvement Project for resistance to thrips Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bagnall) in the field at TRRI during Aug 1991 and 1992. Each test entry was planted in a 4-m-long row at 20- 15-cm spacing. One row of susceptible check TN1 was planted for every 10 rows of test entries, with two replications. Damage was evaluated by
14
Reaction of rice accessions to thrips at TRRI, Aduthurai, India. Aug 1991 and 1992. Accession BPT6038 BPT6881 BPT7325 KAU42-40-4-1 MTU11351 RP2333-59-25 RP2543-12874-286-1 RP1746-12360-340 RP2548-1702-5 CR157-212 VRS100001 OR443-80-7 OR776-SSD-47 RB02-111* R650-1817 RNR52147 RP2333-315-16 BPT6090 BPT6093 BPT6884 TNAU LFR842718 KAU8754 KAU8755 KAU8759 KAU8770 TN1 (check) Cross parents BPT3291/ARC6650 MTU5182/IR50 MTU4870/IR50 MO 6/Pokkali 372 lR19660-73-4/IR1416-131-5 Ratna/ARC10659 Rasi/RP1579-38 RPA5854/RP79-9//Rasi/PTB12 ARC5723/ARC665O/ARC7328 Vijaya/PTB21 CNA 762260 IR36/OR 127-1 Daya/lR36 Samaridhi/lR8608-298 CR157-392/OR 57-21 IR8/Siam 29//IR8/PTB21 Ratna/ARC10659 BPT2685/ARC5984 BPT2685/ARC5984 MTU5182/IR50 Bhavani/ARC10550 IR36/Jyothi IR36/Pavizham IR36/Annapoorna BR51/23332 DGNG/Tsai-Yuan/Chan Infestation (%) 1991 4.2 5.8 6.9 5.3 7.6 9.3 9.8 9.9 10.2 10.5 11.1 12.0 12.1 13.0 15.3 15.8 16.3 23.70 28.30 28.5 28.6 29.0 31.0 33.7 38.9 89.9 1992 5.0 7.0 9.0 7.0 8.2 9.0 9.0 10.0 10.5 10.7 15.0 12.0 17.0 17.0 16.0 19.0 15.0 25.0 27.0 29.0 25.0 27.0 32.2 34.5 37.0 90.0 Reaction a R R R R R R R R MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS S
IRRN REMINDER Reprint service. All items include in the Rice literature update are available at the IRRI Library and Documentation Service. Photocopies of original documents (not to exceed 50 pages) are supplied free to rice scientists of developing countries. Rice scientist elsewhere are charged US$0.20 for each page or part of a page copied, plus postage. Payment should be in check or money order, payable to Library and Document Service, IRRI. Address request to Library and Documentation Service, IRRI, P.O. Box 933, Manila 1099, Philippines. Fax: (63-2) 818-2087, electronic mail: IN%"postmaster@IRRI.CGNET.COM"
a R = resistant (0-10% infestation), MR = moderately resistant (11.20%). MS = moderately susceptible (21-50%), and S = susceptible (51-100%).
Integrated germplasm improvement irrigated

Evaluation of rice varieties for lowland cultivation in Papua New Guinea
M. S. Sajjad, Agriculture and Livestock Department, Food Management Branch, Erap Research and Development Centre, P.O. Box 1984, Lae, Papua New Guinea
We evaluated introduced varieties BR125-5-1-1, IR19728-2-2-2-2, IR13429-1961-20, IR46, IR54, IR4744-295-2-3, and local varieties Wantok, Tambu, and Senis under lowland field condition at Bubia during 1991.
Performance of rice varieties under lowland field condition.a Bubia, Papua New Guinea, 1991. Yield (t/ha) Plant height (cm) Wantok Tambu Senis lR19728-2-2-2-2 lR13429-196-1-20 IR46 IR54 lR4744-295-2-3 BR12-55-1-1 8.9 8.8 6.1 4.9 8.9 7.9 8.3 9.3 8.4 a a 109.1 102.2 91.7 83.2 103.3 108.6 105.0 104.4 102.7 a b productive panicle tillers/ length hill (no.) a a (cm) a a a a a a a a Grains/ panicle (no.) Panicle fertility (%) 1,000grain wt (g)
Variety
We transplanted 20-d-old seedlings at 2 seedlings/hill, at a plant-to-row distance of 20 cm. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Fertilizer was applied at 120-60-60 kg NPK/ha. All P and K and 50% N were applied basally. The remaining N was topdressed in two equal splits 20 and 40 d after transplanting. Normal cultural practices were followed during the growing period of crop. Data on yield were recorded after harvesting a 15-m2 area/variety per rep1ication. Data on yield components were recorded for 20 plants that had no missing hills around them/variety per replication. Varieties Wantok, Tambu, IR13429196-1-20, IR46, IR54, IR4744-295-2-3, and BR12-5-5-1-1 yielded more than the others (see table). These varieties also had superior yield components, including grains per panicle, percent panicle fertility, and l,000-grain weight.
b c
a a a a a
17.0 18.0 c 14.1 d 12.1 b 17.4 a 17.4 a 16.1 a 21.8 b 20.0
26.8 27.6 b 25.5 b 25.2 a 27.9 a 23.6 a 25.0 a 26.4 a 24.0
b 177.3 a 90.0 a 26.6 a 159.0 a 91.0 a 25.2 b 119.5 d 89.0 a 26.6 a 109.3 d 85.0 b 20.0 c 148.5 b 89.5 a 21.1 c 126.3 c 90.2 a 21.3 c 118.6 d 91.0 a 25.3 b 112.0 d 88.2 a 25.1 b 135.1 c 87.5 a 20.0 c
aln a column, figures followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.
15
Two newly developed glutinous rice varieties for Assam, India

T. Ahmed, G. R. Das, and A. K. Pathak, Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Assam Agricultural University, Titabar 785630, India
Table 2. Grain yield of Kmj 3-292 and Kmj 3-296-3 in various locations, Assam, India.
Location RARS, Titabar RARS, Titabar RARS, Titabar Chiplima Cuttack Karimganj Raipur
All India Rice Improvement Project
Year Kmj 3-292 1985 1988 1989 1991 1991 1991 1991 1989 4.0 5.4 3.8 4.6 5.7 3.0 2.2 3.3
Yield (t/ha) Kmj 3-296-3 Local glutinous
3.5 3.4 3.4

6.0 5.1 3.6 2.9 3.6
2.6 2.8 2.6

2.5
We developed high-yielding glutinous rice varieties Kmj 3-292 (Bhogali) and Kmj 3-296-3 (Rongili) from a cross between Ghew Bora, a traditional tall, glutinous rice, and Kmj 1-52-2, a locally developed semidwarf nonglutinous rice. Kmj 3-292 and Kmj 3-296-3 have been recommended for planting in sali (winter) season in Assam under flood-free, medium to shallow water condition. Glutinous rices grown in Assam are generally tall, traditional, photoperiodsensitive varieties with very low yield. Farmers accepted Kmj 3-292 and Kmj 3-296-3 because of their high yield and grain quality. (See Table 1 for important characteristics of these varieties.) Kmj 3-292 is a semidwarf with an average height of about 100 cm. Kmj 3-296-3 is a tall (150 cm), stiff-strawed variety. Both were tested at different locations during sali season (Table 2). Average duration to 50% flowering was 129 d for Kmj 3-292 and 133 d for Kmj 3-296-3. Although mid-Jul is the best time for transplanting, these varieties can be planted until Aug (using 60-d-old seedlings) with little effect on normal yield. Stickiness and acceptable taste are the important characters of glutinous rice in Assam. These high-yielding varieties are compatible with local glutinous rice varieties for stickiness, taste, and cooking time.
Table 1. Important characteristics of Kmj 3-292 and Kmj 3-296-3. Assam, India.
Farms (av of 5 locations)
Yield performance of rice hybrids in Cuu Long Delta, Vietnam

Nguyen Anh Tuan, Bui Ba Bong, and Nguyen Van Luat, Cuu Long Delta Rice Research Institute (CLRRI), Omon, Cantho, Vietnam
We evaluated 20 IRRI rice hybrids developed from cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines IR58025 A and IR62829 A at three irrigated locations in Cuu Long Delta. Uniform trials using a randomized block design with three replications were conducted in 1993 dry season. Single seedlings were transplanted at 20- 20cm spacing in 8-m 2 plots. Fertilizer rate was 100-40-30 kg NPK/ha. High-yielding
variety OM90-9 was used as a check. Yields of hybrids ranged from 1.7 to 6.6 t/ha (Table 1). Low yields of some hybrids were due to high spikelet sterility and hopperburn, caused by brown planthopper. Hybrid IR62829 A/ IR47310-94-4-3-1 R was ranked first at two locations and first on average among hybrids studied. It matured in 105 d, 1 wk earlier than the check (Table 2). Although none of the hybrids showed significant yield advantage over the check, a few promising hybrids, including IR62829 A/IR47310-94-4-3-1 R, IR58025 A/IR54742-22-19-3 R, and IR58025 A/IR32358-90-3-3 R, will be evaluated further.
Table 1. Yield (t/ha) of rice hybrids at 3 locations in Cuu Long Delta, 1993 DS.
Hybrid lR62829 A/lR47310-94-4-3-1 R OM909 (check) lR58025 A/lR54742-22-19-3 R lR58025 A/lR32358-90-3-3 R lR62829 A/lR29723-143-3-2-1 R lR62829 A/lR54742-22-19-3 R lR58025 A/lR35366-28-3-1-32-2-2 R lR58025 A/IR21567-18-3 R lR58025 A/34686-179-12-1 R lR58025 A/IR19058-107-1 R lR58025 A/IR72 R lR62829 A/lR32809-26-3-3 R lR62829 A/lR44675-101-33-2-2 R lR58025 A/lR32809-26-3-3 R lR62829 A/lR40750-82-2-3 R lR62829 A/lR28238109-1-3-2-2 R lR58025 A/lR52256-5-2-2-1 R lR58025 A/lR35454-18-1-2-2-2 R lR58025 A/40750-82-2-2-3 R lR62829 A/IR37839-101-1-1-1 R lR58025 A/lR29723-143-3-2-1 R LSD (0.05)
Location Omon 5.8 5.3 4.9 4.8 5.7 4.5 4.1 4.7 3.9 3.8 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.4 2.8 2.1 1.4 1.3 1.5 0.4 1.0 Tanhiep 7.3 6.5 5.3 5.7 5.0 5.0 5.5 4.5 4.5 4.9 5.3 4.7 4.0 5.3 5.1 4.9 3.6 3.3 3.4 1.8 1.8 0.7 Binhduc 6.8 7.4 7.5 6.7 5.8 6.5 6.2 6.4 6.5 5.4 4.9 4.7 5.0 3.2 2.9 2.7 3.8 4.3 3.8 3.5 2.9 0.9
Av 6.6 6.4 5.9 5.8 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.0 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.1 3.9 3.8 3.5 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.3 1.7
Character
Kmj 3-292 Kmj 3-296-3 27.5 8.4 3.1 6.1 2.62 24.8 Straw White Glutinous Opaque
Panicle length (cm) 24.2 Grain length (mm) 9.7 L:B of grain 4.3 Kernel length (mm) 6.8 L:B of kernel 3.50 1,000-grain wt (g) 25.0 Pigmented Husk color White Kernel color Glutinous Endosperm type Abdominal white Opaque
16
Table 2. Agronomic characters of promising rice hybrids. CLRRI, Omon, Vietnam, 1993 DS.
Hybrid lR62829 A/lR47310-94-4-3-1 R lR58025 A/lR54742-22-19-3 R lR58025 A/lR532358-90-3-3 R OM90-9 (check)
Growth duration (d) 105 105 109 112
Plant height (cm) 98 101 107 106
Panicles/ plant (no.) 15.3 11.9 10.6 12.1
Grains/ panicle (no.) 74 74 91 68
Spikelet Sterility (%) 31 36 29 26
1,000grain wt (g) 26 26 26 25
Xiang-Zao Xian No. 15: a high-quality variety in Hunan, China

Yu Yinghong, Liu Jingmin, and Huang Jinxia, Hunan Rice Research Institute, Hunan 410125, China
Kamini: a quality rice released in Bihar, India

R. Thakur, Plant Breeding Department, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur 848125, India; and M. A. Hassan, A. K. Roy, and N. C. Ghose, BAC, Sabour, Bhagalpur, India
In areas of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal, high-quality scented rice varieties are cultivated for use in specialty foods. Their price is at least 2-3 times more than that of ordinary varieties. There are many tall, photoperiodsensitive, high-quality scented varieties grown around the region. They have short, fine grains and excellent cooking quality. Popular variety Sugandha, released in the 1980s, has become highly susceptible to blast (B1) and bacterial blight (BB). To identify high-yielding varieties to replace
Sugandha, all available land races were collected, purified, and tested in varietal trials. One of these is Katarni, which is grown intensively in the Bhagalpur division of Bihar. SBR 80-643-14-1-1, one of the six ecotypes of Katarni, yielded more than checks and was released as Kamini. During 5 yr of yield trials, Kamini averaged 2.9 t/ha, compared with 2.5 t/ha for check Sugandha (see table). Growers highly preferred Kamini to other varieties. Kamini is tall, photoperiod-sensitive, and tolerant of brown spot, B1, and BB. It has excellent aroma and cooking quality, especially for palao, a specialty rice food. It is a late aman (Jun/Jul-Dec) season variety suitable for rainfed lowland conditions of Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh.
Performance of SBR80-643-14-1-1 in uniform variety trials, Bihar, India, 1985-89. Year 1985 Entry SBR80-643-14-1-1 BR9 Sugandha LSD CV (%) SBR80-643-14-1-1 BR9 Sugandha LSD CV (%) SBR80-643-14-1-1 BR9 Sugandha LSD CV (%) SBR80-643-14-1-1 BR9 Sugandha LSD CV (%) SBR80-643-14-1-1 BR9 Sugandha LSD CV (%) Yield (t/ha) Sabour 2.4 1.3 1.5 450 15.8 2.0 1.3 1.1 323 13.9 2.9
-
Semidwarf 86-70 (selected from IR1927426-2-3-1-2) is a long-grained, high-quality, high-yielding variety with multiple pest resistances and wide adaptability. 86-70 was released as Xiang-Zao Xian No. 15 in Hunan Province in March 1993. The variety has an average growth duration of about 118 d. Xiang-Zao Xian No. 15 performed well in 1990-91 regional trials in early rice areas. Average grain yield was 6.4 t/ha. Xiang-Zao Xian No. 15 has grain length of 7.5 mm, 3.8 L-W ratio, 1.8% average chalkiness score, high translucency, 69 mm gel consistency, alkali spreading value of 7, 19.6% average amylose content, and 9.3% protein content. Cooked grain is soft and tastes good. Hunan soft rice is the trade name of Xiang-Zao Xian No. 15. This variety won the Golden Prize at the First Agricultural Product Exhibition of China in Oct 1992. Xiang-Zao Xian No. 15 was grown on 30,000-40,000 ha in Hunan Province in 1992 and is spreading quickly in Hubei, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, and Fujian provinces.
Tiloundha 2.6 2.4 402 11.7

-
Patna 3.0 2.0 3.4 706 25.6 3.3 3.3 2.8 350 14.5 3.4
-
Pusa 2.1 1.5 2.0 591 16.1 2.6 1.9 2.5
Av 2.6 1.9 2.2
1986
2.6 2.1 2.1
Performance of IRRI rice hybrids at Rice Research Institute (RRI), Kala Shah Kaku, Lahore, Pakistan
S. S. Ali, S. J. H. Jafri, and M. Anwar Butt, RRI, Kala Shah Kaku, Lahore, Pakistan
1987
2.6 412 9.4 2.8 1.9 2.6 470 11.6 2.7 1.9 2.2 354 10.2
3.1 2.5
2.5 460 12.6 4.2 2.6 4.0 380 15.6 2.4 2.3 218 12.1
-
1988
3.5 2.2 3.3
1989
2.7 1.9 2.2
Twenty-one hybrids using CMS lines IR58025 A and IR62829 A were evaluated at RRI with local checks KS282 and IR6. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications conducted during 1992 kharif (monsoon) season. We transplanted 35-d-old seedlings on 15 Jul 92. Net plot size was 2 6.25 m2 with a plant-to-plant distance of 23 cm. Fertilizer was applied at 100-50-0 kg NPK/ha. Recommended plant protection measures were adopted. We randomly selected 15
17
Performance of IRRI rice hybrids at RRI, Kala Shah Kaku, Lahore, Pakistan. 1992 kharif.
Hybrid and check
Maturity duration (d) 96 97 103 98 103 111 96 98 108 96 111 108 104 108 103 104 103 119 105 98 93 103
Panicles/m2 (no.)
Plant Panicle height length (cm) (cm) 99 81 84 84 78 93 77 84 103 101 108 99 101 103 102 95 93 94 106 96 101 99 400 28.5 26.4 23.7 26.0 25.4 27.3 24.4 26.2 27.6 29.0 29.3 25.6 27.8 25.6 29.0 27.5 30.3 23.9 24.3 28.1 27.6 25.2 102
Spikelets/ panicle (no.) 156 158 138 189 160 233 149 155 160 185 161 129 170 115 203 199 234 152 144 155 148 145 27.4
100-seed Spikelet Sterile weight sterility plants (g) (%) (%) 2.04 1.96 2.02 1.92 1.87 1.88 2.03 2.09 2.56 2.38 1.92 2.74 1.89 2.03 2.17 2.33 2.38 2.12 2.30 2.04 2.34 2.76 161 16.0 27.6 30.2 25.3 38.7 31.3 24.1 32.3 21.0 23.4 21.1 37.6 39.6 28.6 33.0 31.1 33.4 23.5 26.5 18.9 31.4 20.1 2.75 3.10 3.35 3.33 7.23 6.37 4.13 4.17 5.31 2.00 3.11 0.00 5.33 8.15 0.00 6.55 5.98 7.10 2.30 2.71 4.11 3.13 0.00 12.6 1.1 7.4
Yield (t/ha)
Heterosisa for yield over KS282 IR6 (%) (%)
lR62829 A/IR10198-66-2R lR62829A/lR15324-13-3-3-2R lR62829A/lR28238-109-1-3-2-2R lR62829A/lR29723-143-3-2-1R lR62829A/lR35366-62-1-2-2-3R lR62829A/lR40750-82-2-2-3R lR62829 A/IR9761-19-1R lR62829 A/Pusa 150-9-3-1R lR58025 A/IR10198-66-2R lR58025A/lR15324-13-3-3-2R lR58025A/lR20933-68-21-1-2-1 R lR58025A/IR21567-18-3 R lR62829A/lR28238-109-1-3-2-2R lR58025A/lR29723-143-3-2-1R lR58025A/lR32419-28-3-1-3R lR58025A/lR35366-62-1-2-2-3R lR58025A/lR39323-182-2-3-3R lR58025A/lR40750-82-2-2-3R lR58025A/IR66R lR58025A/IR9761-19-1R lR58025A/Pusa150-9-3-1R KS282 IR6 LSD (0.05) CV (%)
a
362 304 240 326 333 346 310 256 230 208 234 243 246 234 211 202 195 274 272 202 240 333 104
2.1 3.7 1.9 9.5 2.0 2.3 2.5 18.9 1.8 14.0 3.1 47.9 2.4 14.8 2.0 2.1 3.3 61.0 2.2 5.3* 2.1 3.9 2.1 2.2 2.7 32.4 2.8 36.1 1.8 11.8 1.7 16.8 2.6 24.3 3.6 74.8 2.3 13.1 2.2 4.0* 3.0 47.1 2.1 0.00 2.4
9.2 20.8 14.4 4.1 24.7 29.5 0.6 14.3 41.0** 7.8 9.0 10.5 16.0 19.2 22.8 27.1 8.9 53.0** 1.0 8.9 28.8
* = better than low-yielding check KS282. ** = better than high-yielding check IR6.
plants/genotype per replication to measure plant height, panicle length, and spikelets/panicle. We used 100 seeds from the different randomly selected plants in each replication to measure 100-seed weight. Panicles/m2 per replication were counted. To determine maturity, duration days were counted from the date of transplanting to the stage of physiological maturity when about 90% of the grains were mature. Percent sterile plants per plot were counted and yield at 14% moisture level was recorded in t/ha. Panicles/m2 ranged from 195 to 400, plant height from 77 to 103 cm, and panicle length from 23.7 to 30.3 cm. Spikelets/panicle ranged from 115 to 234 and 1 00-seed weight from 1.87 to
2.76 g. Maximum spikelet sterility was observed in IR62829 A/IR35366-62-12-2-3R. Only hybrids IR58025 A/ IR40750-82-2-2-3R and lR58025 A/ IR10198-66-2R significantly outperformed all other hybrids and checks. The IR58025 A combinations, however, significantly outperformed IR62829 A hybrids and checks for most traits. Of the 21 IRRI hybrids, eight performed significantly better than high-yielding check IR6 and three performed significantly better than KS282 (see table). IR6 had more panicles/m2 and heavier 100-seed weight than other hybrid combinations. IR58025 A/Pusa150-9-3-1R matured in 93 d, IR62829 A/IR40750-82-2-2-3R in 111 d, and IR58025A/IR40750-82-2-2-
3R in 119 d. These hybrid combinations showed 47.1,47.9, and 74.8% more standard heterosis over KS282, and 28.8,29.5, and 53.1% over IR6, respectively. Cross IR62829 A/ IR40750-2-2-3R showed 3.8, 8.4, and 61.2% more standard heterosis over KS282 for panicles/m2, panicle length, and spikelets/panicle, respectively. Severe attacks of leaffolder and whitebacked planthopper, partial spikelet sterility (50-75% fertile spikelets for most genotypes), incomplete panicle exsertion, late transplanting of seedlings, and water stress at flowering caused low yields of hybrids and checks.
18
Integrated germplasm improvement-rainfed lowland

IR-Kesar: a brown planthopper (BPH)-resistant variety for Cambodia
R. C. Chaudhary, IRRI; M. Sarom, O. Makara, and P. K. Hel, Ministry of Agriculture, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Early rice varieties with duration of less than 120 d are grown during wet season (WS) as normal and August-seeded crops. They are grown during dry season (DS) as water-receding crops, which are seeded from Oct to Jan with no or partial irrigation, and as normal DS crops under full irrigation during Jan-Mar. Most of the varieties planted are photoperiod-insensitive modern ones, the most popular of which are IR36, IR42, and IR50. During the past 3 yr, IR66,
IR72, and Kru have been spreading quickly. Weakly photoperiod-sensitive traditional varieties are also grown. BPH is a serious pest during DS and occasionally during WS. Varietal resistances of IR36, IR42, and IR66 are no longer effective against BPH. Kru and IR72 are only the moderately resistant varieties available, thus the need for additional resistant varieties was realized. Breeding line IR48525-100-1-2 was introduced to Cambodia from IRRI in 1989. The line is a cross of advanced breeding lines IR24632-34-2 and IR31868-64-2-3-3-3. The superior performance of IR48525-100-1-2 was observed in various trials in both DS and WS since 1990 (Table 1). IR48525-1001-2 yielded as much as IR50, IR66, IR72,
and Kru. Under serious BPH infestation, however, IR48525-100-1-2 outperformed other varieties (Table 2). It also has some resistance to leaffolder, gall midge, and stem borer. IR48525-100-1-2 was named IR-Kesar and recommended for testing at more than 190 locations in Cambodia during 1993.
Table 2. Performance of IR-Kesar (lR485251001-2) in advanced yield trial at Prey Phdau (Kampong Speu Province) Research Station under severe BPH infestation. 1991 DS.
Entry lR48525-100-1-2 lR48563-123-5-5-2 lR48613-21-3-2-2 lR50363-8-1-1-3 lR50363-61-1-2-2 lR51008-89-2-1-2 lR51009-58-1-1-2 lR52280-64-3-3-3 lR52256-203-2-2-3 Kru (check) Mean
Yield (t/ha) 4.0 1.7 2.9 2.4 1.9 2.6 1.8 1.7 1.6 3.3 2.4
BPH score a (0-9) 1.5 6.5 2.5 7.0 6.5 3.5 5.5 6.5 6.0 2.2 4.8
Table 1. Performance of IR-Kesar (lR48525-100-1-2) and checks for seedling vigor, duration, height, BPH damage score, phenotypic acceptability (PAcp), and yield in various trials. Cambodia, 1990-92.
PYT, a 1990 DS (2 locations) IR-Kesar Vigor Duration (d) Height (cm) PAcp Yield (t/ha) 116 94 4.5 3.8 IR50 105 76 5.5 3.2 IR-Kesar 4.0 118 93 4.5 5.3
PYT, early b 1990 (2 locations) IR66 6.0 110 89 4.5 4.4 AYT, early 1991 (14 locations) IR-Kesar 3.0 115 87 2.5 4.20 Kru 3.6 113 84 2.5 4.46 IR72 7.0 118 81 4.0 4.2
a Scored using the Standard evaluation system for rice.
AYT,c 1991 DS (10 locations) IR-Kesar Vigor Duration (d) Height (cm) PAcp BPH d Yield (t/ha) 2.8 116 86 1.5 4.74 Kru 3.0 113 80 2.2 4.68
Lioto, a short-duration rice variety suitable for northern Zaire

B. Mateso, K. M. Kasongo, K. Mbuya, N. Anzolo, and E. Mbuluku, Centre de Recherches Agronomiques de Ilnstitut National pour IEtude et la Recherche Agronomiques, B.P. 2015, Yangambi via Kisangani, Zaire
AYT, 1992 DS (9 locations) IR-Kesar Vigor Duration (d) Height (cm) PAcp BPH d Yield (t/ha)
system for rice.
AYT, early 1992 (17 locations) IR-Kesar 3.7 122 79 3.3 2.8 Kru 3.7 114 78 3.6 2.7
Kru 2.8 108 83 4.3 1.5 4.32
1.8 114 88 3.0 0.3 4.37
a PYT = preliminary yield trial. b Early season = Jan-Mar. c AYT = advanced yield trial. c Scored using the Standard evaluation
Farmers tend to grow maize, peanut, and cotton rather than rice during the first cropping season (Apr-Aug) in Bambesa Zone of northern Zaire to avoid severe damage to the rice crop by birds and big rodents (Thryonomys swinderianus ) called simbiliki. Rice is grown with fewer problems during the second season (SepDec) when rain is often inadequate. Varieties such as IRAT112 have a short growth duration and are appropriate for late planting during the second season. IRAT112 (RY150) has been cultivated in Bambesa Zone since 1985 because of its short growth duration (110 d) and
19
Table 1. Plant characterlstics of 4 selected breeding lines at Bambosa, Zaire, 1989-91. Characteristic R66 Life cycle (d) Plant height (cm) Lodging (score)a Grain length (mm) Grain width (mm) Grain thickness (mm) L-W ratio W-T ratio 1,000-grain weight (g) Translucency (%) Disease reactiona Leaf blast Leaf scald Grain yield (t/ha)
a
Line/variety PR36-1-31 PR36-1-7-2 PR36-1-2-2 PR36-1-1-2 116 110 1 9.89 3.24 2.40 3.05 1.35 37.2 73.6 MR R 3.2 116 92 1 9.51 3.07 2.28 3.09 1.35 30.0 77.8 MR R 3.0 116 107 1 9.77 3.12 2.35 3.13 1.32 32.0 75.0 MR R 2.8 IRAT112 (check) 115 80 1 9.55 2.88 2.83 3.32 1.02 31.90 72.4 MR R 2.9
124 145 3 9.20 2.98 2.15 3.08 1.30 31.8 81.7 MS MR 2.7
115 104 1 9.51 3.07 2.28 3.09 1.35 30.0 79.5 MR R 2.8
Integrated germplasm improvement upland

Brazilian Upland Rice Breeding Network: varietal release, time span, and yield increase
E. P. Guirnaraes, Rice Program, Centro lnternacional de Agricultura Tropical, Apartado Aereo 6713, Cali, Colombia
Scored using the Standard evaluation system for rice,
Table 2. Performance of 4 selected breeding lines at 3 locations. Zaire, 1989-91.
Grain yield a (t/ha) and increase over check IRAT112 (%) Location IRAT112 (check) t/ha Yangambi Bambosa Kiyaka AV
a
PR36-1-3-1 t/ha 2.8 3.2 2.9 2.9 % 3 11 11 8
PR36-1-7-2 t/ha 2.7 3.0 2.1 2.6 % 0 4 10 5
PR36-1-2-2 t/ha 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.7 % 8 1 10 1
PR36-1-1-2 t/ha 2.4 2.8 2.9 2.7 % 13 1 11 1
2.8 2.9 2.6 2.7
Yield is av of 3 yr.
good grain quality. It resists blast and leaf scald and yields an average of 2.8 t/ha. The short stature (80 cm) of IRAT112, however, makes the common practice of hand harvesting difficult for tall farmers, who must stoop to harvest panicles. The result is that they tire quickly. They prefer a medium-height (100-140 cm) variety that is tolerant of lodging. Local cultivar R66 was crossed with IRAT112 at Yangambi Research Station with the aim of creating a mediumheight, lodging-tolerant, short-duration variety with good grain characteristics. Four breeding lines were selected from R66/IRAT112 and compared with IRATl12 at three sites (Yangambi, Bambesa, Kiyaka) from 1989 to 1991 (Table 1). The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with four replications. Plots were 3 5 m, in
which 4-5 grains/hill were sown at 25- 20-cm spacing. At the Bambesa site, yield potential, life cycle, lodging tolerance, and reaction to leaf blast and leaf scald were similar for the breeding lines and IRAT112 (Table 1). Grain quality characteristics of the breeding lines, except for 1,000-grain weight, were also comparable with those of IRAT112. PR36-1-3-1 had an advantage over all other materials tested for 1,000-grain weight. Plant height, however, varied among lines, with PR36-1-3-1 averaging 110 cm. Performance of PR36-1-3-1 was good and yields stable across three locations (Table 2). PR36-1-3-1 was released as Lioto to replace IRAT112. Increased plant height and tolerance for lodging are its major advantages over IRAT112.
The state rice research institutions of Brazil formed the Upland Rice Breeding Network in 1982 to develop suitable upland rice varieties for the country's different regions. The National Rice and Beans Research Center (CNPAF) coordinates the network. Twelve upland varieties released between 1985 and 1989 were analyzed for time between crossing and varietal release, time required for yield trials, and average increase in grain yield of new materials compared with previously released varieties. Our primary information sources were publications containing data from varietal release trials prepared by state research institutions and CNPAF. Time between crossing and varietal release averaged 8.8 yr (Table 1). The first variety released, Cuiabana, required
Table 1. Varieties released to the Brazilian Cerrados Region by the Upland Rice Breeding Network, 1985-89. a
Variety Araguaia BR-4 Cabau C. America Cuiabana Dourado EMCAPA 01 Guapore Guarani Rio Paranaiba Tangars Xingu Mean
YC 1978 1976 1979 1978 1978 1978 1976 1980 1978 1978 1981 1980
YR
TD
YT 1983 1981 1985 1983 1983 1986 1981 1985 1983 1984 1985 1986
TY 4 4 3 4 2 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 3.4
1987 9 1985 9 1988 9 1987 9 1985 7 1989 11 1985 9 1988 8 1987 9 1987 9 1989 8 1989 9 8.8
a YC =year of crossing, YR = year of release, TD = number of years from crossing to release, YT = year of trial, TY = number of years under yield trials.
20
Table 2. Average yields of varieties released to the Brazilian Cerrados Region by the Upland Rice Breeding Network compared across states and with checks. Variety Araguaia BR-4 Cabau C. Amrica Cuiabana Dourado EMCAPA 01 Guapor Guarani State Goias Piaui Amap Roraima Goias M. Grosso M. Grosso M. Gerais E. Santo Rondonia M. Grosso M. Grosso SuI Goias M. Gerais M. Gross SuI Goias M. Gerais M. Grosso Para Yield (t/ha) 2.9 3.2 1.6 1.9 2.7 2.3 1.7 3.0 3.3 3.3 2.6 2.2 3.2 2.5 2.6 3.2 2.5 2.3 2.5 (45) a (6) (3) (4) (36) (12) (6) (17) (6) (8) (12) (7) (38) (11) (7) (38) (11) (21) (9) Yield of checkb (t/ha) 2.4 2.2 1.5 1.7 2.2 2.2 1.4 2.4 2.9 1.5 2.2 2.1 2.7 1.9 2.4 2.7 1.9 2.1 2.1 [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [3] [1] [2] [1] [1] [3] [3] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [3] [1] Yield increase (%) 19 43 3 17 21 6 18 25 14 16 17 6 16 31 5 16 31 12 18 17.3
Rio Paranaiba Tangara Xingu Mean
a Numbers in parentheses are number of yield trials. b Numbers in brackets represent check: 1 = IAC47, 2 = IAC25, 3 = IAC165.
only 7 yr. This reasonable amount of time was possible because the breeding program uses an off-season site.
Time required for yield trials averaged 3.4 yr, which was 38.6% of total time from crossing to release (Table 1).
Average years required provides a minimum for the safe interpretation of results before release. Yield trials in the Cerrados can be conducted only during the normal growing season and must be replicated over time to better assess the genotype environment interaction. We estimated regional yield increases from the network-released varieties by comparing grain yields of new varieties with those of checks in each trial. Percent yield increase was then added and divided by number of varieties, resulting in a 17.3% yield increase (Table 2). Overall mean (average yield of varieties and checks) showed a 20.9% increase. The average was 19.1% when number of trials was considered. The network provided farmers with several new varieties from 1982 to 1989. Grain yield increased significantly as a result. Total upland rice production would increase by about 1 million t if all farmers used the new varieties on the 3.6 million ha planted to upland rice in Brazil, where current average yield is 1.3 t/ha.
Elite upland rice lines in Japan

H. Nemoto, M. Hirayama, K. Okamoto, and M. Miyamoto, Plant Biotechnology Institute, lbaraki Agricultural Center (IAC), Kamikunii, Mito, lbaraki 305, Japan
Characteristics of Kanto-mochi 168 and Kanto-mochi 172, IAC, Japan. Line/variety Kanto-mochi 168 Kanto-mochi 172 Tsukubahatamochi Days to heading 125 126 124 Length (cm) Culm 71 76 79 Panicle 20.1 20.5 20.8 Blast resistance a Leaf 1 0 0 Panicle 0 0 0 Yield (t/ha) 4.2 4.5 4.0
The importance of upland rice is decreasing in Japan. The largest upland rice area grown was 184,000 ha in 1960. Upland rice is now cultivated in rotation with vegetables on about 13,700 ha (0.7% of total cultivated rice area in Japan). Systematic upland rice breeding in Japan was started in 1929. Since then, about 50 varieties have been bred and released to farmers. Most of the breeding materials came from Japanese traditional upland rice sources, a limited genetic pool. We started screening for drought tolerance in indica and tropical japonica varieties in 1978 to increase genetic
a Blast resistance scored using scale where 0 = resistant and 9 = susceptible.
variation. We found some droughttolerant traditional indica, African, and Chinese varieties and crossed them with Japanese upland varieties. Kanto-mochi 168 was bred in 1991 and Kanto-mochi 172 in 1992. (See table for important characteristics of these lines.) Kanto is the area code of our breeding team and mochi means glutinous in Japanese. Kanto-mochi 168 was selected from the cross of JC81 (a traditional indica variety introduced from IRRI) and Norin-mochi 4 (a Japanese upland variety) that was backcrossed twice.
Kanto-mochi 168 is more tolerant of water stress than Japanese varieties and has outstanding cooking quality. Kanto-mochi 172 was bred from the cross of African upland rice variety IRAT109 and Japanese upland variety Tsukubahatamochi. The cooking quality of this line is not as good as that of other varieties, but its yield ability is excellent. We are evaluating these lines in local adaptability tests. They will be useful genetic donors in future upland rice breeding.
21
Integrated germplasm improvement tidal wetlands

Yield performance of some rice lines in acid sulfate soils of Indonesia
H. Rosmini, Banjarbaru Research Institute for Food Crops, P. O. Box 31, Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
Table 1. Some chemical characteristics of acid sulfate soils at Terantang and Unit Tatas, Indonesia.
IRRN REMINDER Routine research. Reports of screening trials of varieties, fertilizer, cropping methods, and other routine observations using standard methodologies to establish local recommendations are not accepted. Examples are single-season, single-trial field experiments. All field trials should be repeated accross more than one season, in multiple seasons, or in more than one location as appropriate. All experiments should include replications and an internationally known check or control treatment.
Characteristic
Soil (0-20 crn) Terantang Unit Tatas 4.0 0.2 2.9 1.7 0.6 1.2 13.3 6.4 0.3 0.6 69.3 30 4.0 0.4 2.8 1.7 0.2 0.1 14.2 6.2 0.2 1.0 62.0 37
We compared 17 IRRI rice lines, 5 Indonesian lines, and checks Kapuas and IR36 in yield trials during the 1991-92 wet season (WS) in acid sulfate soils at Terantang and Unit Tatas (Table 1). Two seedlings/hill were transplanted at 25- 25-cm spacing in 4- 5-m2 plots with three replications. Plots were fertilized with 90-60-50 kg NPK/ha. IR13426-19-2, IR21820-154-3-2-2-3, IR24637-38-2-2, and IR31432-7-2 significantly outyielded IR36 in Terantang (Table 2). Yields in Unit Tatas were lower than those in Terantang
pH Total N (%) Organic C (%) Available P (ppm) Exchangeable K (meq/100 g) SO4 -2 (%) AI+3 (meq/100 g) Fe (meq/100 g) Na (meq/100 g) Particle size (%) Sand Silt Clay
because of the higher acidity stress, but 11 lines, including local check Kapuas, outyielded IR36. IR24637-38-2-2 and IR21820-154-3-2-2-3 performed well at
both sites and appear suitable for growing in tidal swamp areas with acid sulfate soils. We have selected them for advanced trials.
Table 2. Grain yield, maturity, filled grains/panicle, unfilled grains/panicle, panicles/hill, and plant height of some rice lines. Terantang [T] and Unit Tatas [U], Indonesia, 1991-92 WS.
Line/check T lR21820-154-3-2-2-3 lR24637-38-2-2 lR13426-19-2 lR31432-7-2 Kapuas (check) BW267-3 lR6023-10-1-1 lR15865-430-3-1 lR33353-64-1-2-1 CR261-7039-236 B5344-Sm-61-2-1 IR51500-AC9-7 B5332-3d-Mr-84-3-1 IR9884-54-3-El-P1 lR2071-105-9-1 lR31429-14-2-3 lR21567-16-3 lR21567-9-2-2-3-1-3 B6996d-Mr-5-3 IR11288-B-B-69-1 IR36 B6992d-99-KA-2 lR21836-90-3 B6992d-Mr-84-3-1 LSD (0.05) CV(%)
Yield (t/ha) U 4.3 3.3 2.8 2.5 4.1 4.1 3.3 3.1 2.5 2.1 2.3 4.1 2.0 3.3 2.3 1.4 2.8 3.5 2.4 4.0 2.0 2.9 2.1 3.2 0.9 18.9 T 116 115 116 119 117 116 118 113 115 117 119 106 121 113 132 118 127 123 118 116 114 117 123 109
Maturity (d) U 124 125 127 125 125 123 126 123 123 123 129 122 126 128 129 123 122 132 125 125 111 125 129 117 2.4 1.2
Filled grains/ panicle (no.) T 109 100 99 96 122 123 129 98 78 134 109 71 93 97 121 79 74 116 69 77 104 116 85 78 35.7 21.9 U 104 98 78 71 112 101 108 78 82 97 84 76 82 66 80 74 82 99 92 68 69 100 58 78 31.3 22.3
Unfilled grains/ panicle (no.) T 25 22 20 19 12 33 32 20 25 24 55 13 21 26 29 23 34 27 23 30 18 29 21 21 13.1 31.8 U 23 26 27 25 25 29 27 25 31 26 42 20 32 32 31 29 22 33 28 23 23 35 45 24 11.6 24.5
Panicles/hill (no.) T 18 16 17 15 15 14 12 18 16 14 13 12 15 17 13 14 15 14 11 16 11 12 13 12 4.2 17.9 U 12 10 12 10 11 11 10 10 10 10 13 13 10 13 11 8 8 12 10 13 11 10 11 15 2.9 16.4
Plant height (cm) T 98 104 91 108 92 112 118 99 102 102 107 100 116 97 108 96 84 96 100 93 68 116 101 92 8.6 5.2 U 86 89 82 86 90 101 107 86 88 86 100 87 101 87 96 87 82 99 87 81 68 89 98 81 9.1 6.2
6.2 6.1 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.2 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.4 3.8 1.1 24.2
5.4 2.8
22
Seed technology
Effect of different doses of gamma rays on germination and survival of upland rice varieties
S. S. Mehetre, P. A. Patil, C. R. Mahajan, and P. M. Dhumal, Botany Section, College of Agriculture, Kolhapur 416004, Maharashtra, India
Effect of different doses of gamma rays on Varieties for their percent germination, survival, and reduction over control and ANOVA of partitioned sum of squares for gamma ray doses, varieties, and dose varieties effect for percentage germination and survival. a
Gamma ray dose kr/variety Dose Control 10 20 30 40 50 Mean of doses (Without control) Variety Jaya Ghansal JS180 Kundlika ACK5 R24 HS17 Basmati Mean ANOVA SV Replications Varieties (V) Error (a) Dose (D) VD Error (b) df 1 7 7 5 35 40
Germination % 74.0 64.8 65.6 50.1 5.6 3.2 37.9 % RGb 12.3 11.3 33.3 92.3 95.1 48.9 % 94.2 88.3 84.1 91.7 50.1 45.5 72.0
Survival % RS c 6.1 10.6 2.5 46.7 51.6 23.5
Improvement in either a single or a few polygenetically controlled traits is normally not achieved by hybridization within a short time. Alternatively, targeted recombinations through induced mutation can be achieved within a short time without much disturbance of yield and grain quality in well-adapted varieties. This study was conducted to determine the response of eight varieties to different doses of gamma ray with the aim of determining the optimum dose for mutation breeding. Healthy seeds of uniform size and moisture content of each variety were irradiated at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Bombay, with gamma ray doses of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 kr. Treated seeds were sown in the field in factorial randomized block design with two replications. Survival percentage was calculated as a percentage of germination based on numbers of plants 15 d after sowing and at harvest. Percentage reduction in germination and survival was calculated over the unirradiated control (see table). ANOVA indicated varieties did not differ significantly in seed germination (see table) and that dose and dose variety effects differed significantly. Percentage plant survival differed significantly among varieties and dose treatments but variety dose effect was nonsignificant. Average seed germination was 74% in unirradiated varieties. Germination
41.3 34.2 40.7 35.0 35.0 34.7 41.7 39.0 37.7
42.2 56.0 51.8 75.0 53.3 43.2 46.7 49.9 52.3
74.5 66.5 45.6 53.5 92.0 92.0 77.5 72.1 71.7
19.1 33.4 46.7 44.2 4.9 1.0 17.1 24.2 23.8 Survival (%)
Germination (%) SS 230 145 146 15901 69 32 F 0.9 ns 484.7** 2.1* MSS 3322 2376 406 7662 667 472
F 5.8** 16.2** 1.4 ns
a *, ** = significant and highly significant at P = 0.05 and 0.01, respectively. ns = nonsignificant. b RG = reduction in germination. c RS = reduction in survival.
decreased from 64.8 to 3.2% as gamma ray doses increased from 10 to 50 kr. Germination percentage at doses of 10-30 kr did not differ significantly, but doses of 40-50 kr resulted in a highly significant reduction in germination (see table). Lowest germination (34.2%) was observed in Ghansal, followed by R24 (34.7%). Jaya (41.3%) and HS17 (41.7%) were found less sensitive when compared with Ghansal and R24. Highest reduction in germination percentage over respective control was recorded in Kundlika (75%),
followed by Ghansal(56%). Percentage reduction in seedling survival increased from 6.1 to 51.6% as gamma ray doses increased from 10 to 50 kr, except at 30 kr. Seedling survival percentage was highest in ACK5 and R24 (92.0%), although they had low germination percentages. Highest seedling mortality was observed in JS180. Based on percentages of germination and seedling survival, gamma ray doses of 10, 20, and 30 kr were found to be optimum for mutation breeding in rice.
23
Crop and resource management

Soils
~
Puddling depth and soil texture influence percolation rate (PR)

R. Khera and S. K. Jalota, Soils Department, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India
2. Relationship between relative percolation rate (RPR) and puddling depth (PD).
Previous research has emphasized intensity of puddling to minimize percolation losses. Hydraulic conductivity of the puddled layer and the hydraulic head gradient across it theoretically control PR. Thickness of the clay layer on the soil surface is likely to influence hydraulic head gradient. Differences in thickness are due to differential settling of soil particles after puddling, which depends on soil clay content and puddling depth. We conducted two experiments to study the effect of puddling depth and soil texture on PR. In the first experiment, three soils from Punjab were used. Soils were silt loam (53% sand, 29% silt, and 10% clay), sandy loam
(71% sand, 11% silt, and 10% clay), and loamy sand (86% sand, 6% silt, and 8% clay) with bulk density of 1.45, 1.50, and 1.60 Mg/m3, respectively. Soil columns (95 cm long 10 cm inside diam) were saturated with water and PR was measured in two replications. Water influx was kept at a constant head of 2 cm. Clay particles from a slug put on the top of the soil column settled into layers 0, 0.43, 0.86, 1.72, 2.50, and 3.44 cm thick. Bulk density of the layer was 0.74 Mg/m3. In the second experiment, puddling depth for each soil was calculated using volume-mass relations and clay content to bring into suspension the same amount of clay as that on top of the columns in the first experiment. Relationships between relative PR and puddling depth were developed for the soils.
PR without a clay layer was 4 mm/h for silt loam, 44 mm/h for sandy loam, and 83 mm/h for loamy sand. PR decreased linearly with thickness of clay layer irrespective of soil texture, which was also true when soil was puddled to bring a specific amount of clay into suspension. (See Figure 1 for the relationship for silt loam.) The exponential function explained RPR (PR/PR maximum) and puddling depth relationship in the three soils (Fig. 2). The regression coefficient increased with coarseness of soil texture. The intercept value of 1 satisfies upper and lower limits of the function, meaning that when puddling depth is zero, PR equals maximum PR, and when puddling depth is infinite, PR is zero. These results suggest that to reduce PR to a specific limit, greater puddling depth is needed in coarser soils than in mediumtextured soils. Puddling depth rather than intensity appears to help improve control of percolation losses with minimum deterioration of soil structure.
Physiology and plant nutrition

Characteristics of rice root growth under salt stress
S. K. Dutt and A. R. Bal, Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Canning Town, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal 743329, India
1. Relationship between percolation rate and thickness of clay layer at the surface for silt loam soil.
We conducted a sand culture pot experiment to investigate the characteristics of rice root growth under salt stress. Seedlings of tolerant CSR-1 and sensitive M1-48 were grown at salinity levels of EC 2.5, 5.4, and 12.7 dS/m, created by adding NaCl, CaCl2,
and Na 2SO4 in a 7:2:1 ratio to Hoaglands solution. Four replicates were made. CSR-1 had greater root volume than M1-48 at both tillering and flowering stages (see table). Roots of CSR-1 were concentrated in the 15-30 cm layer; those of M1-48 were mainly in the 0-15 cm layer. Salinity did not affect root distribution pattern. As salinity increased, root volume and maximum root length were significantly reduced in M1-48 but not in CSR-1, and root dry matter increased marginally in CSR-1.
24
Effect of salinity on root growth characteristics of rice. Variety Salinity level (dS/m) Maximum Root root length volume (%) (cm 3/plant) Root dry matter (g/plant) Water content of plant (%) Relative Na Concentration water Content in roots of leaves (% DM) (%) 97.4 96.3 95.3 94.8 89.9 76.1 97.9 95.1 90.2 96.3 88.1 76.0 1.6 0.52 0.66 1.08 0.65 0.93 1.45 0.54 1.99 2.28 0.79 2.38 2.71 0.32
CSR-1
2.5 5.4 12.7 2.5 5.4 12.7 2.5 5.4 12.7 2.5 5.4 12.7
30.2 29.0 31.6 30.5 30.5 18.3 31.1 28.7 30.8 32.0 30.5 19.6 0.8
150.0 148.1 145.9 102.5 87.8 63.0 180.6 179.1 175.6 115.1 98.3 62.9 1.7
Tillering stage 6.4 87.7 6.8 86.7 7.6 85.9 4.1 3.3 1.8 87.1 82.6 68.0
Plant water content and relative water content of leaves in both varieties, but especially in M1-48, showed a downward trend with increase in salinity and age. Sodium concentration in roots increased significantly as salinity increased. Variety M1-48 accumulated more sodium than CSR-1 during tillering and flowering stages.
M1-48
CSR-1
Flowering stage 86.8 8.2 8.3 86.0 9.1 85.9 4.8 3.5 1.6 0.4 87.0 83.0 65.0 1.2
M1-48
LSD (0.05)
Fertilizer management-inorganic sources

Yield response of Basmati rice to applied P at different soil P values
G. Hassan, E. H. Chaudhary, S. M. Mian, K. H. Gill, and A. A. Sheikh, Rapid Soil Fertility Survey and Soil Testing Institute, Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
We measured yield of Basmati 385 in response to 0, 33, 66, and 99 kg P/ha in 32 farmers' fields in West Punjab, Pakistan. All treatments received 12562-4.2 kg NKZn/ha. Soils ranged from loam to clay loam, 8.0 to 8.4 pH, 0.84 to 3.1 dS/m EC, 3 to 20 mg Olsen's P/kg, 0.51 to 1.03% organic matter, and 132 to 351 mg ammonium acetate extractable K/kg. We transplanted 35-d-old rice seedlings at 25- 25-cm spacing. All of the P and K and half of the N was applied at last puddling, Zn at 10 d after transplanting, and the remaining N at panicle initiation. Yield was recorded at 14% moisture level. Data collected during 1990 and 1991 dry seasons (DS) were pooled and grouped into categories of low, medium, satisfactory, and adequate based on Olsen's P values. Each category was statistically analyzed and average values tabulated.
Yield increased significantly up to 33 kg P/ha for all soil P test values, but significant responses to the next higher dose was observed only when test values were less than or equal to 11 mg P/kg (see table). Marginal rate of return (MRR) is target return from the last dollar invested on the purchase of an input. Yield data were used for curve-fitting at MRR values of 0.5, 0.1, and 1.5 to establish P rate recommendations for a given soil P test value (see figure). These curves facilitate site-specific recommendations on P use for Basmati 385 that accommodate soil P status and economic motives of a farmer.
Soil test relationship curves for P at various marginal rate of return (MRR) values.
Average yield of Basmati 385 at different soil P levels under graded doses of P. West Punjab, Pakistan, 1990 and 1991 DS. P applied (kg/ha) 0 33 66 99 7 mg/kg (9) 2.6 c 3.3 b 3.8 a 3.9 a Grain yield (t/ha) at soil P test value of
a
8-11 mg/kg (11) 3.4 c 4.1 b 4.3 ab 4.5 a
12-15 mg/kg (7) 3.6 b 3.9 ab 4.3 a 4.0 ab
15 mg/kg (5) 4.0 b 4.6 a 4.5 ab 4.3 ab
a Figures in parentheses are number of experiments. 18 were performed in 1990 and 14 in 1991. Figures followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 0.05 LSD.
25
Effect of timing of basal N application on transplanted rice yield and N recovery

S. K. Sharma, I. S. Chakor, and Vivek, Regional Research Station, Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishva Vidyalaya, Dhaulakuan 173001, India
Effect of timing of N application on transplanted rice yield and N recovery, Himachal Pradesh, India, 1990 and 1991 kharif seasons.
Treatment N N N N N N applied at transplanting applied at 7 DT a applied at 14 DT applied at 21 DT applied at 28 DT applied at 35 DT LSD (0.05)
Rice grain yield (t/ha) 1990 6.0 6.1 6.9 6.1 6.4 5.9 nsb 1991 5.7 6.1 7.1 6.4 6.0 5.6 2.1
Fertilizer recovery (%) 1990 37.5 43.6 55.9 44.2 36.7 35.1 3.0 1991 36.8 44.3 57.2 46.1 35.9 34.7 3.0
We studied effect of timing of basal N application on grain yield and N recovery of transplanted rice during 1990 and 1991 kharif (monsoon) seasons. Soil was sandy loam with pH 7.3, bulk density 1.33 Mg/ m3, 0.7% organic C, and CEC 17.9 c mol/ kg. Experiments were laid out in a randomized block design with four replications (see table for treatments). We transplanted 25-d-old seedlings of variety HPH741 and applied recommended doses of phosphate and potash at 17.6 kg P/ha and 33.2 kg K/ha. Half of the
a DT = days after transplanting. b ns = not significant.
recommended dose of 90 kg N/ha as urea was applied basally as per treatments; remaining N was applied at panicle initiation. Rainfall was 710.9, 419.3, 278.1, and 2.2 mm in 1990 and 98.6,322.8,40.1, and 1.2 mm in 1991 during Jul, Aug, Sep, and Oct, respectively.
Basal N applied 14 d after transplanting (DT) produced the most rice, which was significantly different from other treatments in 1991 only. The lower N recovery and grain yield observed for N compared with basal N at 14 DT might be explained by greater leaching losses of N at transplanting (see table).
Retention and movement of applied Zn in rice soils

A. Raja Rajan, Radioisotope (Tracer) Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, India
We studied the retention and movement of applied Zn in rice soils as influenced by organic matter, N, and P. Soils used were a sandy clay (Aquic Haplustalf) with pH 6.4,0.33 dS/m EC, 0.71% organic C, 0.08% total N, 0.22% total P, 0.32% total K, and 77.50 ppm total Zn, and a sandy loam (Vertic Haplustalf) with pH 8.2, EC 3.4 dS/m, 0.42% organic C, 0.04% total N, 0.12% total P, 0.22% total K, and 80 ppm total Zn. Farmyard manure (FYM) at 0.5 and 1.0% on a soil-weight basis, urea at 30 and 60 ppm N and superphosphate at 6 and 12 ppm P were mixed with airdried, sieved soil samples packed to a uniform bulk density of 1.3 g/cm3 in PVC columns (35 cm long x 5 cm wide). Five ppm Zn was applied as 65Zn radiotracer-tagged ZnSO4 to the top of each column and leached with deionized water for 168 h. A constant water head of 2.5 cm above the soil
surface was maintained. Leachates were collected every 24 h during the period and monitored for radioactivity. Soil in the columns was then divided into three layers (0-5, 5-15, and >15 cm). Radioassay of soil samples and leachates was done on a gamma ray spectrometer with a NaI-Tl crystal scintillator. More than 90% of Zn applied as ZnSO4 remained in the top 0-5 cm layer in both soils. Very little Zn reached the lower layers (see figure).
Distribution of 65Z n in soil columns.
Treatments of FYM, N, and P at the various levels had no effect on Zn movement. No radioactivity was detected in leachates, suggesting that applied Zn was not prone to leaching but rather to fixation.
26
Fertilizer management organic sources

Influence of green manure (GM) Sesbania aculeata on Zn and S translocation in rice
S. Mythili, K. Natarajan, S. P. Palaniappan, and R. Pushpavalli, Centre for Soil and Crop Management Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India Table 1. Percent translocation of 65 Zn from applied fertilizer measured at harvest stage.a Clay loam Treatment ZnSO 4 EDTA-Zn ZnSO 4 + GM EDTA-Zn + GM ZnSO4 + gypsum + GM Grain 51.5 53.3 33.8 42.1 56.5 Straw 22.3 27.2 29.0 31.0 16.4 Root 26.3 19.6 37.3 26.8 27.1 Grain 40.4 29.3 33.9 32.6 53.2 Sandy loam Straw 32.7 41.1 27.1 18.0 15.0 Root 26.9 29.5 39.0 49.4 28.6
We evaluated the effect of GM S. aculeata on translocation of Zn and S to the grain, straw, and roots of shortduration rice variety ADT36 using 65Zn and 35S radioisotopes in a greenhouse experiment. Zn was applied to soils as ZnSO4 or EDTA-Zn at 1.0 m Ci/g Zn and S as gypsum at 0.2 m Ci/g S. A black, calcareous clay loam (Vertic Ustropepts) with pH 8.0, EC 0.51 dS/m, 0.56% Organic C, 58 ppm total Zn, and 200 ppm total S and a red, noncalcareous sandy loam (Typic Haplustalf) with pH 7.1, EC 0.13 dS/m, 0.45% organic C, 47 ppm total Zn, and 180 ppm total S were used. Recommended levels of NPK were applied. ZnSO4 + gypsum + GM recorded the highest percent translocation to the grain of total Zn absorbed in both the clay loam (56.5%) and sandy loam (53.2%) (Table 1). More Zn accumulated in straw with EDTA-Zn than with ZnSO4. Zn retention in roots was highest with ZnSO4 + GM (37.3%) in the clay loam and with EDTA-Zn + GM (49.4%) in the sandy loam. This high retention of Zn in roots without translocation evenly to grain and straw, especially with GM, reflects excessive Zn consumption. Similarly, an increased translocation to grain of absorbed S occurred with gypsum + GM in both soils, with 42.3% in clay loam and 45.0% in sandy loam (Table 2). Sulfur supplied from the GM might have helped in the higher absorption and translocation of S to grain as compared with its translocation to straw and roots. Information reported is from a tracer study; sufficient replications could not be included to establish facts by statistical significance.
a Mean of two replications. Data not statistically analyzed.
Table 2. Percent translocation of 35 S from applied fertilizer measured at harvest stage.a
Clay loam Treatment Gypsum Gypsum + GM Gypsum + ZnSO4+ GM Grain 36.4 42.3 38.6 Straw 40.7 39.6 42.6 Root 23.0 18.2 18.9 Grain 39.0 45.0 45.9
Sandy loam Straw 49.1 41.0 40.8 Root 11.9 14.1 13.2
a Mean of two replications. Data not statistically analyzed.
Biofertilizers enhance dissolved oxygen content (DOC) in water

A. Lakshmanan, S. Anthoni Raj, and A. Abdul Kareem, Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute (TNRRI), Aduthurai 612101, lndia
Continuous cultivation of blue-green algae (BGA) and azolla is suspected to cause pollution. A study of BGA and azolla nurseries under continuous submergence for more than a year, however, revealed an enhanced DOC in the water. DOC increased between 0600 and 1600 h but declined thereafter.
Between 0600 and 1600 h, DOC ranged from 3.7 to 7.1 ppm in the BGA nursery, from 1.3 to 5.5 ppm in the azolla nursery, and from 3.1 to 5.4 ppm in the control where water was impounded without BGA or azolla. Most samples from the BGA nursery had higher DOC than did those from the control. DOC in the control was higher than that in the azolla nursery, except at 1600 h (Table 1). CO2 evolution was 61 mg/h per m 2 in the azolla nursery, which was more than in the BGA nursery (46 mg/h per m 2) and control (10 mg/h per m2 ) (Table 2). Although CO2 emissions may contribute
Table 1. DOC and temperature in BGA and azolla nurseries at TNRRI, Aduthurai, India, Jun-Sep 1992.
Parameter
Sampling time (h) 0600 3.1 3.7 1.3 25 25 23 0800 1000 1200 1400 5.0 6.9 4.5 42 41 39 1600 4.7 7.1 5.5 37 36 34 1800 4.2 4.2 3.3 32 32 31
Control BGA nursery Azolla nursery Control BGA nursery Azolla nursery
a Mean analysis of 2 d.
Dissolved oxygen a (ppm) 5.4 5.3 5.0 4.5 6.0 6.8 2.2 3.9 4.2 29 29 28 Temperature (C) 33 38 34 38 30 34
27
Table 2. Evolution of CO 2 in BGA and azolla nurseries at TNRRI, Aduthurai, India, Jun-Sep 1992.
Source Control BGA nursery Azolla nursery

a
CO2 evolved (mg/m 2) 12 ha 120 550 480 (10) b (46) (40) 24 h 240 (10) 1100 (46) 1460 (61)
to atmospheric pollution, increased DOC in water associated with biofertilizers might alleviate problems related to stagnant water. Augmenting DOC in continuously submerged fields where BGA and azolla are grown might also eliminate accumulated reduced iron and sulfides, which are toxic to rice.
Integrated pest management diseases

Analysis of genetic diversity and population structure of bacterial blight (BB) pathogen in West Java, Indonesia
E. Ardales, M. Baraoidan, I. Yap, T. W. Mew, and R. Nelson, IRRI; M. Yunus, H. R. Hifni, M. Herman, and M. Bustaman, Central Research Institute for Food Crops, Bogor, Indonesia
0600-1800. b Figures in parentheses denote CO 2 evolved (mg/h per m 2 ).
Biomass and N content of Sesbania rostrata mutant with long vegetative phase
D. C. Joshua, S. Ramani, and M. S. Shaikh, Nuclear Agriculture Dlvision, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Bombay 400085, India
TSR- 1 (Trombay S. rostrata- 1), the lateflowering mutant of S. rostrata, remains insensitive to critical inductive photoperiod up to 60 d after planting (DAP). It has the potential to produce sufficient biomass regardless of time of sowing. We evaluated the performance of TSR-1, the parent cultivar, and local
S. aculeata variety during short-day months of Jan and Feb and long-day months of Jun and Jul. S. sesban was included in the Jun-Jul study. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design. Net plot size was 2.3 m 2. Plant height, fresh weight, percent N, and N/plant were determined at 50 DAP. TSR-1 was significantly superior to its parent and S. aculeata for biomass and N/ plant during Jan-Feb (Table 1). During Jun-Jul, TSR-1 performed as well as its parent and the other species for all parameters; it had marginal superiority for N/plant (Table 2). TSR-1 can be grown for biomass production during months of long or short photoperiods.
BB, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is the most important disease of lowland rice in Indonesia in the wet season. To develop highyielding varieties with durable resistance to BB, it is necessary to understand the pathogen population structure. We conducted an initial analysis of genetic diversity and population structure of Xoo in West Java using molecular marker techniques.
Table 1. Data from yield trial of TSR-1, Jan-Feb, Bombay, India.
Variety/species S. rostrata TSR-1 S. aculeata LSD (0.05)
Plant height (cm) 90.0 126.5 93.5 18.8
Fresh weight (kg/Plot) 2.5 4.1 1.6 0.5
%N (whole plant) 3.7 3.6 3.6 0.7
N/plant (g) 6.12 9.33 4.19 2.99
Table 2. Data from yield trial of TSR-1, Jun-Jul, Bombay, India.
Variety/ species S. rostrata TSR-1 S. sesban S. aculeata LSD (0.01)
Plant height (cm) 187.5 186.5 132.3 165.3 33.8
Fresh weight (kg/plot) 6.1 6.0 6.0 5.9 1.6
%N Leaf 5.6 5.4 5.4 5.2 0.4 Stem 1.7 1.8 1.4 1.9 0.6
N/ plant (g) 0.92 1.22 0.87 1.12 0.38
1. TNX1 haplotypes defined from the Indonesian Xoo isolates (A-D) and the predominant haplotype (Ill-B) observed for race 3 in Central Luron, Philippines. M = DNA molecular weight markers.
28
2. Dendrogram obtained by UPgMA cluster analysis of the six TNX 1 haplotypes defined from the Indonesian Xoo population showing their phylogenetic relationships.
from the rest of the isolates was uncut by the enzyme. The PstI restriction patterns observed from the Indonesian Xoo isolates were distinct from those seen from the Philippine Xoo isolates. The total genetic or haplotypic diversity of the Indonesian Xoo population analyzed was estimated using Neis haplotypic diversity index and found to be low (HT =0.47), based on TNX1-RFLP data. This low level of genetic diversity could be due to rice crop uniformity and stable climatic conditions (no typhoons). The apparent simplicity of Xoo populations in West Java implies that BB in Indonesia might be easy to manage; however, the sample size
analyzed was not large, the collection was not from widely diverse locations, and the phenotypic variation of the populationin terms of virulence on rice hosts carrying different resistance genesremains to be analyzed. Further expansion and analysis of the collection, in terms of geographical and host genotype representation, are needed before we can draw firm conclusions. RFLP analysis of a more geographically diverse collection of isolates obtained from different islands of Indonesia is currently underway. Isolates representing each of the RFLP types or groups will be used for evaluating potential sources of resistance to BB in Indonesia. DNA from the Tochigi line (Japan) of RYD-MLO. The homology of DNA probes with several lines of RYD-MLO and with a Los Baos line of ROL-MLO was examined by dot-blot hybridization. DNA probes were labeled with horseradish peroxidase using the Amersham enhanced chemoluminescence (ECL) system. The DNAblotted nylon membranes were hybridized with the probes at 42 C for 16 h in ECL hybridization solutions. The membranes were washed twice at 42 C for 20 min in 0.5 SSC (7.5 mM sodium citrate, 75 mM sodium chloride, pH 7.0) containing 6 M urea and 0.4% sodium dedocyl sulfate (SDS), once at 42 C for 20 min in 0.01 SSC-0.1% SDS, and once at 42 C for 20 min in 0.01 SSC-
A total of 125 Xoo isolates51 from the collection maintained in the Plant Pathology Department, Bogor Research Institute for Food Crops, and 74 collected from several fields near Sukamandi and Kuningan in Aug 1992were subjected to DNA typing by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) using the DNA probe TNX1 and by digestion with the restriction enzyme PstI. RFLP analysis using TNX1 revealed six distinct RFLP profiles or haplotypes (Fig. 1). The phylogenetic relationships among these haplotypes were determined by cluster analysis of similarity coefficients by the unweighted pair-group method, arithmetic mean (UPGMA) using the computer program NTSYS. Four distinct lineages were defined at 95% similarity level (Fig. 2). Lineage A, which accounted for 75% of the isolates, had three variants: A, A-1, and A-2. The majority of isolates (68%) were type A. Type A-1, which was observed in 28% of the isolates, was identical to the predominant TNXl haplotype observed for race 3 in Central Luzon, Philippines. The third variant, A-2, was a rare type and detected in only two isolates (1%) collected from the same field. The three other haplotypesB, C, and Dwere also rare and detected in only one isolate each. Only 19 of the isolates analyzed (15%) had PstI-digestible DNA. DNA
Use of DNA probes to distinguish mycoplasma-like organisms (MLOs) of yellow dwarf (RYD) and orange leaf (ROL) in rice
K. Nakashima, Tropical Agriculture Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan; P. Q. Cabauatan and H. Koganezawa, IRRI
The pathogens causing RYD (common in Asia) and ROL (common in Southeast Asia) cannot be distinguished morphologically from each other, although the diseases are different in terms of symptomatology and vector transmissibility. Their taxonomical relationship has not been clarified. We cloned HindIII-cut fragments of chromosomal and extrachromosomal
Summary of results from dot hybridization of RYD-MLO DNA probes to DNA preparations.a
Code
Sample Country
Origin Area Tochigi Chachoengsao Luzon Palawan Mindanao Los Baos, Laguna
Chromosomal probes R30 + + + + + + w R9 + + + + +
Extrachromosomal DNA probes R11 ++ ++ ++ ++ w R19 R72 ++ ++ ++ ++ w ++ ++ ++ ++ w
H J T L P M 0
Healthy rice RYD-MLO RYD-MLO RYD-MLO RYD-MLO RYD-MLO ROL-MLO Other MLOs b
Japan Thailand Philippines Philippines Philippines Philippines
witches' broom, water dropwort yellows, gentian witches' broom, udo dwarf, tsuwabuki witches' broom, pelargonium witches' broom (Japan), peach estern X, and pear decline (USA).
a ++ = strong hybridization signal, + = moderate hybridization signal, w =weak hybridization signal, - = no hybridization signal. b Sugarcane white leaf, sesame phyllody (Thailand), onion yellows, cineraria witches' broom, Japanese hornwort
29
Toxin produced by Sacrocladium oryzae involved in inducing sheath rot (ShR) symptoms in rice
T. Vasantha Devi and S. S. Gnanamanickam, Center for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Madras 600025, India
Detection of DNA of RYD- and ROLMLOs in rice leaves using probes of RYDMLO, R30, R9, and R11.a
a H = healthy, J = Japanese line of RYD, T = Thai RYD, L = Los Baos (Philippines) RYD, P = Palawan (Philippines RYD, M = Mindanao (Philippines) RYD. and 0 = Los Baos (Philippines) ROL.
ShR, caused by the fungal pathogen S. oryzae, has become a major production constraint as more densely planted, N-responsive, high-yielding rice cultivars are used in India. Reports conflict on the success of chemical control of ShR. Association of a toxin with ShR symptoms had not previously been established. Some of our earlier work, however, confirmed reports by Japanese researchers of cerulenin production in culture. We found that artificially applying cerulenin induced rotting of rice sheaths like that induced by S. oryzae. We studied ShR incidence in farmers' fields in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Pondicherry states and obtained 40
isolates of S. oryzae from infected tissues and seeds. Isolate No. 22, which came from the most severely ShRinfected field, was the most virulent on TKM9, IR20, and IR50 plants in greenhouse inoculations. Production of cerulenin by S. oryzae isolates was assessed by the inhibition of Candida albicans KF-1 in potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates in repeated laboratory assays. Virulent isolates produced larger inhibition zones (Fig. l), and low virulent isolates produced smaller inhibition zones. Most virulent isolate No. 22 produced a 30-mmdiameter zone and least virulent No. 6, a 6-mm-diameter zone. Amending PDA assay plates with lauric and oleic acids at 1-1000 ppm reversed the action of cerulenin-induced inhibition and confirmed the presence of cerulenin, which inhibits fatty acid synthetase. We generated cerulenin-negative mutants of isolates No. 22 and No. 6 using UV irradiation. The mutants did not inhibit C. albicans KF-I or other fungal pathogens of rice including Pyricularia grisea, Helminthosporium oryzae, Rhizoctonia solani, and Gaumannomyces graminis var. oryzae in
0.1 % SDS. Signals were detected with ECL method. Chromosomal DNA probe R30 (2.8 kb) hybridized with ROL-MLO as well as RYD-MLO. R30 also detected all MLO lines used in the experiments, including sugarcane white leaf, gentian witches' broom, onion yellows, water dropwort yellows, and others. RYDspecific chromosomal DNA probe R9 (3.4 kb) and extrachromosomal DNA probes Rll (2.6 kb), R19 (4.6 kb), and R72 (1.2 kb) hybridized with all of the RYD-MLO lines, but not with ROLMLO. RYD collected from Mindanao, Philippines, gave weaker signals with extrachromosomal DNA probes than the other RYD lines (see table and figure). These results indicate that the MLO causing ROL is genetically different from the RYD-MLO. ROL-MLO can now be distinguished from RYD-MLO by using DNA probes from RYD-MLO.
1. Candida albicans KF-1inhibition assay for cerulenin production of S. oryzae and control (right).
2. Induction of ShR symptoms (indicated by arrows) by wildtype (a) and no induction by cerulenin-negative mutant (b) isolates of S. oryzae.
30
plate assays, but the cerulenin-producing wild-type isolates did. Grain inocula of the mutants did not induce ShR lesions on 55-d-old TKM9 and IR50 plants in the greenhouse; the wild-type isolates did (Fig. 2). The No. 22 mutant did not
induce ShR on TKM9 and IR50 and did not affect grain yield (grains/panicle, infected grains/panicle, and 1,000-grain weight) in a field experiment. Wild-type No. 22 affected grain yield due to ShR induction.
These results indicate that cerulenin, the toxin produced by S. oryzae, may play a role in the pathogen's virulence in ShR induction in rice and in its interaction with other fungal pathogens of rice. 30% WH meant the farmer was expecting a yield loss of 30% compared with a season without SB damige. Farmers estimates compared with actual yield reductions were nonsignificant using ttest. On the other hand, computed percent WH differed significantly from actual reductions in yield. This means that farmers made good estimates of their expected yield losses due to SB. Actual percent damage, however, did not coincide with percent yield reduction, which disproved their statement that percent WH equals percent yield reduction. About 70% of the farmers obtained yield losses greater than actual SB damage. The estimates they gave, however, were fairly close to percent yield loss they obtained. This means that factors other than WH caused greater yield reduction. Farmers attributed these differences to factors such as poor soil, lack of fertilizer, late planting, and unfavorable weather. Farmers need to pay more attention to these factors before worrying about SB.
Integrated pest management-insects

Farmers estimates of percent whiteheads (WH)
A. A. Lazaro, E. G. Rubia, L. P. Almazan, and K. L. Heong, IRRI
We conducted a study to compare farmers estimates with actual counts of WH caused by stem borers (SB) in 24 ricefields in Muoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines, in Nov 1992. Varieties planted were IR64, IR42, C-1, and Bengawan. We marked a 40- 40-hill area in the middle of each field and asked farmers to estimate percent WH in the area. We then counted WH and total tillers in the area and computed percent damage. We recorded yield at harvest and highest yield obtained from the same field in previous seasons. Percent yield reduction was computed as yield divided by highest yield from previous seasons multiplied by 100. All farmers attributed the unusually high WH count in their fields in 1992 wet season (WS) to late planting resulting from the delayed arrival of irrigation water. All ricefields sampled were
planted after 15 Aug. In previous seasons, they had been planted as early as June. It was not clear how farmers estimated percent WH. A few counted damaged tillers and then divided by total tillers of one or two hills near the bunds. Others based their estimates on experience or intuition. Farmers tended to overestimate by 5-44%. Seventy-five percent overestimated by more than 5%, and almost 30% of these overestimated by 20-30%. Only two farmers underestimated (see figure). A t-test comparison between estimates and actual percentages showed that estimates differed significantly from actual percent damage by a mean difference of 13% (SE = 2.77). Overestimates can influence farmers' decisions in applying controls. Some admitted applying insecticides after seeing WH, although it is too late to spray for SB when damage is evident. Farmers equated percent WH to percent yield reduction. They all expected about the same reduction in yield as the WH estimate they had given. An estimate of
Managing thrips in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Nguyen Bin, Le Minh Tue, and Tran Thi Hong Hoa, Plant Protection Department, An Giang Province, Vietnam; and K. L. Heong, IRRI
Distribution of farmers' estimates of percent WH in Nueva Ecija, Philippines. 1992 WS.
Thrips Stenchaetothrips biformis infestations in Vietnam usually occur about 10 d after sowing (DAS) and are highly visible. Farmers often react by spraying insecticides which can be detrimental to the rice crop by making it more susceptible to brown planthoppers. We evaluated several thrips management tactics (see table) at the Dinh Thanh experimental station in An Giang
Province from Dec 1992 to Mar 1993. We used a randomized block design with four replications; plots were 4 4 m 2 . Fertilizer was applied at 46 kg N/ha as urea and 40 kg P/ha as diammonium phosphate at 10 DAS, 46 kg N at 25 DAS, and 23 kg N at 45 DAS. Rice variety MTL 58 was seeded at 200 kg/ha. Thrips infestations were assessed using three 20- 20-cm2 quadrats per plot. Percent rolled leaves at 1 and 2 wk after sowing (WAS) was not significantly different. At 3 WAS, percent rolled leaves was lowest in the BPMC-treated plots. Yields, however, were not significantly different across treatments (see table).
IRRN 18:4 (December 1993) 31
Comparison of thrips management tactics in An Giang Province, Vietnam. Dec 1992-Mar 1993.
Management tactic
Cost/ha (US$)
Rolled leaves at 3 WAS a (%) 90.7 a 73.1 b 72.2 45.8 45.8 b c c
Yield (t/ha) 4.5 4.8 5.2 4.9 5.3
50 kg N at 20 DAS 11 Flood with water 5-10 cm deep Flood with water 11 and add 50 kg N at 20 DAS Spray with BPMC 6 (500 ml ai/ha) at 7 and 14 DAS Spray with BPMC 17 (500 ml ai/ha at 7 and 14 DAS) and add 50 kg N at 20 DAS Control P
a WAS = weeks after sowing.
emerging within 15 h of incubation in the laboratory were released for 24 h into 3-cm-diam, 30-cm- high mylar cages with a 60-d-old rice plant trimmed to four tillers. Each cage was infested with BPH and GLH adults at densities ranging from 1 to 9 per cage with 10 replications. In preference experiments, mixed densities of BPH and GLH adults at oviposition on caged rice plants were used to test A. flaveolus reared on both BPH and GLH eggs. Each density was replicated 10 times. Data were fitted to the random parasitoid equation of Royama (1971) and Roger (1972): Na = N{1- exp[aT/(1 + aT h N)]}
91.3 a <0.01
4.8 >0.05
Crops infested by thrips can look terrible. Applying BPMC reduced symptoms, as did flooding, but neither treatment significantly improved yields. BPMC treatment cost $6/ha. Farmer education is needed to avoid unnecessary treatments for thrips in the Mekong Delta.
where N a is number of hoppers attacked, N is hopper density, a is attack rate of parasitoid, T is total search time, and Th is handling time. Estimates of a and Th were obtained using Proc. NLIN of SAS. For preference, data were analyzed using Manlys index a:
where n 10 is number of items of food type i (BPH or GLH eggs) present at the beginning, r i is number of items of food type i in consumers diet, and m is number of food types. Data fit the random parasitoid equation satisfactorily (Table 1) and showed a typical Holling type II response. Searching efficiency was significantly higher for BPH eggs than for GLH eggs. The handling time for BPH eggs was lower, resulting in a higher plateau of prey attacked. This implies that A. flaveolus had a much higher searching efficiency for BPH eggs. In all cases, A. flaveolus showed strong preference for BPH eggs (Table 2). Values of a were always greater than 0.5, irrespective of the relative proportion of BPH eggs to total number of GLH eggs. Host preference switching was also not evident.
Parasitism of brown planthopper (BPH) and green leafhopper (GLH) eggs by Anagrus flaveolus Waterhouse
T. N. Vien and K. L. Heong, IRRI
Table 1. Parameter estimates of the functional response equation for A. flaveolus feeding on eggs of BPH and GLH. IRRI, 1993. Eggs Parameter estimates Asymptotic SE CV (%) F R2 (%)
With the exception of a few species, almost all hopper species attacking rice in Asia belong to families Delphacidae and Cicadellidae. Egg parasitoids belonging to families Mymaridae and Trichogrammatidae are some of the most important natural enemies that attack these hoppers. High parasitism, particularly by A. flaveolus, is often recorded in the field. We measured parasitism of A. flaveolus on eggs of BPH and GLH and determined the parasitoids preference when exposed to both. We trapped A. flaveolus in ricefields and cultured them in an insectary. Females
A. flaveolus emerging from BPH eggs BPH a' 3.374 0.020 Th GLH a' 0.046 Th 0.139 A. flaveolus emerging from GLH eggs BPH a' 0.766 Th 0.015 GLH a' 0.076 Th 0.106
1.515 0.002 0.021 0.170 0.097 0.002 0.024 0.060
23.72 109
907.9 46.9
95.38 51.89
18.13 77.41
1567.2 88.1
97.47 66.70
Table 2. Analysis of preference of A. flaveolus feeding on BPH and GLH eggs. IRRI, 1993. Preference for BPH, a a (x SE) Estimated using ratio of a' values A. flaveolus from BPH eggs A. flaveolus from GLH eggs
a a was significantly different from 0.5, p < 0.05.
Estimated using Manlys index 0.981 0.029 0.943 0.004 n = 87 n = 89
0.989 0.909
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Egg-laying behavior of African white rice borer Maliarpha separatella Ragonot

A. Pollet, Entomology Laboratory, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Observed distributions of numbers of egg masses per m 2 of ricefield and expected frequencies computed for the negative binomial and Poisson distribution. Values and probabilities of their corresponding c 2 and other statistics are shown. Central Cte d'lvoire, 1985 Ws.
Square meters no. of egg masses 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sum c 2 P ( c 2) df Mean Variance k
Medium A Observed n 281 29 10 3 5 1 1 330 Negative binomial n' 280.98 29.04 10.46 4.66 2.28 1.17 0.62 329.21 3.9 0.691 3 Poisson n" 250.80 67.72 9.14 0.82 0.06 0.00 0.00 328.54 120.87 <0.005 2
We used a simple analysis of spatial distribution of egg masses to study the egg-laying behavior of M. separatella. M. separatella is a very common stem borer (SB) of lowland rice in Africa. The insects rest on wild plants in ricefield borders during the day and fly into ricefields at night to mate or lay eggs. M. separatella has a limited flight range. Females have relatively high fecundity rate (500-600 eggs/female). They usually lay eggs in masses of 40-50 eggs each during an 8-10 d period. Egg population was studied on variety IR5 during the 1985 wet season (WS) in central Cte d'Ivoire. We sampled a 30-m2 ricefield (3 subplots of 10 x 1 m) every 3d day from 31 Apr to 3 Jun, when no new egg masses were found. We tested for goodness of fit. Mean of studied data was 2-3 times greater than their variance (0.67 compared with 0.27); thus fitting the observed data to a Poisson distribution was impossible (see table). Using the method of Bliss and Fisher (1953), we fit data to the negative binomial law by computing the following intermediate parameters: k = 0.168 (obtained using an iterative process based on maximum likelihood theory), and
0.27 0.65 0.168
Distribution of egg masses on rice mapped for half of the 30-m 2 field, based on observations every 3 d from 29 Apr to 3 Jun a. Central Cte d'lvore. 1985 WS.
a No egg masses were
found on 3 Jun, so no data are shown.
33
from which results all expected frequencies n'i (see table) using the next recurrent formula n'i = k + i-1 i R n'i-1
where k, p, and q are parameters of the negative binomial (q-p)-k, mx is the mean of data from the n unit samples (n = 330 m2), P0 is probability of the first expected frequencies of n'0 and n'i and n'i-1 are any two successive expected frequencies with indices of i-1 and i.
Observed frequencies n i were similar to the expected values n'i that could have been obtained if all egg masses were distributed according to negative binomial distribution (see table). The corresponding c 2 (3.9), gave too great a risk a (0.691) of being wrong when rejecting the null hypothesis. The observed data must therefore be contagiously aggregated. Considering the holistic behavior of the insect, that they are not social insects, and that observed egg mass numbers are too small, such a grouping of data does not result from
females forming a group on a given night to lay eggs (see figure) and is not frequently done at random. It also could not result from accumulated eggs laid night after night in the same place by a few females. Females can lay more than one egg mass a night, and all of these masses are located very close to one another. Different groups of egg masses resulted from the same number of individual females (see figure). Other experiments in different areas of Cte d'Ivoire supported these results.
Integrated pest management other pest

Feeding behavior of parakeets on rice in Hill Region of Karnataka, India
A. K. Chakravarthy. K. Krishnappa, and N. E. Thyagaraj, Regional Research Station, Mudigere 577132, Karnataka, India
Roseringed parakeet Psittacula krameri Scopoli and blossom-headed parakeet Psittacula cyanocephala Linn. are the two main bird species that feed on rice in the Hill Region of Karnataka. We studied damage done by parakeets to 4 ha of rice at Mudigere (13.0 7' N and 75.0 37' E) during NovDec 1990. We used binoculars to observe the birds. We saw birds alighting on trees bordering ricefields at 0640 h. Most perched on tree branches or fence wires. At about 0720 h, three or four birds started to ricefeed in the fields. At about 0730, foraging groups of up to 20 birds of both species flew into the fields. Individuals hovered by rice plants, cut, and then picked panicles. Each bird picked six to eight panicles during a period of 5-30 min, returned to its site, fed on the grains, and then flew back to the fields. From 1000 to 1500 h, parakeets sought cover in trees adjacent to the ricefields. After 1500 h, five to six birds resumed feeding, which continued until
34 IRRN 18:4 (December 1993)
about 1745 h. Birds then returned to their roosting sites. Foraging activity was interspersed by preening, beak cleaning, and resting. Individuals and groups spread over a wide area in a field but stayed within sight of each other. In 95% of the situations, the 55 flocks observed congregated only at field borders. Foraging range of feeding flocks was 3-4 km and feeding range, 1.5-2.0 km. Flock size varied from 50 to 113 birds/ha (n = 55). Rice feeding lasted up to 24 d. Parakeets depredated stacked panicles soon after harvest. Birds preferred harvested panicles to panicles on the standing crop because they could feed conveniently on grains without hovering.
Panicle loss was computed as parakeets/ ha panicles/parakeet/day feeding days. Panicle loss was converted to grain weight by counting and weighing all grains/panicle from a random sample of 100 panicles on eight different observation days. Total yield loss was categorized as depredative loss (grain consumed) and extra-depredative loss (grain spilled). Mean depredatory loss of 71.4% differed significantly (P = 0.05) from the mean extra-depredative loss of 14.2% (n = 8). Farmers lost 0.3 t/ha to parakeets. Considering that average harvest in Mudigere is 2.5 t/ha, yield loss caused by parakeets is economically important. Rice crops from milk grain stage to harvesting need to be protected from parakeets.
Table 1. Effect of selected genera of plant parasitic nematodes on germination of Jaya seeds in eastern India. Treatment Uninoculated Meloidogyne (100 2d-stage juveniles) Hoplolaimus (100) Pratylenchus (100) Hirschmanniella (100) Germination (%) 96.0 94.5 90.5 90.0 81.5 Reduction (%) (6.8) a
Effect of selected genera of plant parasitic nematodes on germination of rice seeds in eastern India
B. P. Hazarika, Indian Council for Agricultural Research Complex for Northeastern Hill Region, Manipur Centre, lmphal 795004, India
1.5
Rice in eastern India is seeded shortly after the premonsoon showers. In this situation, nematodes attack emerging seedlings and cause mortality. We recorded seed germination in soils inoculated with nematodes to study their potentiality (Table 1). Results showed that only H. mucronata reduced seed viability significantly. We found that nematodes penetrated the seeds, affecting the embryos or inhibiting the emergence
5.5 (12.9) 6.0 (14.2) 14.5 (22.4)
a Figures in parentheses indicate angular value = 15.3 at LSD (0.05).
of coleoptiles and plumules. Reduced viability due to nematode pathogens was due to mechanical injury and penetration of pathogens into root tissues, which caused rapid mortality in germinating
Table 2. Frequency distribution of selected genera of plant parasitic nematodes on rice in eastern India.
Type and no. Meloidogyne of samples collected Frequency xa Soil Root Soil Root 61 54 43 38 18 33 33 30 221 303 304 408
Hoplolaimus Frequency 16 20 36 30 x
Pratylenchus Frequency x 94 148 87 263
Hirschmanniella Frequency 20 33 30 25 x 68 172 120 20
Upland rice - year one 42 22 39 19 Upland rice - year two 69 25 111 24
Rainfed lowland rice - year one Soil Root Soil Root

a
seedlings. We found that Pratylenchus and M. graminicola accounted for 7-18% of the nematode infestation of rice roots by the 4th day after infestation (DAI) and up to 40% by the 7th DAI. Frequency of parasitic nematodes in the rhizosphere of upland rice in order of prevalence were genera Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Hirschmanniella, and Hoplolaimus; in rainfed lowland rice, Hirschmanniella, Pratylenchus, Meloidogyne, and Hoplolaimus (Table 2).
35 42 44 44
13 21 14 29
118 279 33 212
14 11
86 195
18 7
49 198
30 32 28 20
116 479 332 622
Rainfed lowland rice - year two 9 114 8 82 27 373 26 388
x = larval and adult population/100 g soil or 1 g fresh weight of root tissue.
Farming system
Effect of preceding crops on rice yield
M. S. Sidhu, R. K. Sharma, and S. Singh, Agronomy Department, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India
Rice was planted on about 2 million ha in the Punjab State, India, in 1991-92. Rice usually follows nonrice crops. We evaluated the yield and yield attributes of rice grown after crops of wheat, winter maize, field pea - green gram, Swede rape - green gram, potato - transplanted winter maize, Indian rape - transplanted Swede rape - green gram, potato sunflower, and Indian rape - sunflower
from 1988 to 1992 in fixed plots laid out in randomized block design. Intensity of the crop rotations ranged from 200 to 400%. Soil of the experimental field was calcareous, sandy loam with pH 8.1 and 0.28% organic C. All crops received the recommended fertilizer package and practices except sunflower after potato, which was grown without applied fertilizers. Mean grain yield of rice following wheat was lowest at 4.8 t/ha. Maximum rice yield of 6.5 t/ha was obtained in potato - transplanted winter maize - rice sequence, although it was at par with rice yield from Swede rape - green gram - rice and potato - sunflower - rice systems.
These cropping systems produced significantly higher rice yield, effective tillers, panicle lengths, and test weights than the other systems (see table). Winter maize - rice, field pea - green gram - rice, Indian rape - transplanted Swede rape - green gram - rice, and Indian rape - sunflower - rice systems all produced about 5.2 t rice/ha. Farmers can obtain higher rice productivity by selecting suitable preceding cropping systems, such as potato - transplanted winter maize, Swede rape - green gram, and potato sunflower. These systems can also help improve soil fertility and contribute to crop diversification.
Effect of preceding crops on yield attributes and grain yield of rice. Punjab, India, 1988-92.
Preceding crops Wheat Winter maize Field pea - green gram Swede rape - green gram Potato - transplanted winter maize Indian rape - transplanted Swede rape green gram Potato - sunflower Indian rape - sunflower LSD (0.05)
Grain yield (t/ha) 1988-89 5.0 5.4 5.6 6.6 6.8 4.0 6.5 3.7 0.6 1989-90 5.9 6.2 6.0 7.1 7.4 6.9 7.0 7.0 0.3 1990-91 5.6 5.7 5.2 6.6 6.6 5.4 6.3 5.5 0.8 1991-92 3.4 3.7 3.9 5.2 5.9 4.8 6.0 4.7 0.9 Mean 4.8 5.2 5.2 6.2 6.5 5.2 6.2 5.2 0.6
Effective tillers/ plant (no.) 8.5 8.6 8.1 9.5 9.6 8.8 9.6 8.2 0.8
Panicle length (cm) 22.4 23.0 22.8 23.7 23.7 22.2 23.9 22.7 1.2
200-grain weight (g) 5.25 5.25 5.25 5.50 5.75 5.50 6.00 5.25 0.60
35
Socioeconomic impact
Impact of modern mangrove swamp rice varieties in Sierra Leone and Guinea
A. A. Adesina and M. Zinnah, West Africa Rice Development Association (WARDA), 01 B.P. 2551, Bouake, Cte dlvoire
Adoption and impact of improved rice varieties: regional impacts in the Coyah Region of Guinea and the Great Scarcles Region of Sierra Leone, 1986-90. Item Share of total mangrove rice area in improved varieties (rate of adoption) (%) Guinea Sierra Leone Farm-level impact (US$ million) Guinea Sierra Leone Share of income from mangrove rice coming from improved varieties (%) Guinea Sierra Leone Cumulative impact (1 986-90) (US$ million) Guinea 0.36 Sierra Leone 13.7 Total 14.1 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
Guinea and Sierra Leone account for 46% of the total cultivated area of mangrove swamp rice in West Africa. WARDA and Sierra Leone Rice Research Station started a major rice improvement program in 1976 that targets about 200,000 ha of mangrove swamps cultivated to rice in the region. Several modem varieties (MVs), including ROK5, ROK10, Kuatik Kundur, and CP4, have been developed for and diffused across mangrove swamp rice ecologies. We studied diffusion and adoption patterns and economic benefits of these varieties for smallholder farmers in the principal mangrove swamp rice areas in Guinea (Coyah Region) and Sierra Leone (Great Scarcies Region). Farmers ranked the 10 most important mangrove swamp rice varieties that they grow. Based on frequency of farmers in Sierra Leone growing the varieties, ROK5 was ranked 3d, ROK10 5th, and Kuatik Kundur 7th. In Guinea, ROK5 was the only MV of any importance. Farmers ranked it as the 5th most important variety grown. In Sierra Leone, percentage of farmers adopting at least one of these MVs increased from 5% in 1986 to 52% in 1990. In Guinea, adoption of MVs was a more recent phenomenon: in 1989, only 1% had adopted a MV; in 1990, 17% had (see figure). In Sierra Leone, 11% of total mangrove rice area was planted to MVs in 1988 and 21% in 1990. In Guinea, rice area under MVs increased from 2% in 1989 to 9% in 1990. Mean share of total rice area under MVs in the two counties rose from 9% in 1988 to 16% in 1990. Farmers perceptions of specific varietal characteristics of MVs, including ease of cooking, ease of threshing, tillering capacity, and yield, determine adoption behavior. Results run contrary to widely accepted views in the adoption-diffusion
4 0.92
5 1.2
11 2.5
2 18 0.06 4.2
9 21 0.3 4.9
0 6
0 7
0 16
3 25
13 28
Cultivation of improved swamp rice varieties in Guinea and Sierra Leone, 1986-90.
literature that it is farmer and farm-specific or institutional factors that condition adoption behavior of farmers. Economic impact of MVs was studied at farm level in villages and at the regional level. Farm-level economic benefits were computed using data on incremental changes in area under MVs, average yield differences between MVs and local varieties, farm households cultivated rice area under MVs, and rice price. Use of cash inputs to produce MVs, such as fertilizers and herbicides, was extremely
rare, so farmers had no additional variable costs when adopting MVs. Cumulative farm-level economic impact of MVs (see table) was estimated to be US$14 million in the Great Scarcies Region from 1986 to 1990, and $0.4 million in Coyah Region (which mainly captures economic benefits since 1990). Future economic impact of MVs in Guinea should increase substantially given the dramatic increase in farmers growing MVs in both countries during the past several years and the possibility of even greater adoption.
Research methodology
Lyophilized blast (BI) fungal mycelia are nonviable and suitable for international exchange
R. Scott, B. Consignado, R. Nelson, and R. Zeigler, IRRI; and H. Leung, Plant Pathology Department, Washington State University, USA
In the study of populations of rice B1 fungus Magnaporthe grisea (anamorph Pyricularia grisea, P. oryzae), DNA fingerprinting based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) has proved highly informative. Plant pathologists studying B1 recognize the need to analyze populations of the fungus both regionally and worldwide. Unfortunately, relatively few institutions have the necessary resources to perform RFLP and RAPD assays. While collaboration with wellequipped laboratories for comparison of fungal populations seems the ideal solution to limited resources, concern about introducing nonindigenous strains of M. grisea into the region of the host
laboratory restricts exchange of fungal isolates. Purified DNA is currently the only accepted material for international exchange among rice-growing regions. We determined that freeze-dried hyphae of B1 fungus are nonviable and can be safely exchanged instead of pure DNA. We tested the viability of intact lyophilized mycelia (84 samples) and ground lyophilized mycelia (58 samples) from different field strains of M. grisea. Hyphal plugs of M. grisea were started and grown on modified Fries medium (per liter: 30 g sucrose, 5 g ammonium tartrate, 1 g NH4NO3, 1 g KH2PO4, 0.5 g MgSO4, 0.1 g CaCl2, 0.1 g NaCl, 0.5 g yeast extract, and 0.5 g casein hydrolysate) dispensed in 50-ml volumes in 125- or 250-ml Erlenmeyer flasks. Flask cultures were shaken for a week at ambient temperature (28-30 C) on a rotary platform moving at about 150 rpm. Mycelia were continuously submerged and agitated to prevent conidiation. Mycelia were harvested by suction, rinsed with sterile distilled water, and lyophilized. Dried mycelia were pul-
verized manually under liquid nitrogen. Both intact and ground mycelia were then inoculated onto Fries medium and prune agar plate (per liter of prune infusion: 30-40 g prunes, 5 g lactose, 1 g yeast extract, and 20 g agar), and observed for fungal growth. None of the lyophilized mycelia incubated on either medium for 5 d at 30 C initiated B1 fungal growth. We conclude that freeze-dried fungal mycelia are nonviable and therefore suitable for international exchange. For shipment, we recommend that mycelia be packed individually in sterile coin packets and sealed collectively in evacuated plastic bags with activated silica gel or any suitable solid desiccant. Mycelial powders should be wrapped in greased or weighing sheets prior to packing in coin packets to avoid cross-contamination. If kept moisture-tight, mycelia can be stored and shipped at ambient temperatures for at least a week. For long-term storage, we suggest shelving samples at subzero temperatures. Blast researchers for whom DNA extraction is impractical should find the possibility of exchanging lyophilized mycelia particularly useful.
An empirical relationship between N input and false smut intensity in rice

Harkirat S. Dhindsa, Biological Science Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Lidcome, New South Wales 2141, Australia; and Harjinder S. Dhindsa, Regional Rice Research Station (RRRS) Kapurthala, Punjab, India
Table 1. Observed (Obs) and predicted (Pred) percent incidence of false smut, RRRS, Punjab Agricultural University, Gurdaspur, Punjab, India. Plants Obs 11.4 16.2 22.9 30.5 36.2 Pred 11.1 16.9 23.1 29.6 36.6 0.027 0.996 <0.01 29 92 154 217 279 E R2 P 8.6 14.3 18.1 23.8 30.5 8.9 13.4 18.5 24.1 30.3 0.035 0.996 <0.01 12.8 19.3 24.8 29.6 33.5 Obs 14.9 22.7 29.3 36.3 53.4 Tillers Pred 15.9 20.9 28.6 39.0 52.1 0.060 0.984 <0.01 12.8 19.3 24.9 29.6 33.5 0.002 1.0 <0.01 1.3 2.0 2.5 2.9 3.2 Obs 1.4 3.3 4.2 4.7 5.8 Grains Pred 1.5 3.0 4.2 5.0 5.6 0.065 0.977 <0.01 1.3 2.0 2.5 2.9 3.2 0.006 1.0 <0.01
Cultivar
Nitrogen (kg/ha)
PR109
A strong correlation between N input and false smut ( Claviceps oryzae-sativae ) incidence has consistently been reported in the literature. An empirical model that quantitatively describes this relationship might assist in predicting the disease. We conducted an experiment at RRRS, Punjab Agriculture University, Gudaspur, Punjab, to characterize this relationship. Data were recorded for rice cultivars PR109 and PR106, which were transplanted in 5- 2-m plots. The experiment
29 92 154 217 279 E R2 P
PR106
37
Table 2. E values for five functions. Function Plants y = mx+c e y = axb y = abx y = ax b y = ax 2 + bx + c 0.041 0.185 0.052 0.097 0.027 PR109 Tillers 0.085 0.201 0.050 0.110 0.060 Grains 0.156 0.054 0.202 0.056 0.065 Plants 0.035 0.163 0.071 0.073 0.035 PR106 Tillers 0.039 0.082 0.081 0.030 0.002 Grains 0.051 0.063 0.087 0.018 0.006
was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. Five levels of N were the main plots and cultivars the subplots. Soil had 29 kg available N/ha, 1.2 kg available P/ha, and 45 kg available K/ha. To compensate for P deficiency and to maintain N levels of 29, 92, 154, 217, and 279 kg/ha, 25 kg P/ha and one-third of the N were applied before puddling. The remaining N was applied equally at 3 and 6 wk after transplanting.
We randomly selected three 1-m2 areas in each plot at crop maturity and recorded disease incidence. Percentage of infected plants, tillers, and grains in both cultivars were calculated (Table 1). Five equations (exponentials: e y = ax b, y = ab x , y = axb , and polynomials) were used to describe the relationship between nitrogen (x) and disease incidence (y). Functions were fit to data using standard error or estimate: E = [(1 /N) S {( (fp - fo)/
fo } 2 ] 1/2 , where fp (predicted) and fo (observed) are data from N measurements. E was used to compare regression models (Table 2). A threshold of E = 0.1, which corresponds to an average error of 10% between observed and predicted data, was chosen for selecting the relationship. The best fit was obtained with a quadratic function with error variance of 0.02-0.07. A quadratic function (y = ax2 + bx + c) was used to predict disease (Table 1). Residuals (9%) were located randomly on both sides of the predicted curve. For this data set, a quadratic model best described the relationship between N level and false smut intensity. This type of regression model could be used to predict disease incidence provided other conditions match closely. Planners can use these predictions to estimate crop losses.
A rapid method for screening rice-associated bacteria antagonistic to Rhizoctonia solani

Lin Birun, Wu Shangzhong, Xu Xianming, Yang Qiyun, and Zeng Liexian, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 510640, Guangzhou, China; and T. W. Mew, IRRI
Screening isolates is an important step in developing biological control agents for R. solani, the causal agent of sheath blight (ShB) of rice. We developed a rapid and simple method for screening large numbers of isolates for antagonism to R. solani. Bacterial isolates were isolated and tested for antagonistic effect on R. solani by dual culture on potato sucrose agar medium. We used 208 bacterial isolates that strongly inhibited in vitro R. solani mycelium growth to determine the effect of seed bacterization. Seeds of mungbean (another host of R. solani) and R. solani inoculum were spread on sterilized petri dishes. Bacterial suspension was sprayed on each dish. Dishes were kept in a growth chamber.
Damping-off incidence, assessed as percent diseased mungbean plants, was measured 5 d after inoculation. Eighteen of the 288 antagonistic isolates tested reduced damping-off incidence to 50% of that of the control and were considered effective. The ability of these 18 isolates to protect rice leaves from R. solani infection and to restrict lesion expansion was verified with the detached-leaf technique (Rosales et al 1993). Antagonism to infection was tested by spraying rice leaves with bacterial suspension and then placing mycelia discs of R. solani on each leaf. Inhibition of lesion expansion was tested by infecting rice leaves with R. solani and then spraying bacterial suspension on leaves. We conducted the two experiments in randomized complete block design. Each treatment was replicated three times. Inoculated leaves were incubated in moist chambers at 28-30C. Lesion length was measured 5 d after applying the bacteria. Ten of the 18 isolates protected rice leaves from infection, and 11 inhibited ability to inhibit lesion expansion (see table). Further evaluation is needed if
isolates obtained through this rapid screening method reflect biological control ability in the field. Our next step is to test selected isolates in the greenhouse and field to confirm their effectiveness as biological control agents.
Lesion length of rice ShB in detached leaf test. Guangzhou, China, 1991.
Lesion length (mm) a Bacterial isolate Antagonism to infection 0 a 0 a 1.7 a 2.3 a 4.3 a 7.5 a 9.7 a 11.7 a 15.8 a 16.5 a 17.2 a 43.2 b 45.7 bc 51.8 bc 57.7 bc c 67.2 Inhibition of lesion extension 1.3 a 2.5 a 41.0 c 4.2 ab 2.7 a 24.1 bc 9.5 ab 6.0 ab 8.5 ab 0.5 a 6.8 ab 4.3 ab 11.0 ab 9.2 ab 30.7 c 39.8 c
12542 Rh71 RH72 Jinggangmycin b RH62 11541 RH921 RH715 RH121 RH22 RH92 RH131 9642 RH76 Check 8343
a Results reported are based on two experiments where each treatment was replicated three times. In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT. b Antibiotic made in China.
38
Using single-site augering to determine root distribution of rice

K. Kumar, O. P. Meelu, Yadvinder-Singh, and Bijay-Singh, Soils Department, Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana 141 004, Punjab, India
Estimated position for centering the auger and root mean square deviation (RMSD) of root mass density (RMD) for different sampling schemes at different plant growth stages. Stage Treatment Soil layer (cm) R2 Av RMD Estimated (D^) position for (mg/cm3) centering the auger (cm) RMSD A Schemes B C (A+B)/2
Simple auger sampling method is generally used to determine root distribution of field-grown plants. We formulated and tested a method for determining average root mass density (RMD) of rice using single-site sampling (SSS). Root data were obtained from experiments on N and green manure effects on rice in loamy sand and sandy loam soils at PAU Research Farm, Ludhiana. Plots were puddled by disking twice followed by planking in standing water. Six-wk-old rice seedlings of cultivar PR106 were transplanted in midJune 1992 at 15- 20-cm spacing. Roots were sampled by monolith excavation and by auger at 20,40, and 75 d after transplanting (DT). Because rice seedlings were inserted 5 cm below the soil surface during transplanting, the 0-5 cm soil layer contained no roots and was removed before sampling. Soil monoliths (10 cm toward midrow 15 cm along the
Loamy sand 20 DT N (60 kg/ha)
40 DT
75 DT
5-15 5-15 5-15 5-15 N (60 kg/ha) 15-25 N (120 kg/ha) 5-15 15-25 GM 5-15 15-25 N (60 kg/ha) 5-15 15-25 25-35 N (120 kg/ha) 5-15 15-25 25-35 GM 5-15 15-25 25-35 N (120 kg/ha) GM a
0.88* b 0.93* 0.91* 0.98* 0.42 0.99* 0.67* 0.98* 0.82* 0.91* 0.58 0.90* 0.99* 0.36 0.93* 0.99* 0.97* 0.93*
0.22 0.22 0.32 0.38 0.05 0.90 0.03 0.65 0.07 0.61 0.08 0.03 1.09 0.08 0.04 1.27 0.13 0.06
3.1 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.0 3.5 3.8 3.4 4.0 3.1 3.5 3.2 3.5 3.0 3.6 3.4 3.0 3.7
0.79 0.50 0.35 0.27 0.30 0.34 0.30 0.25 0.10 0.32 0.15 0.10 0.49 0.19 0.05 0.45 0.15 0.11
0.47 0.24 0.28 0.44 0.10 0.22 0.04 0.32 0.12 0.74 0.21 0.15 0.50 0.17 0.08 0.38 0.08 0.05
0.12 0.04 0.09 0.11 0.03 0.15 0.05 0.13 0.02 0.15 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.17 0.08
0.11 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.04 0.12 0.07 0.14 0.02 0.10 0.09 0.04 0.12 0.10 0.04 0.04 0.13 0.10
Sandy loam 20 DT N (60 kg/ha) N (120 kg/ha) GM 40 DT N (60 kg/ha)
75 DT
5-15 5-15 5-15 5-15 15-25 N (120 kg/ha) 515 15-25 GM 5-15 15-25 N (60 kg/ha) 5-15 15-25 25-35 N (120 kg/ha) 5-15 15-25 25-35 GM 5-15 15-25 25-35
0.97* 0.98* 0.97* 0.98* 0.81* 0.99* 0.82* 0.92* 0.81* 0.90* 0.58 0.90* 0.99* 0.82* 0.99* 0.97* 0.98* 0.98*
0.26 0.28 0.30 0.49 0.07 0.94 0.09 0.74 0.14 0.70 0.18 0.13 1.28 0.18 0.08 1.29 0.25 0.09
3.3 3.4 3.4 3.5 4.0 3.5 4.0 3.5 3.2 3.1 3.7 3.0 3.6 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.2
0.85 0.43 0.10 0.43 0.11 0.33 0.14 0.65 0.08 0.71 0.33 0.12 0.59 0.10 0.05 0.55 0.19 0.12
0.69 0.09 0.13 0.51 0.19 0.27 0.17 0.35 0.05 0.33 0.21 0.11 0.41 0.11 0.10 0.28 0.15 0.10
0.13 0.10 0.09 0.18 0.10 0.13 0.11 0.13 0.05 0.15 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.05 0.05 0.16 0.05 0.04
0.11 0.11 0.07 0.21 0.15 0.07 0.07 0.14 0.03 0.11 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.04 0.05 0.12 0.07 0.07
a GM = green manure. b * = significant at P = 0.05.
row 10 cm deep) were excavated to a depth of 35 cm in four replications. Each monolith was sectioned vertically in five 2-cm-thick segments (see figure). Soil from each segment was washed on a 1-mm mesh screen. Roots were cleaned
Sampling schemes for monolith excavations and single-site augering. a
a* = plant
and dried at 60C to constant weight. RMD was calculated as mg roots/cm3 soil and regressed against horizontal distance (d) from the plant base using a polynomial function. Average RMD (D) was computed by integrating the polynomial fitted to the horizontal root distribution (RMD f[d]) in the unit soil strip and dividing it by distance between two limits. D = 1/10 0
10
RMD f(d)
39
The D in each layer and treatment was interpolated on the horizontal root distribution curve to determine the center for single-site augering (see table). For a given soil layer, RMD determined by centering a 5-cm-diam auger using this sampling scheme (C in figure) was compared with other possible single-site sampling schemes (A and B in figure). Auger samples were collected from nine replications for all schemes. Reliability of a sampling scheme was assessed from root mean square of differences in RMD with the given scheme from D. RMD was greatest close to the plant base and decreased with increasing distance to a point. Then RMD increased again due to contribution of roots from
the adjacent row. RMD distribution for all treatments and stages followed the same pattern. A quadratic polynomial generally best explained the relationship between horizontal root distribution and distance. The position for centering the auger for SSS, computed from interpolation of D on the horizontal root distribution curve, was between 3 and 4 cm from the plant box for both soils irrespective of sampling stage and treatment (see table). When compared with other SSS methods, RMD determination using scheme C resulted in minimum root mean square deviation (RMSD) from D. RMSD of scheme (A + B)/2 was comparable with scheme C, but sampling
at two sites requires more labor and time and is highly destructive. Results suggest the horizontal root distribution in the top 10-cm soil layer may be sufficient for determining the sampling site for centering the auger. In puddled and flooded soils, a small ring should be hammered around the sampling site a day before sampling and the water removed from within. Single-site augering estimates of RMD are very close to those of monolith excavations. The simplicity and precision of the single-site auger method allows more replications and rapidity of sampling-with reduced labor and destruction of experimental plotsthan do other methods.
News about research collaboration

IRRI guidelines encourage marketing of hybrid rice seed to farmers
Farmers in developing countries will pay for hybrid rice seed-if it benefits them at harvest. A policy statement by the IRRI Board of Trustees makes all breeding lines, elite germplasm, and parental lines produced by the Institutes breeding program freely available to both public and private organizations. IRRIs hybrid rice materials will be provided to national agricultural research systems for their use and for sharing with private organizations in their countries. IRRI recognizes that the private sector is likely to play an important role in developing hybrid rice technology, says S. S. Virmani, an IRRI plant breeder who specializes in hybrid rice. To expedite the process of getting hybrid rice seed to farmers, IRRI realized the need to have guidelines to govern the distribution of IRRI hybrid materials. The Institute will not seek intellectual property protection (patents) for its rice breeding materials. IRRI expects recognition, however for the use of its materials when a hybrid rice variety is released. Virmani believes that the value-added benefits of hybrid rice-just like hybrid maize and cotton-will make the technology attractive to both farmers and seed companies. IRRIs policy on intellectual property rights and hybrid rice is as follows: IRRI adheres to the policy of free availability of breeding lines, elite germplasm, and parental lines produced in its breeding program and will not seek intellectual property protection on these materials. IRRI will provide hybrid rice parental lines (and other elite materials) to both public sector institutions and private organizations on the understanding that a) the material is not intended for exclusive use by any single organization, b) IRRI retains the right to distribute the same material to other organizations, and c) the use of IRRI materials will be recognized when a hybrid rice variety is released. Collaboration with profit-making organizations for the development of hybrid rice technology will proceed after consultation, where appropriate, with the authorities in the respective host country. Thai Department of Agriculture fieldtested the IRRI-designed stripper gatherer harvesting system on small farms near Khon Kaen. The farmers liked the machines maneuverability. Its 80-cm working width efficiently harvested both lodged and erect rice on small plots; farmers agreed that the grain loss was acceptably low. Farmers were most impressed by the machines ability to harvest and thresh simultaneously, says Boru Douthwaite, a consultant in the IRRI Agricultural Engineering Division. Farmers have been suffering severe grain losses due to
Thai farmers like mechanized harvesting system

Farmers in northeastern Thailand may soon be harvesting their rice faster with fewer workers and less expense. Serious labor shortages at harvest are increasing costs to farmers in some Asian countries. At the same time, rice prices are declining. IRRI agricultural engineers have been developing efficient mechanized rice harvesting systems for small farms to reduce harvest costs. Researchers from IRRI and the Agricultural Engineering Division of the
40
threshing delays of up to a month. The machine weighs only 190 kg, so workers can transport it over canals and to out-of-the-way fields where large combines cannot go. Local manufacturers are interested in producing the machine, which costs about US$1,600.
The Overseas Development Administration-funded project was conducted by IRRI in collaboration with the Silsoe Research Institute of the United Kingdom.
Chinas hybridization program benefits from INGER

Participation in International Network for Genetic Evaluation of Rice (INGER) activities has accelerated Chinas efforts in rice research and hybridization during the past 14 years. China now boasts of more than 13 million ha of riceland devoted to the direct use of INGER materials for production and for its expanding rice hybridization program. With the test materials from INGER, parental sources for rice breeding in China have been greatly enriched, says Xiong Shenmin, director of the China National Rice Research Institute (CNRRI). Breeders at CNRRI have used INGER material Milyang 46 of South Korea to develop hybrid rices Shanyou 10, Xieyou 46.11-You 46, and D-You 46. Shanyou 10 was planted to more than 400,000 ha of riceland in 1991. It is expected to become the most commonly planted late-season hybrid rice in the country at about 800,000 ha. Breeders from the Lixiahe Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Province used BG90-2 of Sri Lanka to develop varieties Yangdao 1 and Yangdao 2. Breeders at Nanjing Agricultural University used BG90-2 as a parent source to derive Nannongshona variety highly resistant to bacterial leaf blight and rice blast and moderately resistant to rice planthoppers. The Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science has developed Ya-You 2, an indica/ japonica hybrid rice. One of its parents originated from BG90-2/IR2F.
New center for rice research in Iran

The Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization of Iran has established a Rice Research Institute to concentrate on the countrys second most important cereal crop. It is located at Rasht, Gilan Province, and Seyyed-Ali Elahinia is the manager. Until now, rice research was divided among several of
Irans discipline-oriented research institutions. Elahinia is the liaison between Irans Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Organization and IRRI. This collaboration includes rice germplasm exchange and improvement, degree and nondegree training, and participation of Iranian scientists in IRRI conferences, workshops, and networks. Vietnams cropping intensity is perhaps the highest in Asia-one reason why the country is the worlds third largest rice exporter. Scientists of the Plant Protection Research Institute and the University of Cantho in Vietnam are studying the problem with IRRI researchers. They are focusing on the relationship between rice plant nutrition and disease development. They want to know whether nutrient deficiencies or imbalances actually contribute to disease severity. If their research is successful, it will provide Vietnamese rice farmers with an integrated crop management strategy that reduces rice disease problems and the need for fungicides. The research project is funded by the Australian International Development Assistance Bureau. Weedy rices are difficult to control because they look like cultivated varieties and have the same response to herbicides. Planting contaminated seed is a major cause of the problem. Once an area is infested, the weedy rices easily spread. They can cause major damage to the quantity and quality of farmers rice harvest. Moody recommends an integrated control approach, combining preventive, cultural, and chemical methods. He urges farmers to use certified seed or seed that is clean and of good quality. Crop rota-
Potassium deficiency potentially linked with disease problems in Vietnam

Heavy outbreaks of sheath blight, blast, and some previously unknown rice diseases are plaguing farmers in the intensively cultivated lowlands of Vietnam. Many farmers are using fungicides in futile attempts to restore plant health. On-farm experiments indicate these rice plants are severely deficient in potassium, making them highly vulnerable to diseases. If this finding is confirmed, it will have important implications for sustainable yield increases and productivity of rice in the intensively cropped lowlands.
Weedy forms of rice present in Southeast Asia

Rice farmers in Southeast Asia are experiencing more weed problems, a result of their shifting from transplanting seedlings to the more efficient direct seeding. Wild Oryza species and weedy forms of rice are the greatest threat as they mimic cultivated rice, according to Keith Moody, IRRI weed specialist. He found weedy rice in farmers fields in June in Malaysia and the Philippines. Up to now, this problem had been confined to Europe and the Americas.
tion and good water management are important, too. Researchers of national agricultural research systems and IRRI will be collaborating, Moody reports, to identify contaminated areas, assess yield and quality losses, and develop control strategies. Without this research, Moody predicts weed control costs will increase and, as a result, many farmers will switch to other enterprises or abandon valuable rice-producing lands that are needed to feed Asias rapidly increasing population.
41
Chinese provincial researchers to be trained by IRRI

IRRI is joining with the Ministry of Agriculture of China to train its provincial-level staff to conduct on-farm adaptive research. The goal of the World Bank-funded project, according to E. L. Matheny, head of the IRRI Training Center, is to carry out on-farm trials that demonstrate farming recommendations
specific to Chinas prefectures and counties. Fifty researchers from 10 provinces will be trained in the Philippines by IRRI; they will then share this knowledge with prefecture- and country-level agronomists in their provinces. The Training Center has designed a special 4-month course that emphasizes farming systems research methodologies and basic training skills. The training will be in two sessions, the first began in July
and the second will be in early 1994, each for 25 researchers. Two postdoctoral fellows from the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences will be part of the training team. In the projects second phase in 199495, IRRI specialists will assist the provincial staff members in organizing and implementing adaptive research training. They will use IRRI training materials that have been modified and translated into Chinese.
Announcements
Postdoctoral research fellowships at IRRI
The International Rice Research Institute invites applicants for postdoctoral research fellowships in the following fields: Plant breeding. Identification of genes controlling root system development in rice. The work involves developing a marker-aided selection scheme for deep roots, collaborating in studies on root morphology of cultivars adapted to drought-prone environments, and assisting in screening of breeding materials. The research will be conducted at IRRI and at the drought resistance screening site in Ubon, Thailand. A working knowledge of Thai language will be helpful. Send curriculum vita, university transcripts, and three letters of recommendation to S. Sarkarung, Plant Breeder, IRRI Cooperative Project with the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, P.O. Box 9-159 BKN, Bangkhen, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. Fax: (66-2) 561 -4894. E-mail: 157:CG1405. Soil scienceethane emission. Investigation of mechanisms governing production, oxidation, and fluxes of methane emission from ricefields through laboratory, greenhouse, and field research. Assist in analysis and evaluation of ongoing field and laboratory experiments on trace gas emission.
A candidate must have a recent Ph D in soil science, soil microbiology, environmental sciences or related discipline and be from a rice-growing country in Asia. Experience in gas chromatography is required. Experience in computer modeling or use of computer models, data base management, and
statistics is desirable. The two-year position is available immediately. Send letter outlining research experience, knowledge of analytical methodologies, curriculum vitae, and at least two letters of recommendation to H.-U. Neue, Head, Soil and Water Sciences Division, IRRI.
Rice dateline
10 Jan4 Feb International Course on Computer Applications in Irrigation, Southampton, UK .................................................... Course Administrator Effective Irrigation Management Short Courses Institute of Irrigation Studies The University, Southampton S09 5NH, UK
24-26 Jan
Third Workshop on Rice Supply and Demand Project, Bangkok, Thailand ..........................................................
M. Hossain, IRRI
25-26 Jan
11th Training Course on Photosynthesis and Productivity in a Changing Environment, Bangkok, Thailand .......................................................................... D. Hall Division of Life Science Kings College, University of London Campden Hill Road, London, W8 7AH, UK PhilRice-IRRI Work Plan Meeting, IRRI ................................................... G. L. Denning/F. A. Bernardo, IRRI First International Workshop on Rice Research Prioritization, IRRI ................................................................................
10-11 Feb
21-22 Feb
M. Hossain, IRRI
21-24 Feb
Temperate Rice-Achievements and Potential, Yanco Agricultural Institute, Yanco, New South Wales, Australia .................................... Conference Convenor Temperate Rice-Achievements and Potential NSW Agriculture, P.O. Box 1490 Griffith NSW 2680, Australia Rainfed Lowland Rice Thematic Conference and Steering Committee Meeting, India ................................................................................... Physiology and Biochemistry of Tolerance for Drought and Submergence, Lucknow, India ...............................................................
Send in your nomination for Outstanding Young Women in Rice Science Awards
Time is ticking away! Nominations for the 1994 Outstanding Young Women in Rice Science Awards must be received at IRRI by 1 Feb 1994. Established in 1990, these recognitions encourage greater participation of women in rice research and promote their professional improvement. DANIDA, the Danish International Development Agency, is funding the 1994 program. The awards are for women who are 40 years of age or younger (born on 1 Jan 1954 or later) and actively conducting research in any endeavor of rice science in a public or private institution located in the five regions of the developing worlds rice-producing areas. Recipients are selected by regions: Africa, South Asia, West Asia, Southeast Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean. Awards are made without regard to race, color, religion, national origin, or political persuasion of nominees. Each nomination must be submitted by the head of the employing research institution or agency. It must be in English and include a description of the individuals research work and previous accomplishments (not to exceed 1,000 words). Each nomination must be accompanied by two of the individuals published papers or technical reports issued between 1989 and 1992, a curriculum vita or biodata statement and a certification of birth date (with English translation if needed), five copies of a current photograph, black-and-white or color, suitable for publication (minimum size: 2 2 inches or 5 5 cm), and recommendations from three references to support the nomination. The selection committee appointed by the IRRI director general will evaluate the nominations and choose the 1994 awardees. Their selections will be based on the originality and relevance of the
28 Feb5 Mar
R. Zeigler, IRRI
28 Feb5 Mar 6-9 Mar
V. P. Singh, IRRI
25th Meeting of the Rice Technical Working Group, New Orleans, Louisiana USA ...............................................
S. Linscombe P. O. Box 1429 Crowley, LA 70527-1429, USA
14-15 Mar
Thailand-IRRI Work Plan Meeting, Bangkok, Thailand ....................................... Climate Change and Rice Symposium, IRRI .................................................................
D. Puckridge/G. L. Denning/ F. A. Bernardo, IRRI S. Peng/B.S. Vergara, IRRI
14-18 Mar
21-22 Mar
Global Change Impact on Agriculture and Forestry, Rice Ecosystem Workshop, IRRI ...................................................................................
. M Kropff,
RI IR
21-25 Mar
9th International Rice Conference for Latin America and the Caribbean and 5th National Rice Research Meeting of Brazil Goiania, Goias, Brazil ............................................ B. de Silveira Pinheiro EMBRAPA/CNPAF Caixa Postal 179 7400 Goiania, GO, Brazil
43
nominees rice research and the scientifically rigorous manner in which it has been conducted. The decisions of the committee are final, and no award will be made for any region in which the nominees fail to demonstrate excellence in rice research. All nominations and supporting materials must be received by IRRI by
5:00 p.m., 1 Feb 1994. Incomplete submissions are not acceptable. Nominations should be sent to the Chairperson, Outstanding Young Women in Rice Science Awards, c/o Information Center, IRRI. All nominations will be acknowledged when received, will become the property of IRRI, and will not be returned.
For further information about the program and procedures, send a letter to the address above or fax (63-2) 8182087.
IRRI group training courses for 1994

IRRI will conduct 14 short-term group training courses during 1994. IRRI provides a limited number of scholarships for participation in these courses. To be considered for an IRRIfunded scholarship, a scientist must be affiliated with a national institution that has an official collaborative agreement with IRRI in rice-related research and training projects. Scientists interested in an IRRI-funded scholarship should apply directly to his or her institution and not to IRRI. IRRI also accepts scientists from other institutions and agencies for the courses if they are working in rice or rice-related areas. Their applications to participate in courses must be endorsed to IRRI by their employer and specify a funding source to cover costs. IRRIs
Date 21 Feb-1 Apr 21 Mar-15 Apr 25 Apr-3 Jun 6 Jun- 1 Jul 18 Jul-9 Sep 25 Jul-16 Sep 3 Oct-4 Nov 10 Oct-2 Dec 17 Oct-4 Nov 17 Oct-11 NoV 31 Oct-11 NoV 7 Nov-2 Dec 14-25 NoV 14-25 NoV
Course Irrigation and Water Management (Kasetsart University, Thailand) Hybrid Rice Seed Production Engineering for Rice Agriculture Training on Video Production Integrated Pest Management (University of the Philippines at Los Baos/National Crop Protection Center/PhilRice) Integrated Nutrient Management Rice Seed Health Rice Production Research (Pathum Thani Rice Research Center, Thailand) Upland Rice Breeding Geographic Information Systems Scientific Programming Simulation and Systems Analysis for Rice Production (SARP) Gender Analysis Research Management
group course training fee is approximately US$1,200/month; this does not include participants roundtrip international airfare, enroute expenses, or shipping allowance upon return home.
The courses are conducted at IRRI headquarters unless otherwise indicated. For additional information, contact the Head, Training Center, IRRI.
Climate Change and Rice Symposium

An international symposium on climate change and rice will be held at IRRI on 14-18 Mar 1994 to review the broad issues of global climate change and its effect on agriculture. The symposium will be a forum to summarize research on the specific impact of climate change on rice and rice ecosystems. Twenty-seven invited speakers will present papers on production and emission of trace gases by rice soils and the effects of UV-B, CO2, and temperature on rice. Other participants are encouraged to present posters on these topics. For details, contact S. Peng or B. S. Vergara, Climate Change and Rice Symposium, IRRI.
Wet seeded rice workshop

IRRI will host a workshop on Constraints, Opportunities, and Innovations for Wet Seeded Rice on 24-27 May 1994 in Bangkok, Thailand. Discussion topics will include environmental characterization, germplasm evaluation, input use efficiency (water, nutrients, labor), pest management (weeds, diseases, insects,
snails), and social and environmental implications. Workshop goals are to exchange information, assess technology for different environments, determine research priorities, and develop a work plan. Scientists involved in wet seeded rice research are encouraged to attend the workshop. Send requests for details to K. Moody, APPA Division, IRRI. Abstracts must be received by 1 Feb 1994. Interpretative summary will be included in the program. Submit only two papers for presentation as senior author, indicating which is the oral and which is the poster presentation.
25th Meeting of the Rice Technical Working Group

The 25th Meeting of the Rice Technical Working Group will be in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, on 6-9 Mar 1994. People interested in submitting papers should note this schedule:
44
Individuals submitting only one paper must present it orally. For more details, contact Steve Linscombe, Local Arrangements Chairman, P.O. Box 1429, Crowley, Louisiana 70527-1429, USA. Tel: 318788-7531. Fax: 318-788-7553.
McNamara Fellowship Program

The Robert McNamara Fellowship Program awards 10 fellowships to support innovative and imaginative postgraduate research in areas of economic development. Each fellowship covers a 12-month period normally beginning 1 Jul and ending 30 Jun. Criteria for fellowship eligibility: must be a national of a World Bank-member country, be not more that 35 years old, must have at least a master's degree or
Temperate rice conference

A technical conference, Temperate RiceAchievements and Potential, will be held 21-24 Feb 1994 at the Yanco Agricultural Institute, Yanco, New South Wales, Australia. The McCaughey Memorial Institute is the sponsor. Themes are breeding and genetics, quality, storage and processing, rice agronomy and management, crop protection, economics and marketing, environment and sustainability, and extension and education. For more information, contact the Conference Convenor, Temperate Rice Achievements and Potential, NSW Agriculture, P.O. Box 1490, Griffith NSW 2680, Australia.
equivalent at time of application, must carry out the research work under the auspices of an adviser in the host institution of choice in a World Bankmember country, and must have a working knowledge of the language spoken in the country where he or she will carry out the research. Send applications and correspondence to the Robert S. McNamara Fellowship Program, Room M-4029, World Bank Headquarters, 18 18 H. Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, USA.
New IRRI publications

1992 Program report Rice in human nutrition Pesticides, rice productivity, and farmer's health: an economic assessment 1993-1995 IRRI rice almanac
New publications
Agricultural policy and sustainability: case studies from India, Chile, the Philippines, and the United States. Published by World Resources Institute (WRI). Biodiversity prospecting: using genetic resources for sustainable development. Published by WRI, USA; Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Costa Rica; Rainforest Alliance, USA; and African Centre for Technology Studies, Kenya. Order from WRI Publications, P.O. Box 4852, Hampden Station, Baltimore, MD 2 12 11, USA. Fertilisers, organic manures, recyclable wastes, and biofertilisers. Management of nutrient interactions in agriculture. Fertiliser management in food crops. Methods of analysis of soils, plants, waters, and fertilisers. Edited by H.L.S. Tandon. To order, contact Fertiliser Development and Consultation Organisation, 204 Bhanot Comer, 1-2 Pamposh Enclave, New Delhi 110048, India. Fax: 91-11-6862196. Man-made lowlands. History of water management and land reclamation in the Netherlands. Edited by G.P. Van der Ven. Send orders to Uitgeverij Matrijs, P.O. Box 670, NL-3500 AR Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Rice literature update reprint service

Photocopies of items listed in the Rice literature update are available from the IRRI Library and Documentation Service. Reprints of original documents (not to exceed 40 pages) are supplied free to rice scientists of developing countries. Rice scientists elsewhere are charged US$0.20 for each page or part of a page copied, plus postage. Make checks or money orders payable to Library and Documentation Service, IRRI. Address requests to Library and Documentation Service, IRRI. E-mail: IN%postmaster@IRRI.CGNET.COM
Rice conference for Latin America and the Caribbean

The 9th International Rice Conference for Latin America and the Caribbean and the 5th National Rice Research Meeting of Brazil will be held in Goiania, Goias, Brazil 21-25 Mar 1994. They are jointly sponsored by the International Network for Genetic Evaluation of Rice (INGER) for Latin America and the National Research Center for Rice and Beans (EMBRAPA/ CNPAF) of Brazil. Alternative methods for increasing productivity of rice in the region are to be analyzed. Topics for discussion include genetic improvement and commercial achievement of biological yield potential, cropping systems for efficient use of available resources, diversification of uses and markets to increase consumption, and organization of research to integrate public and private resources. For more details, contact Beatriz de Silveira Pinheiro, EMBRAPA/CNPAF, Caixa Postal 179,7400 Goiania, GO, Brazil. Tel: (5562) 261-3022. Fax: (5562) 261-3880.
Call for news

Individuals, institutions, and organizations are invited to tell readers about upcoming events in rice research or related fields in the Rice dateline. Send announcements to the Editor, International Rice Research Notes, IRRI.
45
IRRI address
International Rice Research Institute P.O. Box 933 Manila 1099 Philippines Tel: (63-2) 818-1926 Fax: (63-2) 818-2087 Telex: (ITT) 40890 RICE PM E-mail: IN% postmaster@ IRRI.CGNET.COM
Errata
Efficiency of natural selection against cold-induced sterility in bulked families, by J. P. Tilquin and J. F. Detry, 18 (1) March 1993, 33. In figure, read F6 , F7 , and F8 ; in text, read were subjected to natural selection in F4-8 and F6-8, trials showed sterility levels below that of Ambalalava. Comparative efficiency of Sesbania, Gliricidia, and urea as N sources in wetland rice, by Kundu et al, 18 (3) (Sep 1993), 27. In column 6 of the table, replace 7.4 with 3.4.
Combined effects of pests in farmers fields: methodological outlines of a yieldloss data base in rice, by N. P. Castilla et al, 18 (3) (Sep 1993), 41-42. A simple methodology for analyzing rice sheath blight (ShB) epidemiologic processes under semicontrolled conditions, by R. M. Leao et al, 18 (3) (Sep 1993), 42. In both notes, S. Savarys affiliation was incorrectly printed. It should be IRRI-Institut Franais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Dveloppement en Cooptration (ORSTOM).
46
Instructions for contributors

NOTES
notes submitted to the IRRN for possible publication must be original work, have international or pannational relevance, be conducted during the immediate past three years or be work in progress, have rice environment relevance, advance rice knowledge, use appropriate research design and data collection methodology, report pertinent, adequate data, apply appropriate statistical analysis, and reach supportable conclusions. Routine research. Reports of screening trials of varieties, fertilizer, cropping methods, and other routine observations using standard methodologies to establish local recommendations are not accepted. Examples are single-season, single-trial field experiments. All field trials should be repeated across more than one season, in multiple seasons, or in more than one location as appropriate. All experiments should include replications and an internationally known check or control treatment.
General criteria. Scientific
IRRN categories. Specify the category in which the note being submitted should appear. Write the category in the upper right-hand corner of the first page of the note.
GERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT
genetic resources genetics breeding methods yield potential grain quality pest resistance diseases insects other pests stress tolerance drought excess water adverse temperature adverse soils other stresses integrated germplasm improvement irrigated rainfed lowland upland deepwater tidal wetlands seed technology
Multiple submissions.
Normally, only one report for a single experiment will be accepted. Two or more items about the same work submitted at the same time will be returned for merging. Submitting at different times multiple notes from the same experiment is highly inappropriate. Detection will result in the rejection of all submissions on that research.
soils soil microbiology physiology and plant nutrition fertilizer management inorganic sources organic sources crop management integrated pest management diseases insects weeds other pests water management farming systems farm machinery postharvest technology economic analysis
CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
ENVIRONMENT SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Arrange the note as a brief statement of research objectives, a short description of project design, and a succinct discussion of results. Relate results to the objectives. Do not include abstracts. Do not cite references or include a bibliography. Restrain acknowledgments. Manuscripts must be in English. Limit each note to no more than two pages of doublespaced typewritten text. Submit the original manuscript and a duplicate, each with a clear copy of all tables and figures. Authors should retain a copy of the note and of all tables and figures. Apply these rules, as appropriate, in the note: Specify the rice production ecosystems as irrigated, rainfed lowland, upland, deepwater, and tidal wetlands. Indicate the type of rice culture (transplanted, wet seeded, dry seeded). If local terms for seasons are used, define them by characteristic weather (wet season, dry season, monsoon) and by months. Use standard, internationally recognized terms to describe rice plant parts, growth stages, and management practices. Do not use local names. Provide genetic background for new varieties or breeding lines. For soil nutrient studies, include a standard soil profile description, classification, and relevant soil properties. Provide scientific names for diseases, insects, weeds, and crop plants. Do not use common names or local names alone. Quantify survey data, such as infection percentage, degree of severity, and sampling base. When evaluating susceptibility, resistance, and tolerance, report the actual quantification
Manuscript preparation.
of damage due to stress, which was used to assess level or incidence. Specify the measurements used. Use generic names, not trade names, for all chemicals. Use international measurements. Do not use local units of measure. Express yield data in metric tons per hectare (t/ha) for field studies and in grams per pot (g/pot) for small-scale studies. Express all economic data in terms of the US$. Do not use local monetary units. Economic information should be presented at the exchange rate US$:local currency at the time data were collected When using acronyms or abbreviations, write the name in full on first mention, followed by the acronym or abbreviation in parentheses. Use the abbreviation thereafter. Define any nonstandard abbreviations or symbols used in tables or figures in a footnote, caption, or legend. Tables and figures. Each note can have no more than two tables and/or figures (graphs, illustrations, or photos). All tables and figures must be referred to in the text; they should be grouped at the end of the note, each on a separate page. Tables and figures must have clear titles that adequately explain the contents. Review of notes. The IRRN editor will send an acknowledgment card when a note is received. An IRRI scientist, selected by the editor, reviews each note. Reviewer names are not disclosed. Depending on the reviewer's report, a note will be accepted for publication, rejected, or returned to the author(s) for revision. (continued on back cover)

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International Rice Research Notes

Integrated germplasm improvementrainfed lowland

Integrated germplasm improvementupland

Integrated germplasm improvementtidal wetlands

Crop and resource management

Physiology and plant nutrition

Fertilizer managementinorganic sources

Fertilizer managementorganic sources

Using single-site augering to determine root distribution of rice

lntegrated pest managementdiseases

News about research collaboration

lntegrated pest managementinsects

lntegrated pest managementother pests

Research methodology Errata

Instructions for contributors

Values in parentheses refer to the number of susceptible lines.

In vitro propagation of conserved rice germplasm

a All values were compared with SRES, Villavicencio,

IRRN 18:4 (December 1993)

a International Rice Germplasm Center.

Proliferation of germplasm from seeds. See text for explanation.

IRRN 18:4 (December 1993)

Seedling color Green 0 37 41 16 23 15 17 21 9 52 38 50 44 153 113 143 White 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 c 47 29 56 39 47 31 45 c

0.50-0.75 0.25-0.50 0.50-0.75 0.50-0.75 0.50-0.75 0.25-0.50 0.75-0.90

a R = restorer, PR = partial restorer, M = maintainer.

IRRN 18:4 (December 1993)

IRRN 18:4 (December 1993)

8912 S 5047 S Shuangguang S

25.4 0.0 8.8 0.5 9.2 9.8

27.6 25.9 13.3 12.2

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 5.8

0.0 0.0 8.0 0.0

31.8 2.6 58.2 22.9 8.5 2.9 10.2 3.4

26.8 2.7 3.8 9.9 14.8 2.7 20.0 7.8

17.4 2.8 26.4 1.6

16.2 23.7 1.3 2.5

4.0 2.5 1.5 2.9

1 =fertile pollen % S, 2 = spikelet fertility % S.

IRRN 18:4 (December 1993)

Inflorescence culture in rice

a Numbers in parentheses were in other experiments.

Table 1. Degree of callus-forming ability and callus health in lR31662-47-2-1.

Inflorescence length (cm) 0.5 1 2 3 4 5 0.5 1 2 3 4 5 0.5 1 2 3 4 5

Callus induction (%) 82 78 70 68 50 44 100 100 90 84 62 52 90 86 82 74 60 47

Peak callusforming period (d) 12 12 16 16 25 40 -

Callus health (1-6 scale) a 2 1 3 3 5 6 1 1 2 4 6 6 1 1 4 5 3 3

a 1 = excellent, 2 - 3 =good, 4 - 5 = moderate, and 6 = poor.

IRRN 18:4 (December 1993)

Pest resistance diseases

IRRN 18:4 (December 1993)

Reaction of some rice germplasm to leaf blast (BI) in Guyana

Pest resistance insects

IRRN 18:4 (December 1993)

a MR = moderately resistant, MS = moderately susceptible, and S = susceptible.

IRRN 18:4 (December 1993)

Evaluation of rice varieties for resistance to OHLH. RRS, Mudigere, India.

a Highest score recorded in 2 yr on a 0-6 scale. b Mean of 45 leaves.

Table 1. Reactions of GM-resistant varieties to 2 GM biotypes. GAAS, China.

International Rice Gall Midge Nursery (Thailand); f Infested on a tiller basis.

IRRN 18:4 (December 1993)

Test item Resistance of parent

0.008 0.563 27.857 0.317

W1263/ Daqiuqi W1263/Daqiuqi// Wanhuaai

F 5.8 16.2 1.4 ns