September 25, 2011

Unit II - Matter and Energy

The two driving forces in chemistry are Enthalpy (heat) and Entropy (randomness). Almost everything in nature wants to be in the lowest energy(enthalpy) state possible but the highest randomness (entropy).
ex. cars rust, rocks erodes, acorns fall down, fire burns, hail scatters

The one exception?????

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I- Definitions:
1. Matter - anything that has mass and takes up space 2. Energy - a quantity that can manipulate matter. It comes in many forms and can be converted from one form or another but never destroyed. a. b. Kinetic- energy of motion ex. heat, mechanical, sound, light Potential- stored energy ex. chemical, gravitational

Energy is involved in EVERY reaction. It either goes in (endothermic)or comes out (exothermic)!!

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3. Physical Properties a. Extensive: any property that depends on the AMOUNT of matter - mass - weight - volume

b. Intensive: any property that depends on the COMPOSITION of matter - hardness - color - mp - bp - odor - phase - density - magnetism - conductivity

4. Chemical Properties - the degree to which something reacts with other substances

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5. Chemical change Any change in which a new substance is formed.

Physical change Any change in size, shape or phase

Includes one or more of the following: 1. energy absorption or release 2. color change 3. gas evolved 4. precipitate formed
ex. rusting of iron combustion of alcohol electrolysis of water

VS

ex. crushing rock melting ice boiling water dissolving salt cutting gems
.

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6. Energy in Reactions
A) Endo thermic -reactions that absorb energy (in) (heat)
ex.1 Ba(OH)2(s) + NH4SCN(s) + heat --> Ba(SCN)2(aq) + NH3(g) + H2O(l) + ex.2 KNO3(s) + heat --> K (aq) + NO3 (aq) These reactions feel COLD because energy is be absorbed into the reaction from its environment.

Are the above reactions physical or chemical changes?

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Energy in Reactions(cont'd)
B) Exothermic -reactions that release energy (out) (heat) ex.1 NaC2H3O2(aq) --> NaC2H3O2(s) + heat ex.2 H2(g) + O2(g) --> H2O(l) + heat These reactions feel HOT because energy is be released from the reaction to its environment.
Are the above reactions physical or chemical changes?

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II. Substances vs. Mixtures

H o m o g e n e o u s

1.Substances: Any material having its own unique composition and properties. A. Elements- building blocks of matter 1. can not be chemically decomposed 2. 90 naturally occurring ex. O2, H2, Al, Hg, Hf, W B. Compounds (molecules)- two or more elements chemically combined. 1. can be chemically separated 2. different ratios = different properties ex. H2O, NH3, CH4, HF, NaCl, MgF2

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2.Mixtures:

two or more substances PHYSICALLY combined.

A. Heterogeneous- unlike throughout (nonuniform composition) examples: dirt, sand and salt, S and Fe filings B. Homogeneous- like throughout (uniform composition) a. Solutions- X mixed with liquids (solute/solvent) 1. s/l NaCl(aq) 2. l/l coffee, lemonade, HCl(aq) 3. g/l H2CO3(aq), O2(aq) b. Alloys- mixtures of metals examples: brass, bronze, steel, pewter, nitinol
Mixtures do NOT have unique properties!!!!!!!! - brass doesn't have A mp - soda doesn't have A bp - air doesn't have A condensation point

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3.

Freezing: cooling gases or liquids to initiate phase changes

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4. Representative ParticlesCategorize the following using the terms: element, compound and mixture
1.
A A

A A

2.
B B B B B B

3.

A
B B B

A A

4.
A

B B

5.
A
B A

A
B B A A

6.
A A
B

A
B

A A A
B

A A

7.
Z

Z
A

8.
A

A A A

9.
B B

A
B B

Z
A
B

A
B B

A A

A
B

B A

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3. Heating and Cooling Curves

A. Heating Curves (water) 1. There are many conclusions that can be made from observing the heating curve of a substance. Some of them are: a. melting/freezing point b. boiling/condensation point c. heat of fusion d. heat of vaporization e. specific heat

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Heating Curves Cont'd

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B. Cooling Curves

c.p. / b.p.

f.p. / m.p.

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4. Phase Diagrams

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IV. Energy Calculations

Energy in a chemical reaction is generally released as heat when bonds are formed . Likewise energy is necessarily absorbed when breaking bonds .

1. Changing temperature: formula: Q=mc T 2. Changing Phase: A) fusion/ freezing formula: Q=mHf B)vaporization/ condensation formula: Q=mHv

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3. Heat Vocabulary
Heat

1. Amount of heat required to vaporize 1 gram of any substance

Specific Heat

2. The unit for heat

3. A type of energy, flows into or out of EVERY rxn

Heat of Fusion
4. Amount of heat required to melt 1 gram of any substance
5. The measurement of average particle motion (avg KE)

Heat of Vaporization

Temperature

6. Amount of heat required to change 1 gram of any substance 1oC (or K)

Joule

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4. Heat in the Reference Tables:

Table I in the reference tables gives examples of several different types of heat in reactions.
Heats of Reaction at 101.3 kPa and 298 K
Reaction CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l) 2C8H18(!) + 25O2(g) 16CO2(g) + 18H2O(l) 2CH3OH(!) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 4H2O(l) C2H5OH(!) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) 2CO(g) + O2(g) 2CO2(g) C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) 2Al2O3(s) N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) N2(g) + 2O2(g) 2NO2(g) 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g) 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l) N2 (g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) 2C(s) + 3H2(g) C2H6(g) 2C(s) + 2H2(g) C2H4(g) 2C(s) + H2(g) C2H2(g) H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g) KNO3(s) H2 O K+(aq) + NO3(aq) NaOH(s) H2 O Na+(aq) + OH(aq) NH4Cl(s) H2 O NH4+(aq) + Cl(aq) NH4NO3(s) H2 O NH4+(aq) + NO3(aq) NaCl(s) H2 O Na+(aq) + Cl(aq) LiBr(s) H2 O Li+(aq) + Br(aq) H+(aq) + OH(aq) H2O(!)
*Minus sign indicates an exothermic reaction.

Heat of Reaction

Heat of Formation

Heat of Solution

H (kJ)* 890.4 2219.2 10943 1452 1367 2804 566.0 393.5 3351 +182.6 +66.4 483.6 571.6 91.8 84.0 +52.4 +227.4 +53.0 +34.89 44.51 +14.78 +25.69 +3.88 48.83 55.8