Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Assignment
Course:
Sociology
Topic:
Lectures covered during the sessions
Submitted To:
Sir H. Rasheed Ahmad
Submitted By:
Saliha saeed Roll# 33 BBA 6th (Morning) Department of Management Sciences The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
Contents
INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY ................................................................................................................... 7 Sociology: .................................................................................................................................................. 7 Definitions of sociology:............................................................................................................................ 8 What is Sociology? .................................................................................................................................. 11 Purpose of Human existence: ................................................................................................................. 12 Some Other Definitions of Sociology: ..................................................................................................... 14 Aims of Sociology: ................................................................................................................................... 15 ORIGIN OF SOCIOLOGY: ............................................................................................................................ 17 Enlightenment:........................................................................................................................................ 17 French Revolution:.................................................................................................................................. 17 Dimensions and Horizons Of Sociology: ................................................................................................ 18 W.T SOCIOLOGY ...................................................................................................................................... 21 What is the focus of sociology? .............................................................................................................. 22 What is the locus of sociology?............................................................................................................... 22 What is social interaction? ...................................................................................................................... 22 What is the primary field of sociology? .................................................................................................. 23 NATURE OF SOCIOLOGY:......................................................................................................................... 23 Subject Matter of Sociology .................................................................................................................... 24 Six aspects of subject matter of sociology: ............................................................................................. 24 Famous Sociologists ................................................................................................................................ 25 Sociology in Reference to different Sociologists: ................................................................................... 26 Foundations of the academic discipline: .................................................................................... 30 Culture: ............................................................................................................................................. 32 Criminality, deviance, law and punishment: ........................................................................... 33 Economic sociology: ........................................................................................................................ 34 Environment: ................................................................................................................................... 34 Education:......................................................................................................................................... 35 Family, gender, and sexuality: .................................................................................................... 35
Sociology:
Sociology is the scientific study of human social behavior. As the study of humans in their collective aspect, sociology is concerned with all group activities: economic, social, political, and religious. Sociologists study such areas as bureaucracy, community, deviant behavior, family, public opinion, social change, social mobility, social stratification, and such specific problems as crime, divorce, child abuse, and substance addiction. Sociology tries to determine the laws governing human behavior in social contexts. Sociology forces us to think about ourselves (what is inside and outside an individual i.e. environment, culture etc). This thought about life came into existence since 19th century. Therefore sociology is a science of society which basically focuses upon ACTION-REACTION and INTERACTION of individual beings in the society.
Sociology is the study of society. It is a social science (with which it is informally synonymous) that uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop and refine a body of knowledge and theory about human social activity, often with the goal of applying such ...
The study of society, human social interaction, and the rules and processes that bind and separate people not only as individuals, but as members of associations, groups, and institutions
sociologist - a social scientist who studies the institutions and development of human society
sociological - of or relating to or determined by sociology; "sociological studies" (Soziologie) is the science that attempts to understand social action and to explain its course and effect.
Aging Crime Deviance Gender Marriage and the Family Methods and Statistics Organizations Political Sociology Population Race/Ethnic Relations Rural Sociology Social Change Social Control Social Indicators Social Movements Social Problems Social Psychology Social Theory Sociological Theory.
This is financial aid where applicants must initially qualify by race, religion, or national origin. After filtering the applicants based on their ethnicity, additional factors are taken into consideration to determine the final recipients.
Introduction to Sociology Social Researchers Role of Social scientists in the field of Sociology
10
Sociology gives an explanation of human action and interaction that focus on our social life.
Sociology is interested in what happens when individuals meet, talk, love, hate or cooperate with one another.
11
Social structures (e.g. the family, education, social stratification, etc.) Social systems (e.g. culture and identity, agents of social control, etc.) Social issues (e.g. the causes of crime, the impact of unemployment, etc.)
As you might expect of a social science, there are several explanations as to how we can best understand human society. The main theoretical perspectives covered in GCSE Sociology are;
o o o o
12
Functionalism
Functionalists believe that society can best be compared to a living organ, in which institutions and people all have a function to play with society. For example, the function of the family is to socialize children. Functionalist theorists include Talcott Parsons and Emile Durkheim.
o
Marxism
Marxists believe that a capitalist society is characterized by a class conflict between the bourgeoisie (the owners of capital) and the proletariat (the working-class). In a capitalist economic system such as the UK, the bourgeoisie exploit the proletariat. Marxist theorists include Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx.
o
Feminism
Feminists argue that society is dominated by men. In this patriarchal society men discriminate against women in order to prevent males and females gaining equal rights. There are various strands of belief within feminism; such as radical feminism, liberal feminism and Marxist feminism. Feminist theorists include Germaine Greer and Ann Oakley.
o
Sociologists who take a New Right perspective believe that traditional roles within society have been undermined by the permissive values of the 1960s and 1970s. They argue that the nuclear family is the bedrock of society, and that the welfare state creates a dependency culture. New Right theorists include Charles Murray and Sir Keith Joseph.....
13
The concise, simplest and easiest definitions of sociology are: Sociology is the study of society.
Sociology is the study of human society. Sociology is the study of civil society. Sociology is the study of social science. Sociology is a perspective that tries to give a sophisticated and factual explanation of why people act as they do.
Sociology is the theory of society. Sociology gives an explanation of human action and interaction that focus on our social life.
14
15
Origin of Sociology French Revolution Birth of Democratic Society Inspiring new Sociological Trends
16
Enlightenment:
The intellectual heritage of enlightenment which facilitated the way of sociology is discussed as under:
2. Scientific approach:
The enlightenment also emphasized on scientific approach for understanding the society. it help in eliminating the past myths, introduce new technologies and logical reasoning.
French Revolution:
About 200 years ago sociology again changed its bases and laws because we not only need life actually we want to live prosperous and easy life.
People start making their own society. Ideas and views of general public were also taken while selecting any leader. The concept of one man show was removed.
17
1. People set their own laws, justices, rules and regulations. They have their own mission's values and ethical atmosphere. 2. All these laws are sociological trends for the development of modern society.
18
19
Nature of Sociology Subject Matter of Sociology Famous Sociologists Scope Opportunities of Sociology
20
W.T SOCIOLOGY
1. Nature(CHRACTERISTICS OF SOCIOLOGY)
4. Scope(opportunities) of sociology
Sociology:
FOCUS
LOCUS
SOCIAL INTRECTION
FIELD OF STUDY
21
22
NATURE OF SOCIOLOGY:
INDEPENDENT SCIENCE:
Sociology has its own specific area of study and methods. It is not studied as a branch of any other science like political sciences and history etc It has its own theories, methodology, concepts, manners etc.
SOCIAL SCIENCE:
Sociology is a social science rather than physical science. As a social science it concentrates its attention on man and his social life
CATEGORICAL SCIENCE:
Sociology is a categorical science rather than a normative science it does not make any kind of value-judgments. Its approach is neither moral nor immoral but amoral. It is ethically neutral.
23
ABSTRACT SCIENCE:
Sociology is relatively abstract science not a concrete science because it is more concerned with the form of human events and their style.
24
Emile Durkheim
(1858-1917)
Carl Mars
(1818-1883)
Herbert Spencer
(1820-1903)
George Simmen
(1858-1918)
(1864-1920) (1864-1929)
Robert K.Merton
(1910-2003)
Michel Foucault
(1926-1984)
T. Persons
(1902-1979)
25
Auguste Comte Sociological reasoning predates the foundation of the discipline. Social analysis has origins in the common stock of Western knowledge and philosophy, and has been carried out from at least as early as the time of Plato. The origin of the survey can be traced back at least early as the Doomsday Book in 1086, while ancient philosophers such as Confucius wrote on the importance of social roles. There is evidence of early sociology in medieval Islam. Some consider Ibn Khaldun, a 14th century Arab Islamic scholar from North Africa, to have been the first sociologist; his Muqaddimah was perhaps the first work to advance social-scientific reasoning on social cohesion and social conflict. The word sociology (or "sociologies") is derived from the Latin: socius, "companion"; ology, "the study of", and Greek , logos, "word", "knowledge". It was first coined in 1780 by the French essayist Emmanuel-Joseph Sieys (17481836) in an unpublished manuscript. Sociology was later defined independently by the French philosopher of science, Auguste Comte (17981857), Comte had earlier used the term "social physics", but that had subsequently been appropriated by others, most notably the Belgian statistician Adolphe Quetelet. Comte endeavored to unify history, psychology and economics through the scientific understanding of the social realm. Writing shortly after the malaise of the French Revolution, he proposed that social ills could be remedied through sociological positivism, an epistemological
26
27
Karl Marx Both Comte and Karl Marx (18181883) set out to develop scientifically justified systems in the wake of European industrialization and secularization, informed by various key movements in the philosophies of history and science. Marx rejected Comtean positivism but in attempting to develop a science of society nevertheless came to be recognized as a founder of sociology as the word gained wider meaning. For Isaiah Berlin, Marx may be regarded as the "true father" of modern sociology, "in so far as anyone can claim the title. To have given clear and unified answers in familiar empirical terms to those theoretical questions which most occupied men's minds at the time, and to have deduced from them clear practical directives without creating obviously artificial links between the two, was the principle achievement of Marx's theory ... The sociological treatment of historical and moral problems, which Comte and after him, Spencer and Taine, had discussed and mapped, became a precise and concrete study only when the attack of militant Marxism made its conclusions a burning issue, and so made the search for evidence more zealous and the attention to method more intense. Isaiah Berlin Karl Marx: His Life and Environment 1937.
28
Herbert Spencer Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 8 December 1903) was one of the most popular and influential 19th century sociologists. It is estimated that he sold one million books in his lifetime, far more than any other sociologist at the time. So strong was his influence that many other 19th century thinkers, including mile Durkheim, defined their ideas in relation to his. Durkheims Division of Labour in Society is to a large extent an extended debate with Spencer from whose sociology, many commentators now agree, Durkheim borrowed extensively. Also a notable biologist, Spencer coined the term "survival of the fittest". Whilst Marxian ideas defined one strand of sociology, Spencer was a critic of socialism as well as strong advocate for a lassiez-faire style of government. His ideas were highly observed by conservative political circles, especially in the United States and England.
29
mile Durkheim Formal academic sociology was established by mile Durkheim (18581917), who developed positivism as a foundation to practical social research. Durkheim set up the first European department of sociology at the University of Bordeaux in 1895, publishing his Rules of the Sociological Method. In 1896, he established the journal L'Anne Sociologique. Durkheim's seminal monograph, Suicide (1897), a case study of suicide rates amongst Roman Catholic, Jewish and Protestant populations, distinguished sociological analysis from psychology or philosophy. It also marked a major contribution to the theoretical concept of structural functionalism. He endeavored to apply sociological findings in the pursuit of political reform and social solidarity. For Durkheim, sociology could be described as the "science of institutions, their genesis and their functioning". The first college course entitled "Sociology" was taught in the United States at Yale in 1875 by William Graham Sumner. In 1883 Lester F. Ward, the first president of the American Sociological Association, published Dynamic Sociologyor Applied social science as based upon statical sociology and the less complex sciences and attacked the laissez-faire sociology of Herbert Spencer and Sumner. Ward's 1200
30
SCOPE OF SOCIOLOGY:
Sociology is not only an intellectual discipline (knowledge) but is also a profession. Sociology explains the social conditions of life and guides in all social phenomena. Therefore, sociological knowledge is a tool of life for man. To understand and gaining its knowledge is essential. Sociology as knowledge is itself an aim of sociologist.
31
32
33
Environment:
Main articles: Environmental sociology, Sociology of disaster, and Human ecology Environmental sociology is the study of societal-environmental interactions, typically placing emphasis on the social factors that cause environmental problems, the impacts of these problems on society, and the efforts to resolve them. Attention is also paid to the processes by which environmental conditions become defined and known to a society.
34
"Rosie the Riveter" was an iconic symbol of the American home front and a departure from gender roles due to wartime necessity. Main articles: Sociology of the family, Sociology of childhood, Sociology of gender, Feminist sociology, Feminist theory, and Queer theory.
35
36
37
Media:
Main article: Media studies As with cultural studies, media studies is a distinct discipline which owes to the convergence of sociology and other social sciences and humanities, in particular, literary criticism and critical theory. Though the production process or the critique of aesthetic forms is not in the remit of sociologists, analyses of socializing factors, such as ideological effects and audience reception, stem from sociological theory and method. Thus the 'sociology of the media' is not a sub discipline per se, but the media is a common and often-indispensible topic.
Military:
Main article: Military sociology Military sociology aims toward the systematic study of the military as a social group rather than as an organization. It is a highly specialized subfield which examines issues related to service personnel as a distinct group with coerced collective action based on shared interests linked to survival in vocation and combat, with purposes and values that are more defined and narrow than within civil society. Military sociology also concerns civilian-military relations and interactions between other groups or governmental agencies. Topics include the dominant assumptions held by those in the military, changes in military members' willingness to fight, military unionization, military professionalism, the increased utilization of women, the
38
Political sociology:
Main article: Political sociology
Jrgen Habermas Political sociology is the study of the relations between political organization and society. A typical research question in this area might be: "Why do so few American citizens choose to vote? Questions of political opinion formation brought about some of the pioneering uses of statistical survey research by Paul Lazarsfeld. A major subfield of political sociolgy draws on comparative history to analyze socio-political trends. The field developed from the work of Max Weber and Moisey Ostrogorsky, whilst contemporary theorists include Robert A. Dahl, Seymour Martin Lipset, Theda Skocpol, Luc Boltanski and Nicos Poulantzas. Some of the main areas of research focus in contemporary political sociology are : (1) The socio-political formation of the modern state; (2) "Who rules"? How social inequality between groups (class, race, gender, etc.) influences politics. (3) How public personalities, social movements and trends outside of the formal institutions of political power affect politics, and (4) Power relationships within and between social groups (e.g. families, workplaces, bureaucracy, media, etc).
39
Religion:
Main article: Sociology of religion The sociology of religion concerns the practices, historical backgrounds, developments, universal themes and roles of religion in society. There is particular emphasis on the recurring role of religion in all societies and throughout recorded history. The sociology of religion is distinguished from the philosophy of religion in that sociologists do not set out to assess the validity of religious truth-claims, instead assuming what Peter L. Berger has described as a position of "methodological atheism". It may be said that the modern formal discipline of sociology began with the analysis of religion in Durkheim's 1897 study of suicide rates amongst Roman Catholic and Protestant populations. Max Weber published four major texts on religion in a context of economic sociology and his rationalization thesis: The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905), The
Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism (1915), The Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism (1915), and Ancient Judaism (1920).
40
Social networks:
Harrison White Main article: Social network A social network is a social structure composed of individuals (or organizations) called "nodes", which are tied (connected) by one or more specific types of interdependency, such as friendship, kinship, financial exchange, dislike, sexual relationships, or relationships of beliefs, knowledge or prestige. Social networks operate on many levels, from families up to the level of nations, and play a critical role in determining the way problems are solved, organizations are run, and the degree to which individuals succeed in achieving their goals. Social network analysis makes no assumption that groups are the building blocks of society: the approach is open to studying less-bounded social systems, from nonlocal communities to networks of exchange. Rather than treating individuals (persons, organizations, states) as discrete units of analysis, it focuses on how the structure of ties affects individuals and their relationships. In contrast to analyses that assume that socialization into norms determines behavior, network analysis looks to see the extent to which the structure and composition of ties affect norms. Unlike most
41
Social psychology:
Main article: Social psychology (sociology) Sociological social psychology focuses on micro-scale social actions. This area may be described as adhering to "sociological miniaturist", examining whole societies through the study of individual thoughts and emotions as well as behavior of small groups. Of special concern to psychological sociologists is how to explain a variety of demographic, social, and cultural facts in terms of human social interaction. Some of the major topics in this field are social inequality, group dynamics, prejudice, aggression, social perception, group behavior, social change, nonverbal behavior, socialization, conformity, leadership, and social identity. Social psychology may be taught with psychological emphasis. In sociology, researchers in this field are the most prominent users of the experimental method (however, unlike their psychological counterparts, they also frequently employ other methodologies). Social psychology looks at social influences, as well as social perception and social interaction.[108]
Stratification:
Main articles: Social stratification, Social mobility, and Social class Social stratification is the hierarchical arrangement of individuals into social classes, castes, and divisions within a society. In modern Western societies stratification traditionally relates to cultural and economic classes comprising of three main layers: upper class, middle class, and lower class, but each class may be further subdivided into smaller classes (e.g. occupational). Social stratification is interpreted in radically different ways within sociology. Proponents of structural
42
43
44
45
Description:
A group of people associated together for some common purpose, aims and intrest.it is the sum of human relationships means every person is related with each other and dependent persons rather people are interdependent of each other. Human society is also known as civil and urban society.
3. Common interest
4. It is not static.
5. It is self sufficient
47
2. Human society
3. Animal society
4. Narrow society
5. Static society
6. Folk society
8. Closed society
9. Primitive society
48
Narrow society:
It includes: Welfare society
Educational society
Dramatic society
Political Society
Sociological Society
49
Arabian society
European society
Aims of society:
Social development
Social liberty
Social privileges
Social responsibilities
Social rights
Social welfare
Social norms
50
Factors of society:
Individuals
Geographical needs
Sociocultural needs.
51
Welcome to Community Basis Characteristics Introduction Difference between Society and Community
52
53
Relationship:
Relation with environment as well as territory.
Psychological feelings:
Which feelings of people appeal us?
Natural feelings:
They are not created by an act.
54
4. There is heterogeneity 5. Close social relationships 6. Wider scope 7. There is more extensive more close and more coordinative objectivity
There is no heterogeneity No close social relationships Narrow scope There is less objectivity
9. In it likeness and conflicts exist side by side 10. It is possible for society to become self sufficient
In community every effort is made to avoid conflicts A community can not be self sufficient because of limited and narrow scope
55
56
History of Culture:
Pakistani culture includes poetry, songs historical monuments, and folk stories etc.
57
LANDBERG Says: The values relationships doctrine faith which one society transfers to another is culture.
Scope of culture:
The way we learn from others improve our knowledge is all due to culture.
58
3. What we DON'T do and say because they may offend. We learn why they offend?
4. We learn about others' dress and why they dress the way they do (and this could mean us as well.)
5. We learn what we eat, what others eat -and why and why not (religious reasons, perhaps, or because of diet requirements.)
We find out what others believe, and their views on issues in society and the world. This obviously will vary in between cultures, of course.
59
It also helps you respect other people and gives you a more open mind.
Importance:
Culture is necessary to establish an order and discipline in the society. It is not only a means of communication between people, but also creates a feeling of belonging and togetherness among people in the society.
Without culture and the relative freedom it implies, society, even when perfect, is but a jungle. This is why any authentic creation is a gift to the future- Albert Camus. Social Research.
60
61
Social Research:
An effective method of discovering new facts, their sequences, interrelationship, causal explanation and social laws which govern over them is called Social Research. In other words we my say: Social Research is an attempt to know new facts, things, information in a scientific manner. OR It refers to the structural observations of the social behavior. Social research is the scientific study of society. More specifically, social research examines a societys attitudes, assumptions, beliefs, trends, stratifications and rules. The scope of social research can be small or large, ranging from the self or a single individual to spanning an entire race or country. Popular topics of social research include poverty, racism, class issues, sexuality, voting behavior, gender constructs, policing and criminal behavior. Social research determines the relationship between one or more variables. Social research refers to research conducted by social scientists.
62
63
Characteristics of Sociologists:
Sociologists are the people who work for us, our betterment, guide us toward towards progressed life, successful life and a quality life. They have following characteristics: They: construct theories collect data analyze data conduct experiments keep careful records try to derive accurate and precise conclusions.
64
65
66
Applied Research
Social Research
Pure Research
Qualitative Research
Quantitative Research
67
Blessing of Islam Blessing of Pakistan Humanity Role and Status of Men and Women in Islam
68
Islam gave us following blessings: Direct relationship with ALAH ALMIGHTY Comprehensive code of conduct to survive, to live our life, to deal with all matters and actions. A grace of social life Goodwill in the society Eternal success for this life and hereafter An end of distress A victorious trend of life Enhancement of self-respect A heart soothing book HOLY QURAN An elevation of character An end of uncertainty and ambiguity A brotherly integrity in society Islam turned into friends the people who were bitter enemies earlier Social trend of life
69
Pakistan gave us following blessings: Identity Ideology Nation Integrity Straight man ship and wisdom Empire Organization Nationality Strength Defense Security Safeguard Islamic environment Peace Prosperity Islamic values Social order Sense of duty Aspiration
70
71
72
Social Institutions Emotional Institutions Rational Institutions The most important: FAMILY
Importance of Family Functions of Family Characteristics of Family Origin of Family Types of Family
73
Significance of Family:
Family is beginning of human life. Hazrat Adam and Hazrat Eve constituted the family. Family is the base of society. Family is one of the oldest social institutions on the planet. Family is coordinating agency. It is the universal and multifunctional institution. It is kin-based cooperative unit. It is a group of persons united by the ties of marriage. It is the basic unit of social group.
74
75
Essential functions:
The basic functions of a family are following: Regulation of sex behavior Reproduction of children Bringing up of children Division of labor Group satisfaction Provision of food, clothing, shelter and security. Taking care of childrens health Basic (informal) education of children.
Nonessential functions
Social functions Religious functions Cultural functions Recreational functions Affection Socialization Protection
76
77
Origin of Family:
Various theories relate to the origin of family, some of them are following i. ii. iii. iv. v. i. ii. iii. iv. Theory of sex communism Patriarchal theory Matriarchal theory Theory of polygamy Multifactoral theory Theory of sex communism: It states that when there is sex relationship, family is formed. Patriarchal theory: It states that A male person motivates a female person to start a family. Matriarchal theory: It says that A female person motivates a man to start a family. Theory of polygamy: It says that either one woman with many men or one man with many women have a sex relationship.
78
Types of Family:
Following are the types of family: I. Matrilocal residence: It is the family where father and children live with the mother in her house. II. Patrilocal residence: The family where children and mother live with father in his house or in case when mother is dead.
III.
Changing residence: In this type, the whole family does not settle down at a single place but keep on changing residence.
IV.
Matrilineal family: The family in which children live with mother even if she is doing job out of station.
V. VI.
Patrilineal family: Children live with father in this type of family. Nuclear family: A family that includes only parents and children.
79
(Extended Family) VIII. Metronymic family: The family in which the names are derived from the names of mother e.g. Bilawal Bhutto. IX. Patronymic family: The family in which names are derived from the names of father e.g. Benazir Bhutto.
X.
Polynymic family: The family in which names are derived from both father and mother families e.g. Bilawal Bhutto Zardari.
80
Social Institutions Educational Institutions Meanings Importance Purposes Formal V/S Informal Education
81
Social Institution: Any organization that is for well being of man is social
institution.
82
Educational institution is social structure concerned with the formal transmission of knowledge.
It is a process. Two things are important in this process: Purpose and Work. This process is present in society. Educational institutions are made and meant for the achievement of life purposes, for accomplishment of successful life.
83
Formal education
Formal education is given in institutions e.g. schools, colleges, universities or other institutions. You have to be firstly wise by yourself then institutions can help you develop.
Informal education
Informal education comes through observations, experiences, daily life, taught by parents, family. It is more important than formal education. It gives you: . . . . . . . . . Identity Name Language Religion Doctrine Norms Values Culture Morale
84
85
Expectations:
. Standard . Values . Norms . Fashion All the things listed above are behavioral traits associated with different roles. Man plays different roles in different situations.
86
Types of Socialization:
Following are the types of socialization: Primary socialization Secondary socialization Developmental socialization Anticipatory socialization Resocialization Organizational socialization
87
Personality: it is the totality of behavior of an individual with a given tendency system interacting with a sequence of situation. Factors that represent personality: Following are the factors for the development of personality: a) Biological factors b) Physical factors c) Culture
88
Educational Institutions Aims of Education Objectives of Educational Institutions Structure of Educational Institutions
89
Definitions of education:
It is the preparation of healthy body and brain The political aspect of philosophy is education It is the source of solution to problems It is the nourishment of capabilities in natural environment It is any act or experience that has a permanent effect on mind, character or physical abilities of individuals.
90
Functions of educations:
Socialization Cultural innovation Social placement Social integration Latent functions of schooling
91
92
93
Definition:
Marriage is an alliance whose offspring have recognition and approval. Forms of marriage: Following are the forms of marriage: a) Monogamy b) Polygamy c) Experimental marriage d) Compassionate marriage e) Intercast marriage
94
95
96