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Introduction to Sociology 2011

Assignment

Course:
Sociology

Topic:
Lectures covered during the sessions

Submitted To:
Sir H. Rasheed Ahmad

Submitted By:
Saliha saeed Roll# 33 BBA 6th (Morning) Department of Management Sciences The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

Date: April 08, 2011.

Introduction to Sociology 2011

Contents
INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY ................................................................................................................... 7 Sociology: .................................................................................................................................................. 7 Definitions of sociology:............................................................................................................................ 8 What is Sociology? .................................................................................................................................. 11 Purpose of Human existence: ................................................................................................................. 12 Some Other Definitions of Sociology: ..................................................................................................... 14 Aims of Sociology: ................................................................................................................................... 15 ORIGIN OF SOCIOLOGY: ............................................................................................................................ 17 Enlightenment:........................................................................................................................................ 17 French Revolution:.................................................................................................................................. 17 Dimensions and Horizons Of Sociology: ................................................................................................ 18 W.T SOCIOLOGY ...................................................................................................................................... 21 What is the focus of sociology? .............................................................................................................. 22 What is the locus of sociology?............................................................................................................... 22 What is social interaction? ...................................................................................................................... 22 What is the primary field of sociology? .................................................................................................. 23 NATURE OF SOCIOLOGY:......................................................................................................................... 23 Subject Matter of Sociology .................................................................................................................... 24 Six aspects of subject matter of sociology: ............................................................................................. 24 Famous Sociologists ................................................................................................................................ 25 Sociology in Reference to different Sociologists: ................................................................................... 26 Foundations of the academic discipline: .................................................................................... 30 Culture: ............................................................................................................................................. 32 Criminality, deviance, law and punishment: ........................................................................... 33 Economic sociology: ........................................................................................................................ 34 Environment: ................................................................................................................................... 34 Education:......................................................................................................................................... 35 Family, gender, and sexuality: .................................................................................................... 35

Introduction to Sociology 2011


Health and illness:.......................................................................................................................... 36 Internet: ............................................................................................................................................ 37 Knowledge and science: ................................................................................................................. 37 Media: ................................................................................................................................................ 38 Military: ............................................................................................................................................ 38 Political sociology:........................................................................................................................... 39 Race and ethnic relations: ............................................................................................................ 40 Religion: ............................................................................................................................................ 40 Social networks: .............................................................................................................................. 41 Social psychology: ........................................................................................................................... 42 Stratification: ................................................................................................................................... 42 Urban and rural sociology: ........................................................................................................... 43 Work and industry: ........................................................................................................................ 44 Sociology and the other academic disciplines:.............................................................................. 44 Sociological Society ................................................................................................................................. 47 What is society? ...................................................................................................................................... 47 Characteristics of human society: ........................................................................................................... 47 Types of society: ..................................................................................................................................... 48 Narrow society: ....................................................................................................................................... 49 Broader Society: ...................................................................................................................................... 50 Aims of society: ....................................................................................................................................... 50 Factors of society: ................................................................................................................................... 51 Community:............................................................................................................................................. 53 Definition of Community: ....................................................................................................................... 53 Basic elements of society: ....................................................................................................................... 53 Essentials of human community: ............................................................................................................ 54 Comparison of society and community: ................................................................................................. 55 Social Culture .......................................................................................................................................... 57 History of Culture .................................................................................................................................... 57 Need To Study Culture ............................................................................................................................ 59 Importance:............................................................................................................................................. 60

Introduction to Sociology 2011


Introduction to Social Research: ............................................................................................................. 62 Social Research: ...................................................................................................................................... 62 Importance of Social Research: .............................................................................................................. 63 Purpose of Social Research: .................................................................................................................... 64 Characteristics of Sociologists:................................................................................................................ 64 Modes/ perspectives of Social research: ................................................................................................ 65 Types of Social research:......................................................................................................................... 65 Blessings of Islam, Pakistan, Human Being, Man, Woman ..................................................................... 69 What Islam gave us? ............................................................................................................................... 69 What Pakistan gave us? .......................................................................................................................... 70 What do we have being a human being? ............................................................................................... 72 Blessings of ALLAH ALMIGHTY on Woman: ............................................................................................ 72 Significance of Family.............................................................................................................................. 74 Definition of Family:................................................................................................................................ 75 Functions of Family: ................................................................................................................................ 76 Essential functions: ................................................................................................................................. 76 Nonessential functions ........................................................................................................................... 76 Structure of Family.................................................................................................................................. 77 Concise characteristics of Family: ........................................................................................................... 78 Vital roles of Family................................................................................................................................. 78 Origin of Family: ...................................................................................................................................... 78 Types of Family: ...................................................................................................................................... 79 Elements of Social Institution ................................................................................................................. 82 Educational Institution: .................................................................................................................... 83 Division of Education: ........................................................................................................................ 84 Socialization: ........................................................................................................................................... 86 Functions of Socialization: ...................................................................................................................... 87 Types of Socialization:............................................................................................................................. 87 Socialization and personality: ................................................................................................................. 88 Educational institutions .......................................................................................................................... 90 Roles and functions of education: .......................................................................................................... 90

Introduction to Sociology 2011


Definitions of education: ........................................................................................................................ 90 Sociological definition of Education:....................................................................................................... 90 Aims or purposes of education ............................................................................................................... 91 Functions of educations: ......................................................................................................................... 91 Marriage.................................................................................................................................................. 93 Why do we marry? .................................................................................................................................. 93 Concept: .................................................................................................................................................. 94 Definition: ............................................................................................................................................... 94 Important functions of marriage (Gamy):............................................................................................... 95

Introduction to Sociology 2011

Introduction to Sociology Definitions

Introduction to Sociology 2011

INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY (The scientific study of human social behavior)

Sociology:
Sociology is the scientific study of human social behavior. As the study of humans in their collective aspect, sociology is concerned with all group activities: economic, social, political, and religious. Sociologists study such areas as bureaucracy, community, deviant behavior, family, public opinion, social change, social mobility, social stratification, and such specific problems as crime, divorce, child abuse, and substance addiction. Sociology tries to determine the laws governing human behavior in social contexts. Sociology forces us to think about ourselves (what is inside and outside an individual i.e. environment, culture etc). This thought about life came into existence since 19th century. Therefore sociology is a science of society which basically focuses upon ACTION-REACTION and INTERACTION of individual beings in the society.

Introduction to Sociology 2011


Definitions of sociology:
The study and classification of human societies.

Sociology is the study of society. It is a social science (with which it is informally synonymous) that uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop and refine a body of knowledge and theory about human social activity, often with the goal of applying such ...

The study of society, human social interaction, and the rules and processes that bind and separate people not only as individuals, but as members of associations, groups, and institutions

sociologist - a social scientist who studies the institutions and development of human society

sociological - of or relating to or determined by sociology; "sociological studies" (Soziologie) is the science that attempts to understand social action and to explain its course and effect.

Aging Crime Deviance Gender Marriage and the Family Methods and Statistics Organizations Political Sociology Population Race/Ethnic Relations Rural Sociology Social Change Social Control Social Indicators Social Movements Social Problems Social Psychology Social Theory Sociological Theory.

Introduction to Sociology 2011

This is financial aid where applicants must initially qualify by race, religion, or national origin. After filtering the applicants based on their ethnicity, additional factors are taken into consideration to determine the final recipients.

Introduction to Sociology 2011

Introduction to Sociology Social Researchers Role of Social scientists in the field of Sociology

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What is Sociology?
The concise, simplest and easiest definitions of sociology are:

Sociology is the study of society.

Sociology is the study of human society.

Sociology is the study of civil society.

Sociology is the theory of society.

Sociology gives an explanation of human action and interaction that focus on our social life.

Sociology means to understand the social existence of man or humans in society.

Sociology is interested in what happens when individuals meet, talk, love, hate or cooperate with one another.

Sociology is the science of institution, social organization and social chain.

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Thus Sociology is the systematic, planned and organized study of human groups and social life in the modern society.

Purpose of Human existence:


Sociology makes us to think why people are together, about our own selves, our interaction with others. The purpose of man is to explore the hidden facts of nature, to get knowledge, to investigate and to know the unknown things. Sociology is the study of human society. For the examination, you need to know a number of concepts and terms used in the subject. There are three main areas you need to consider;

Social structures (e.g. the family, education, social stratification, etc.) Social systems (e.g. culture and identity, agents of social control, etc.) Social issues (e.g. the causes of crime, the impact of unemployment, etc.)

As you might expect of a social science, there are several explanations as to how we can best understand human society. The main theoretical perspectives covered in GCSE Sociology are;
o o o o

Functionalism Marxism Feminism The New Right

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o

Functionalism

Functionalists believe that society can best be compared to a living organ, in which institutions and people all have a function to play with society. For example, the function of the family is to socialize children. Functionalist theorists include Talcott Parsons and Emile Durkheim.
o

Marxism

Marxists believe that a capitalist society is characterized by a class conflict between the bourgeoisie (the owners of capital) and the proletariat (the working-class). In a capitalist economic system such as the UK, the bourgeoisie exploit the proletariat. Marxist theorists include Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx.
o

Feminism

Feminists argue that society is dominated by men. In this patriarchal society men discriminate against women in order to prevent males and females gaining equal rights. There are various strands of belief within feminism; such as radical feminism, liberal feminism and Marxist feminism. Feminist theorists include Germaine Greer and Ann Oakley.
o

The New Right

Sociologists who take a New Right perspective believe that traditional roles within society have been undermined by the permissive values of the 1960s and 1970s. They argue that the nuclear family is the bedrock of society, and that the welfare state creates a dependency culture. New Right theorists include Charles Murray and Sir Keith Joseph.....

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Some Other Definitions of Sociology:


Sociology has been defined in number of ways by many sociologists. There are two types of definitions:

1. Concise definition. 2. Detailed definition.

The concise, simplest and easiest definitions of sociology are: Sociology is the study of society.

Sociology is the study of human society. Sociology is the study of civil society. Sociology is the study of social science. Sociology is a perspective that tries to give a sophisticated and factual explanation of why people act as they do.

Sociology is the theory of society. Sociology gives an explanation of human action and interaction that focus on our social life.

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Aims of Sociology:
Aim of sociology is to give us sophisticated and factual explanation, why people act as they do. Why they do? What they do? Sociology observes humane interactions like a camera There are many social thinkers, social philosophers, social researchers and social scientists that think and bring comfort for us, for our life rather happy life. Its main purpose is to find out what do human do and why they do that?

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Origin of Sociology French Revolution Birth of Democratic Society Inspiring new Sociological Trends

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ORIGIN OF SOCIOLOGY:
The sociology and social thought is as old as society itself. About 200 years ago there was a revolution. People started thinking that they should have to change their life style. They thought that system is necessary for the survival, they started utilizing their own resources thus they understood the concept of enlightenment.

Enlightenment:
The intellectual heritage of enlightenment which facilitated the way of sociology is discussed as under:

1. Human Is Not a Divine:


Before enlightenment people believed that every social disorder was due to God's interference in human affairs but enlightenment thinkers were the first to understand that human could alter the society, eliminate poverty, crime and inequality etc.

2. Scientific approach:
The enlightenment also emphasized on scientific approach for understanding the society. it help in eliminating the past myths, introduce new technologies and logical reasoning.

French Revolution:
About 200 years ago sociology again changed its bases and laws because we not only need life actually we want to live prosperous and easy life.

Birth of democratic Society:

People start making their own society. Ideas and views of general public were also taken while selecting any leader. The concept of one man show was removed.

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Inspiring new sociological Traditions:

1. People set their own laws, justices, rules and regulations. They have their own mission's values and ethical atmosphere. 2. All these laws are sociological trends for the development of modern society.

Need For Sociology:


We need sociology not only for the life but also for the easy and better life. For a fruitful life For a progressive life For a comfortable life For a complete life For an idealistic life For a quality life. Etc

Dimensions and Horizons Of Sociology:


We want to be: Disciplined Cultured Modern Educated Rational Intellectual Wise

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Optimistic Innovative Social Organized Mannered Resourceful Successful Self made Self sufficient Civilized Self explorer Systematic Skilled Creative Rich Urbanized Socialized Idealistic Healthy Perfect planner Self-respected. Etc

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Nature of Sociology Subject Matter of Sociology Famous Sociologists Scope Opportunities of Sociology

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W.T SOCIOLOGY
1. Nature(CHRACTERISTICS OF SOCIOLOGY)

2. Subject matter of sociology

3. Major (famous) sociologists.

4. Scope(opportunities) of sociology

Sociology:

FOCUS

LOCUS

SOCIAL INTRECTION

FIELD OF STUDY

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What is the focus of sociology?
Sociology is interested in what happens, when individuals meet, talk, cooperate etc. In fact it studies the following aspects:

Q#1. What the individuals do? Q#2 .Why do they do that?

What is the locus of sociology?


Locus of sociology is social interaction.

What is social interaction?


Social interaction refers to any tangible event that influences the overt or covert behavior of the individuals.

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What is the primary field of sociology?
Sociology studies every aspect of human behavior and human relationships.

It is the study of structure and functioning of groups in society.

NATURE OF SOCIOLOGY:
INDEPENDENT SCIENCE:

Sociology has its own specific area of study and methods. It is not studied as a branch of any other science like political sciences and history etc It has its own theories, methodology, concepts, manners etc.

SOCIAL SCIENCE:

Sociology is a social science rather than physical science. As a social science it concentrates its attention on man and his social life

CATEGORICAL SCIENCE:

Sociology is a categorical science rather than a normative science it does not make any kind of value-judgments. Its approach is neither moral nor immoral but amoral. It is ethically neutral.

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ABSTRACT SCIENCE:

Sociology is relatively abstract science not a concrete science because it is more concerned with the form of human events and their style.

Subject Matter of Sociology


Sociology is to find out what is the structure of human relationship.

Six aspects of subject matter of sociology:


Where they collect

How do they get socialize and organize?

Whom they include and exclude?

What they do in their environment?

When they change?

When they confront?

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Famous Sociologists
Auguste Compe (1784-1857 A.D)

Emile Durkheim

(1858-1917)

Carl Mars

(1818-1883)

Herbert Spencer

(1820-1903)

George Simmen

(1858-1918)

Max Weber Charles Herten Cooley

(1864-1920) (1864-1929)

Robert K.Merton

(1910-2003)

Michel Foucault

(1926-1984)

T. Persons

(1902-1979)

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Sociology in Reference to different Sociologists:

Auguste Comte Sociological reasoning predates the foundation of the discipline. Social analysis has origins in the common stock of Western knowledge and philosophy, and has been carried out from at least as early as the time of Plato. The origin of the survey can be traced back at least early as the Doomsday Book in 1086, while ancient philosophers such as Confucius wrote on the importance of social roles. There is evidence of early sociology in medieval Islam. Some consider Ibn Khaldun, a 14th century Arab Islamic scholar from North Africa, to have been the first sociologist; his Muqaddimah was perhaps the first work to advance social-scientific reasoning on social cohesion and social conflict. The word sociology (or "sociologies") is derived from the Latin: socius, "companion"; ology, "the study of", and Greek , logos, "word", "knowledge". It was first coined in 1780 by the French essayist Emmanuel-Joseph Sieys (17481836) in an unpublished manuscript. Sociology was later defined independently by the French philosopher of science, Auguste Comte (17981857), Comte had earlier used the term "social physics", but that had subsequently been appropriated by others, most notably the Belgian statistician Adolphe Quetelet. Comte endeavored to unify history, psychology and economics through the scientific understanding of the social realm. Writing shortly after the malaise of the French Revolution, he proposed that social ills could be remedied through sociological positivism, an epistemological

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approach outlined in The Course in Positive Philosophy [18301842] and A General View of Positivism (1848). Comte believed a positivist stage would mark the final era, after conjectural theological and metaphysical phases, in the progression of human understanding. In observing the circular dependence of theory and observation in science, and having classified the sciences, Comte may be regarded as the first philosopher of science in the modern sense of the term. Comte gave a powerful impetus to the development of sociology, an impetus which bore fruit in the later decades of the nineteenth century. To say this is certainly not to claim that French sociologists such as Durkheim were devoted disciples of the high priest of positivism. But by insisting on the irreducibility of each of his basic sciences to the particular science of sciences which it presupposed in the hierarchy and by emphasizing the nature of sociology as the scientific study of social phenomena Comte put sociology on the map. To be sure, [its] beginnings can be traced back well beyond Comte to Montesquieu, for example, and to Condorcet, not to speak of Saint-Simon, Comte's immediate processor. But Comte's clear recognition of sociology as a particular science, with a character of its own, justified Durkheim in regarding him as the father or founder of this science, in spite of the fact that Durkheim did not accept the idea of the three states and criticized Comte's approach to sociology.

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Karl Marx Both Comte and Karl Marx (18181883) set out to develop scientifically justified systems in the wake of European industrialization and secularization, informed by various key movements in the philosophies of history and science. Marx rejected Comtean positivism but in attempting to develop a science of society nevertheless came to be recognized as a founder of sociology as the word gained wider meaning. For Isaiah Berlin, Marx may be regarded as the "true father" of modern sociology, "in so far as anyone can claim the title. To have given clear and unified answers in familiar empirical terms to those theoretical questions which most occupied men's minds at the time, and to have deduced from them clear practical directives without creating obviously artificial links between the two, was the principle achievement of Marx's theory ... The sociological treatment of historical and moral problems, which Comte and after him, Spencer and Taine, had discussed and mapped, became a precise and concrete study only when the attack of militant Marxism made its conclusions a burning issue, and so made the search for evidence more zealous and the attention to method more intense. Isaiah Berlin Karl Marx: His Life and Environment 1937.

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Herbert Spencer Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 8 December 1903) was one of the most popular and influential 19th century sociologists. It is estimated that he sold one million books in his lifetime, far more than any other sociologist at the time. So strong was his influence that many other 19th century thinkers, including mile Durkheim, defined their ideas in relation to his. Durkheims Division of Labour in Society is to a large extent an extended debate with Spencer from whose sociology, many commentators now agree, Durkheim borrowed extensively. Also a notable biologist, Spencer coined the term "survival of the fittest". Whilst Marxian ideas defined one strand of sociology, Spencer was a critic of socialism as well as strong advocate for a lassiez-faire style of government. His ideas were highly observed by conservative political circles, especially in the United States and England.

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Foundations of the academic discipline: Main articles: List of sociologists and Timeline of sociology

mile Durkheim Formal academic sociology was established by mile Durkheim (18581917), who developed positivism as a foundation to practical social research. Durkheim set up the first European department of sociology at the University of Bordeaux in 1895, publishing his Rules of the Sociological Method. In 1896, he established the journal L'Anne Sociologique. Durkheim's seminal monograph, Suicide (1897), a case study of suicide rates amongst Roman Catholic, Jewish and Protestant populations, distinguished sociological analysis from psychology or philosophy. It also marked a major contribution to the theoretical concept of structural functionalism. He endeavored to apply sociological findings in the pursuit of political reform and social solidarity. For Durkheim, sociology could be described as the "science of institutions, their genesis and their functioning". The first college course entitled "Sociology" was taught in the United States at Yale in 1875 by William Graham Sumner. In 1883 Lester F. Ward, the first president of the American Sociological Association, published Dynamic Sociologyor Applied social science as based upon statical sociology and the less complex sciences and attacked the laissez-faire sociology of Herbert Spencer and Sumner. Ward's 1200

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page book was used as core material in many early American sociology courses. In 1890, the oldest continuing American course in the modern tradition began at the University of Kansas, lectured by Frank W. Black mar. The Department of Sociology at the University of Chicago was established in 1892 by Albion Small. George Herbert Mead and Charles Cooley, who had met at the University of Michigan in 1891 (along with John Dewey), would move to Chicago in 1894. Their influence gave rise to social psychology and the symbolic interactionism of the modern Chicago School. The American Journal of Sociology was founded in 1895, followed by the American Sociological Association (ASA) in 1905. The sociological "canon of classics" with Durkheim and Max Weber at the top owes in part to Talcott Parsons, who is largely credited with introducing both to American audiences. Parsons consolidated the sociological tradition and set the agenda for American sociology at the point of its fastest disciplinary growth. Sociology in the United States was less historically influenced by Marxism than its European counterpart, and to this day broadly remains more statistical in its approach.

SCOPE OF SOCIOLOGY:
Sociology is not only an intellectual discipline (knowledge) but is also a profession. Sociology explains the social conditions of life and guides in all social phenomena. Therefore, sociological knowledge is a tool of life for man. To understand and gaining its knowledge is essential. Sociology as knowledge is itself an aim of sociologist.

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Culture:
Max Horkheimer (left, front), Theodor Adorno (right, front), and Jrgen Habermas (right, back) 1965. Main articles: Sociology of culture and Cultural studies For Simmel, culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history. Whilst early theorists such as Durkheim and Mauss were influential in cultural anthropology, sociologists of culture are generally distinguished by their concern for modern (rather than primitive or ancient) society. Cultural sociology is seldom empirical, preferring instead the hermeneutic analysis of words, artefacts and symbols. The field is closely allied with critical theory in the vein of Theodor W. Adorno, Walter Benjamin, and other members of the Frankfurt School. Loosely distinct to sociology is the field of cultural studies. Birmingham School theorists such as Richard Hoggart and Stuart Hall questioned the division between "producers" and "consumers" evident in earlier theory, emphasizing the reciprocity in the production of texts. Cultural Studies aims to examine its subject matter in terms of cultural practices and their relation to power. For example, a study of a subculture (such as white working class youth in London) would consider the social practices of the group as they relate to the dominant class. The "cultural turn" of the 1960s ushered in structuralism and so-called postmodern approaches to social science.

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Criminality, deviance, law and punishment:
Main articles: Criminology, Sociology of law, Sociology of punishment, and Deviance (sociology) Criminologists analyze the nature, causes, and control of criminal activity, drawing upon methods across sociology, psychology, and the behavioral sciences. The sociology of deviance focuses on actions or behaviors that violate norms, including both formally enacted rules (e.g., crime) and informal violations of cultural norms. It is the remit of sociologists to study why these norms exist; how they change over time; and how they are enforced. The concept of deviance is central in contemporary structural functionalism and systems theory. Robert K. Merton produced a typology of deviance, and also established the terms "role model", "unintended consequences", and "self-fulfilling prophecy". The study of law played a significant role in the formation of classical sociology. Durkheim famously described law as the "visible symbol" of social solidarity. The sociology of law refers to both a sub-discipline of sociology and an approach within the field of legal studies. Sociology of law is a diverse field of study which examines the interaction of law with other aspects of society, such as the development of legal institutions and the effect of laws on social change and vice versa. For example, an influential recent work in the field relies on statistical analyses to argue that the increase in incarceration in the US over the last 30 years is due to changes in law and policing and not to an increase in crime; and that this increase significantly contributes to maintaining racial stratification.

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Economic sociology:
Main article: Economic sociology The term "economic sociology" was first used by William Stanley Jevons in 1879, later to be coined in the works of Durkheim, Weber and Simmel between 1890 and 1920. Economic sociology arose as a new approach to the analysis of economic phenomena, emphasizing class relations and modernity as a philosophical concept. The relationship between capitalism and modernity is a salient issue, perhaps best demonstrated in Weber's The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905) and Simmel's The Philosophy of Money (1900). The contemporary period of economic sociology, also known as new economic sociology, was consolidated by the 1985 work of Mark Granovetters titled "Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness". This work elaborated the concept of embeddedness, which states that economic relations between individuals or firms take place within existing social relations (and are thus structured by these relations as well as the greater social structures of which those relations are a part). Social network analysis has been the primary methodology for studying this phenomenon. Granovetter's theory of the strength of weak ties and Ronald Burt's concept of structural holes are two best known theoretical contributions of this field.

Environment:
Main articles: Environmental sociology, Sociology of disaster, and Human ecology Environmental sociology is the study of societal-environmental interactions, typically placing emphasis on the social factors that cause environmental problems, the impacts of these problems on society, and the efforts to resolve them. Attention is also paid to the processes by which environmental conditions become defined and known to a society.

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Education:
Main article: Sociology of education The sociology of education is the study of how educational institutions determine social structures, experiences, and other outcomes. It is particularly concerned with the schooling systems of modern industrial societies. A classic 1966 study in this field by James Coleman, known as the "Coleman Report", analyzed the performance of over 150,000 students and found that student background and socioeconomic status are much more important in determining educational outcomes than are measured differences in school resources (i.e. per pupil spending). The controversy over "school effects" ignited by that study has continued to this day. The study also found that socially disadvantaged black students profited from schooling in racially mixed classrooms, and thus served as a catalyst for desegregation busing in American public schools.

Family, gender, and sexuality:

"Rosie the Riveter" was an iconic symbol of the American home front and a departure from gender roles due to wartime necessity. Main articles: Sociology of the family, Sociology of childhood, Sociology of gender, Feminist sociology, Feminist theory, and Queer theory.

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Family, gender and sexuality form a broad area of inquiry studied in many subfields of sociology. The sociology of the family examines the family, as an institution and unit of socialization, with special concern for the comparatively modern historical emergence of the nuclear family and its distinct gender roles. The notion of "childhood" is also significant. As one of the more basic institutions to which one may apply sociological perspectives, the sociology of the family is a common component on introductory academic curricula. Feminist sociology, on the other hand, is a normative subfield that observes and critiques the cultural categories of gender and sexuality, particularly with respect to power and inequality. The primary concern of feminist theory is the patriarchy and the systematic oppression of women apparent in many societies, both at the level of small-scale interaction and in terms of the broader social structure. Social psychology of gender, on the other hand, uses experimental methods to uncover the microprocesses of gender stratification. For example, one recent study has shown that resume evaluators penalize women for motherhood while giving a boost to men for fatherhood. Another set of experiments showed that men whose sexuality is threatened compensate by expressing a greater desire for military intervention and sport utility vehicles as well as a greater opposition to gay marriage.

Health and illness:


Main articles: Sociology of health and illness and Medical sociology The sociology of health and illness focuses on the social effects of, and public attitudes toward, illnesses, diseases, disabilities and the ageing process. Medical sociology, by contrast, focuses on the inner-workings of medical organizations and clinical institutions. In Britain, sociology was introduced into the medical curriculum following the Goodenough Report (1944).

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Internet:
Main article: Sociology of the Internet The Internet is of interest to sociologists in various ways; most practically as a tool for research and as a discussion platform. The sociology of the Internet in the broad sense regards the analysis of online communities (e.g. newsgroups, social networking sites) and virtual worlds. Online communities may be studied statistically through network analysis or interpreted qualitatively through virtual ethnography. Organizational change is catalyzed through new media, thereby influencing social change at-large, perhaps forming the framework for a transformation from an industrial to an informational society. One notable text is Manuel Castells' The Internet Galaxythe title of which forms an intersexual reference to Marshall McLuhan's The Gutenberg Galaxy.

Knowledge and science:


Main articles: Sociology of knowledge and Sociology of scientific knowledge The sociology of knowledge is the study of the relationship between human thought and the social context within which it arises, and of the effects prevailing ideas have on societies. The term first came into widespread use in the 1920s, when a number of German-speaking theorists, most notably Max Scheler, and Karl Mannheim, wrote extensively on it. With the dominance of functionalism through the middle years of the 20th century, the sociology of knowledge tended to remain on the periphery of mainstream sociological thought. It was largely reinvented and applied much more closely to everyday life in the 1960s, particularly by Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann in The Social Construction of Reality (1966) and is still central for methods dealing with qualitative understanding of human society (compare socially constructed reality). The "archaeological" and "genealogical" studies of Michel Foucault are of considerable contemporary influence.

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The sociology of science involves the study of science as a social activity, especially dealing "with the social conditions and effects of science, and with the social structures and processes of scientific activity. Important theorists in the sociology of science include Robert K. Merton and Bruno Latour. These branches of sociology have contributed to the formation of science and technology studies.

Media:
Main article: Media studies As with cultural studies, media studies is a distinct discipline which owes to the convergence of sociology and other social sciences and humanities, in particular, literary criticism and critical theory. Though the production process or the critique of aesthetic forms is not in the remit of sociologists, analyses of socializing factors, such as ideological effects and audience reception, stem from sociological theory and method. Thus the 'sociology of the media' is not a sub discipline per se, but the media is a common and often-indispensible topic.

Military:
Main article: Military sociology Military sociology aims toward the systematic study of the military as a social group rather than as an organization. It is a highly specialized subfield which examines issues related to service personnel as a distinct group with coerced collective action based on shared interests linked to survival in vocation and combat, with purposes and values that are more defined and narrow than within civil society. Military sociology also concerns civilian-military relations and interactions between other groups or governmental agencies. Topics include the dominant assumptions held by those in the military, changes in military members' willingness to fight, military unionization, military professionalism, the increased utilization of women, the

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military industrial-academic complex, the military's dependence on research, and the institutional and organizational structure of military.

Political sociology:
Main article: Political sociology

Jrgen Habermas Political sociology is the study of the relations between political organization and society. A typical research question in this area might be: "Why do so few American citizens choose to vote? Questions of political opinion formation brought about some of the pioneering uses of statistical survey research by Paul Lazarsfeld. A major subfield of political sociolgy draws on comparative history to analyze socio-political trends. The field developed from the work of Max Weber and Moisey Ostrogorsky, whilst contemporary theorists include Robert A. Dahl, Seymour Martin Lipset, Theda Skocpol, Luc Boltanski and Nicos Poulantzas. Some of the main areas of research focus in contemporary political sociology are : (1) The socio-political formation of the modern state; (2) "Who rules"? How social inequality between groups (class, race, gender, etc.) influences politics. (3) How public personalities, social movements and trends outside of the formal institutions of political power affect politics, and (4) Power relationships within and between social groups (e.g. families, workplaces, bureaucracy, media, etc).

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Race and ethnic relations:
Main articles: Sociology of race and ethnic relations and Sociology of immigration The sociology of race and of ethnic relations is the area of the discipline that studies the social, political, and economic relations between races and ethnicities at all levels of society. This area encompasses the study of racism, residential segregation, and other complex social processes between different racial and ethnic groups. This research frequently interacts with other areas of sociology such as stratification and social psychology, as well as with postcolonial theory. At the level of political policy, ethnic relations are discussed in terms of either assimilations or multiculturalism. Anti-racism forms another style of policy, particularly popular in the 1960s and 70s.

Religion:
Main article: Sociology of religion The sociology of religion concerns the practices, historical backgrounds, developments, universal themes and roles of religion in society. There is particular emphasis on the recurring role of religion in all societies and throughout recorded history. The sociology of religion is distinguished from the philosophy of religion in that sociologists do not set out to assess the validity of religious truth-claims, instead assuming what Peter L. Berger has described as a position of "methodological atheism". It may be said that the modern formal discipline of sociology began with the analysis of religion in Durkheim's 1897 study of suicide rates amongst Roman Catholic and Protestant populations. Max Weber published four major texts on religion in a context of economic sociology and his rationalization thesis: The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905), The

Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism (1915), The Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism (1915), and Ancient Judaism (1920).

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Contemporary debates often centre on topics such as secularization, civil religion, and the role of religion in a context of globalization and multiculturalism.

Social networks:

Harrison White Main article: Social network A social network is a social structure composed of individuals (or organizations) called "nodes", which are tied (connected) by one or more specific types of interdependency, such as friendship, kinship, financial exchange, dislike, sexual relationships, or relationships of beliefs, knowledge or prestige. Social networks operate on many levels, from families up to the level of nations, and play a critical role in determining the way problems are solved, organizations are run, and the degree to which individuals succeed in achieving their goals. Social network analysis makes no assumption that groups are the building blocks of society: the approach is open to studying less-bounded social systems, from nonlocal communities to networks of exchange. Rather than treating individuals (persons, organizations, states) as discrete units of analysis, it focuses on how the structure of ties affects individuals and their relationships. In contrast to analyses that assume that socialization into norms determines behavior, network analysis looks to see the extent to which the structure and composition of ties affect norms. Unlike most

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other areas of sociology, social network theory is usually defined in formal mathematics.

Social psychology:
Main article: Social psychology (sociology) Sociological social psychology focuses on micro-scale social actions. This area may be described as adhering to "sociological miniaturist", examining whole societies through the study of individual thoughts and emotions as well as behavior of small groups. Of special concern to psychological sociologists is how to explain a variety of demographic, social, and cultural facts in terms of human social interaction. Some of the major topics in this field are social inequality, group dynamics, prejudice, aggression, social perception, group behavior, social change, nonverbal behavior, socialization, conformity, leadership, and social identity. Social psychology may be taught with psychological emphasis. In sociology, researchers in this field are the most prominent users of the experimental method (however, unlike their psychological counterparts, they also frequently employ other methodologies). Social psychology looks at social influences, as well as social perception and social interaction.[108]

Stratification:
Main articles: Social stratification, Social mobility, and Social class Social stratification is the hierarchical arrangement of individuals into social classes, castes, and divisions within a society. In modern Western societies stratification traditionally relates to cultural and economic classes comprising of three main layers: upper class, middle class, and lower class, but each class may be further subdivided into smaller classes (e.g. occupational). Social stratification is interpreted in radically different ways within sociology. Proponents of structural

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functionalism suggest that, since the stratification of classes and castes is evident in all societies, hierarchy must be beneficial in stabilizing their existence. Conflict theorists, by contrast, critique the inaccessibility of resources and lack of social mobility in stratified societies. Karl Marx distinguished social classes by their connection to the means of production in the capitalist system: the bourgeoisie own the means, but this effectively includes the proletariat itself as the workers can only sell their own labour power (forming the material base of the cultural superstructure). Max Weber critiqued Marxist economic determinism, arguing that social stratification is not based purely on economic inequalities, but on other status and power differentials (e.g. patriarchy). According to Weber, stratification may occur amongst at least three complex variables: (1) Property (class), (2) Prestige (status), and (3) Power (political party). Pierre Bourdieu provides a modern example in the concepts of cultural and symbolic capital. Theorists such as Ralf Dahrendorf have noted the tendency toward an enlarged middle-class in modern Western societies, particularly in relation to the necessity of an educated work force in technological or servicebased economies. Perspectives concerning globalization, such as dependency theory, suggest this effect owes to the shift of workers to the Third World.

Urban and rural sociology:


Main articles: Urban sociology and Rural sociology Urban sociology involves the analysis of social life and human interaction in metropolitan areas. It is a normative discipline, seeking to provide advice for planning and policy making. After the industrial revolution, works such as Georg Simmel's The Metropolis and Mental Life (1903) focused on urbanization and the effect it had on alienation and anonymity. In the 1920s and 1930s The Chicago School produced a major body of theory on the nature of the city, important to both urban sociology and criminology, utilising symbolic interactionism as a method of

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field research. Contemporary research is commonly placed in a context of globalization, for instance, in Saskia Sassen's study of the "Global city". Rural sociology, by contrast, is the analysis of non-metropolitan areas.

Work and industry:


Main article: Industrial sociology The sociology of work, or industrial sociology, examines "the direction and implications of trends in technological change, globalization, labour markets, work organization, managerial practices and employment relations to the extent to which these trends are intimately related to changing patterns of inequality in modern societies and to the changing experiences of individuals and families the ways in which workers challenge, resist and make their own contributions to the patterning of work and shaping of work institutions.

Sociology and the other academic disciplines:


Sociology overlaps with a variety of disciplines that study society, in particular anthropology, political science, economics, and social philosophy. Many comparatively new fields such as communication studies, cultural studies, demography and literary theory, draw upon methods that originated in sociology. The terms "social science" and "social research" have both gained a degree of autonomy since their origination in classical sociology. The distinct field of social psychology emerged from the many intersections of sociological and psychological interests, and is further distinguished in terms of sociological or psychological emphasis. Social anthropology is the branch of anthropology that studies how contemporary living human beings behave in social groups. Practitioners of social anthropology, like sociologists, investigate various facets of social organization. Traditionally,

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social anthropologists analyzed non-industrial and non-Western societies, whereas sociologists focused on industrialized societies in the Western world. In recent years, however, social anthropology has expanded its focus to modern Western societies, meaning that the two disciplines increasingly converge. Sociobiology is the study of how social behavior and organization have been influenced by evolution and other biological process. The field blends sociology with a number of other sciences, such as anthropology, biology, and zoology. Sociobiology has generated controversy within the sociological academy for allegedly giving too much attention to gene expression over socialization and environmental factors in general (see 'nature versus nurture'). Entomologist E. O. Wilson is credited as having originally developed and described Sociobiology. Irving Louis Horowitz, in his The Decomposition of Sociology (1994), has argued that the discipline, whilst arriving from a "distinguished lineage and tradition", is in decline due to deeply ideological theory and a lack of relevance to policy making: "The decomposition of sociology began when this great tradition became subject to ideological thinking, and an inferior tradition surfaced in the wake of totalitarian triumphs."[118] Furthermore: "A problem yet unmentioned is that sociology's malaise has left all the social sciences vulnerable to pure positivismto an empiricism lacking any theoretical basis. Talented individuals who might, in an earlier time, have gone into sociology are seeking intellectual stimulation in business, law, the natural sciences, and even creative writing; this drains sociology of much needed potential. Horowitz cites the lack of a 'core discipline' as exacerbating the problem. Randall Collins, the Dorothy Swaine Thomas Professor in Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania and a member of the Advisory Editors Council of the Social Evolution & History Journal, has voiced similar sentiments: "we have lost all coherence as a discipline, we are breaking up into a conglomerate of specialties, each going on its own way and with none too high regard for each other.

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Society Meanings Importance Characteristics Aims Basis


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Sociological Society What is society?
We are talking about human society. Society is the formation of individuals. it acts as a social unit. Society is a set of people who share common ideas, habits and attitudes.

Description:
A group of people associated together for some common purpose, aims and intrest.it is the sum of human relationships means every person is related with each other and dependent persons rather people are interdependent of each other. Human society is also known as civil and urban society.

Characteristics of human society:


1. Large human group

2. Satisfies human needs

3. Common interest

4. It is not static.

5. It is self sufficient

6. It lasts for a longer time period.

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Types of society:
1. Broad society

2. Human society

3. Animal society

4. Narrow society

5. Static society

6. Folk society

7. Gemein schaft society

8. Closed society

9. Primitive society

10. Religious society

11. Secular society

12. spiritual society

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13. Industrial society etc.

Narrow society:
It includes: Welfare society

Educational society

Dramatic society

Political Society

Sociological Society

Debate Society etc.

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Broader Society:
Pakistani society

Arabian society

European society

Indian society etc.

Aims of society:
Social development

Social liberty

Social privileges

Social responsibilities

Social rights

Social welfare

Social norms

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Social quality life.

Factors of society:
Individuals

Basis of human society are Biological needs

Geographical needs

Sociocultural needs.

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Welcome to Community Basis Characteristics Introduction Difference between Society and Community

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Community: Definition of Community:


Community is the structure of people who share common back ground, goals, habits, rituals etc

Total organization of social life.

A number of people who share certain common interests.

It is a particular area where people live.

It is a larger group of individuals living together for a life time.

Community is a self conscious social unit.

Basic elements of society:


Locality Community Sentiment Likeness Relationships Sociological feelings Natural feelings Socialization Education

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Habits Loyalty Conviction Favor and disfavor

Relationship:
Relation with environment as well as territory.

Psychological feelings:
Which feelings of people appeal us?

Natural feelings:
They are not created by an act.

Essentials of human community:


Community is a self sufficient unit in most of the cases.

It is wider than a neighbor hood

Larger number of people lives together.

There is a specified geographical limitation.

Member of community have common needs.

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Comparison of society and community:
Society 1. Population is concise 2. nature is not discrete 3. There is no area ,has no definite locality Community Population is not concise Nature is discrete Community has its own definite shape, area and locality.

4. There is heterogeneity 5. Close social relationships 6. Wider scope 7. There is more extensive more close and more coordinative objectivity

There is no heterogeneity No close social relationships Narrow scope There is less objectivity

8. Here individuals develop themselves

Here individuals should obey the commands of community

9. In it likeness and conflicts exist side by side 10. It is possible for society to become self sufficient

In community every effort is made to avoid conflicts A community can not be self sufficient because of limited and narrow scope

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Social Culture Why Do we Need Culture Elements of Culture Characteristics of Culture

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Social Culture Definition:


Out pattern of living. Our lifestyle. Man made part of environment. Our social heritage. The totality of designs for living practiced by men at all places and time. Changing pattern of learned behavior. It is the customs traditions beliefs ideas values etc are all shared by people of society.

History of Culture:
Pakistani culture includes poetry, songs historical monuments, and folk stories etc.

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ROBERT RED FIELD Says; Whatever lifestyle we make due to circumstances is culture.

LANDBERG Says: The values relationships doctrine faith which one society transfers to another is culture.

Scope of culture:
The way we learn from others improve our knowledge is all due to culture.

Innovations lead to improvement in culture.

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Need to Study Culture


To understand things in society:

1. Why we do things? 2. Why we say things?

3. What we DON'T do and say because they may offend. We learn why they offend?

4. We learn about others' dress and why they dress the way they do (and this could mean us as well.)

5. We learn what we eat, what others eat -and why and why not (religious reasons, perhaps, or because of diet requirements.)

We find out what others believe, and their views on issues in society and the world. This obviously will vary in between cultures, of course.

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We could live in a box if we never knew anything outside our own lifestyle and culture, or we may fail to meet the standards of our culture, this having an affect on the way people perceives us.

Understanding other cultures is a good step towards peace.

It also helps you respect other people and gives you a more open mind.

Importance:

Culture is necessary to establish an order and discipline in the society. It is not only a means of communication between people, but also creates a feeling of belonging and togetherness among people in the society.

Without culture and the relative freedom it implies, society, even when perfect, is but a jungle. This is why any authentic creation is a gift to the future- Albert Camus. Social Research.

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Social Research Importance Purposes Types

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Introduction to Social Research: Research:


A systemized effort to gain new knowledge, to discover new facts and to verify and test old facts is called research.

Social Research:
An effective method of discovering new facts, their sequences, interrelationship, causal explanation and social laws which govern over them is called Social Research. In other words we my say: Social Research is an attempt to know new facts, things, information in a scientific manner. OR It refers to the structural observations of the social behavior. Social research is the scientific study of society. More specifically, social research examines a societys attitudes, assumptions, beliefs, trends, stratifications and rules. The scope of social research can be small or large, ranging from the self or a single individual to spanning an entire race or country. Popular topics of social research include poverty, racism, class issues, sexuality, voting behavior, gender constructs, policing and criminal behavior. Social research determines the relationship between one or more variables. Social research refers to research conducted by social scientists.

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Importance of Social Research:
Social research has very wide importance in our daily life. . It occupies a very important place in the field of Sociology, in our daily life, in our behavior. . It requires proper collection and analysis of social facts. . It is an effective method to collect factual and actual figures.

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Purpose of Social Research:
The first and chief purpose of social research is academic purpose. . Purpose of academic research is to know the system. . and to fulfill the requirements of the organization. The other one is non-academic purpose. . Purpose of non-academic research is to achieve the objective of the organization. Sole purpose of both academic and non-academic research is to defuse knowledge and to establish theories on the basis of believable facts. We do research to know and expand the reality. Aims and Objectives of Social Research To discover new facts in social life. To verify and test old facts, to analyze their sequences =, interrelationship, causal explanation. Develop new scientific tools (questionnaire, surveys), concept, theories which would facilitate the reliable and valid studies of human behavior.

Characteristics of Sociologists:
Sociologists are the people who work for us, our betterment, guide us toward towards progressed life, successful life and a quality life. They have following characteristics: They: construct theories collect data analyze data conduct experiments keep careful records try to derive accurate and precise conclusions.

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Modes/ perspectives of Social research:
There are three main modes, aspects, horizon, dimensions and perspectives o Sociologocal research: The first one is application. The second one is objective. The third one is inquiry.

Types of Social research:


There are four following types of Social research: 1. Applied research 2. Pure research 3. Qualitative research 4. Quantitative research Applied research is the soul of social research. It is also called social oriented research or action oriented research. Sociological research chiefly consists of applied researches. It includes personal involvement, primary data. New developments are made. Example: how many are absent? how is the weather? Pure research is the verification of applied research. It includes secondary data. There is no new development rather past data is checked. Quantitative research includes the quantity and the numerical data. It approaches social phenomena through quantifiable evidence, and often rely on statistical analysis of many cases (or across intentionally designed treatments in an experiment) to create valid and reliable general claims.

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Qualitative research analyzes the characteristics of data. It emphasizes understanding of social phenomena through direct observation, communication with participants, or analysis of texts, and may stress contextual and subjective accuracy over generality.

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Applied Research

Social Research

Pure Research

Qualitative Research

Quantitative Research

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Blessing of Islam Blessing of Pakistan Humanity Role and Status of Men and Women in Islam

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Blessings of Islam, Pakistan, Human Being, Man, Woman What Islam gave us?

Islam gave us following blessings: Direct relationship with ALAH ALMIGHTY Comprehensive code of conduct to survive, to live our life, to deal with all matters and actions. A grace of social life Goodwill in the society Eternal success for this life and hereafter An end of distress A victorious trend of life Enhancement of self-respect A heart soothing book HOLY QURAN An elevation of character An end of uncertainty and ambiguity A brotherly integrity in society Islam turned into friends the people who were bitter enemies earlier Social trend of life

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What Pakistan gave us?

Pakistan gave us following blessings: Identity Ideology Nation Integrity Straight man ship and wisdom Empire Organization Nationality Strength Defense Security Safeguard Islamic environment Peace Prosperity Islamic values Social order Sense of duty Aspiration

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Status Opportunity Leadership Imagination Majority Religion Culture Civilization Tradition Rich heritage Background Islamic values of life Location

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What do we have being a human being?
(Place of human being in the sight of ALLAH ALMIGHTY) Man is ALLAHs representative on earth Man has a high status in the eye of his Creator Man is divine in origin Man is the Supreme Creature of ALLAH Man is the image and trustee of ALLAH ALLAH has created Man possessing divine attribute i.e. seeing, thinking, hearing and wisdom.

Blessings of ALLAH ALMIGHTY on Woman:


Islam holds woman in high esteem. Women have very important status in Islam. The Prophet (PBUH) said, Paradise lies at the feet of your mother. O people! Your wives have certain rights over you and you have certain rights over them. Treat them well. Be kind to them, for they are your partners and committed helpers. The best among you is the one who is the best towards his wife.

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Social Institutions Emotional Institutions Rational Institutions The most important: FAMILY
Importance of Family Functions of Family Characteristics of Family Origin of Family Types of Family

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Social Institutions Emotional Institutions Rational Institutions The most important: FAMILY
Family is an important, social, rational, emotional and functional institution. It is an intimate group of people.

Significance of Family:
Family is beginning of human life. Hazrat Adam and Hazrat Eve constituted the family. Family is the base of society. Family is one of the oldest social institutions on the planet. Family is coordinating agency. It is the universal and multifunctional institution. It is kin-based cooperative unit. It is a group of persons united by the ties of marriage. It is the basic unit of social group.

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Definition of Family:
Family is the group defined by sex relationship. It is a group of persons united by the ties of marriage, by ties of blood. It is defined as biological and social unit. It is a group of persons, whose relations with one another are based upon blood who is therefore kin to another.

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Functions of Family:
Functions of family may be divided in two types: 1. Basic or Essential functions 2. Non-essential functions

Essential functions:
The basic functions of a family are following: Regulation of sex behavior Reproduction of children Bringing up of children Division of labor Group satisfaction Provision of food, clothing, shelter and security. Taking care of childrens health Basic (informal) education of children.

Nonessential functions
Social functions Religious functions Cultural functions Recreational functions Affection Socialization Protection

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Structure of Family
Wife and husband Mother and children Father and children Brother and sister Sister and brother Brother and brother Sister and sister

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Concise characteristics of Family:
Maintaining relationship Nomenclature (classification) To meet the economic needs Common habitation

Vital roles of Family:


Listed below are the major roles of family: Structuring of personality of young Stabilizing the personality of adult Psychological training Supporting to meet the requirements of social system.

Origin of Family:
Various theories relate to the origin of family, some of them are following i. ii. iii. iv. v. i. ii. iii. iv. Theory of sex communism Patriarchal theory Matriarchal theory Theory of polygamy Multifactoral theory Theory of sex communism: It states that when there is sex relationship, family is formed. Patriarchal theory: It states that A male person motivates a female person to start a family. Matriarchal theory: It says that A female person motivates a man to start a family. Theory of polygamy: It says that either one woman with many men or one man with many women have a sex relationship.

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v. Multifactoral theory: This theory says that origin of family by any means either by using any of the above means.

Types of Family:
Following are the types of family: I. Matrilocal residence: It is the family where father and children live with the mother in her house. II. Patrilocal residence: The family where children and mother live with father in his house or in case when mother is dead.

III.

Changing residence: In this type, the whole family does not settle down at a single place but keep on changing residence.

IV.

Matrilineal family: The family in which children live with mother even if she is doing job out of station.

V. VI.

Patrilineal family: Children live with father in this type of family. Nuclear family: A family that includes only parents and children.

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VII. Extended family: A family that consists of the nuclear family and their blood relations e.g. joint family system.

(Extended Family) VIII. Metronymic family: The family in which the names are derived from the names of mother e.g. Bilawal Bhutto. IX. Patronymic family: The family in which names are derived from the names of father e.g. Benazir Bhutto.

X.

Polynymic family: The family in which names are derived from both father and mother families e.g. Bilawal Bhutto Zardari.

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Social Institutions Educational Institutions Meanings Importance Purposes Formal V/S Informal Education

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Institution Social Institution Educational Institution Institution: All the organizations with special aim or purpose are called
institutions.

Social Institution: Any organization that is for well being of man is social
institution.

Elements of Social Institution


Following are the elements of social institution a) Purpose/aim b) Group of people c) Piece of land Institutions should be long lasting. When social institutions will not perform their tasks and duties fragmentation will occur, social units will be divided. Other institutions will perform the functions of social institutions if not performed well by them. Institutions play a vital role in accomplishment of successful life. Jai, prison, Government, World bank, court, United Nations are all examples of institutions. Sociology is based on social institution. Every social institution is a process. Family is the basic, identical, universal social institutions.

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Educational Institution:
Education Education is: . inquiry of mind . plough of mind . treating of mind It is provided to bring change. Aim of education is to cultivate the mind of a person so that he or she can accomplish all his or her goals of life. Importance of education is to help maintain boundaries of ethnic and class sub cultures.

Educational institution is social structure concerned with the formal transmission of knowledge.
It is a process. Two things are important in this process: Purpose and Work. This process is present in society. Educational institutions are made and meant for the achievement of life purposes, for accomplishment of successful life.

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Division of Education:
Education is divided into two types:

Formal education
Formal education is given in institutions e.g. schools, colleges, universities or other institutions. You have to be firstly wise by yourself then institutions can help you develop.

Informal education
Informal education comes through observations, experiences, daily life, taught by parents, family. It is more important than formal education. It gives you: . . . . . . . . . Identity Name Language Religion Doctrine Norms Values Culture Morale

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Socialization Functions of Socialization Types of Socialization Factors in the Development of Personality

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Socialization:
We the human beings are basically biological beings but in sociological language we are social beings. (Without socialization) Biological beings (And after and with socialization) Social beings It refers to living expected life as it is the overall purpose of Sociology to live expected life. Socialization is a process Learning process Learning the expectations Learning the standard expectations Learning the standard universal expectations

Expectations:
. Standard . Values . Norms . Fashion All the things listed above are behavioral traits associated with different roles. Man plays different roles in different situations.

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Functions of Socialization:
socialization is very important in our lives. Following are the key functions performed y this process: 1) It converts human beings from biological beings to social beings. 2) It contributes in personality development. 3) It helps to become disciplined. 4) It helps perform different roles. 5) It establishes knowledge and skills. 6) It contributes in stability of social order. 7) It transmits culture from one generation to another. 8) It creates right aspiration in social life.

Types of Socialization:
Following are the types of socialization: Primary socialization Secondary socialization Developmental socialization Anticipatory socialization Resocialization Organizational socialization

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Socialization and personality:

Personality: it is the totality of behavior of an individual with a given tendency system interacting with a sequence of situation. Factors that represent personality: Following are the factors for the development of personality: a) Biological factors b) Physical factors c) Culture

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Educational Institutions Aims of Education Objectives of Educational Institutions Structure of Educational Institutions

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Educational institutions Definition:
Social structure concerned with transfer or transmission of knowledge is known as educational institution.

Roles and functions of education:


It is inquiry of mind, thinking and learning. It is a way of life and two way process of learning. It is a process of change. When there is education there is learning.

Definitions of education:
It is the preparation of healthy body and brain The political aspect of philosophy is education It is the source of solution to problems It is the nourishment of capabilities in natural environment It is any act or experience that has a permanent effect on mind, character or physical abilities of individuals.

Sociological definition of Education:


It is the source by which society deliberately transmit its accumulated knowledge, skills and values from one generation to another.

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Aims or purposes of education:
Security of cultural heritage Transmission or transformation to new generation Reconstruction of culture

Structure of educational institution


Formal Education School, college, university Informal education Parents, society Non formal education Virtual University

Functions of educations:
Socialization Cultural innovation Social placement Social integration Latent functions of schooling

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Marriage Concepts of Marriage Significance Types Functions

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Marriage Why do we marry?
The reasons or logics behind getting married include: It is obligation of Religion. It is natural aptitude. It is part of life. It increases our social status. It is a way to enrich the social life or social system. Marriage is a natural phenomenon. It is social process, religious process, family process. Marriage is necessary for legitimate and socially recognized social sexual relationship. Marriage is done to fulfill the orders of our creator. It is a social relationship. It is approved social pattern. It is alliance, pact, agreement between husband and wife. It is to share love, affection, emotion and joy. It is a way to live the social, peaceful, prosperous, legal, sweet and sound life.

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Concept:
Marriage is a relationship. It is one of the oldest and recognized institutions in the history of human being. It is essential for procreation of children. It is necessary for satisfaction of sexual urge.

Definition:
Marriage is an alliance whose offspring have recognition and approval. Forms of marriage: Following are the forms of marriage: a) Monogamy b) Polygamy c) Experimental marriage d) Compassionate marriage e) Intercast marriage

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Important functions of marriage (Gamy):


The important and essential functions of marriage include: Social recognition Procreation of children

Sense of sympathy Basis of family Stability in relationship

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