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Isaac Newton
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G is called the Universal Gravitational Constant G = 6.67 x 10-11 N m2/kg2 G is constant throughout the Universe and G does not depend on the medium Prof. Mukesh N Tekwani
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.(1)
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At height h from the surface of the Earths surface, acceleration due to gravity is gh At height h, Weight of object = gravitational M force
.(2)
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Projection of a Satellite
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Projection of a Satellite
Why is it necessary to have at least a two stage rocket to launch a satellite? A rocket with at least two stages is required to launch a satellite because The first stage is used to carrythe satelliteup to the desired height.
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Keplers Laws
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T2 r3
According to this law, when the planet is closest to the Sun, its Prof. Mukesh N Tekwani speed is maximum and when it
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R M r
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Factors on which Critical Velocity of a satellite depends: 1. Mass of the planet 2. Radius of the planet 3. Height of the satellite Critical velocity is not dependent on the mass of the satellite as m does not appear in the above equation
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Assignment 2: How does the critical velocity (or orbital velocity) of a satellite vary with an increase in the height of the satellite above the Earths surface?
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R M r
T2 r3 Thus, the square of the period of revolution is directly proportional to the cubeProf. Mukesh radius of the N Tekwani of its orbit.
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(2)
Obtain an expression for the time period of a satellite in terms of gh. For a satellite close to the earth, calculate the period of revolution in minutes.
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R M r
.....(2)
.... (3)
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The gravitational potential at a distance r from the centre of the Earth is given by: GP = Potential energy = gravitational potential x mass of the satellite Therefore, PE =
..... (4)
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The negative sign indicates that the satellite is bound to the Earth due to the gravitational force of the Earth.
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To free the satellite from the Earths gravitational influence, an amount of energy equal to its total energy must be supplied. This is called the binding energy of the satellite. Therefore, BE = Where r = R + h Assignment: Calculate the BE of a satellite at rest on the surface of the Prof. Mukesh N Tekwani Earth.
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Weightlessness in a Satellite
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The weight of a body is the gravitational force exerted on it by the Earth. When a person stands on a floor, he exerts a force on the floor. The floor in turn exerts a force (normal reaction) on the person. This normal reaction is equal to the weight of the person. The person has a feeling of weight due
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8.
the astronaut DOES NOT become zero. This condition of weightlessness is also known (incorrectly) as zero gravity condition. But, weightlessness does not mean the absence of gravity.
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Consider a satellite of mass m, stationary on the surface of the Earth. The binding energy of the satellite, on the surface of the Earth, is given R by BE =
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Therefore, KE of satellite = BE
Therefore,
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Numerical Problems
Obtain an equation for the escape velocity of a body from the surface of a planet of radius R and mean density . What would be the duration of the year if the distance between the Earth and Sun gets doubled?
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Numerical Problems
Calculate the height of a communications satellite from the surface of the Earth. Values of G, M and R are as given in the text book. (These values will also be provided in the question paper) A body weighs 4.5 kgwt on the surface of Earth. How much will it weigh on the surface of a planet Prof. Mukesh N Tekwani whose mass is (1/9)th that of the
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.(1)
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At height h from the surface of the Earths surface, acceleration due to gravity is gh At height h, Weight of object = gravitational M force
.(2)
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Thus, g is independent of the mass of the object. From this eqn. it is clear that the acceleration due to gravity decreases as altitude of the body from the earths surface increases.
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M = mass of the Earth R = radius of Earth g = acceleration due to of gravity on the surface earth = density of earth
Rd
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The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the earth is given by:
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Consider a point P at the depth d below the surface of the earth. At this point, let the acceleration due to gravity be gd. Distance of point P from centre of Earth is (R d)
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Here, M
(2)
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This is the expression for the acceleration due to gravity at a depth d below the surface of the earth. Therefore, acceleration due to gravity decreases with depth. Prof. Mukesh N Tekwani
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So if a body of mass m is taken to the centre of the earth, its weight will be equal to zero (since w= mg). But its mass will not become 0.
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In ea sid rt e t h h
dept h
altitud e
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What is latitude
The latitude of a location on the Earth is the angular distance of that location south or north of the Equator. Latitude of equator is 0o Latitude of North pole is : 90o north (+90o) Latitude of South pole is : 90o south (-90o)
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The Earth is rotating from west to east and the axis of rotation passes
Let angular velocity of earth be . Every point on the surface of the earth is moving in a circle, i.e. every point is in an accelerated Tekwani Prof. Mukesh N
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Consider a body at point P on the surface of the earth. Let the latitude of point P be The body at point P moves in a circular path whose center is at Q and radius is PQ. PQ = r XOP =
Therefore, OPQ =
(alternate angles transversal cutting two parallel lines) Centripetal acceleration needed for a body at point P is
ar = r2
ar = R 2 cos . (1)
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a = R 2 cos cos
a = R 2 cos2 (2)
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The effective acceleration g due to gravity at point P is directed towards the centre of Prof. Mukesh N Tekwani the earth and is given by:
\
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g = g - R 2 cos2
As latitude increases, cos decreases, so g will increase. The value of g increases as we move from the equator to the pole due to rotation of the earth.
\
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Assignment 1: Obtain an expression / value for the acceleration due to gravity at the equator. Assignment 2: Obtain an expression / value for the acceleration due to gravity at the poles.
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