SHARP.

EL-506A
CONOUERING THE SCIENCES
Applications for Sharp Scientific Calculator
 NOTICE
The material contained herein is supplied without
representation or warranty of any kind. Sharp
Electronics Corporation therefore assumes no
responsibility and shall have no liability , con-
sequential or otherwise, of any kind arising from
th e use of this material.
CONQUERING
THE SCIENCES
Applications for the SHARP Scientific Calculator EL-506A
Copyright © 1986
SHARP ELECTRONICS CORPORATION
PREFACE

A scientific calculator can be an indispensable tool if

you know how to use it . The intent of this book is to
help you make the transition from the four-function
calculator to the preprogrammed scientific calculator.
The development of the electronic handheld cal-
culator was hailed as a major technological breakthrough
of the 1960s. In the years that followed, the capabilities
of these electronic devices have exceeded even the most
o ptimistic predictions.
The earlier units were limited to the four basic mathe-
matical functions of addition, subtraction, multiplica-
tion, and division, with keys for percent and square root
added soon after. Electronic advances macte prepro-
gramming possible because of the large scale integration
of electronic functions on tiny "chips" (semiconductor
technology). Preprogramming permitted the user to
rapidly calculate complicated business and scientific
functions which required many steps on a four-function
calculator.
This book has been designed to help the reader obtain
t he maximum benefit from calculators preprogrammed
with scientific functions. The use of this type of cal-
culator has become common, and the cost is low. A gap
exists between the sparsely written operation manuals
that accompany scientific calculators and more advanced
texts. The role of this book is to help fill the gap and to
aid the reader in understanding the vast opportunities
fo r using the scientific calculator.
A knowledge of algebra and trigonometry is helpful
in using a scientific calculator. However, even if your
math background is limited, you can follow through the
 PREFACE

examples in this book, for the exact key stroke sequence

on the calculator is written out in every case. Photo-
graphs of the display on the calculator appear in
numerous places in the text to aid in understanding the
calculation result. The calculator will permit you to
enjoy mathematical analysis by eliminating the tedious
aspects of carrying through a calculation. Your time can
be concentrated on problem solving.
The book is divided into two parts: Basics and Appli-
cations. Every key on the scientific calculator is
reviewed in the first section. Extensive examples cf
memory and the use of trigonometric functions are
included in this section. Even if you feel that you are
thoroughly familiar with all the keys, reading through
the first section is recommended.
The Applications section is divided into six chapters.
All of the examples have been selected to illustrate
some of the complex mathematical problems you may
encounter.
Students should work through all of the keyboard
solutions in the book even if the subject matter does not
apply to their courses. The techniques in one field apply
to other fields.
The engineer and scientist may already understand
most aspects of the scientific calculator but can use the
text as a reference or to brush up on functions that are
not used regularly . The chapter on business and money
will enable real estate agents, bankers, and others to
quickly calculate mortgage payments and loans.
E

e
NOTICE
n Some answers in this text have been condensed.
e
Your results may display more digits than those
J
in the text. Please consult the ERRORS section
s of your operation manual for calculation ranges.
n

s
f
e

I
CONTENTS

PART 1: BASICS

C HAPTER

1 The Algebraic Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 Review of Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3 Errors and Accwacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S2

PART 2: APPLICATIONS

CHAPTER

4 Topics in Physics .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S6

S Electricity Problems.... ... . ..... ... 68

6 Mechanical Problems . .. . . ... .... . .. 7S

7 Business and Money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

8 Statistical calculations .. . . . . . . . . . .. 110

9 Application of simultaneous linear

equations with three unknowns .. .... . 116

APPENDIX . . ..... . ... . .. . . ... . . ...... 119

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . ..... ..... . ... ..... . 128

 PART 1

BASICS
1

)
 CHAPTER 1

THE ALGEBRAIC METHOD

In a series of mathematical operations multiplication and

division are carried out before addition and subtraction.
This basic sequence of operations is common to all
mathematics with or without a calculator.
The correct answer for 5 + 2 x 3 = ? is 11 because 2
is multiplied by 3 first and the result, 6, is added to 5 to
get the answer.
The calculator discussed in this book follow this basic
procedure, referred to as the algebraic method . Users of
this calculator may place a series of operations direct-
ly into the calculator and the correct answer will be
o btained.
A scientific calculator can perform many other
mathematical functions. Because of this large number of
possible operations, the scientific calculator is equipped
with a priority sequence that permits the carrying out
of each mathematical function in a stated order of
importance. The exact priorities given each function are
explained in the next chapter.
A mathematical problem may require the grouping of
o perations to override the built-in priorities of the cal-
culator. Parentheses are used to accomplish this. The
use of parentheses is detailed in the Review of the Keys
(Chapter 2).
2

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF KEYS

The following is a complete review of the keys on the

Sharp EL506A.

A. TURNING THE POWER ON

IPOWER7
L[oFF I ION7cl J
To turn the power on press the red ON/C key.

To turn the power off press the OFF key .

A red key on Sharp calculators indicates the presence of
A.P.O. (Automatic Power Off). If the calculator is
turned on in error, or no calculation is performed , the
calculator will turn itself off after about 13 minutes,
saving battery power. To turn the EL506A back on
press the ON/C key.

B. CLEARING
ICE I Clear Entry:

An incorrectly entered number can be replaced as long

as the number has not already been followed by a
"function key ." Pressing the clear entry key will clear
the latest entry while retaining all previous entries, for
example;
 REVIEW OF KEYS 3

Key in: 5 [K) 4 (The 4 should be 6)

2 Key in: ICE ! 6 I= I

Answer: 30

To clear all material from the EL506A, except an

amount contained in memory, press the ON/C key.

le C. BASIC FUNCTIONS AND THE EQUALS KEY

[±] G 00 I + j I = j Addition, Subtraction,

Multiplication, Division,
Equals

Calculate: 5 + 2 x 3 - 2 -:- 0.5

Key in: 5 [±] 2 [K] 3 G 2 I + !8 5
~
Answer: 7

if A lot of land is 100 feet by 200 feet. An acre is

is 43,560 square feet. How many acres in the lot?
1e
,s, Key in: 100 00 200 I + I 43560 I = I
n Answer: 0.46 acres (approximately½ acre)

Pressing the I = j key gives the answer to the entered

formula. Press I = j again and the last entry and func-
tion will be carried out.

Calculate: 4 + 2 + 2 + 2
lg
a Key in: Answer:
u 6
lr
8
10
4 BASICS

Calculate: ½ of ½ of ½
Key in: Answer:
I + I2 I = I o.5
I= I 0.25
I=I 0.125

Note that the EL506A takes the first number entered in

constant calculations as the multiplier.

Calculate the values of each number in the octal

numbering system (base 8) . Each position is a multiple
of 8 .

Key in : Answer:
8 00 @] 8
@] 64
@] 512
@] 4096

EXAMPLE
The distance from New York to San Francisco (SF) is
2,572 Miles; from SF to Bangkok: 7,931; SF to Hong
Kong: 6,905; SF to Peking: 5,918; and SF to Singa-
pore: 8,448. What is the distance to each of the cities
from New York via SF?

Key in :
Constant Answer: New York to:
7931 rn 2512 @] 10503 Bangkok
6905 @] 9477 Hong Kong
5918 @] 8490 Peking
8448 @] 11020 Singapore
s REVIEW OF KEYS 5

The weights of three overweight individuals are 21 7,

31 0 , and 343 pounds. Under a weight control program,
they each agree to lose a pound a day for the first
month. What are their weights at the end of the month?
If t he heaviest agreed to lose twice as much during the
month, what is his weight?

n Key in:
Constant Answer:

11
2 17 B 30 ~ 187
e 310 ~ 280
343 ~ 313

~ 283 (double deduction)

The price of gasoline is $I. 20 per gallon . A car averages

30 miles per gallon. What would be the gasoline cost for
trips of 400, 1000, and 2500 miles?

Key in:

Constant Answer:
1.2 I + I 30 [K] 400 I= I 16
IS
1000 I= I 40
g
l- 2500 I = I 100
:s

The constant divisor helps create a table of index

numbers. Pig iron production (thousand tons) in the
United States over a five-year period was : 1978: 95 ,909 ;
1979 : 101,208; 1980 : 86,870; 1981 : 81 ,328; 1982 :
87,679. The 1978 quantity becomes the constant
divisor.
6 BASICS

Key in:
Constant Index# Year
100 1978
101208 I + I 95909 @] 106 1979
86870 @] 91 1980
81328 @] 85 1981
87679 @] 91 1982

D. THE USE OF PARENTHESES AND PRIORITY

LEVELS

As previously noted, mathematical operations within a

single problem are carried out according to a pre-
established priority. The priority of operations may be
thought of as levels. The operations on the first level are
single-variable functions and they will be calculated
before two-variable functions on the second level. The
operations on the second level will precede those on the
third, fourth, and fifth levels. The operations that occur
on each level are the following:

Level Operations
(I) Single-variable functions which
are calculated as entered like sin, ln, I Ox,
1/x, x 2 , and%
(2) y X , yxc
y , n p r, n Cr
(3) X,-;-
(4) +, -
(5) AND
(6) OR, XOR, XNOR
(7) =, M1 +(M2+), DATA, CD
:s REVIEW OF KEYS 7

To demonstrate the priority levels some keys explained

in later sections will be used. The numbers under the
brackets indicate the sequence in which the calculations
are carried out.
Key in:
1 rn 5 [X] 3o I sin I [±] 48 CKJ 3 ~ 4I =I
\ \ 3 1
6
y
A nswer: 3897.5

a
[I] [I] Parentheses Keys:

The parentheses keys are needed to cluster together a

,e
series of operations when it is necessary to override the
·e priority system of algebra. The use of parentheses is
d required to solve: 3 + 5 + 2
.e 7 + 9 + 4
.e a
If
Key in : [I] 3 [±] 5 [±J 2 IT]! + l[IJ 7 [±J
b
9 [±]4 [IJI =I
A nswer: 0.5

The parentheses marked "a" and "b" may be left out

and the equals key will complete all pending operations.
The opening parenthesis must be entered . When
parentheses are in use on the EL506A the symbol (
will appear in the display . A pending operation is an
operation that has not been completed. The EL506A
has 15 levels of parenthesis and four pending operations.
8 BASICS

Calculations in parentheses have priority over other cal-

culations. Parentheses can be used up to 15 times in
a single level in the EL506A. Calculations within the
innermost set of parentheses will be calculated first.

Calculate: 8x 2 x( 5 + 3 ) - II x 16 + 4
40 5

Key in: s lX]CO[I] 2 [K][I] 5 [±J 3 [I]

WI+ l4o[I]G11 CKJCOC:::016
[±]4[TII + 15 I= I
Answer: -40.8

E. SECOND FUNCTION

[2ndF) Second Function Key:

Scientific calculators have many preprogrammed func-
tions, but the space available on the keys to display all
the functions is limited. Most of the keys serve two
functions: the first function is displayed on the key
itself, the second is printed above the key . To use a
second function first press the [2ndF) key and then the
function key.

If a function requires 2ndF it will be noted when the

function is first introduced. Subsequently, mention will
not be made that a function requires pressing 2nd F
before it is used.
s REVIEW OF KEYS 9

I- F. CHANGING THE SIGN AND SCIENTIFIC NOTA-

n TION
.e [+/- I Change Sign Key :
This key is used to change the sign in front of a number
to the opposite sign. If the number is changed to nega-
tive, a dash will appear in the display in front of the
number.

IEXP I Exponential Key:

6
Scientific notation is used to express numbers which are
too large to write out and therefore inconvenient to use.
It also makes operations easier to perform. A number
(P ) is written in scientific notation by dividing it into
two parts, the mantissa (a) and a power of IO with
exponent ( k ) . Therefore, the equation for any number
is:
p = a X 10k
11
where k is an integer and 1 ~a< I 0.
0
Scientific notation is particularly important when
y
using the scientific calculator. The display may be too
a
small for a particular number. Scientific notation allows
e
the expression of numbers which are too great or too
small to fit on the ordinary display. The mantissa a in
scientific notation cannot exceed ten numerals on the
e EL506A. The exponent k may only contain two digits.
11 If more than two are entered, only the last two digits
F' entered will be accepted . The power range is between
10- 99 and 10 + 99 . Numbers given in scientific notation
can be entered directly:

Number Enter Key in

798,520 7.9852 X 10 5 7.9852 [EXP[ 5
9,999 (96 O's) = 9.999 x 10 99 9.999 [EXPf 99
0.0000000000035 l 94
= 3.5194xl0- 12 3.5194 [EXPI 12 1+1-1
10 BASICS

Large numbers with zeros can be entered in "short-

hand. " If the number begins with a 1 followed by zeros,
only IEXP I and the power need be pressed.
Number Enter Key in
1,000,000 106 [EXP J6
80,000 8 X 10 4 8 IEXP l 4
.001 10-3 IEXP I 3 l+/-1
.0000000009 9 X 10-IO 9 [EXP ! 10 l+/-I
To state these numbers
10 6 = "Ten to the sixth power"
8 x 10 4 = "Eight times 10 to the fourth power"
10- 3 = "Ten to the minus third power"
9 x 10- 10 = "Nine times ten to the minus tenth power"
In many practical applications a number will be placed
in the calculator with an exponent that is an increment
of three ; for example, enter the following numbers in
terms of meters:
Number Enter Key in
3
6 kilometers 6 X 10 6 [EXP I 3
2.95 millimeters 2.95 X 10-3 2.95 IEXP I 3 l+/-I
I micrometer 10-6 [EXP ! 6 [+/-I
If the result of a calculation exceeds a quantity which
can be shown on the display in regular notation, the cal-
culator will automatically convert to scientific notation.
Calculate : 2 million x 5 million

Key in : 2000000 IX] 5000000 [ = I

Answer: 1 x I 0 13
:s REVIEW OF KEYS 11

t- G. RECIPROCAL AND PERCENT

s,
l2ndFI 11/XI Reciprocal Key:
The reciprocal can be thought of as I divided by a
number. The reciprocal of 5 is I divided by 5 or 0 . 2. If
0.2 is in the display and 1
1/XIis pressed , the answer will
be 5.
I I
Calculate: +
3 6
Key in : 311/XI[±] 611/XII = I
A nswer: 0.5 To get the fraction equivalent press 1
1/XI.
Display : 2
A nswer: ½

,d l2ndFI I % I Percent Key :

1t Percent means to divide a quantity into I 00 parts and
in make comparisons on that basis. To calculate a single
percentage:
Key in : 200 00 25 I % 11= I
A nswer: 50
25 is 20% of what number?
Key in : 25 I + I 20 I % 11 = I
Answer: 125
n. To add on a percentage :
Key in: 45 [±J 20 I % 11 = I
A nswer: 54
To deduct a percentage:
Key in: 80 [=] 35 I % 11= I
A nswer: 52
Note that, an intermediate value is displayed after pres-
sing I % I . Pressing I = I completes the operations.
12 BASICS

H. CHANGING THE DISPLAY SYSTEM AND

NUMBER OF DECIMAL PLACES
As you press the IFSEI key, the symbol "FIX", "SCI",
"ENG" or "Blank" will appear at the display.
Use the IFSE I key, when an answer is displayed or the
calculator is cleared with JON/cl key.

L FIX----+ SCI----+ ENG----+ Blank~

(Reset)

Fixed decimal places

'-r'
Floating decimal
( See "decimal places" later) place

The designation of decimal system and decimal places is

retained even when the calculator is turned off.

FIXed decimal point system

Calculation results are displayed after being rounded to
the number of decimal places selected with the !TAB! key
and rounding.
When a calculation result is used for further calculations
the contents displayed will be used.
Key in: Answer:
IFSEI ITABI
(ION/cl) 3
s I+ I 3 I= I 1.667

SCientific notation
Calculation results are displayed with scientific notation
(AX 10 8 ).
Since the mantissa of the calculation result is displayed
in accordance with a decimal designation, the number of
effective digits can be easily designated.
The next digit after the specified number of decimal
places is automatically rounded off.
:s REVIEW OF KEYS 13

D When a calculation result is used for further calculations

the contents displayed will be used.

Key in: Answer:

(\ ON/ cl) \FSE I \TABI 2
1e
.3 I + I 7 I = I 4.29 X 10- 2

ENGineering notation
Every calculation result is displayed on the basis of
scientific notation (A x 10 8 ). At this time its mantissa
is displayed according to a decimal designation (TAB)
and its exponent is automatically set at a multiple of
3 ( • • • - 6, - 3, 0, 3, 6, · • • ) to be displayed. Therefore,
any display can be easily read in the unit of K (kilo-
is 103) or m (milli- 10- 3 ), etc. that is frequently used in
the engineering field.
(The next digit after the specified number of decimal
:o places is automatically rounded off.)
:y
Key in: Answer:
(\ ON/c l ) \FSEI \TABI 2
ns .3 I + I 7 I= I 42.86 X 10- 3

Floating decimal point system

(when "FIX", "SCI" or "ENG" is not displayed)
Calculation results are displayed in floating decimal
point system.
Calculation results, if they are out of the range
m 0.000000001 ~ Ix I ~ 9999999999 or are not zeroes,
are displayed on the basis of scientific notation.
id Whe n calculation results, when used in the following
of for mula, are treated in such a way as to retain as many
effective digits as possible - a maximum of 10 digits.
al
 14 BASICS

Decimal Places
The !2nd Fl ITABI keys are used to specify the number of
decimal digits in the calculation result when the FIX,
SCI or ENG mode is set. The number of places after
the decimal point is specified by the numeral key
( [QJ ~ W )
pressed after the !2nd Fl ITABI keys. Carry
over will be automatically rounded .
Use the l2ndFJITAB J keys when the calculation result is
displayed or the calculator is cleared with the ION/c I key.

Check: FIX mode

Key in: Answer:
ITABI 9
5 I + I 9 I= I 0.555555556
ITABI 8 0.55555556
ITABI 7 0.5555556

0.6

A display, when it cannot occur on the basis of any

decimal designation, can occur based on a possible
system.
The designations of decimal places is retained even when
the display system is changed.

I. MEMORY AND EXCHANGE

lx.. M,J ( !2nd Fl lx.. M,I ) X to Memory Key:

The memory is a register where a number can be stored
for later use. The x-to-memory key takes the number in
the display and places it in the memory, replacing what-
ever number was previously in memory. Pressing the
clear key before this key places 0 in the memory, and
the !i!ill ( ~ ) symbol disappears from the display. The
cs REVIEW OF KEYS 15

memory should be cleared before starting a new calcula-

tio n that will use the memory . Alternatively , using the
[x.. M,I ( [2ndFI [x..M,I ) key after the first calculation of a
new problem will make it unnecessary to clear the me-
:y mory .
ry
[M,+ I ( l2ndFI IM,+ I ) Memory Plus:
is Pressing this key will add the number in the display
y. (which may be the result of a calculation) to the total
in the independent memory. If the [M,+ i( l2ndFI [M,+ I )
key is preceded by l+l-1, the number in the display will
be subtracted from the total.

[RM, !( l2ndF! [RM, ! ) Recall Memory:

The recall memory key brings back a value for later use,
even when other calculations are performed in the
interim .
The EL506A is equipped with Memory Safe Guard™ ,
which protects memory even when the power is turned
ty off. A value stored in memory will thus remain until it is
le changed or until the batteries run out.
Memory Examples:
:n
I . The inventory of a product at five different loca-
tions is 233 , 280,342, 416, and 245 . During the month
withdrawals are made of 300 units and 200 units. In-
coming shipments are 150, 115, and 80. What is the
inventory at the beginning and at the end of the month?

d
n
t-
.e
d
.e
16 BASICS

Key in: 233 [±] 280 [±] 342 [±] 416 [±] 245
I = llx.. M,I
Answer: 1516, beginning inventory

Key in: 300 [±] 200 I = 11+1- IIM,+I

150 [±] 115 [±] 80 1 = II M,+ I
IRM,I
Answer: 1361 , end-of-month inventory

2. On a trip to the supermarket an individua.I has

$50 to spend. In order to avoid overspending, memory
is used to indicate the amount of money remaining.
Purchases are $6.95, 3 items at $4.95 , 12 at $0.60 and
15 at $0.97.
Key in: Set TAB at 2 .

50 lx..M,l 6 .95 [±] 3 00 4.95 [±] 12 00 .6 [±]

15 [KJ .97 I = 11 +1-IIM,+I IRM, I
Answer: $6.45 remaining

12nd Fl CT] Exchange Key :

The last number in a calculation can be checked with the

exchange key :

Key in: 30 I + I 365 I = I

Display : 0 .08219178

Key in: CT]

Display: 365

The exchange key can be used to determine what part a

number is of a whole without reentering the divisor.

The population of 3 towns is 284, 1096, and 789 . What

proportion of the total population of the three towns is
the second town?
:s REVIEW OF KEYS 17

Key in: ION/c I

ITJ 284 [±] 1096 [±] 789 [ I ]
I + I 1096 o:J I = I
Answer: 0.5053

I- I Right Shift Key:

The right shift key is used to clear digits one at a time

from a number. It only may be used on an entry -
IS
never with the result of an operation.
y
a) Change the last two digits of the entry 12345 to 67.
b) Change the exponent of 1.86 x 10 15 to 10 20 .
d
Key in: Display
a) 12345 I - 11 - I 123
67 12367
b) I ON/c I
1.86 [EXP[ 15 [ - J[ - I 1.86 00
20 1.86 20

e J. POWER FUNCTIONS

To raise a number to a power two elements are involved:

the base and the exponent.

Statement Base Number Exponent

52 5 2
300(18+25) 300 (18 + 25)
V4 = 41/2 4 ½
yX y X
a
VY= ylfx y I/x

.t
IS
18 BASICS

[!!] Square:

The square of a number is obtained by multiplying a

number (x) by itself: x x x = x 2 . A square is five feet
on each side ; what is the area?

Key in : 5 [!!]
Answer: 25 square feet .
Calculate: (- 25 .6) 2

Key in : 25.6 l+I-I [!!]

Answer: 655 .36

A piece of property is 350 feet on each side. How many

acres is the area? Note : I acre= 43 ,560 square feet
Key in : Answer:
350 C!!J I + I 43560 I= I 2.81 acres

~ PowerKey :

The base number is y and the exponent is x . The value

of y can be negative only if x is an integer.

Calculate: 5 2 , 5 3, (22 .5 + 18.6) 7 · 8, i 12 · 3 + 4 · 6 >

, and - 33

Key in : Answer:
5 ~ 21 = I 25 .
5 ~ 31= 1 125 .
OJ22 .5[£] 18 .6 [ I ] ~ 7.8 I : 13.872275163 x 10 1
2 ~ o:::J 12.3 [£] 4 .6 I = 1 122294.5003
31+1-1~ 3 I = I -27.
A negative power is the same as a reciprocal :

4- 3 -(
1 )3- I - I =0.015625
4 4X4X4 64
Key in : 4 ~3 l+l-II = I
Answer: 0.015625
s REVIEW OF KEYS 19

[ ,r I Square Root:
a The square root of a number is defined as the quantity
which when multiplied by itself equals the original
nu mber. The original number cannot be a negative, as
the answer would be imaginary and the calculator is not
eq uipped to handle this problem. The display will
al ways show the answer as positive, but in reality all
answers are preceded by ±; the correct answer may be
negative. The square root key completes an operation
and the equals key is not necessary .

Calculate: the square roots of: 64, 0.25, 7.895, and

24 + 82 + 95
y
Key in: Answer:
64 1-r I 8
.25 1-r1 0.5
7.895 1-r I 2.809804264
24 [±] 82 [±] 951 = 11 -r I 14.17744688

The walls of a house will be 12 feet high; if the base of

e
a ladder is to be situated five feet from the house, what
is the minimum height of a ladder to reach the roof
3 (See Figure I.I)?

A special equation which applies to all right triangles is

known as the Pythagorean Theorem:
c2 = a2 + b2
0 12
c is the hypotenuse of the triangle.

c = Va2 + b2
Solve for c:
a b
Keyin: 5 ~ [ ± ] 1 2 ~ 1 = 11 -rl
A nswer: I 3 feet = minimum ladder height
20 BASICS

I
I
I
I
cI
I
b 12
I
I
I a

hs·~
Figure I.I Right-angle triangle.

l2ndFJ l3 r I Cube Root:

The cube root key aids in calculating a quantity which,
when multiplied by itself three times, equals the original
value. The original value may be negative.

A box of equal-sized sides has a volume of 27 cubic

meters; how big is each side?

Key in: 27 l3 r J

Answer: 3 meters

The cube root of - 125 is :

Key in : 125 l+/-J3 r JJ

Answer: - 5

!2nd Fl1
x.ry I Root Key :
The root key calculates the x th root of y, . y cannot be
a negative .
. r;;. 3r,:,;::;- o.2sr,:;
Calculate: v o't, y27, v 3, and {I 25 x 82 - 50
REVIEW OF KEYS 21

Key in: Answer:

64 Ix-ry I 2 I = I 8
27 1x-ry I 3 I = I 3
3 IX-IYJ.25[ = I 81
[ I ] 25 [KJ 82 G 50 CD 1x-ry 15 I = 14.573050519

[2ndFJ[]ITJ Factorial:

Multiplying a number n by a series of numbers starting

with one and incrementing by one until n has been
reached is called factorial. The calculator is limited to
whole numbers for n which are greater than or equal
to 0. The quantity 0 ! is defined to have a value of one.
The factorial key completes an operation and the equals
key is not necessary.
n! n x (n-1) x ... x 4 x 3 x 2 x l
41 4 x 3 x 2 x l

Key in: 4 []IT]

A nswer: 24

The calculated value on the calculator cannot exceed

9. 9999999 x 10 99 . The highest factorial that can be
calculated is 69 []IT]

Ans wer: I:711224524 x 10 98

Try : 70 []IT]
Display: E (Error)

An error symbol occurs because the answer overflows

the capacity of the calculator.
22 BASICS

K. PROBABILITY

lnCrl Combinations:

l2ndFI lnPrl Permutations:

Both the permutation and combination keys can be

programmed. Permutations represent the number of
possible arrangements that can be made from a parti-
cular grouping.

nPr = - -n!- -
(n - r)!

where n number of objects

r = the number taken at one time

The number of combinations will always be less than the

number of permutations, because combinations by
definition do not include an order for the subset.
The number of combinations is given as:

n!
nCr =
r! (n - r)!

Calculate: 10P3, 10C3

Key in: Answer:

IO lnPrl 3 I= I 720
10 [nCrl 3 I= I 120
REVIEW OF KEYS 23

L. LOGARITHMS

[ log I Base 10 Logarithm Key:

~ Base e Logarithm Key:

A number x can be expressed as a base b raised to a

power y:
X = bY
y is called the logarithm of x and is symbolized as:
y = logb X

The logarithm of a number is the power to which some

base must be raised to equal that number. Logarithms
and exponential functions have numerous uses in mathe-
matics. Logarithms simplify arithmetic and algebraic
computations according to the following rules:

logb (xy) logb x + logb y

logb ~ logb x logb y
y
logb xY y logb x

The graphs of two logarithm functions appear in Figure

1.2.

Using tables of logarithms multiplication , division,

exponentiation, and root extraction can be accom-
plished by addition and subtraction. The logarithmic
ta bles are built into the calculator for the two most
common bases, IO and e. The number e is an irrational
number resulting from an infinite series and it cannot be
expressed in exact decimal or fractional form ; it is
ap proximately equal to 2. 71828 . Loge x is expressed
as In x or the natural logarithm. The base 10 logarithm
is expressed as log x and is known as the common
logarithm .
24 BASICS

12nd FlI1ox I Base IO Inverse Logarithm or Antilogarithm :

l2ndFI ~ Base e Inverse Logarithm or Antilogarithm:

The inverse logarithm, or antilogarithm, is the number

generated when the base is raised to the power of the
logarithm. I ox is the antilogarithm for log x and e x
is the antilogarithm for In x.

Calculate : 3 x 4 using log and In.

Key in: Answer:
3 Ilog I 0.477121254
[±]4 jlog J 0.602059991
~ 1.079181246
l1ox1 12
3 On] 1.098612289
[±]4 On] 1.386294361
~ 2.48490665
~ 12

y
5

0ll---'----'---..__ _.___--'-_ _..__ _.___x

10 20 30 40 60 70

- 1
Figure 1.2 Graph of logarithmic functions.
s REVIEW OF KEYS 25

The j 1ox I key can also be used to solve for powers of I 0.

Calculate: Key in: Answer:
104 4 11ox1 10000
,r o j1ox1
1o0
e eo 0 [E]
X
e' I [E] 2.718281828
10-1 I l+/-I \1ox 1 0.1
10-s 5 l+/-ll 10X J 0.00001

2riii£j\RNDI Random Number Generator:

Rando m numbers can be generated on the EL506A.
The range of the generated random numbers is 0.000 ~
0.999.
Key in: Answers*:
IRNDI 0.578
IRNDI 0.874
~ 0.103
etc.
* Yo ur answers should, of course, be different.

M. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AND COORDI-

NATE SYSTEMS

[DRGJ Angular Mode Key:

The angular mode may be changed by pressing the IDRGI
key. The calculator is automatically in the degree mode
when it is turned on and the display shows DEG . Press
the key once and the display reads RAD for Radians,
once again and it reads GRAD . The next time \DRG) is
pressed, the calculator returns to the DEG mode.

On the EL506A the calculator retains the current angular

mode even when the power is turned off.
26 BASICS

Note:
Degree : 1° = 1/360 of a circle= 1r/l 80 radians=
0.01 7453292 radians
Radian : 1 rad= l/2rr of a circle= 180/rr = 57.2958°
Grad: 1 grad = 1/400 of a circle
The Grad is popular in Europe .

Key in: 57.2958 11/XI Answer: 0.01 7453286

l2ndF) j DRG ►I Angular Mode Conversion :

Converting values from one angular mode to another is

accomplished by pressing l2ndFI and then the IDRGI key .
The sequence is from degrees to radian to grad and then
back to degrees. Therefore, converting an angle from
radians to degrees requires pressing l2ndFI j DRG ► I twice,
once to convert to grads, and again to convert to degrees.
Convert : 62.5 grads to degrees and also to radians

Mode: GRAD
Key in: Answer:
62.5 j DRG ►I 5 6. 25 Degrees
j DRG ►I 0.981747704 Radians

(0)
Opposite

Adjacent (A)

Figure 1. 3 Basic triangle for deriving trignometric functions

s REVIEW OF KEYS 27

s~ I cos 11 tan I Sine, Cosine, and Tangent:

rhe basic definitions of sine, cosine, and tangent are:
length of opposite side 0
sine 8 = length of hypotenuse
= H
length of adjacent side A
cosine 8
length of hypotenuse
= H
length of opposite side 0
tangent 8 = length of adjacent side
= A

Figure 1.4 illustrates the graph of these functions.

is y
3

y = sin x
n
n

s.

-3
Figure 1.4 Sine, cosine and tangent functions.

Calculate: sine of 30°, cosine of 23°, and tangent of 90°.

Mode: DEG
Key in: Answer:
30 I sin I 0.5
23 !cos I 0.920504853
90 Itan I error
(The tangent of 90° is undefined and cannot be cal-
culated.)
28 BASICS

The pilot of a small plane flying at a height of 1000 feet

observes an airport at an angle of 5°. How far away is

z-+
the airport?
Note:
Angle A= 90 - 5 = 85°
A 1000
tan 85 = a/1000
a= tan 85 x 1000 df~------,---~feet
a
Key in:
Figure 1.5
85 ltan l[X]l000 I= I
Answer: 11430.05 feet

The angle of elevation of a ladder is 7 5° and it is placed

4 feet from the base of a building. How long is the
ladder?
Note:. cos 7 S = 4/b
b = 4/cos 75
Key in:
4 I + I 7 s Icos II = I 4
Answer: 15.45 feet Figure 1.6

The diagonal distance of a television screen is 19 inches.

The angle subtended by the shorter side is 1r/ S. What is
the length of each side?

sin 1r/5 = a/19

a= (sin f) x 19
C = 19"
a2 + b2 = c2
1T
b=yc 2 - a 2
5 [rad]
b
Figure 1.7
s REVIEW OF KEYS 29

:t Key in:
is DRG to change to RAD
CIJ OO I + I 5CDI sin l[KJ 19 [ = I [x.. M,I
19 C!!lG[ RM,l~I = 11.,-- 1
Answer: a = 11 .168 inches
b= 15.371 inches

[2nd Fl [sin •11, [2nd Fl[cos· 11, [2nd Fl [tan·1IInverse Trigonometric

Functions:
The inverse of sine, cosine and tangent are arcsine
(sin -I ), arccosine (cos-I ) and arctangent (tan-I ).

Calculate : sin - 1 of 0.5, cos- 1 of 0.5, and tan- 1 of I.

Key in: Answer:

DRG to change to DEG
.5 [sin• 1I 30°
.5 [cos· 11 60°
[tan· 1I 45 °

No te: These are the "principal" values. The inverse

trigonometric functions can represent many values, e.g.,
sin- 1 .5 is 30° and also 150°, 390° , 510° , etc. The
lowest, or principal value of the inverse is always
produced by the calculator.
Calculate: sin -I (sin 60°)
Key in : 60 I sin I [sin• 1I
Answer: 60

The center of the sun is 92.8 million miles from earth.

a
The sun has a diameter of 864,000 miles. What angle
30 BASICS

does the sun subtend from earth?

sun Figure 1.8

43.2 X 104
tan C =----.,---
92.8 X 10 6
Key in: Answer:
ION/ c I
[I] 43 .2
IEXPI 41+ ) 92.8 IEXP )6 O]ltan- 1) 0.2667°
[X] 2 I = I o.5334°
The driveway of a house will start in a corner and curve
around to the other corner. (See Figure 1.9.) What is
the outside length of the driveway?
The driveway is an arc (section of a circle). The distance
(I) subtended by the arc is called a chord, and in this
case is 200 feet. The rise (h) of the chord is:
h 100 - 60 = 40 feet
s length of the arc
R = radius of the full circle
d = R - h = R -40
I = length of chord = 2../R 2 - d2 200 feet

+-----100· -
Figure 1.9 A driveway which is a chord of a circle.
s REVIEW OF KEYS 31

Solve for R:
200 2yR 2 - d2
100 = yR 2 - d2
10000 R2 - d 2 = R 2 - (R - 40) 2
R2 - R 2 + SOR - 1600
SOR 11600
R 11600 .;.- 80 = 145 feet
The length of the arc of a circle is given as
s = 2R cos- 1 !!___
R

Solve for s:

Mode: RAD
R d
e Ke y in: 2 [K] 145 [KJ [I] [I] 1_4_5_[---1-4-0 [I]
s [ ±J 145 [IJ [cos• il = I 1

A ns wer: 220.69 feet (length of arc).

e
s [2ndFl00 Pi:
The value of 1r(pi) can be approximated as 3.1415926
which is close enough for most purposes. (Sometimes a
less accurate approximation, 22/7, is used.) The 1T
value is included on scientific calculators because of its
wide use in geometry and trigonometry. It is defined as
the ratio of the circumference ( c) of a circle to its
dia meter (D) and holds true for all size circles.

C = 1rD = 21TR, where R = radius

Calculate the circu~ference of a circle with a radius of

6.

Key in: 2 [K] 00 [K]6 [ = I

Ans wer: 37.69911184
32 BASICS

l2ndF)l•o.1o1s) Time Conversions:

i♦IJEGJ
Angles that are not whole numbers are usually given in
terms of degrees, minutes, and seconds. There are sixty
minutes in one degree. Angles given in terms of minutes
must be converted to a decimal equivalent before the
trigonometric functions can be used.
When the calculator is used for converting, the first two
places after the decimal point represent minutes and the
next two represent seconds.
1 11
Convert 36°5 26 to its decimal equivalent.
Key in : 36. 05 26
minutes seconds
Answer: 36.09055556

The reverse is to convert to degrees, minutes and

seconds.

Figure 1.10 Distance between two boats.

'S REVIEW OF KEYS 33

Key in: 36.09055 l-0111sJ

Answer: 36. 05 25 98
n
minutes seconds 1/100 second
y
or 36° 5' 26"
,s
e Two boats (see Figure 1.10) are observed from a tower
7 5 meters above a lake . The angles of depression
observed from the vertical are 12°30' and 7° 1o'. How
0
fa r apart are the boats? Find the horizontal distance of
e
each boat from the tower. The difference will be the
distance they are apart.

First boat: tan 7° 10' = z

75
Solve for z :

Key in : 7.1 l•DEGJ i tan J[K]75 I = Jlx-+M,I

j Ans wer: 9.430377057
y
Second boat: tan 12°30'
75
Solve for y :
Key in : 12.3 l•DEGiitan lW75 I= I
Answer: 16.6270997

Key in: G!RM,11= I

Answer: 7.196722641 or 7.2 meters apart
These keys are also used when time needs to be ac-
cum ulated or averaged . Hours can take the place of
degrees in "D• MS".

A track team member is training to run the marathon.

Time trials this year have produced the following times :
3 hours 42 minutes 6 seconds, 3 hours 15 minutes 25
seconds, 3 hours 5 minutes 48 seconds, and 2 hours 59
minutes 42 seconds. What is the runner's average time?
34 BASICS

Key in: Display :

3.4206 [•DEGI 3.701666667 decimal equivalent
[±]3.1525 [•DEGj 3. 256944444 decimal equivalent
[±]3.0548 [•DEGj 3.096666667 decimal equivalent
[±]2.5942 [•DEGI 2.995 decimal equivalent
[= I 13.05027778 hours total
I + 14 I = I 3.262569444 hours
[•DMSI 3.154525
which is 3 hours 15 minutes 45 seconds

The law of sines and the law of cosines are used to solve
problems of all triangles. All of the triangles in the
problems used thus far as examples, were right-angle
triangles.
law of sines:

a b = __c__
sin A sin B sin C

C
law of cosines: Figure 1.11
a 2 = b 2 + c2 - 2bc cos A

There are four types of triangle problems and they are

classified on the basis of the data given.

Data Given Use

1 side, 2 angles law of sines
2 sides, angle opposite law of sines
2 sides, included angle law of cosines
3 sides law of cosines

Two wires are run from the side of a building to the

street below. One wire is 42 feet long and makes an
angle of 58° with the horizontal. The other wire is 48
feet long. What is the distance between the anchor
 REVIEW OF KEYS 35

points and the angle of the second wire with the

horizontal?
B = 180° - 58°
= 122°
48 42
sin 122° sin C
sin C =4 2/48 x sin I 2 2°...L..-- --'------'-----'----'--a----'-~
Mode : DEG Figure 1.12
ds Key in :
C: 42 I + )48 CK] 122 I sin )I = )l sin •1) Answer:
[x .. M,) 47.9 °
A: 180 C=:::II RM, )[=] 122 I = ) I 0 .09°
a: 48 I + )122 [ sin ) [KJI0.09 l sin )I = ) 9 .916 feet
Note : In the above example, an angle greater than 90°
occurs, placing it in the second quadrant. Quadrants are
created when a circle is placed over rectangular co-
ordinates (see fig. 1.13). The four equal parts are called
" quadrants" . The line representing the positive part of
the X-axis as it travels in a counter-clockwise direction
is the measurement of an angle.
The quadrant specifies the sign for each of the trigono-
me tric functions as follows :
y

C D

r Figure 1.13
36 BASICS

Quadrant Angle range ( 0 ) Sine Cosine Tangent

---
A 0 to 90 + + +
B 90 to 180 +
C 180 to 270 +
D 270 to 360 +

The scientific calculator automatically gives the correct

sign.
tan A - tan B
Solve the identity tan (A - B) = - - - -- - for
I +tan A tan B
A= 220° and B = 100°.

Key in : Answer:
a) [I] 220 G I 00 IT] Itan I - I. 732050808
b) ION/cl
[I] 220 Itan I
[=JIOO ltan lOJ I + J[IJ I [±] 220 I tan i
00100 Itan IITJ I =I
Answer: - l. 732050808
A yacht sails out to sea for twenty miles at the beginning
of the day. On the return trip a strong current pushes
the yacht I 0° off course . After sailing for 19 miles on
the return trip, how far is the yacht from its starting
point?

Solve for c using the law of cosines:

a b a
Key in: 20~[±] 19 ~ [ = ] 2 [K]20 0 0
b C
19 0 0 1o Icos II = 11-r I
Answer: 3.542 miles from the original point

Shore
line

Figure 1.14 Triangle for law of cosines.

 REVIEW OF KEYS 37

j2nc1FI l•rel Polar Coordinate - Rectangular Co-

l2ndFI l•XYI ordinate Conversion Keys :

The most common coordinate system is the cartesian or

rectangular system . The location of a point is given by
its distance from each axis. The distance from the y-axis
(a bscissa) is given first followed by the distance from the
x-axis (ordinate) . The coordinates of the point in Figure
1.15 are (2,3).
The system known as polar coordinates identifies a
location by using an angle and a distance . (See Figure
1.1 6 ).
y

3 --- °112. 3)
I
I
I
I
I
--~~~--~~~--
- 3 - 2 -1 0 1 2 3
x
- 1

-2
-3
g
s Figure I.IS Rectangular coordinate system
n
g

8•'170"

Figure 1.16 Polar coordinate system

The polar coordinates can be superimposed on the

cartesian plane as in Figure 1.1 7.
(2 , 3) = (,, 0)
38 BASICS

3 - - - - - - - - - 1 (2, 3)
I
2 I
I
I
I
I
I

Figure 1.17 Polar coordinates superimposed on cartesian system

By using trigonometry, the conversions from one system
to another can be developed. To convert (2, 3) into
polar coordinates:

Mode: DEG

Key in: 2 W3 [fil [+raj

Answer: r = 3.605551275

To get the angle press W e = 56 .30993247°

To do the inverse, changing polar coordinates to
rectangular:

Mode: DEG

Key in : 3.6 W 56.3 W \•XYJ

Answer: x = 1.997439939, which is approximately 2

To get they coordinate press W y = 2.99503484

which is approximately 3.
The coordinates of a new position are obtained by using
the polar-rectangular conversion keys.
REVIEW OF KEYS 39

(x,y)

0 1 1.5 2

Figure 1.18 Coordinates of a new position.

In Figure 1.18 the original coordinates (x, y) = (I. 5, 2 ),

11
the angle of the new position is 0 = 60° 20' I 4 , while
I= 7. What are the coordinates of (x;, Y;)?

Key in: 7 W 60.2014 [.c>EGIWl•XYlx = 3.4642598

Key in: IX•M,j W y = 6.082672442
y
Key in: [±] 2 I =I Yi= 8.082672442
X
Key in: IRM,j [±] 1.5 I= I x; = 4.9642598

A nswer: (x;, y;) = (4.96, 8.08)

The multiplication product (or inner product) of a pair
of vectors can be determined as follows:

The rectangular coordinates of two vectors are (3, 5) and

(2, I). What is the magnitude of the inner product and
what are its rectangular coordinates?
40 BASICS

Key in: Answers:

3 [!]5 W l•rel r = 5.83
rn 0 = 59.04°
2 w 1w l•reJ r = 2.24
rn 0 = 26.57°
5.83 00 2.24 00 m 59.o4 G
26.57C[J lcosJ[ = I
The resultant vector has a magnitude of 11.02 and an
angle of 32.47° (59 .04° - 26.57°) .

Key in : 11.02 ru 32.4 7 ITJ l•XYJ W

Answers: x = 9.30,y = 5.92
The coordinates of the inner product are (9.30, 5.92).

A merchant ship steams out of port on a course of 25°

west of north. After 35 miles course is changed to 5°
east of north and 300 miles are covered. What is the
total distance travelled?
Note: In navigation the course is specified with north
and south directions measured clockwise from the north
axis. Counter-clockwise angles are negative.

s
Fig. 1.19
 REVIEW OF KEYS 41

Key in: X y

35 W 25 l+/-lffi l•XYI 31.72

IT] - 14.79
300 W 5 IT] l•XYI 298.86
IT] 26.15
add : 330.58 11.36
2
330. 58 w 11.36 IT] l•rel 330. 78 miles from the
starting point
n
IT] 1.97° course (R)

N. HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

ihYPII sin I, ihYPl lcos l, lhYP ll tan l Sinh, Cosh, Tanh :

Certain curves found in nature are c,alled "catenary."

The catenary and its shape are particular combinations
of exponential functions found so often in engineering
and physics that a special name, hyperbolic, has been
given to these curves.

Ilyperbolic sine of x sinh x _!_(ex - e-x)

2
llyperbolic cosine of x cosh x _!_(ex + e - x)
2
ex - e-x
llyperbolic tangent of x tanh x
ex + e-x
y
cosh x sinh x

sinh x
Figure 1.20 The hyperbolic function s.

Figure 1.20 illustrates the graph of these functions.

42 BASICS

Calculate sinh 6 and prove the relationship to e x.

Key in: I
6 hyp II sin I
Answer: 201.7131574

Key in: .5[&JC[]6IE]G6 l+/-l~ l=I

Answer: 201.7131574

12nd Fl F•chy~ I sin I Inverse Hyperbolic

!2nd Fl F•chy~ Icos I Functions:
!2nd Fl F•chy~ Itan I

The inverse hyperbolic functions are written: sinh- 1 x,

cosh- 1 x, tanh- 1 x .

Calculate: sinh- 1 x if x = 201.7 .

Key in: 201.7 l2ndFIF•chy~ I sin I
Answer: 5.999934771 which is approximately 6.

0. HEXADECIMAL,
OCTAL AND BINARY
Hexadecimal, octal, and binary are number systems used
by computer programmers. They are, respectively, base
16, base 8, and base 2. The numbering system used
throughout our society is called decimal (base I 0). In
hexadecimal, the letters A to F are used to represent
the decimal values IO to 15. The EL506A have the six
letters on the keyboard necessary for carrying out
number conversions from decimal to hexadecimal and
vice versa.
Binary or base 2 on the EL506A, is the number
system computers use directly . All operations and cal-
culations in a computer are performed using combina-
tions of binary digits . A binary digit has only two states:
I and 0. In a computer, these states represent on and
 REVIEW OF KEYS 43

off. Even the most complex computer problems are per-

fo rmed by thousands or millions of ones and zeros, turn-
ing the proper microcircuits on and off. One binary
digit is commonly called a bit.
For convenience and efficiency most computers
operate using bytes, which are groups of bits . With few
exceptions, bytes are either 8-bits or 16-bits. Pro-
gra mming a computer in machine language often
requires the hexadecimal numbering system.
Hexadecimal, or base 16 , represents all possible
co mbinations of four bits . An 8-bit byte can therefore
be expressed simply as two hexadecimal numbers.
Octal or base 8 on the EL506A, represents all combina-
tio ns of three bits. It is used in those systems based on
a 7-bit byte. One such byte can be expressed as one
hexa decimal and one octal number.
The equivalent numbers for each of four base systems
up to decimal value 20, are shown in the table. Note
the use of the letters A to F in hexadecimal. Tables of
hexadecimal addition and multiplication are included
in the Appendix .

e
j

t
j

r
1-
l-

d
44 BASICS

Table of Values for Four Base Systems

Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal

0 0 0 0
1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
16 10000 20 10
17 10001 21 11
18 10010 22 12
19 10011 23 13
20 10100 24 14

Convert ABCDEF to decimal:

Key in: Display :
12ndFJ[.. HEx1 rnrnw w ww
[2ndF) [..oecj 11259375
Convert the binary number 10010110 to octal and
decimal.
Key in: Display :
[OH/ c I
[2nd Fl [.. s,Nj 1001 0 11 0 [2nd Fi [..ocrj 226
[2nd Fl[-+DECj 150
 REVIEW OF KEYS 45

The EL506A offers the convenience of direct calculation

1n the various number systems. Calculations may be
keyed in directly , in the proper mode, without convert-
ing values to decimal.
Multiply the hexadecimal numbers : CAD x BED x 125
Key in: Display:
12Mfl 1.. HEx1 w rnrnoo rn rn
[[J CK] 125 I = j Ad0465Ed
Positive hexadecimal values are limited to between 0 and
2540BE3FF (9999999999).
In a computational machine based on the bit there is
no such condition as " negative" .
The "2's complement" is used in internal calcula-
tions. A complement is a number which when added to
another number, their total equals 0.
Consequently , the highest possible hexadecimal value
(FFFFFFFFFF) is -1. Working in the direction of
lower hexadecimal values the limit is FDABF41C01
which is the decimal value limit of -9999999999.

Key in: Display:

1..oecl I+/-/ I.. HEXI FFFFFFFFFF
1--oecl 2 l+/-j I..HEXI FFFFFFFFFE
1--oecl 9999999999 l+/-11-+HEXI FdAbF41C0l

P. STATISTICS
j

l2ndFj ISTATI Statistical Mode Key:

The statistical mode is obtained by pressing l2ndFI and

ION/c I. In all cases, while using statistics~ indicator
appears at the upper part of the display.
46 BASICS

IDATAJICD IQOI i I I:x l[:cx2 1mw

Eight Statistical Keys:
On the EL506A : [DATAJITJ[ i ! and Q0 are "first"
functions in the ST AT mode. x represents the mean,
or arithmetic average. The formula for x is:

x
n is the number of samples. If the data base is small, it
could be the total number. x 1 is the first data point,
x 2 the second ... up to Xn, which is the nth or last
data point. The symbol l: (sigma) means "sum of" and
when [ I:x I is pressed the total of all the data entered is
retrieved.
The statistical techniques available on the calculator are
based on the concept of central tendency. A large
enough data base will result in a frequency of data about
the mean with values concentrated close to the mean,
resulting in the familiar normal (or bell-shaped) curve
illustrated in Figure 1. 21.

-lo +lo
Figure 1.21 Normal probability curve with plus or minus one
standard deviation indicated.
s REVIEW OF KEYS 47

The standard deviation is the measure of the deviance of

the data from the mean. A large deviance implies a
11roup with less cohesion than the case where the
devia nce is small. One standard deviation (plus and
L,
mi nus) includes 68.27% of the area under the normal
curve. Two standard deviations will include 95.45 % of
the total and 3 includes 99.73%. IT] is the standard
devia tion of the sample and W the standard deviation
of t he population. Logically, the standard deviation of
the whole population will always be less than the
standard deviation of a sample. The basic formulas for
sta ndard deviation are:

The general procedure for obtaining the average and

standard deviation for a set of data is:
1. Place the calculator in the ST AT mode.
2. Place the data into the calculator.
3. Press I i I for the average and LU for the
standard deviation.

The price of an eight-ounce jar of instant coffee was

recorded each month of the year. Calculate the average
price and the standard deviation from the prices: $3.65,
$4.20, $4.20, $4.85, $3.90, $3 .90, $2.95, $2.80, $3.90,
$3. 50, $3.50, $3.20.
Mode: STAT

Key in: 3.65 loATA J4 .2 loATAI 4 .2 loATA I 4.85 loATAJ3.9

loATA J... (Continue to place in above data)
Answer: [TI 3.7125 = average
W = 0. 5 5118 = standard deviation for
the population since
the sample is the entire
population.
48 BASICS

Under the assumption that the sample is large enough

for the normal curve to apply, ranges for the prices can
be obtained by taking the mean and then adding or sub-
tracting the standard deviation.

Key in: Answer:

3.1125 G .5512 1 = 1 3.1613
3.1125 w .55121 = I 4.2637

Key in: Answer:

CDGwl = I 3.1613
rnrnw1 = 1 4.2637

Approximately 68% of the prices during the year fell

between $3.16 and $4.26. How many standard devia-
tions will encompass all of the sample prices? Subtract
the lowest data point from the average and divide by the
standard deviation for the negative number. For the
positive number take the highest data point, subtract the
average and divide by the standard deviation. If the
value obtained is fractional, always round up. For
example, if it is 1.2, the number of stan<:1ard deviations is
2.

Key in: Answer:

STAT mode
=11+ l@J =I
[DC=:]2.s l 1.6555
4.85 Gwl = 11 + IWI =I 2.0637

On the EL506A data input with " weighting" is possible.

Weighting is particularly valuable where a large number
of samples have been collected of the same value. The
value inputted is being weighted by entry more than
once in a single operation .
REVIEW OF KEYS 49

Value Number of
occurrences
6 10
7 48
8 49
9 32
10 17

The number of times (N) the data occurs is entered as

[K] N. After pressing /DATA Jeach time, the total number
of data points entered will be displayed .

Key in: (use TAB 3)

ST AT Mode

6 00 10 /oATA J 7 00 48 [oATA J 8 0 0 49 /DATA J

9 0 0 32 /oATA J 100017 /oATA J
Q0 is 156
IT] is 7.987 mean
0 is 1.101 standard deviation for the sample
because the sample is a small part of a
large population.

Check the formula for standard deviation. Note that the

parentheses keys are ineffective in the ST AT mode.
Since division by n - I is necessary, use its exact value,
15 5.

Key in : DO 00 rn ~ [=] /I:x 2 l I = I

/+/-II + I 155 I = 11 -r I
A nswer: I . IO 1

Standard deviation in this example means 68. 27% of the

values fall between :
50 BASICS

Key in: A nswer:

rn rn ITJ 1= 1 9.088
and
rn G CD I = I 6.886
95.45 % between IT][±] IT] I : 11 : I 10. 190
and
ITJG ITJ I = II = I 5.785

99.73% between ITJ[±]ITJ[ = II = II = I 11.291

and
ITJG CDI = II = 11 = I 4 .6 83
I CD I means "correct data ." If the last data entry was in
error or it will be changed, press I CD J . The I CD I key
may be used as DA TA entries are being made or directly
after a statistical function . The number of samples will
be shown, less one. Now proceed as before to enter new
data. If weighting has been used , the entire original
entry should be keyed in ; for example, if 10 CK] 17 has
been keyed in and I CD I is pressed, all ten of these
entries will be eliminated.

Q. COMPLEX NUMBER CALCULATIONS

A complex number is a number comprised of two parts,
a real part and an imaginary part. The real part is the
number system as it is commonly known , made up of
quantities we can count in the real world. The imagi-
nary part is not tangible in the real world; it often
represents a potential rather than an existing quantity .

Complex numbers are generally expressed in the form :

a+ bi
where a is the real part, b is the magnitude of the imagi-
nary part , and i is v-f. Complex numbers are often
associated with waves. As waves oscillate , the real part
represents the magnitude and the imaginary part
REVIEW OF KEYS 51

represents phase angle.

Mathematical operations using complex numbers

fo llow the rules shown below.
Addition (a+ bi)+ (e +di)= (a+ e) + (b + d)i
Subtraction (a+ bi)- (e +di)= (a - e) + (b - d)i
Multiplication (a + bi) x (e + di) = (ae - bd) +(ad+ be )i
Division (a+ bi)+ (e +di)= ae+bd + be - ad i
e2+d2 e2+d2
In this notation, a and e represent the real parts, and
b and d represent imaginary parts . The symbol i
rep resents -J=T,
which is not defined as a real number.
On the EL506A these operation are preprogrammed.
To perform them , simply key in the numbers, following
real numbers with [ ! ] and imaginary numbers with
[I] .
The complex number mode is obtained on the
EL506A by pressing l2ndFJ and ~ . In all cases,
while using complex i3.!.'3 indicator appears at the upper
part of the display .
Perform the following calculation:
( l 2. 5 - 7 i) x (3 + 2i)
Mode: CPLX
Key in: Display:
12. 5 w 7 1+/- IQJ[K:]3[!] 2 w
I= I 51.5
[I] 4
Answer: 51 .5 + 4i
Check: Mode : Normal
Key in : Display :
12. 5 00 3 G 7 l+/-l[K] 2 1 = I 51.5
12. 5 00 2 [±] 1· 1+/- IW 3 I = I 4
52

CHAPTER 3

ERRORS AND ACCURACY

The term "error" in calculator terminology does not

mean a mistake in judgment on the part of the user. An
error (causing an E to show in the display) will result
from a calculation or instruction beyond the capacity of
the unit.
All calculators, like any computing device, are subject
to this type of error. There are three types of error con-
ditions: overflow, underflow, and incorrect operation.
An overflow error occurs when the absolute value
of a calculation or the result in memory exceeds
9.999999999 x l 0 99 on the EL506A. The calculator
will stop functioning and E will appear in the display .
To start a new calculation the clear key ( ION/ c I ) should
be pressed . The range of acceptable values for each
scientific function is given in the tables in the operation
manual. Dividing by O is an overflow error because the
answer is mathematically impossible.
The underflow occurs when the value of a calculation
is less than l x 10- 99 . In this case, the calculator
assumes the value is O and the calculation may continue
instead of registering an error and stopping the calcula-
tion.
Errors due to incorrect operation are caused by trying
to exceed the number of possible pending operations
(levels) or by trying to exceed the number of times
parentheses may be used in a single level.
 REVIEW OF KEYS 53

The accuracy of a calculator or computing device can

be affected by the internal calculation digit. For
instance, the sine function will have a maximum error of
± I at the tenth digit on the EL506A. If accuracy is
required in the last digits check the Error Conditions
section of the Operation Manual.

1
r

g
s
s
PART2

APPLICATIONS
56

CHAPTER 4

TOPICS IN PHYSICS

A. NUCLEAR ENERGY

An electric power plant using nuclear fuel will produce

2000 MW (megawatts) operating at one-third thermal
efficiency. How much nuclear fuel is required for a
year's operation?
The thermal energy required is three times the generated
energy or 6000 MW. The energy release needed for full
power for a year is
6000 x 10 6 watts x 3600 seconds x 24 hours x
365 days

Key in: 6 IEXP I 9 00 3600 00 24 CK] 365 I = I

17
Answer: 1.89216 x 10 J (joules, where 1 watt= I
joule/second)

A fuel element in a light-water nuclear reactor must be

recycled after 1% of the fuel is burned . The fissionable
fuel is U-235 which is 3% of the total and the remainder
is U-238. The fuel is considered to have an atomic
weight of 238 grams/mole. The energy per kilogram of
fuel is
E = 1 kilogram x % burned x (NA) x fission energy x e
atomic weight
where NA= Avogadro 's number= 6.02 x 10 23 nuclei/mol
and e = defines electron volt = 1.6 x 10- 19 J
 TOPICS IN PHYSICS 57

NOTE: As mentioned in Part I, if a key requires press-

ing 2nd F before it is used, this part of the procedure
will not be shown in the key layouts in Part II.
(0.01 Kg) (6.02 x 10 23 nuc/mol) (200 x 10 6 eV)
(1.6 x 10-19 J/eV)
E= - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - ~
0.238 Kg/mol

Key in: .01006.02 IEXP I 23 002 JEXP I 8 0 0

1.6 JEXP I 19 [+(=JI +
1. 238 I = I
A nswer: 8.094117647 x 10 11 J/kg of fuel

The total fuel to meet the power requirement for one

year is the following :

Key in: 1.892 JEXPI 17 I + I 8.094 JEXP I 11 I =I

A nswer: 233753.3976

The major problem with nuclear power is the disposal

of radioactive wastes and the radioactive pollution that
results from a leak or accident. The source of the
problem is radioisotopes such as strontium-90 and
cesium-137 which are fission by-products with danger-
ously long rates of radioactive decay (half-lives). The
half-life (th) is the time required for the decay of one-
half of the radioactive nuclei.
I
th =T In 2 where X = decay constant

The decay constant for strontium-90 is 7.5961 x 10- 5 _

What is the half life of strontium-90?

Key in: 7.5961 !EXP I 5 J+/-ll11X l00 2 lli_ll = I

le
58 APPLICATIONS

Answer: 9125.04 days or 25 years.

The number of nuclei present at th is :
N = N 0 e-X t•,
where N 0 = original nuclei present = 602 x 10 23
N = 602 X
10 23e-(7 . 5961
5
x 10 - x9125)

Key in: 602 IEXP I 23 [K][IJ 7.5961 IEXP I 5 l+/-I

[K] 9125 CDl+/-1~ 1= I
Answer: 301 x 10 23 nuclei remain

The ex portion should always be equal to one-half in

this equation.

B. OUTER SP ACE

The flights of satellites Voyager 1 and 2 launched in

mid-1977 have stimulated a resurgence of interest in
outer space flight and astronomy. The first pictures of
Jupiter and its four moons were returned in December
of 1978. The continuing stream of pictures from
Voyager 1 and 2 have changed even the most deeply
held beliefs of astronomers. Interest remains high with
the Voyagers having explored Saturn late in 1980 and
1981 and continuing on to Uranus in 1986 and Neptune
in 1989.
The level of sophisticated analyses of space flight and
astronomical phenomena using the handheld scientific
calculator has made amazing progress since the mid-
1970's. Launch yourself into space with these examples.

Launch

Launching a rocket into space requires a high initial

velocity . The number of seconds to reach a specific
TOPICS IN PHYSICS 59

height can be calculated if the initial velocity is known.

/\ simplified version of the equation is

H = V0 t - -Ig t 2
2

where H = height (feet) of the object after t seconds

VO initial velocity (feet/second)
t = time (seconds)
g gravitational acceleration (32 feet/sec/sec)
_Lg = 16
2

A launch occurs with an initial velocity of 900 feet

per second; how long will it take to reach I 0, 000 feet
(approximately 2 miles)?

10000 = 900t - 16t 2

16t - 900t + 10000 = 0
2

/\ quadratic equation (ax 2 +bx+ c = 0) is solved for its

roots by:
-b ±yb 2 - 4ac
X =
2a
For this example:
t = -(-900)±Y(-900) 2 - 4 X 16 X 10000
2 X 16

It is recommended that the material under the square

root sign be calculated first and stored in memory.

Key in: 900 ~[=] 4 00 16 [KJJEXP l41 = I

The minus sign is unnecessary in the expression (-900) 2 .
Intermediate answer: 170000 (It is positive; therefore
roots are real.)
60 APPLICATIONS

Key in: 1-r llx..M,I

Intermediate Answer: 412.31

Key in: ION/ c I

[I] 900
G IRM,IWI + l[I] 2 [K] 16 I=I
Answer A: 15.24 seconds

Key in: [I] 900 [±]IRM,IL.lJI + lo:::J 2 [K] 16

8
Answer B: 41.01 seconds

Answer A applies in this case. To prove the root

Key in: 16 [K] 15.24 [!!JG 900 [K] 15 .24
[±] 10000 I = I
Answer: 0.1216 (Slightly more than 0 due to rounding.)

Note: When solving a quadratic equation, if the first

calculation above (b 2 - 4ac) results in a negative
number, the square root cannot be calculated.
Make the negative a positive and calculate with
i(i=~).

Example: x 2 + 2x + 3 = 0 (a= 1, b = 2, c = 3)

Key in: 2 [!!JG 4 [K] 3 I = I

Answer: - 8
Convert: H =Rx y2 = 2iV2
-2 ± 2iV2
X = - -- - - = - 1 ±iyl
2 X 1

Proof: (-l±yli) 2 +2(-l±yli)+3 0

Remember: i = -v'=T
TOPICS IN PHYSICS 61

Orbitting

Determining the velocity of an object in orbit at any

point in its orbit is a problem that is applicable to many
fields (see Figure 2.1 ). In space research, the velocity of
a spacecraft orbitting the earth or of a planet moving
around the sun may be calculated. The equation for
velocity is:

where r = radial distance at a given point on an

elliptical orbit
a mean distance from the central object
G universal gravitational constant
M = mass of the central object

Example : At a distance of 8 x 10 8 kilometers from the

sun, at what speed is the planet Jupiter
orbitting?
r = 8 x 10 8 , a= 7.784 x 10 8
G = 6.668 x 10-23, M = 1.992 x lQ 33

Key in: 2 [K] 6.668 IEXPI 23 l+/- l[K] 1.992 IEXPI

33 [K][IJ 8 IEXPI 8 l1/X IG [ I J 2 [K]
7.784 jexPI 8 [ I ] 11xJ[I]I = 11.,- 1
Answer: 12 . 7 kilometers/sec

Figure 2.1 Object in elliptical orbit around another object.

62 APPLICATIONS

The eccentricity of an ellipse is a measure of its closeness

to a circle. The greater the eccentricity, the more
elongated will be the ellipse (less like a circle). Compare
the percent differences between the maximum and
minimum distance from the sun for Venus and Mars.
The sun occupies one focus of a planetary ellipse (see
Figure 2.2) and the distance between a planet and the
sun is:
a (1 - e 2 )
r -
1 - e cos 1/
a = semimajor axis of the ellipse = mean distance
from the sun
e = eccentricity
1/ = polar angle in radians

The angle is measured in radians ( 11 = 180°) and the

mode for calculations will be RAD instead of DEG.
From Figure 2-2 it can be seen that the maximum
distance from the sun is at 1/ = 0 and the shortest
distance is at 1/ = 11.

Eccentricity of Mean Distance from

Planet
Orbit the sun (miles)
Venus 0.006783 67.24 X 10 6
Earth 0.016718 92 .96 X 10 6
Mars 0.093387 141.62 X 10 6
For Venus,

Mode: RAD

Key in : 67.24 IEXP I 6 00[0 1 [=] 6 .783 IEXP I 3

l+/-l~ [ I ]I + 10] 1 [=] 6.783 IEXP I 3
1+1-IOOOOlcos ll = Jlx..M,I
TOPICS IN PHYSICS 63

A nswer: 66.784 x 106 miles (minimum distance)

Repeat changing cos 1T to cos 0 .

A nswer: 67 .696 x 106 miles (maximum distance)

Key in : [=JI RM,11 =II + IIRM,11 % )I = )

A nswer: 1.37% difference between maximum and
minimum distance from the sun.

For Mars,
Key in: 141.62 !EXP ) 6 [RJ[IJ 1 G 93.387 IEXP )
3 l+/- l ~ [ I ] I +
)[TI 1 G 93 .387
IEXP l3 l+/-)[KJ [J[] lcos ll = )lx•M,)
A nswer: 128 .39 x 106 miles (minimum distance)

Repeat changing cos 1T to cos 0

A nswer: 154.85 x 10 6 miles (maximum distance)

Key in: GI RM,11= II + II RM,)I % II = I

A nswer: 20.6% difference between maximum and
minimum distance from sun.

Figure 2.2 Planet in orbit around the sun which occupies

one focus of the ellipse.
64 APPLICATIONS

The substantially greater difference between the maxi-

mum distances from the sun for Mars versus Venus can
be accounted for by the greater eccentricity of the
elliptical orbit of Mars.
At what angle will earth's distance from the sun be
the same as its mean distance from the sun? Substitut-
ing in the original equation:

92.96 X 106 = 92.96 X 106 (1 - e2)

I - e cos 7/
The mean values cancel each other and:
- e cos 7/ = I - e2
COS 7/ = 16.718 X 10-3

Key in : 16.718 \EXP! 3 l+/-J lcos· 1J

Answer: 1.554077548 radians (about rr / 2)

Landing

As the lunar lander approaches the moon, it is free-

falling. If the altitude is 500 meters, how fast will it
crash into the surface of the moon if retrofiring rockets
for slowing down the descent are not fired?

The solution is similar to the earlier problem on launch:

where H final altitude = 0

Ho initial altitude = 500 meters
Vo initial velocity (downward)
-5 0 meters/sec
I
2g =
Joon = +
_!_ gravitational acceleration of the
x 5 = 2.5 meters/sec/sec
500 + (- 50)t - 2.5t 2
0
a 2.5, b = 50, c = -500
TOPICS IN PHYSICS 65

Using the quadratic equation formula

b a c
Key in: so ~[=] 4 00 2 .5 00 500 1+/- II = I
2
A nswer: 7500 (value of b - 4ac)

Key in: 1..- llx..M,I

A nswer: 86.6

Key in : ION/ c I
[TI 50 l+/- 1L±][RM,IITll + l[IJ
2 00 2.s 1= I
A nswer A : 7.32 seconds

Key in : IT] so j+/-l[=]J RM,IIT]l + ILTI 2 00

2.s 1 = I
A nswer B: -27 .32 seconds

Although calculation B provides a root of the equation,

t he time cannot be negative and the correct answer is
7. 32 seconds.

Lenses

Lenses and lens elements used in telescopes and cameras

ac t as prisms when a ray of light hits them . (See Figure
2. 3). The formula for the deviation d of the light ray
fro m its path as it passes through a triangular prism is :

d = i - a+ sin - 1 (n x sin(a - sin- 1 ( sini )))

n
If the initial angle (i) is 40° and the prism has a 35°
angle (a) at its apex and the refractive index of the lens
( n) is 2.1 , what is the angle of the light ray as it leaves
the lens?
66 APPLICATIONS

Figure 2.3 Deflection of a light beam through a prism.

Mode: DEG

Key in:
4o G 35 C±Jo:J 2.1 OOo:J 35 GCO 4o
I sin II + I 2.1 [IJ[sin• 1[0 ] [ sin IOJ[sin• 1II = I
Answer: 43.32757047°

Star Brightness

A star's brightness indicates its apparent magnitude . To

relate one star to another, an absolute magnitude is
determined at a standard distance from earth of 10
parsecs. The parsec and the light-year are convenient
distances for astronomers to use in working with the
stars . A light year is the distance travelled by a ray of
light in one year. One light year in terms of miles is :
speed of light seconds minutes hours
Key in : 186,000 miles/sec [KJ 60 ~[KJ 24 [KJ
days
365 [ = l[x ..M,I
Answer: 5.865696 x 10 12 miles

1 Parsec: 3.26 light-years x 5.865696 x 10 12 =

Key in: 3.26 [K] [RM,[ I = I
TOPICS IN PHYSICS 67

Answer: 1.912216896 x 10 13 miles

If the absolute magnitude of two stars is known, the
ratio of luminosities is:

The absolute visual magnitude (M 1 ) of the sun is 4.8.

Compare the absolute magnitude (M 2 ) of two stars to
the sun. M 2 for the stars is 1. 3 5 and 1 2. 8.
Key in: First star: .4 [&J[JJ 4.8 [=] 1.35
I = ll1ox 1
A nswer: 23 . 988 The first star is 24 times as luminous
as the sun.

Key in : Second star : .4 [&J[JJ 4.8 [=] 12 .8 I= I

11ox 1
A nswer: .0006310 The second star is less than a thou-
sandth as luminous as the sun.
68

CHAPTER 5

ELECTRICITY PROBLEMS

A. USING OHM'S LAW

The total current demand has to be determined to select

the minimum size of a power line to a house. The
power requirements at full load might be the following :

Watts
Refrigerator 300
Stove 6000
Lights IO @ 60 watts each 600
Television 300
Stereo 120
Electric dryer 400
Miscellaneous other appliances 500
Total 8220

The voltage of the line is 115 volts. Power in watts is

the voltage times the current :

P = VJ where / = current , V voltage

p V
Key in : 8220 I + I 115 [ = I
Answer: 71.4 78 amperes

The total power demand may be determined from the

electrical resistance of each appliance. If there are four
appliances with resistances of 5, 28, 133, and 74 ohms,
what is the total power demand?
ELECTRICITY PROBLEMS 69

Ohm's Law States V = IR, where R = resistance

Substituting: P = 1 2 R = V 2 /R

Assuming resistances are in parallel, the total resistance

is:
_1_+_1_+ ... + - 1-
Rr R1 R2 Rn
+ _1_ + _1_ + _1_
5 28 133 74
Thus:

Rr _!_ + _1_ + _1_ + _1_

5 28 133 74

Key in: 5 [1/X J[±J 28 [1/X l[±:] 133 111x1 w

74 [1/X JI = 1111x 1
Answer: 3.89 ohms total resistance
To get the power,
V R
Key in: 115~ 1 + [3.89 I = I
Answer: 3400 watts power demand.

If the power rate is eight cents per kilowatt hour and the
full power demand of 3400 watts is used for the equiva-
lent of 4 hours per day during the month, what is the
monthly charge?

Note: Watts must be divided by 1000 to obtain kilo-

watts.

Key in: 3.4 [KJ .08 [KJ 4 [KJ 30 I = I

A nswer: $32 .64 monthly bill

B. SAVING ENERGY

A school pays 6 cents per kilowatt hour to a local

70 APPLICATIONS

utility . The school is lighted by sixty 100-watt bulbs

which are turned on for an average of eight hours per
day, 20 days per month. How much would be saved by
switching to 60-watt bulbs?
hours days cost number
Key in : [TI 8 [K] 20 [K] .06 [K)60 I + I
conversion watts
1000 [I]lx•M,11 K]IOO I = I
Answer: $57.60 cost with 100-watt bulbs.
To get the cost with 60-watt bulbs,

Key in: IRM, I [K] 60 I = Ilx•M,I

Answer: $34.56 cost with 60-watt bulbs.
To get the monthly saving,

Key in: 57.6 [=] RM, 11 = I

Answer: $23.04 cost savings
To get the percent saving,

Key in: IRM, 1[=]57 .61 = II + 157 .6 1 % II = I

Answer: 40% (same as reduction in wattage)

Figure 2.4 Light from a single source

ELECTRICITY PROBLEMS 71

How much will the available light from a single source be

reduced? (see Figure 2.4) Lambert's Law states that
illumination on a surface is:
2
E = 1 cos 8
h2

where E foot-candles of illumination

/ luminous intensity = (lumens/watt) x watts
h = distance in feet from the light source to the
surface

Note: cos 2 8 is the same as (cos 8) 2

The lumens/watt for an incandescent bulb is about 23.

I 0 h
Key in: 2300 100 00 20 lcosl~ I + IIO~
I= llx..M,I
A nswer: 20.31 foot-candles using 100-watt bulbs.

Key in: 23 00 60 00 20 Icos I ~ I + I l 00 I = I

A nswer: 12.19 foot-candles using 60-watt bulbs.

Key in: G I RM, )I = II + )I RM, )1% II = I

A nswer: 40% reduction in light (same as reduction in
wattage)

C. IMPEDANCE

When an alternating voltage is applied to a circuit with

resistance, inductance, and capacitance in series as in
Figure 2. 5, the flow is determined by a property called
impedance. Impedance is the ratio of applied voltage to
current flow , including the phase-angle between them.
It is expressed in ohms and is determined by the follow-
ing:
72 APPLICATIONS

w = 2rrf

Magnitude of impedance = Z JR wL - ~e )
=
2
+(
2

,------l'vl-------,

C L R

Figure 2.5 Circuit with resistance, inductance, and

capacitance in series.

Phase angle of the impedance= 0 = tan- 1 ( wL --

R
I)
we

R = Resistance L = Inductance e = Capacitanc

Z = Impedance 0 = Phase angle
w = Angular frequency f = Frequency

For example, if:

f= 60Hz, L = lmH(l0- 3 H),
e = lµF(I0-6F), R = I0KS1(10 4 S1)

Pl ace w L - -I- m
. memory f.ust
we
= 2rrfL - rr~e = 2rr60 x .001 - I-,- (2rr60 x 10-6
2

Key in: 2 [K]D[][K]60 [K] IEXP I 3 [+/-I[=] I

I + l[IJ 2 [K] 000060 [K] IEXPI 6
l+/-10][ = l[x•M,J[!!][±J[EXP I 4
lRl i = ll <"" I
Answer: Z = 10345 .73 Ohms

Mode : DEG

Key in: IRM,11 + II EXP l4 I = l[tan- 11

Answer : - 14.854 phase angle
 ELECTRICITY PROBLEMS 73

D. SOUND

The logarithmic scale is often used when the range of

values of a phenomenon is too large to be graphed
meaningfully on an arithmetic scale. The decibel is a
logarithmic scale unit that expresses the relative
magnitude of two sounds. In the audio field, the decibel
is used to describe the response of an amplifier in terms
of the deviation of the output voltage over some fre-
quency range from the output voltage at some standard
frequency, using a constant amplitude input test signal.
Vt
dB = 20 log 10 --
Vs
where v1 = voltage at a given frequency
Vs= voltage at a standard frequency
e
The dynamic range of an amplifier is 30 Hz to 15,000 Hz
± 0.3 dB. The power output at a standard frequency of
1,000 Hz is 8 watts with an 8-ohm load. The amplifier
is tested at a frequency of 1000 Hz with the same input
voltage and the output voltage is found to be 7 volts.
Does the test indicate that the manufacturer's specifica-
tions are being met?
Using the power formula:
s
v2
P---
R
8
v2s_
= __
8
Vs = ~ = B volts
Key in: 20[K]o=J 7 I +
I8 [I][ log II = I
Answer: - 1.16 dB
The manufacturer's specifications is -0.3 dB. There-
fo re, the specifications are not being met. What mini-
mum value would the test have to yield to meet the
specifications? i!..!L
20
Vt Vs x 10
-0.3
Vt Bx 10
20
74 APPLICATIONS

Key in: 8 [KJ [IJ .3 [+/-I [ + [20 [JJ[ 1ox J[ = I

Answer: 7.7 volts

E. CATHODE-RAY TUBE
To calculate the deflected distance (Y) of an electron
beam, the following equation applies :
Y=~
2d V0 '

where d distance between deflecting plates (meters)

I length of deflecting plate (meters)
V deflecting plate voltage (volts)
Vo acceleration voltage (volts)
L distance between the center of deflecting
plate and screen (meters)
Example: d 1cm I x 10-2 m
I 3 cm 3 X 10-2 rn
L 30 cm 30 X I 0- 2 m
V 200 V
Vo= 2K V = 2 x 10 3 V
(TAB 3)
L I V d
Key in : .3 [KJ .0300 200 I + IOJ 2 00 .01
v.
[KJ 2 [EXP[3 [ = I
Change to SCientific notation [FSE [ 4.500 x 10-2 meters
Change to centimeters [Kl [EXP[2 [ = I 4.5 cm .
y
To calculate the
deflected distance ( Y) Screen

l y

- -- --- L ----~
Figure 2 .6 Defl ection o f an elec tron bea m in a CRT.
 75

CHAPTER 6

MECHANICAL PROBLEMS

A. WIND POWER

Wind power has been used for thousands of years, but

the effort to convert this source of energy to electricity
is recent. To obtain maximum efficiency when converting
mechanical energy produced by a windmill into usable
electrical energy, many factors, such as wind speed and
blade design, must be considered. The amount of energy
produced by a windmill of a certain size at a given wind
speed is analyzed in the following example :

Kinetic energy is the energy of a mass , such as air, in

motion . It is energy being expended. Kinetic energy is
expressed by the relation :

2
KE= _!_mv
2 ,

where m mass of the air

v = velocity of the wind

The mass of air which supplies energy to a windmill is

proportional to the area (A) swept by the windmill
blades.
rrD2
A= - -
4

where D = diameter swept by .windmill blades.

For example, if D = 10 feet ,

76 APPLICATIONS

Key in: 000010 ~ [ + 14 I = I

Answer: 78.54 square feet

If the wind is blowing at 20 miles per hour (mph) and

mass, or density, of air equals .08 pounds per cubic foot,
and D is 10 feet: Kinetic energy equals:

KE= __!_m[ rrD2 ]V2

2 4 '
where m = mass (density)
D = diameter swept by windmill blades
v = velocity

Convert miles per hour to feet per second (fps) :

1
Ratio: 5280 feet/mile x hours/second = 1.467
36 00
m D
Key in: .5 [KJ .08 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 ~ [ + 14
V
[KJOJ 20001.467 0 J ~ I =I
Answer: 2704 .39 pound-feet

Power or useful energy produced, is expressed as:

P = (KE) v

The power expressed is from a windmill with 100%

efficiency. Some of the windpower in reality is lost
through the alternating blades of the windmill and in the
conversion to electrical energy. A windmill operates
with an average efficiency between 35% and 40%. Sub-
stituting into the above equation :

1 rrD 2
P = [£]
2
m [ --] v3 ,
4
where £=efficiency (in %)

£ and m are constants for a particular situation and

the power equation can be simplified :
MECHANICAL PROBLEMS 77

If E = 38%
E m
Key in: .38 [K] .5 [K] JIB 00 00 I + I 4 I = I
A nswer: .0119 = the value of the first part of the equa-
tion.
P = .0119D 2 V 3 (power expressed in watts)

The power relationship indicates that the energy

produced is proportional to the square of the diameter
swept by the windmill blades and to the cube of the
wind velocity . The importance of selecting the windiest
site possible is thus demonstrated.
For example, if a windmill is built with 8-foot blades
and is placed in a location with average wind velocity of
10 mph, the power extracted would be:
D V
Key in: .0119 [K]B[!!J[K][IJIO I X I 1.467
ITJ [E:]3 I = 1lx .. M,I
A nswer: 2404.5 watts

Doubling the blade size increases power to :

Key in: 1.19 IEXPI 2 1+1- I [K] 16 [!!] [K][I] 10
Wl.467 ITJ[E:]3 1 = I
A nswer: 9617.8 watts

Key in: G IRM,1 1 = II + II RM, 11 % II= I

Answer: 300% increase
(9617.8 is four time greater than 2404.5.)
Doubling the wind speed increases power to :
Key in: 1.19 /EXP! 2 l+/-l[K]8 ~ [K] [I] 20
00 I.467 [ I ] l:EJ3 1 = I
A nswer: 19235 .7 watts
78 APPLICATIONS

Key in : C=JI RM,11 = II + II RM, 11 % II = I

Answer: 100% increase

(19235 .7 is eight times greater than 2404.5.)

What wind speed would be required to produce 30,000
watts with a windmill diameter of 8?
From P = 0.0119 D 2 v 3
30000 = 0.0119 X 82 X v 3
V = 3/ 30,000
V 0.019 x 82

Key in : 3IEXP]41+ I O]J.19 IEXP I 2 l+/-1

00 s ~ ITJ I = 11 3 -r l
Answer: 34.025 fps I+ J ! .467 I= J 23 .2 mph

B. SOLAR POWER

The most important characteristic of a solar collector is

the percent of solar radiation transmitted by the glass to
the absorbing material (water). The radiation trans-
mitted is a function of the glass's refractive index (for
ordinary glass = 1.52) and the angle of incidence of the
sun.
The reflectance from a plate of glass varies with the
incidence angle (i) . The Fresnel equation calculates the
reflection of a beam and the simultaneous radiation
through one surface of a transparent solid.
MECHANICAL PROBLEMS 79

'a is the angle of refraction and is calculated by :

.
sin ra = -sin-i
- r;-coll = refractive index
r;-CO 11
= 1.52
First solve for the angle ra knowing that i = 30° .
Mode: DEG

Key in: [I] 30 I sin 11 + )1.52 [I] lsin-1) lx .. M,)

Answer: ra = 19.2°
The value within the parenthesis must be solved before
determining the sin or tan. After they are calculated,
square each value.

Key in: ION/ c)

[IJITJ
i ra
30 GIRM,)[IJ I sin IC!!JI + )IT] 30
WIRM,l[Ill sin )[RJ [±][I] 30 G
IRM,)IT.J ltan )~I + l[IJ 30 WI RM, )
OJI tan )[m[IJ[K] .5 I = )
Answer: 0.044 or 4.4%

Recalculate for enough values of to draw a graph

(Figure 2.7):

The angle of incidence (i) of the sun on a flat surface

is related to the solar altitude ((3) and is a function of
the latitude ( ;\), the time of day, and the declination of
the sun. The declination angle ( 8) changes because the
position of the sun relative to the earth changes with the
seasons. This angle varies between -23.5 degrees at the
winter solstice on December 22 and 23.5 degrees on
June 22.
80 APPLICATIONS

cos i = sin ~ = cos o cos H cos A + sin o sin A

What is the value of i at 40° North latitude, on Decem-
ber 22, at 11 :00 a.m.?
H = Hourly angle = 25 5°

Mode : DEG
Ii H ">--

Key in : 23.S l+l-ll cos ll][J2SS lcos llX] 40 lcos l

Ii ">--
[±] 23.S l+I- II sin l[KJ 40 I sin II = llcos- 1
1

Answer: 115.98 degrees

The tilt_ of the collector can significantly improve the

availability of solar energy . A plane titled so that the
angle of incidence is kept close to 90° will have the least
loss due to reflectance .
The optimum tilt angle is:

0.667 (tan- 1 [~] - 30°)

tan¢

sin~ = cos i

sin¢ = -cos-o-sin-H-
cos~
Solve for ~-

Key in: 115.98 lcosllsin-1l

Answer: - 25 .98 degrees

Solve for ¢.

Key in: 23.S 1+1-ll cos JLKJ 255 I sin II + l 25.98

1+1- ll cosl l = ll sin- 1 1

Answer: -80.19 degrees

MECHANICAL PROBLEMS 81

Solve for optimization equation:

Key in: [ON/ c I

[I]ITJ
25 .98 [+/-l [tan l [+180. 19 [+/-l[tan lCD
[tan· 11[=]30[TI [K] .667 I =
I
A nswer: - 16.798 degrees

C. HEAD

Head is the pressure consumed (or "lost")in forcing a

fluid along against the resistances caused by the conduits
through which the fluid flows. The equation for the
head lost by friction in a water pipe is :
2
H = (OOl 26 + 0.01739 - 0 . 1087d )..!:.... x V
. .jv d 2g

where H loss of head due to friction (meters)

V velocity inside the pipe (m /sec)
L length of the pipe (meters)
g = gravitational constant (g = 9. 8 m/sec 2
and 2g= 19 .6)
d inner diameter of the pipe (meters)

If V = 0.5 , L = 5, and d = 0 .01, what is the loss?

82 APPLICATIONS

100
90

50
j
"Cl
~
.,"
:;::
20
I
~
....,
C

.,e ,a
I
a.
:0 I
Q.

/
J
-

0
0 10 20 JO 40 so 60 70 BO 90 100
i, angle of incidence
Figure 2. 7 Percent of light reflected as a function of
the angle of incidence of the light

Key in: [I] .0126 [±][IJ.01739[=] .1087 X

d V L d
.01 ITJI + I .s 1-r ICOOO s I + 1.01
V 2g
[K].s~I + 119.61 = I
Answer: 0.2274 m head lost by friction. A pressure
greater than this amount must be developed
for the water to flow.
 MECHANICAL PROBLEMS 83

D. OBJECTS IN FLIGHT

A shot putter wants to know the angle of release to

obtain maximum distance. The shot leaves his hand at a
speed of 20 miles per hour. The initial vector is divided
into a horizontal and vertical component. The distance
(St) equation is derived from the components:

V 0 yt _!_ g (2 0
2
2 VoY
t =
g

2 VO 2 cos a sin a
g

Using the identity: 2 sin a cos a 2a

V 2
st = __o_ sin 2a
g

V0 = 20 m/h x 5280 f/m 7 3600 sec/hr

= 29 .333 feet/sec

y
D

re
ed

_____ ________ ___

H

_,,,__.._ _,__ ---'; "

........v_o_,,_ _ _ _ _ _ _
1 s -----------;,..

Figure 2.8 Distance and height of a projectile.

84 APPLICATIONS

Separate the problem into two parts:

I 2
v/ sin 2o:
g

The first part becomes a constant to use over and over

with different angles.

Key in: 29 .333 [!!J I + I3 2 I = Ilx .. M,126.888

at 30°: IRM,IW 60 I sin II = I 23.286 feet

at 40° : IRM,JW 80 I sin !I = 126.480 feet
at45°:IRM, l[KJ 90 l sin JI = 126 .888feet
at 50°: IRM,!W 100 I sin II = 126.480 feet
at 60°: I RM,ILX] I 20 I sin 11 = I 23.286 feet

at 70°: [RM, 100I40 l sin ll = l l7 .283feet

The solutions to the equation at different angles

indicates that maximum distance is obtained at a 45°
angle of release .

The equation for the maximum height at each angle is :

H=
v/ sin 2 O'.
2g
y

7
6
5
4

1
0 X
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
S (feet)

Figure 2.9 Distance travelled by a projectile as a function

of the angle of release.
MECHANICAL PROBLEMS 85

Separate the problem into two parts :

1 2
v/ (sin a)2
2g

MODE: DEG

Key in: 29.333~[ + 164 I= l[x .. M,113.444

at 30°: [RM, 10030 I sin I~[ = I 3.361 feet
at 40° : [RM ,I [8]40 I sin I ~ [ = I 5.555 feet
at 45°: [RM, l[K)45 I sin ! ~ [ = ! 6.722 feet
at 50°: [RM, j[KJ 50 I sin ! ~ [ = I 7.889 feet
at60°:[RM,j[ZJ6o [ sin j ~ [ = !I0.083feet
at 70°: IRM,! [Kl 70 I sin !~ [ = II 1.871 feet

E. GIRDERS AND BEAMS

The reaction force, shearing force, bend moment, and
maximum bend moment of a simple girder (see Figure
2-10) with a uniform load can be calculated with the
following equations.

Total load = W = q 1 / 1 , where q I is the uniform load

Reaction Force = RA = W 7 2
q I /1 2
Maximum bend moment = M max =
8
At the point C:

Shearing Force = Sc = Q1 (
11
2
- Y)
Mc= Q1YU1 - Y)/2

J:=x~
I I I I I I· I l.
1
k--~---------1, ---------
Figure 2.10 Uniform load on a simple girder.
86 APPLICATIONS

In this example: 11 = 15m , q1 = 3 t/m, Y = 2, 4, 8, 12m

W=15 x 3=45t RA = 45 7 2 = 22. 5
Solve for Mmax :

Key in : 3 00 15 [RJ I + I 8 I = I
Answer: 84.375t - m

Solve for Sc and Mc

Key in : For Y = 2: 3 [K] ITJ 15 I + 12 G 2

[ = I 16.5 (Sc)
3CKJ2[K] CIJ 15 C=J 2
[IJ [ +
12 [ = I 39 (Mc)
For Y = 4: 3 OO CIJ 7.5 G 4 I= I
10.5 (Sc)
3 [K]4[K]IT] 15 G 4
+
ITll I 2 I = I 66 (Mc)
For Y = 8: 3[K]IT] 7.5 [=] 8 [ = I
- 1.5 (Sc)
3 00 8 OO ITJ 15 G 8
+
IT.JI I 2 1 = I 84 (Mc)
For Y = 12: 3[K] IT] 7 .5 [=] 12 [ I =
-13.5 (Sc)
3 00 12 CKJ CIJ 15 G
12 [DI +
I2 I = I 54 (Mc)
The moment of inertia and section coefficient of inertia
for an ff-shaped steel beam are :

lz
I ( b1h1 3
= l2 + b2h2 3 )
3
+ b2h/
z = -I b1h1
6 h2
MECHANICAL PROBLEMS 87

l h2

_jb2~ _Jb2k-
J
2 2
Figure 2.11 Inertia of an H-shaped steel beam.

where hi = 6cm
b1 = 84 cm
h2 = 100 cm
b2 = 16 cm

First place b I h 1 3 + b 2 h/ into memory .

(TAB 2)
Key in: 84 CK] 6 ~ 3 [±] 16 [K] 100 ~ 3
I= llx•M,I
lz = IRM, 11+ I 12 I =I
1334845.33 cm 4
z = IRM, 11 + 1100 I + I6 I = I
26696.91 cm 3
88

CHAPTER 7

BUSINESS AND MONEY

The complexity of business calculations have been

intensifying as society progresses. The scientific cal-
culator helps to achieve reliable results in many day-to-
day business situations.

A. BALANCING THE CHECKBOOK

A running checkbook balance is kept as follows on the

(TAB 2):

Check# Item Amount Deposits Balance

Initial Balance $1123.42
722 N.E. Telephone 22.82 1100.60
723 B. Edison 18.55 1082.0S
724 Mortgage Bank 651.75 782.45 1212 .75
725 United Fund 50.00 1162.75
726 Bookstore 3.22 29.30 1188.83
727 American 242.80 946 .03
Express
Interest Received 7.85 953 .88

Note: The display shows the balance after each transac-

tion.

The amounts of the checks are subtracted from the

balance and deposits are added to the total. If the
balance is figured once a month, the general procedure
is :
BUSINESS AND MONEY 89

Current Balance = Beginning Balance - Value of Checks

Written+ Value of Deposits

Key in: 1123.42 G 22.82 G 18 .55 [=] 651.75

G 50 G 3.22 G 242 .8 m
182.45
[±J 29 .3 I = llx.. M,\
Answer: $946.03 balance

The bank statement arrives and shows a total in the

account of $1 ,007 . 10. The difference between the bank
statement and the checkbook balance of $946.03 is due
to undeposited checks and unrecorded interest received
on the daily balance in the account. Checks for $50.00
and $3 .22 had not been returned to the bank in time for
inclusion in this statement. The checking account
balance earns $7 .85 interest.
Bank Balance = Current Balance (A) + Value of
Undeposited Checks (B) + Value of Unrecorded Interest
(C).
A B C
Key in: IRM,IW 50 C£] 3.22 IT] 7.85 I= I
Answer: $1,007.10 bank balance

B. INVOICING

A customer buys three items: 50 at $8.25 each, 2 at

$242 each and 160 at $10.9 5 each. There is a I /3
discount for total purchases exceeding $1,000, a 10%
shipping charge, and 8% sales tax. What is the final bill?
After clearing the memory, calculate the amount for
each item and add to the memory register. The memory
will have the total of all purchases. If the gross amount
of the invoice exceeds $ 1000, calculate a I /3 discount of
the amount and deduct the discount from the total
which is in the memory . Recall the new amount in
90 APPLICATIONS

memory to calculate the shipping and tax charges (see

Figure 2.12).
Key in: ION/c I fx .. M,I
50 [K] 8.25 IM,+I
2 [KJ 242 IM,+I
160 00 10.95 IM,+I
IRM,100 33.3 I % II = I
l+l-1\M,+ I (to subtract discount from total)
IRM,100 10 I % II = II M,+ I
IRM,100 8 I% II = IIM,+I
IRM,I
Answer: $2098.66

ORDER FORM
Item Quantity Unit Price Amount
50 $ 8.2 5 $ 412.50
2 2 242.00 484.00
3 160 10.95 I 752.00
Sub-total 2648.50

Discount - 881.95
Sub-total 1766.55
Shipping 176.65
Tax 155.46
Total Due $2098.66

Figure 2.12 Typical Order Form

BUSINESS AND MONEY 91

C. DISCOUNTS

Trade or chain discounts are a series of discounts de-

ducted successively from the list price.
For example: A company provides discounts of 30%,
5% and 2%. What is the final price on products having
list prices of: $200, $100 and $50?

Calculate the full discount by using an equivalent single

discount which is the resultant of each discount multi-
plied by the other.

Single discount equivalent= (I - r 1 ) (I - r 2 ) (I - r3)

= (1 - 0.3) (I - 0.05)
(I - 0.02)
= 0.7 X 0.95 X 0.98
Key in: Answer:
.7 00 .95 [KJ .98 1 = I .6517 equivalent
00 200 [ = I 130.34 discount
100 1 = I 65.17
5o [ = I 32.59

Note: The multiplier followed by [KJ can be used over

and over on the EL506A.

There is a cost to not taking advantage of cash discount

terms. The cost as an equivalent annualized interest
charge on the purchase is:

Annualized Interest Rate(%)

discount percent
l 00 - discount % x
365
------------x 100
payment days - discount period
Terms are 2%/ l 0 days, net 30; actual payment is made
in 30 days. What is the interest cost to the buyer?
92 APPLICATIONS

These terms mean that the buyer receives a 2% discount

from the purchase price if payment is made within ten
days of receiving the bill. The 2% discount is not
allowed if payment is made after ten days.
2 365 2 365
(lOO _ 2 ) X (
3 0- IO) X 100 = 9S XZQ X 100

Key in: 2 I + I 98 [K] 365 I + I 20 I % 11 = I

Answer: 37.24%

D. INTEREST

The standard formula for determining the interest rate

on a loan is :
R = 2NI
P(n+I)

where R =interest rate(%)

N =number of payments per year
P principal of loan
n - total number of payments
I finance charge (total interest paid)
monthly payments x n - P

A loan is for $10,000 for 40 months with a monthly .

payment of $300. What is the interest charge?

R = 2Nl 2 X 12 X (300 X 40 - 10000)

P (n + 1) 10000 X 41

(TAB 3)

Key in: 2 [K] 12 W [IJ 300 [K] 40 [=]

10000 0]1 + l[IJ 1oooo[XJ 41 0 ]
@]
Answer: 0.117 or 11 . 7%
BUSINESS AND MONEY 93

The final parenthesis after 41 is not necessary to com-

plete the calculation.

E. PRICING
The retail price of a product is equal to the cost plus the
markup . A product has a wholesale cost of $68. What is
the retail price if the markup on cost is 60%?

Retail Price = Cost + Markup

160% = 100% + 60%
Key in: 68 W 160 I % 11 = )
Answer: $108 .80
If the cost is $68 and the markup is 60% based on the
selling price, what is the selling price?
Retail Price Cost + Markup
100% 40% + 60%
The cost is 40% of the retail price.

Key in: 68 I + )40 I % 11= )

Answer: $170 .00

Retail Price = $170 100%

Cost $ 68 40%
Markup $102 60%
The markup based on cost of an item selling for $110
and costing $70 is
110 - 70
X 100
70
94 APPLICATIONS

Key in: OJ I JO 8 70 []][ + I 70 [ % II= I

Answer: 57.1 %

The markup based on the selling price for the same item
is 70 - I JO
X JOO
110
Key in: OJ 1 IO G 70 C[J[ + ! 110 I % )[ = I
Answer: 36.4% (The negative sign is disregarded.)

F. SPEED CONTROL

There are 150,000,000 motor vehicles in the United

States. Average peak efficiency of 25 miles per gallon is
obtained at a speed of 45 miles per hour. At 55 mph,
efficiency is reduced by I 0% and at 65 mph by 25 %.
(The numbers in this example are hypothetical.) Each
motor vehicle averaged 3,000 miles per year that would
have been travelled at 65 mph before the 55 mph speed
limit was strictly enforced . How many gallons per year
are saved at 55 mph? This example illustrates the
usefulness of the [ % ) key for analyzing various aspects
of a problem . Solve for the mileage at various speeds.

Key in: 25 00 90 I % )I = )
Answer: 22.5 mpg at 55 mph

Key in: 25 00 75 00 1= I
Answer: 18.75 mpg at 65 mph

Solve for the number of gallons used at these speeds.

Pressing [EXP ) 7 gives the scientific notation for seven
zeros. Scientific notation can be used in business
problems when large numbers are used . Record the total
number of miles driven in memory for later use.
BUSINESS AND MONEY 95

Motor Vehicles Miles/year

Key in: 15 [EXP [7W 3 [EXP [ 3 [ = [[x .. M,[[ +I
22.5 I = I
Answer: 2 x I0 10 gallons at 55 mph

Keyin : [RM, I[ + [ 18 .75 [ = I

Answer: 2.4 x 10 10 gallons at 65 mph
Subtract the answer at 55 mph to get the gallons saved.

Key in: G 2 [EXP [ 10 I= I

Answer: 4 x 10 9 or 4 billion gallons/year saved

Calculate the percent of gasoline/year saved. In any

calculation of ratios, like percent change, the exponen-
tial portion of a number may be left out if all of the
numbers have the same exponent.

Key in: OJ 2.4 G 2 [JJ I + I 2.4 I % 11 =I

Answer: 16 .67 %

G. INVESTING IN STOCK

A common method of investing is to put a fixed sum

each month into a particular stock. This technique,
called "dollar averaging," balances out fluctuations in
the price of that stock for the investor. It is assumed
that the price of the stock will fluctuate from month to
month. The example on dollar averaging illustrates some
important calculator techniques available on the
EL506A. In the ST AT mode statistics can be performed
with weighting as shown in Part I of this book. In addi-
tion, operations can be performed in the STAT mode
(in this case division). TAB O will be used because the
number of data points entered each time has to be a
96 APPLICATIONS

whole number (no decimals). Although rounding will

occur to no decimal places, internal calculations are
being carried out to full places and accuracy will be
maintained.
An investor purchases shares of the ABC Company at
the rate of $1000 per month for five months. The price
paid each month was $20, $16.67, $18.18, $25, and
$26.32/share. How many shares were bought each
month? What was the average price per share and
between what prices were most of the shares purchased?

STAT Mode: TAB 0

Monthly Monthly Display Display Number
Investment Price Shows Shows of Shares
Key in: 1000 1 + 120 I = l5o [ I ] 2o[KJ5ojDATA I
1000 1 + 116.671 = l60W17W60IDATAj
1000 1 + 118.181 = l55 Cf] 18[Kl55 [DATA !
10001 + 125 I = l40W25[KJ40[DATAI
1000 1 + [26.32 1 = 138 W2 6[&]38 [DATA !
The value of n shown in the display is 243, which is the
total number of shares purchased. To check the total
input, press I I:x I to get 4998. To obtain the average
price, change to TAB 2.
[!J = 20.57 = the average price
W = 3.54 = the standard deviation
Key in: Answer:
C!JGWI = II = I 13.48
rnrnw1 11 1 = = 27 .65

The cost of all of the shares is within two standard devia-

tions of the average price.
BUSINESS AND MONEY 97

H. MORTGAGES AND INFLATION

Inflation concerns us all : the young couple trying to buy

a first home, the elderly living on fixed incomes, and the
businessman trying to maintain a budget and profit-
ability . The scientific calculator can aid in determining
the effects of inflation and in minimizing the impact of
rising prices.
The rising cost of housing has reflected the general
inflation in the United States. The price for the average
new single-family home in 1970 was $30,000. In 1980 a
comparable new home sold for $70,000. Interest rates
on mortgages have also increased substantially. Compare
the monthly payment of a home owner for the same
house in I 970 and 1980. The formula for a -monthly
equalized payment is:
I - (I+ i)-n
Payment = PV 7 [ - - -.- - -
1

where PV = present value (amount of the loan)

= annual interest rate
n number of payments .

To change to a monthly basis i is divided by I 2 and n

is multiplied by 12.

The 1970 payment for a 30-year mortagage at 6%

interest is :

Present
Value

30000
- (I+ 7T)-(3ox
Interest

0.06
Number of
Payments
12)
l
12
98 APPLICATIONS

To correctly calculate the value of the payment, the

problem will require the use of three levels of paren-
theses. The power key ~ is very useful in any
problem involving the time value of money. The I % J
key is an operator and cannot be used in the middle of
a calculation. The interest rate i must be converted to
its decimal equivalent before beginning calculations. For
example, 6% becomes 0.06.

Key in: 30000 I + J[TI [IJ I G [TI I [ ± ]

.06 I + 1 12 [ I ] ~ 360 l+t- l[IJI + J
[IJ .06 1 + J 12 [ = l[x .. M,I
Answer: $179.87/month

Pressing the I = J key results in the carrying out of the

four pending operations. The limit on the EL506A is
four pending operations.

The 1980 mortgage payment at 13% interest rate is:

Present
Value
Key in: 70000 [ + J[TIOJ I G O J I [±J
Interest
.13 1 + J 12 [ I ] ~36o l+1-J[IJ I + I
[IJ .13 1 + 1 121= 1
Answer: $774.34/month

The 1970 monthly payment was stored in memory; the

difference is obtained by:

Key in: [=J[ RM, !I = J

Answer: $594.4 7 /month additional for the I 980

mortgage.
BUSINESS AND MONEY 99

You can now proceed to calculate your own amortiza-

tion tables, as in Figure 2.13. To obtain the interest
portion of each monthly payment, multiply the remain-
ing mortgage balance by the interest rate and divide by
12.

First month:

Key in : 70000 [KJ 13 [fil l -:- J 12 I= I

Answer: 758 .33

Key in: 30000 [K] 6 I % 11 + I 12 I = I

Answer: 150.00

1980 Mortgage 1970 Mortgage

Payment 774 .34 179.87
Interest 758 .33 150.00
Principal 16 .01 29.87
Remaining loan 69983.99 29970 . 13
Second month :

Key in: 69983.99 [K] 13 I % II -:- I 12 I = I

Answer: $758.16interest

Key in: 29970.13 [K] 6 I % II -:- I 12 I = I

Answer: $149.85 interest

1980 Mortgage 1970 Mortgage

Payment 774.34 179.87
Interest 758.16 149.85
Principal 16. 18 30.02
Remaining loan 69967.81 29940.11
100 APPLICATIONS

..,
C
:J
0
E
Paid to
c.,"' principal
E
>- Paid to
"'a. interest
0.,
Cl

c.,"'
u
.;
c..

First payment Last payment

Figure 2.13 Distribution of typical mortgage payment to
interest and principal over the loan period.

A hidden effect of inflation on the consumer is the

reduction in the portion of the monthly payment that
repays the principal. Very little equity in the property
is accumulated in the first few years of the mortgage at
the higher interest rate. The 1970 loan in the first
month is:
Principal Monthly
Portion Payment
Key in: 29.87 I + I 179.87 I % 11 = I
Answer: 16.6% of the total

The 1980 loan :

Key in: 16.01 I+ I 774.34 [ % II = I

Answer: 2.07 % of total
BUSINESS AND MONEY 101

What if the 1980 loan was at the 1970 interest rate :

Key in: 70000 I + IOJCIJ 1 G OJ 1 [±]

.o6 1+ 1 12 [IJ [E]36o l+1-1IT1 1 I +
OJ .06 I + 112 I = I
A nswer: Payment $419.69/month (compared to
$774.34 at 13% interest)
The amount of principal included in the first monthly
payment at the 6% interest rate is $69.69 or 16.6% of
the total payment, compared to 2.07% ($16 .01) at the
13% interest rate . Notice that the fraction of the
monthly payment that goes toward principal depends
only on the interest rate (it was also 16.6% on the 1970
mortgage's monthly payment), and not on the size of
the loan.
The determination of the total interest paid on a loan
over its life is an easy calculation. Multiply the monthly
payment by the number of periods and subtract the
principal. Compare the interest paid on $70,000 at 6%
and 13%.
Monthly Number of
Payment Payments Principal
Key in: At 6%: 419.69 [K] 360 G 70000 I= I
Answer: $81,088.40 interest paid

Key in: At 13%: 774.34 [X] 360 G 70000 I=I

Answer: $208,762.40 interest paid
102 APPLICATIONS

I. BENEFITING FROM INFLATION

The time value of money is the change in value of
money over a period of time due to interest earned or
paid. The equation for the time value of money deter-
mines the future value of money for a single-payment
loan or investment, as follows:

future value = present value x (1 + i)",

where i interest rate/period
n = number of compounding periods

Many savings institutions pay higher interest for long-

term deposits. The "term" deposit guarantees the higher
rate as long as the principal is kept in the bank for the
stated period. Early withdrawal has penalties. If $ I 000
is kept in a regular savings account for four years at 5¼%
per year, compared to a "term" deposit for the same
period at I 0% per year, how much interest is lost?

To obtain the interest, calculate the future value an d

subtract the original principal.

Regular Account :
Deposit n
Key in: 1000 [K] [O 1 [±J .0525 [I]~ 4
[=] 1000 I = l[x.. M,I
Answer: $227.12 interest earned

Term Account:
Deposit i n
Key in: 1ooo[K] [ O 1 [±] .1 [IJ ~ 4 [=]
1000 I = I
Answer: $464.10 interest earned

Key in: [=J[ RM, JI = I

Answer: $236.98 lost interest
BUSINESS AND MONEY 103

In this example, interest was compounded annually.

The effective rate of interest will usually be different
from the nominal, or annual rate of interest because
interest is often compounded many times a year rather
than once a year. Compounding may be semi-annually
(twice a year), quarterly (4 times a year), or as much as
continuously (once a day). The highest effective rate
is obtained with the maximum number of compounding
dates which is continuous compounding .

Continuous Effective Rate = ( ex - 1) x 100, where

x = nominal rate

For 10%

Key in: [I] .1 ~ 5 I CO CKJ 100 I = I

Answer: 10.52%

J. INFLATION AND BUSINESS

A company has maintained a steady sales volume of

$40,000,000 per year for the past four years. It limits
its advertising budget to 5% of sales, or $2,000 ,000
annually. The inflationary rate has averaged 13% for
space advertising during the same four years. How has
inflation eroded the amount of space that a $2 ,000,000
budget can purchase?

Instead of increasing by a percent each year as in the

interest examples, in this case the present value is being
decreased by a given percentage. The rate i will be
negative in the future value formula:
Present
Value n
Future Value = PV(I +it= 2000000 (I - 0.13) 4
104 APPLICATIONS

Key in : 2 IEXP I 6[K][O 1 [=] .13 [ I J ~ 4

~
Answer: $1145795 . Future Value of $2,000,000

Key in: I + l 2 IEXP l 6 1 % II = I

Answer: 57.3% as much space as four years ago

K. DEPRECIATION

Depreciation is usually based on historic costs (the

actual cost of an item). Current or replacement costs in
most cases will be higher and consequently the deprecia-
tion taken is too low. Depreciation lower than replace-
ment costs causes the overstatement of the current value
of capital assets, earnings and taxes.
Accelerated depreciation is used to compensate for
the replacement cost problem. Changing the rate of
depreciation does not change cash flow, except if taxes
are considered.
The continuation of increasing costs due to inflation
into the indefinite future strengthens the case for
accelerated depreciation. The incentive to increase cash
flow in the short term is greatest when the revenues
available this year will buy more than the same amount
of revenues generated one, two, or three years later.
The most commonly used techniques of depreciation
are straight line, declining balance , and sum of the years'
digits.
For example, a piece of machinery was bought for
$100 ,000; it has a useful life of five years and a salvage
value of $20 ,000 .
BUSINESS AND MONEY 105

In straight-line depreciation , the net cost of the

equipment is spread evenly over the life of the equip-
ment.

(cost - salvage value) -;- years

(100,000 - 20,000) -;- 5

Key in: [CJ 100000 G 20000 [ I l [ + I5 I = I

Answer: $16,000/year of depreciation is charged
against each of the five years, amounting to
$80,000. The salvage value of $20,000 is left
at the end .
The first type of accelerated depreciation, declining
balance , is usually used as double declining balance. The
declining balance means taking a constant percent of the
remaining balance each year. The annual amount of
depreciation in double declining balance is determined
by taking double the original amount of 100% divided
by the useful life, 200% -;- 5 or 40%. This fixed per-
centage is multiplied by the remaining balance to get
each year's depreciation amount.
Total (Y)
First Year: (cost-salvage value) x 40% = Depreciation
New Total (Y,) Amount 1
Second Year: (Y - D.A. 1) x 40% = D.A. 2
New Total (Y 2 )
Third Year: (Y1 - D:A. 2) x 40% D.A. 3
New Total (Y 3 )
Fourth Year: (Y2 - D.A. 3) x 40% = D.A. 4
New Total (Y 4 /
Fifth Year: (Y3 - D.A. 4) x 40% D.A. 5

Use the memory to hold the new total for calculating

each year's depreciation.
106 APPLICATIONS

Key in: Answers :

8 IEXP l4 IX•M,I
CK] .4 I = l[+/-l[M,+I 32,000
[RM ,I[ :KJ.4 I = l[+/-II M,+I 19,200
[RM,100 .4 [ = l[+/-l[M,+ I 11 ,520
[RM,IW .4 I = 11+/-IIM,+ I 6,9 12
[RM,llK] .4 I = I 4 , 147

In the sum-of-th e-y ear 's-digits approach to depreciation,

the number of years is first added up .
5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 15
Depreciation for the first year is then ·taken as 5 / 15 of
the cost , for the second year as 4/ 15 , etc .
Key in: 8 [EXP l 4 [ + I 15 [ = l[x•M,I

Answer: 5333 .33 (one-fifteenth of the total.)

Key in:
Depreciation
Year Answers :

I $26666 .67
2 21333 .33
3 16000.00
4 10666.67
5 5333 .33
$80000.00
Figure 2-14 compares the three depreciation techniques.
Comparing the Three Techniques
0
~ 40
.,:;; 30 Sum-of-the- years' digits
>
~ 20
0.
"' 10 Figure 2.14
~
0 Th ree techni ques
Cl 0 2 3 4 5 of deprecia tio n
Year com pared .
BUSINESS AND MONEY 107

L. PROBABILITY

A card dealer specifies the names of three cards to be

drawn in order from a deck of 52 without replacement.
What are the chances that these cards will be drawn?
The chance of obtaining the first is one over the total ;
the second is one over the remaining total; etc. The
chance of a series of specified occurrences happening is
each times the other or :
1 1 1 1
N x (N - 1) x (N - 2) x .. . x --,(N-,--,-_-n_,,),-

where, N = total number and n = number of

occurrences.
l t' 1 1 1
SO U 10n : S2 X 5l X SQ

The reciprocal key eliminates the need to key in "one

divided by." After the answer is obtained, the reciprocal
key allows the user to obtain the probabilities as they
are usually stated.

Key in : 52!11X l[K]5I l11X l[K] 50 11/X II =I

Answer: 0 .000007541

Key in: 11/X I

Answer: 1 out of 132600

A die has 6 sides and in the game of dice there are
36 ( 6 2 ) possible permutations. There are four different
permutations of the two dice that add up to 5. What is
the probability of getting a 5 when the dice are thrown?

Key in : 4 I + I 36 I = I
Answer: 0. 111111111
Key in: 11/X I
108 APPLICATIONS

Answer: l out of 9

Permutations represent the number of possible arrange-

ments that can be made from a particular grouping.
n!
(n - r )!
where n number of objects
r the number taken at one time
There are six different cards. In how many different
ways or orders can any three be drawn from this group?
In this case n = 6, r = 3.
6! 6!
(6 - 3)! 3!
Key in : 6 @I] I + I3 @I] I = I
Answer: 120

The number of combinations will always be less than the

number of permutations, because combinations by
definition do not include an order for the subset.

The number of combinations is given as:

n!
r!(n - r)!

How many poker hands (5) in a deck (52)?

52! 52!
5! (52 - 5)! 5! X(47!)

Key in: 52@]] [ + IOJ 5 @I][K) 47@]] [ = I

Answer: 2,598,960 hands

Of these poker hands, how many would contain 3

Kings? There are 3 out of 4 ways to choose the 3 Kings
and 2 out of 48 ways to choose the remaining cards.
BUSINESS AND MONEY 109

4! 48! 4! 48!
- ---- X -----
3! (4 - 3)! 2! (48 - 2)! 3 ! X 1! X 2! X 46 !

Note: l!=l; 2!=2 x l=2; 3!=3 x 2 x l=6

Use parentheses after the multiplication to assure the
correct sequence of operations.

Keyin : 40]] [ + [ 3[K[][XJ [IJ 480]] [ + I

o:J 2 [K]46[K[] I = I
Answer: 4512 hands.

What is the probability of getting a hand with 3 of a

kind? There are 13 different kinds of cards ; the number
with 3 of a kind would be 13 x 451 2. Divide by a total
number of possible hands to get the probability.

Key in: 4512 [X] 13 [ + 12,598,960 I = I

Answer: 0.022569027
Key in: [1/XI
Answer: I in 44.3 chances (round to 45).
llO

CHAPTER 8

STATISTICAL CALCULATIONS

A. PROBABILITY CALCULATION WITH RANDOM

VARIABLE OF NORMAL DISTRIBUTION.

The distribution of the weights of a product in units of

milligrams is shown below.
Solve for the mean value and standard deviation of the
weights of the product.

Class mark Frequency

950 11
1010 51
1070 138
1130 157
1196 96
1250 24
1310 2
479
Mode : STAT
Key in: 950 [X] 11 IDATAI 1010 [X] 51 IDATAI
1070 00 138 IDATAI 1130 00 157 IDATAI
1196 [X] 96 IDATA I 1250 [X] 24 iDATA j
1310 00 2 iDATAj
Answer: [TI 1115.795407 (mean value)
rn 69.66038281 (Standard deviation
of samples)
w 69.58763043 (Standard deviation
of population)
APPLICATIONS 111

Because the number of samples is sufficiently large, we

can assume that the data points are in normal distribu-
tion. With the random variable of the weight of the
product assumed to be X , we can solve for the per-
centage of the product samples weighing less than I g
(1 ,000 mg) as follows:

1000 - X
Probability (X< 1000) = probability (t< ----
a
= P(t)
Mode: STAT
Key in: 1000 [I] CeillJ
Answer: 0.048054 (approx. 5%)

Then we can solve for the expected frequency of 1160

mg (class mark of 1130 mg) as follows:
-
(Numberofdata)x(R( 1130 -x )-R( ll60 - X ))
a a

Mode: STAT
Key in: 1130 [ I ] [filill [=] 1160 [ I ] Cfilill I = I
00 479 I= I
Answer: 74.959189

The expected frequency of class mark 1130 mg is 75.

B. TESTING OF ST A TISTICAL HYPOTHESIS

The plating process of an electric part has recently been

modified. The average plating thickness ( ) of the part
before the modification was 1.13 micron with a standard
deviation ( ) of 0.08 microns. The plating thickness
measurements conducted on IO samples after the modi-
fication were found to be:
112 STATISTICAL CALCULATIONS

1.21 1.11 1.28 1.30 1.09

1.13 1.25 1.07 1.23 1.1 2

Let's determine if we can construct the hypothesis that

the average thickness of plating has changed , provided
there was no change in the standard deviation. Assum-
ing the population mean after the modification is x,
the following two hypotheses may be constructed.

H0 : µ =x T"'
H1: µi=x
µ i
R (~ )
2
Assuming that R ( ~ ) is the value obtained from the
2
normal distribution table, the following equation may be
formed.

Hypothesis H 0 will be judged incorrectly if the level of

significance is a.
Now , we will examine H O using a level of significance
of 0.05.

Mode: STAT
Key in: 1.21 IDATA J 1.11 IDATA J 1.28 joATA J 1.3 jDATA I
1.09 JoArA J 1.13 joArA I 1.25 joATA J 1.07 jom l
1.23 joATA I 1.12 jom l
[TI
Answer: 1.1 79

Next, calculate the following equation :

Ix - µ I 1.1 79 - 1.13
ao /vn 0.08 /../10
APPLICATIONS 113

Mode: Normal
Key in: OJ 1.179 C=] 1.13 DJ I + I 0.08 00
I0 l• ll = l
Answer: l.936895067

Mode: STAT
Key in: l.937 []Jill
Answer: 0.026373

R ( II.179 -µ I ) 0.026373 > 0.025

Oo/yn
This means that hypothesis H 0 cannot be judged as
incorrect if the level of significance is 0.05 . In other
words, no significant difference exists between the two
population means before and after the modification.

C. X 2 TEST

In X 2 (chi-square) tests, the difference between a

theoretical frequency and a sample value is examined for
whether or not it can be recognized as a significant
difference.
In general , whether or not sample value xi adequately
conforms to theoretical frequency Yi is determined by
the value of X 0 2 .

2 ~ X1·2
N
Xo = ~ L X; .. . .. .. .. . (1)
i =l Yi i =l

In the culturing of flowers of certain species, flowers of

species A, B, C, and D should come out at the ratio of
9 : 3 : 3 : 1, respectively , according to Mendel's laws . In
an experiment , assume that the number of flowers of
114 STATISTICAL CALCULATIONS

species A, B, C, and D that came out were 122,41,41,

and 14 respectively. Can we assume that the result of
the experiment conforms to Mendel's theory? (Level of
significance: 5%)

122 + 41 + 41 + 14 = 218
The theoretical frequencies of A, B, C, and D are as
follows:
9
A 218 X 122.625
9+3+3+1

3
B,C 218 X 40.875
9+3+3+1

D 218 X 13.625
9+3+3+1

Memories MI and M2 are used to solve for the value of

X~ from equation ( 1) above.

Mode: Normal
Key in: O [x .. M,\ O [x ..M,I
122 [M,+I lm 1 +\ 122.625 [ = I [M,+ \
41 [M,+I [M,+\ [RJ [ + I 40.875 I = l[M,+I M2
14 [M,+I [RJ I + I 13 .625 I = I[M2+ [ [RM,I
GIRM,1 1= 1
Answer: 0.014271148

The number of degrees of freedom n is 3 (Four sample

values X; minus one limitation on the total being 218).
Using the number of degrees of freedom and the level of
significance of 0.05, let's examine the value of X 2
distribution.
APPLICATIONS 115

n - 4 - 1=3 x/ (0.05) 7.81

X0
2
< x/ (0.05)

The test result is not significant. In other words, we can

say that the result of the experiment agrees with
Mendel's theory.
116

CHAPTER 9

APPLICATION OF SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR

EQUATIONS WITH THREE UNKNOWNS

Kirchhoff's law 1 (KCL)

The current flowing to a given point in a circuit is equal

to the current flowing away from that point. For all the
currents flowing to a given point, the following equation
also holds true.

n
L I; 0
i=l

Kirchhoff's law 2 (KVL)

The algebraic sum of the voltage drops in any closed

path in a circuit is equal to the algebraic sum of the
electromotive force in that path. For all the voltages in
any closed path, the following equation also holds
true.

n
L V; 0
i=l
APPLICATIONS 117

In the following circuit, solve for the values of currents

1 1 , 12 , and / 3 that flow through resistors R 1 , R 2 ,
and R 3 , respectively.

V 1 " 8V R1 = 5n

R J,. 2n

PATH I

With respect to point a, KCL can be applied to path I

and KVL to path II.

(Point a)

Substitute the above equations with the values of R 1 ,

R 2 , R 3 and V 1 and V 2 , respectively, and the follow-
ing simultaneous linear equations with three unknowns
can be formed .
118 SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS

Mode: 3-VLE

Display Key in Remarks

Al IENT)
bl IENT)
cl 1 I+/- ) IENTI
dl 0 IENT)
A2 5 )ENT)
b2 0 IENT)
c2 2 IENT)
d2 8 )ENT)
A3 0 IENTI
b3 2 IENT)
c3 2 IENT)
d3 4 IENT)
1 IENTI 11 = IA
0 .5 IENT I 12 = 0 .5A
1.5 IENT) / 3 = I.SA
- 24 Value of
determinant
APPENDIX 119

APPENDIX

Table I
Metric Length Relationships

deci- deka- mega-

µ mm cm meter METER meter hm km
meter

I micron= 1 .00 1 10·• 10 ·• 10·• 10 ·' 10-• 10-• 10- 12

1 millimeter= 10' 1 .1 .01 .00 1 10-• 10- • 10-• 10-•
1 centimeter = 10' 10 1 .1 .0 1 .00 1 10 -• 10-• 10-•
1 decimeter= 10' 100 10 1 .1 .01 .001 10-• 10-'
1 METER= 10' 1000 100 10 1 .1 .0 1 10-' 10 -•
1 dekameter = 10' 10' 1000 100 10 1 .1 .01 10 -•
1 hectometer= 10' 10' 10' 103 100 10 1 .1 10-·
1 kilometer = 10' 10' 10 5 10' 10' 100 10 1 10-•
l megameter = 10" 10' 10• 10' 10' 10' 10' 10' 1
120 APPENDIX

Metric Equivalents

Unit Multiply By To Get

Linear: centimeter 0.3937 inches
inch 2.54 centimeters
foot 30.48 centimeters
meter 39.37 inches
yard 0.9144 meters
meter 1.0936 yards
kilometer 0.62137 miles
mile 1.6093 kilometers
Area: square centimeter 0.1550 sq. inches
sq uare inch 6.452 sq. centimeters
square meter 1.196 sq . yards
square yard 0.8361 sq. meters
acre 160 sq. rods
acre 0.404 7 hectares
square kilometer 0.386 sq. miles
squa re mile 2.59 sq. kilometers
Volume: cubic centimeter 0.061 cu. inches
cubic inch 16.39 cu. centimeters
cubic meter 1.308 cu . yards
cubic yard 0.7646 cu. meters
liter 1.0567 quarts-liquid
quart-liquid 0.9453 liters
Weight: gram 0.03527 ounces
ounce 28.35 grams
kilogram 2.2046 pounds
pound 0.4536 kilograms
APPENDIX 121

Table 2

CONVERSION FACTORS

Unit Multiply By To Get

Ampere-hours 3600 Coulombs
Ampere-hours 0.037307 Faradays
Atmospheres 76 Cm. of Hg (0°C)
Atmospheres 14.6960 Pounds/Square inch
B.T.U. 252 Cal., gram
B.T.U. 1.05508 X I 0 10 Ergs
B.T.U. 778.184 Foot-pounds
B.T.U. 1055 Joules
B.T.U./hour 0.000393022 Horsepower
B.T.U./hour 0.000293018 Kilowatts (int.)
Calories, gram 0.00396832 B.T.U.
Calories, gram 4.18689 X 10 7 Ergs
Calories, gram 3.08808 Foot-pounds
Calories, gram 4.18689 Joules
Calories, gram/hr. 1.55964 X 10-• Horsepower
Calories, gram/hr. 1.16279xI0·• Kilowatts
Cm . of Hg (0°C) 0.0131579 Atmospheres
Coulombs 0.000277778 Ampere-hours
Coulombs l .0365 x 10· 5 Faradays
Dynes 2.248089 X 10- 6 Pounds
Dynes/square cm. Ix 10-• Bars
Ergs 9.47798 X lQ·II B.T.U.
Ergs 2.3884 I x 10 ·• Cal., gram
Ergs 7.3756 X 10-s Foot/pounds
Ergs 1 x 10- 1 Joules
Ergs/sec. J.34102 X l0•IO Horsepower
Faradays 26.8 Ampere-hours
Faradays 96.480 Coulombs
Feet of H2 0 (60°F) 0.029469 Atmospheres
Feet of H2 0 (60° F) 62.364 Pounds/square foot
Feet/hour J.64468 X lQ· 5 Knots
Feet/second 0.681818 Miles/hour
Foot-pounds 0.00128504 B.T.U.
Foot-pounds 0.323826 Cal., gram
Foot-pounds J.35582 X 10 7 Ergs
Foot-pounds 1.35582 Joules
Foot-pounds 3.766! 7 X J0· 7 Kilowatt-hr.
122 APPENDIX

Foot-pounds/minute 3.0303 X 10- s Horsepower

Gram-cm. 9.29472 X lQ-B B.T.U.
Gram-cm. 2.34223 X JQ- 5 Cal., gram
Gram-cm. 980 .665 Ergs
Gram-cm. 7.2330x 10- s Foot-pounds
Horsepower 2544.39 B.T.U ./hour
Horsepower I 0686.3 Cal., gram/min.
Horsepower 7.45702 x Io• Ergs/sec.
Horsepower 550 Foot-pound;/sec.
Horsepower 0.745702 Kilowatts
Inches of Hg (3 2° F) 0.033421 Atmospheres
Inches of Hg (32°F) 33864 Dynes/square cm .
Inches of Hg (32°F) 70.726 Pounds/square foot
Joules 0.00094 7798 B.T.U.
Joules 0.238841 Cal., gram
Joules I x 10' Dynes-cm.
Joules I X IO' Ergs
Joules 0.73756 Foot-pounds
Joules 10197 .16 Gram -cm .
Kilowatts 3412.08 B.T.U./hour
Kilowatts 859,828 Cal., gram/hour
Kilowatts I X 10 10 Ergs/ second
Kilowatts 2.65522 X JQ 6 Foot-pounds/hour
Kilowatts 1.34102 Horsepower
Kilowatts 3 .67098 x 10 5 Kg .-meters/hour
Kilowatt-hours 3.6 X JQ 6 Joules
Knots 1.8532486 Kilometers/hour
Knots I Miles (Naut.)/hour
Knots 1.15155 Miles/hour
Lamberts 295.719 Candles/square foot
Lamberts 929.034 Lumens/square foot
Light years 9.45994 X 10 12 Kilometers
Light years 5.87812 X 10 12 Miles
Meters 9f Hg (0°C) 1.31579 Atmospheres
Meters of Hg (0°C) 44.650 Feet ofH 2 0 (60°F)
Meters of Hg (0°C) 19.3368 Pounds/square inch
Miles/hour 1.46667 Feet/sec.
Million gal./day 1.54 723 Cu . ft./sec.
Ounces/sq. in. 0.0106042 Feet of Hg (32°F)
Ounces/sq. in. 0.144314 Feet of H 2 0 (60°F)
Pounds/square foot 0.000472543 Atmospheres
Pounds/square foot 0.0004 78803 Bars
APPENDIX 123

Pounds/square foot 0.0359131 Cm. of Hg (0°C)

Pounds/square foot 4 78.803 Dynes/sq. cm.
Pounds/square foot 0.00117825 Ft . of Hg (32°F)
Pounds/square foot 0.016035 Ft. of H2 0 (60° F)
Pounds/square foot 0.488241 Gram /sq. cm.

Watts 3.413 B.T.U./hour

Watts 860 Cal., gram/hour
Watts l X 10 7 Ergs/second
Watts 44.25 Foot-pounds/minute
Watts 0.001341 Horsepower
Watt-hours 2655.75 Foot-pounds

Table 3
FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS

Value
Constant Symbol Rounded --,-'Exact"* Unit
--
Speed of Light C 3.00xl0 8 2.99792458 m/s
Gravitational 6 .67 X 10- 11 6.6720 m 3 /s 1 ·kg
Constant G
19
Electric Charge e 1.60 X 10- 1.6021892 C
Electron Mass me 9.11 X 10- 31 9.109534 kg
Proton Mass mp 1.6 7 X 10- 27 1.6726485 kg
Neutron Mass mn l .68x 10- 11 1.6749543 kg
Planck Constant h 6.63 X 10- 34 6.626176 J-s
Avogadro's 6.02 X 10 23 6.022045 /mo!
Number NA
Gas Constant R 8.31 8.31441 J/mol·K
Boltzmann k 1.38 X 10-lJ 1.380662 J/K
Constant
Ideal Gas 2.24 X 10-l 2.241383 m 3 /mo!
Volume at STP Vm
Faraday Constant F 9.65xl0 4 9.648456 C/mol
Stefan-Boltzmann a 5.67x10-• 5.67032 W/m 2·K 4
Constant
Bohr Radius ao 5.29 X 10- 11 5.2917706 m

* Same power of ten as rounded value.

124 APPENDIX

Table 4

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

Length
l Nautical Mile = 1.15151 miles
1 Mile= 1760 yards= 5280 feet
1 Yard= 3 feet= 36 inches
l Foot= 12 inches
Area
1 Square Mile = 640 acres
l Acre= 4840 sq . yards= 43,560 sq . feet
l Square Yard= 9 sq. feet
l Square Feet= 144 sq. inches
Volume
l Cubic Yard= 27 cubic feet
l Cubic Feet= 1728 cubic inches
l Quart = 2 pints
1 U.S. Gallon= 8 U.S. Pints
l U.S. Bushel= 64 U.S . Pints
Weight
l Long Ton = 2240 pounds
1 Short Ton = 2000 pounds
1 Pound = 16 ounces
1 Ounce= 437 .5 grains
Time
1 Year= 365 days (366 in a leap year)
1 Month= 30 days (or 31,or 28 & 29 for February)
1 Week = 7 days
1 Hour = 60 minutes= 3600 seconds
1 Minute= 60 seconds
APPENDIX 125

Table S

Greek Letters and Roman Numerals

The Greek Alphabet

Name Upper case Lower Case

Alpha A C,

Beta B /J
Gamma r 'Y
Delta t:> Ii
Epsilon E E
Zeta z r
Eta H TJ
Theta 0 8
Iota
Kappa K K
Lambda A ">--
Mu M µ
Nu N V
Xi
Omicron
-0 0

Pi n 7r
Rho p p
Sigma E a
Tau T T
Upsilon T u
Phi <I>
Chi X
Psi 'V
Omega n w

ROMAN AND ARABIC NUMERALS

I. I XII. . . . ..... . . .. 12
II . .. • ... . ... . . . . . . . 2 XIII .• • • .. .. . . . .. 13
Ill ... . . . . . . . 3 XIV ...... ..• ..... . .. 14
IV ..•.. .. . 4 xv. . . ... .... 15
V ... . ' ... . 5 XVI . . . 16
VI 6 XVII. . .. .. . ... 17
VII . . . . . . . . . . . 7 XVIII . . .. 18
VIII . .... 8 XIX .. 19
IX .... .. . .. 9 XX . . 20
X. . 10 XXX ... .... . . . . .. ... . 30
XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II XL . . .. .. .. .. . . 40
126 APPENDIX

L .. . . 50 CCC .... 300

LX .. 60 cccc. 400
LXX . 70 D. . . 500
LXXX . . . . . . . . .... . 80 DC . 600
XC. 90 DCC. 700
C .. . .•••• . ••. 100 DCCC. 800
cc. 200 CM . 900
M. . . 1000

Table 6

Hexadecimal addition and multiplication

ADDITION TABLE

+ 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

0 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
1 l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 10
2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 10 11
3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 10 11 12
4 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E
Fl0lll213
5 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E Fl0lll21314
6 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 10 11 12 13 14 15
7 7 8 9 A B C D E F 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
8 8 9 A B C D E F 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
9 9 A B C D E F 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
A A B C D E F 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
B B C D E F 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 lA
C C D E F 10 1112 13 14 15 16 17 1819 lAlB
D D E F 10 1112 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 lAlB lC
E E F 10 1112 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 lAlB lC 1D
F F 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 IA 18 lC lDlE
APPENDIX 127

MULTIPLICATION TABLE

XO 123456789ABCDEF
0 0000000000000000
0 123456789ABCDEF
2 0 2 4 6 8 A C E 10 12 14 16 18 IA IC IE
3 0 3 6 9 C F 12 15 18 lB IE 21 24 27 2A 2D
4 0 4 8 C 10 14 18 IC 20 24 28 2C 30 34 38 3C
5 0 5 A F 14 19 IE 23 28 2D 32 37 3C 41 46 4B
6 0 6 C 12 18 1E24 2A30 36 3C42 48 4E54 SA
7 0 7 E 151C232A31383F464D545B6269
8 0 8 10 18 20 28 30 38 40 48 50 58 60 68 70 78
9 0 9 121B24 2036 3F48 515A63 6C75 7E87
A O A 14 IE 28 32 3C 46 50 SA 64 6E 78 82 SC 96
B O B 16 21 2C 37 42 4D 58 63 6E 79 84 SF 9A AS
C O C 18 24 30 3C 48 54 60 6C 78 84 90 9C AS B4
D O D IA 27 34 41 4E SB 68 75 82 SF 9C A9 B6 C3
E O E IC 2A 38 46 54 62 70 7E SC 9A AS B6 C4 D2
F O F IE 2D3C 4B 5A69 78 87 96 A5 B4 C3 D2 El
128 APPENDIX

Abscissa, 3 7 Camera, 65
Accuracy 52 Capacitance, 72
Addition, 3 Capital assets, l 04
Advertising, 103 Cartesian system, 38
Algebraic Method, l Cash discount, 91
Alternating voltage, 71 Cash flow, 104
Amortization, 99 Catenary, 41
Amperes, 68 Cathode-Ray Tube, 74
Amplifier, 73 Centimeters, 7 4
Angle, polar, 62 Central tendency, 46
Angular mode, degree , 25 Chain discount, 91
Grad, 25 Change sign, 9
radian, 25 Checkbook, 88
Angular mode key, 25 Chord 30
Angular mode conversion, 26 Circles, 30
Annual interest, l 03 Circuit, 71
Antilogarithm, 24 Circumference, 31
Arc, 30 Clear, 2
Arccosine, 29 Clear entry, 2
Archyp, 42 Combinations, 108
Arcsine, 29 Commom logarithm, 23
Arctangent, 29 Complement, 45
Astronomy , 5 8 Complex number, 50
Atomic weight, 56 Compounding, continuous, 103
Audio , 73 Constant calculations, defined,
Average, 46 4
Avogadro's number, 56 multiplier, 4
Axis, semimajor, 62 Continuous compounding, 103
Conversions, coordinate, 37
Base, 17 time, 32
Basic functions, 3 Coordinates, cartesian, 3 7
Beams, 85 Coordinate systems, 25
Bend moment , 85 Polar, 37
Binary , 42 rectangular, 3 7
Binary number, 44 Correct data, 50
Bits, 43 Cosh, 41
Bytes, 43 Cosine, defined , 27
Law of 34
Cost, current, l 04
historic, 104
replacement , l 04
wholesale, 9 3
retail, 93
APPENDIX 129

CPLX, mode, 51 underflow. 5 2

Cube root, 20, 78 Exchange key, 16
Current, 68 Exponent, 9, 17
Ex ponential, defined, 9
Data , weighted, 48 exponent, 9
Decibel, 73 mantissa, 9
Decimal place, 14 power, 9, 56
Declination, 79
Deposits, long-term, I 02 Factorial, 21 , I 08
Depreciation, accelerated, 104 Finance charge, 92
declining, I 05 Floating decimal , 13
double declining , I 05 focus, 62
straight line, 105 foot-candles, 71
sum-of-the-year's-digits, l 06 Force, reaction, 85
Deviance, 4 7 shearing, 85
Discount, cash, 91 Fractions, 11
chain, 91 Frequency, 72
equivalent single, 91 Fresnel, 78
quantity, 90 Friction, 81
Division, 3 Fuel, element, 56
Divisor, 6, 16 fissionable, 5 6
D. MS, 33 Functions, basic, 3
Dollar averaging, 95 preprogrammed , 8
single-variable, 6
Earnings, l 04 two-variable, 6
Earth, 62 Future value , I 02
Eccentricity, 62
Effective interest , 103 Girder, 85
Electricity, 68 Glass, 78
Electric power, 5 6 Grad, 25
Electron Beam, 74 Gravitational constant, 61, 81
Electron volt, 56
Ellipse, 62 Half-life, 5 7
Elliptical orbit, 61 Head , 81
kineti c, 75 Hexadecimal 42
nuclear, 56 Hexadecimal numbers, 43
solar, 80 Hyperbolic functions,
engineering notation , 13 defined , 41
Equals key , 3 inverse, 42
Equity, JOO Hypotenuse, 19
Error, defined , 5 2
incorrect operation, 5 2
overflow, 5 2
130
Illumination, 71
Imaginary part, 50
Imaginary roots, 60
Impedance, defined, 71, 72
phase-angle, 71
Incandescent bulb , 71
Independent memory , 15
Index numbers, 5
Inductance, 72
Inertia, 86
Inflation, 97 , 103
Inner product, 39
Interest, 91
Interest rate, annual, 97
effective, I 03
nominal , 103
Inventory, 15
Inverse logarithm, 24
Inverse trigonometry 28, 64
Investing, 95
Invoicing, 89
Jupiter, 61
Kilowatt hour, 69
kirchhoff's law 116
Lambert's law, 71
Large numbers, I 0
Latitude, 79
Law of cosines, 34
Law of sines, 34
Lens , 65
Level. 6
Light, bulbs, 70
ray, 65
speed of, 66
-year, 66
Loan, 92
Logarithm, bases, 23
common, 23
inverse (antilog), 24
APPENDIX
natural, 23
scale, 73
tables, 23
Luminosities, ratio of, 6 7
Luminous intensity, 71
Lunar lander, 64
Mantissa, 9
Markup, 93
Mars, 62
Mass, 61
Mean, 46
Memory, defined, 14
independent, 15
plus, 15
recall, 15, 77
Mendel's laws 113
Metrics, 119
Mode, angular , 25
statistical, 46
Moment of inertia, 86
Money, time value, 98, 102
Mortgage, 97
Motor vehicles, 94
Multiplication, 3
Multiplication product, 39
Multiplier, 4, 91
Natural Logarithm, 23
Navigation, 40
Neptune, 58
Nominal interest, 103
Normal curve, 47
Notation, regular, 10
scientific, 8
Nuclear, energy, 56
fuel. 56
reactor , 56
Numbering system, 43
APPENDIX 131

Octal, 42 Priority , defined , 6

Octal numbers, 43 sequence, 1
Off, 2 Prism, 65
Ohm's law, 68 Probability, 22, 107
On, 2 Pythagorean theorem, 19
Orbitting, 61
Order form, 90 Quadrants, 35
Ordinate, 37 Quadratic equation, 59
Outer space, 58
Overflow error, 5 2 Radian, 25
Radioactive , decay , 5 7
Parentheses, defined, 1, 6, nuclei, 57
7 wastes, 57
pending operations, 7 Radioisotopes , 5 7
Stat mode, 46 Random Numbers, 25
Parsecs, 66 Reaction force, 85
Payments, 97 Real part, 50
Pending operations, 7, 98 Recall memory, 15, 77
Percent, 11 Reciprocal, defined , 12. I 07
Permutations, 22, 108 negative power, 18
Pi, 31, 72 Rectangular coordinates, 37
Poker, 108 Reflectance , 7 8
Polar angle, 62 Refraction, angle of, 79
Polar coordinates, 37 Refractive index, 65
Population, 4 7 Replacement, 107
Pound-feet, 76 Resistance, 68, 72
Power key, 18 Retail, 93
Power range, 9 Retrofiring, 64
Power, electric, 56 Right Shift, I 7
exponential, 9 Rocket launch, 58
functions, base, I 7 Roots, cube, 20. 78
defined, 9 imaginary, 60
exponent, 9 key, 20
off, 2 quadratic, 59. 65
on, 2 real, 19
solar , 78 sq uare, 19
wind, 75
Present value, 97
Pricing, 93
Principal, 92
Principal value 2 9
132 APPENDIX

Sales tax, 8 9 Tab key, 14

Salvage value, I 05 Tangent, 27
Samples, number of, 46 Tanh,41
Satellites, 5 8 Telescope, 65
Saturn, 58 Terms, 92
Savings institutions, I 02 Thermal efficiency, 5 6
Scientific notation, defined, Time conversions, 32
9, 12 Trigonometric functions , 25
exponential, 9 cosine, 27
Seasons, 79 defined, 27
Second function, 8 inverse, 29
Shearing force, 85 sine, 27, 84
Shipping charge, 89 tangent, 27
Sigma, 46 Two-variable functions, 6
Sign, change, 9
opposite, 9 Underflow, 52
Sine, 27 , 66, 84 Uniform load, 85
law of, 34 Uranus, 58
Single-variable function, 6 U-235, 56
Sinh, 41 U-238, 56
Solar, altitude, 80
energy, 80 Vectors, 39, 83
power, 78 Velocity, 61
Sound, 73 Venus, 62
Voltage, output, 73
Space flight , 58
Voyager, 58
Speed, 83, 94
Speed of light, 66 Watts, 68
Square, 18 Weighting, 48, 95
Square root, 19 Whole number, 96
Standard deviation, 47, 48 Wholesale, 9 3
Star brightness, 66 Windmill, 75
Stat, 46 Wind power, 75
Statistical, mode, 46
Statistics, 46 X-to-memory , 14. 60
Strontium-90, 57
Subtraction, 3
Sun, 79
 SERVICE CENTER ADDRESS
SHARP ELECTRONICS CORPORATION
SHARP SER V ICE CENT ER
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SHARP
SHARP ELECTRONICS CORPORATION
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CONQUERING THE SCIENCES
Applications for the SHARP EL-506A Scientific Calculator

Every student remembers wearing out pencil after pencil

doing long-hand arithmetic. But with SHARP's easy to use
EL-506A, much of that time and effort can be spent on
more rewarding activities. The EL-506A performs not only
arithmetic but also many of the basic scientific functions.

This text takes the user step by step through the functions
of the EL-506A . It is written in plain language, providing
exact key sequences for problems in :

Basic Math Statistics

Algebra Electricity
Geometry Mechanics
Trigonometry Probability
Physics Business and Finance

With this text as a guide, the EL-506A can prepare its

users to take on the growing challenges of the 80's.

Printed in Japan/lmprime au Japan

9K25 .2 T(TMANE1091 CCZZ)@