FUNCTIONS: - sexual reproduction - attract pollinators

PEDUNCLE stem of flower RECEPTACLE swolen tip of peduncle; bears the parts of the flower SEPALS protect flower bud before it opens; collectively called the CALYX PETALS colorful modified leaves that attract pollinators; collectively known as COROLLA

STAMEN male floral part; collectively known as ANDROEICIUM - consist of : a long filament and an anther which bears the pollen sacs (contains pollen grain the male gametophyte) CARPEL/PISTIL female floral part; collectively known as GYNOEICIUM - consist of: stigma (provides sticky surface for pollen); style (connects the stigma to ovary); ovary(contains ovule- female gametophyte)

The stamen (plural stamina or stamens, from Latin stamen meaning "thread of the warp") is the male organ of a flower. each stamen generally has a stalk called the filament (from Latin filum, meaning "thread"), and, on top of the filament, an anther (from Ancient Greek anthera, feminine of antheros "flowery," from anthos "flower"), and pollen sacs, called micro sporangia. The development of the micro sporangia and the contained haploid gametophytes, (called pollen-grains) is closely comparable with that of the micro sporangia in gymnosperms or heterosporous ferns.

A gynoecium (from Ancient Greek gyne, "woman") is the female reproductive part of a flower. The male counterpart is called an androecium. A gynoecium is composed of one or more pistils. A pistil may consist of a single free carpel, or be formed from a number of carpels that are fused. The pistil itself is formed from the stigma, style, and ovary.

COMPLETE FLOWER - A flower having all four major parts (the sepals, petals, stamen, pistil)

An incomplete flower is missing one of the four major parts of the flower, the stamen, pistil, petals, or sepals.

Perfect: A flower that has both the male parts and female parts in the same flower ( also called bisexual or hermaphroditic)

Imperfect: A flower that has either all male parts or all female parts, but not both in the same flower. (Plant bearing imperfect flowers may be monoecious (with male and female flowers on the same plant, e.g. squash) and dioecious (with male and female flowers on different plants, e.g. papaya)

A flower with only stamen as the reproductive organ

A flower with only pistil as the reproductive organ

Hermaphroditic: Both male and female parts are present in the same flower. Individuals having both male and female reproductive parts are called hermaphroditic.

- ray- shaped Radial symmetry

- Bilateral symmetry (Pair)

Whorl (mollusc), a single, complete 360 turn in the spiral growth of a mollusk shell. A whorl of sepals or petals or leaves on plants, in which all the parts are attached at the same point and surround or wrap around the stem

Sympetaly is the condition of some flowers in which the petals are fused together (sym- together). in some of these flowers, like with Gentiana asclepiadea are only partially fused at the base, but in other flowers, such as Gentiana they are fully fused and never open. Flowers with sympately may be self-pollinated, while others may have small holes and be pollinated like regular plants.

Syncarpy:Inbasalangiospermsthecarpelsofaowerare freefromeachotherorthereisonlyonecarpelin aower.

Hypogyny:Withperianthand stamensposi<onedbelowthe pis<l(superiorovary)

Perigyny:Withperianthandstamensposi<onedaroundthepis<l

group of flowers, with a definite arrangement, borne on a peduncle

a:<ller b:narrowleaf c:inorescence(panicle),moreorlesswide anddense d:spikeletofaowerthatcontainsonlyone grain(caryopsis).

Thesunower(Helianthusannuus)isanannualplantinthefamilyAsteraceae andna<vetotheAmericas,withalargeoweringhead(inorescence).Thestem cangrowashighas3meters,andtheowerheadcanreach30cmindiameter withthe"large"seeds.Theterm"sunower"isalsousedtorefertoallplantsof thegenusHelianthus,manyofwhichareperennialplants.

The

pollen grain is deposited on the stigma (this is pollination) and germinates to produce a pollen tube. pollen tube grows down through the style, this growth is controlled by the tube nucleus. pollen grain is able to penetrate the style because of the secretion of digestive enzymes pollen tube enters the micropyle (by this time the generative nucleus has undergone its mitotic division so there are two male nuclei [gametes] present)

The The The

 The one

male nuclei enter the embryo sac

fuses with the egg cell to form a diploid zygote - this will give rise to the embryo other fuses with the two polar nuclei to form a triploid endosperm nucleus - this will give rise to the endosperm that will nourish the developing embryo. This process is known as double fertilization because two fusions occur

the

POLLINATION
Pollination - is the transfer of the male pollen grains to the female stigma Depending on the species this can be:

self-pollination- where pollen is transferred to a stigma on the same plant (this obviously reduces genetic variability) cross-pollination - where pollen is transferred to a stigma on a different plant

Pollination can be brought about by:

wind-pollination - where the pollen are blown around and a small fraction land on a stigma insect-pollination - where the pollen are attached to an insect which then releases them on to the stigma of another flower