TM

About ZAERO
Engineers Toolkit for Aeroelastic Solutions Unsteady Aerodynamics Flutter Nonlinear Flutter Trim Ejection Loads Maneuver Loads Gust Loads

ZONA Technology, Inc.

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ZONA Technology, Inc.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
The ZAERO Software System/Architecture .......................... 3 UAIC: Unified Aerodynamic Influence Coefficients ............... 5 ZONA6: Subsonic Unsteady Aerodynamics ......................... 6 ZTRAN: Transonic Unsteady Aerodynamics ........................ 7 ZONA7: Supersonic Unsteady Aerodynamics ...................... 9 ZONA7U: Hypersonic Unsteady Aerodynamics.................. 10 ZSAP: Sonic Acceleration Potential Panel Method ............. 11 ZTAW: AIC Correction Method............................................ 12 High Fidelity Geometry (HFG) Module ................................ 13 3D Spline Module ................................................................ 15 Bulk Data Input .................................................................... 16 Graphic Display ................................................................... 17 Flutter Module...................................................................... 18 Parametric Flutter Analysis ................................................. 19 Static Aeroelastic/ Trim Module........................................... 20 Aeroservoelasticity (ASE) Module ....................................... 21 Rational-Function Approximation of Unsteady Aerodynamics ...................................................................... 22 Aeroelastic State-Space Model ........................................... 23 Transient Maneuver Loads .................................................. 24 Transient Ejection Loads ..................................................... 25 Transient Discrete and Continuous Gust Loads ................. 26 Nonlinear Flutter Module ..................................................... 27

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The main features of the ZAERO system include: High Fidelity Geometry (HFG) module to model full aircraft with stores/nacelles (1) Flight regimes that cover all Mach numbers including transonic/hypersonic ranges (2) Unified Mach AIC (UAIC) matrices as archival data entities for repetitive structural design/
analysis (3)

Matched/non-matched point flutter solutions using K/g-methods with true damping (4) Built-in Flutter Mode Tracking procedure with structural parametric sensitivity analysis (5) State space Aeroservoelastic (ASE) analysis with continuous gust for SISO/MIMO control
system (6)

Trim analysis for static aeroelasticity/flight loads (7) Dynamic Loads Analysis including transient maneuver loads (MLOADS), ejection loads
(ELOADS), and discrete gust loads (GLOADS) (8),(9),(10)

3D Spline module provides accurate FEM/Aero displacements and forces transferal (11) Modal Data Importer to process NASTRAN/I-DEAS/ELFINI/ANSYS/etc. modal output (12) Dynamic Memory & Database Management (ZDM) Systems establish subprogram modularity (13)

Open architecture allows user direct access to data entities (14) Bulk Data Input minimizes user learning curve while relieving user input burden (15) Provides graphic display capability of aerodynamic models, CPs, flutter modes and flutter
curves for use with PATRAN/FEMAP/TECPLOT/ANSYS/EXCEL/etc. (16) puts (17)

Executive control allows massive flutter/ASE/Trim/Dynamic Loads inputs and solution out Nonlinear Flutter Analysis for open/closed loop system with structural nonlinearities using
discrete time-domain state space approach (NLFLTR) (18)

NASLINK module to export ZAERO aerodynamic data to MSC.NASTRAN (19)

ZONA Technology, Inc.

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Executive Control User Direct Access to Data Entities MLOADS

ELOADS

17

FLUTTER ASE TRIM NLFLTR

14

GLOADS

Aerodynamic Model Definition CAERO7 BODY7

HFG Module

Aeroelastic Analysis & Sensitivity

15

ZDM Database

Flutter (g-method)

Aeroservoelasticity (ASE)

FEM/Aero Spline Input SPLINE1 SPLINE3 SPLINE2 ATTACH Flight Condition Definition MKAEROZ - Mach Numbers - List of reduced frequencies - Method flag for ZONA6, ZTRAN, ZONA7, ZONA7U - Mean flow conditions in terms of ,, p, q, r, and

3D Spline Module

4 11
UAIC matrices of M, k pairs Gust force vectors Control surface aerodynamic force vectors 3-D spline matrix 13 Flight Loads (TRIM)

6
Maneuver Loads (MLOADS)

15

7
Ejection Loads (ELOADS) Gust Loads (GLOADS)

UAIC Module

Modal Data Importer

9 12
Nonlinear Flutter (NLFLTR) Sensitivity

10

NASLINK

15

19
Structural Finite Element (FEM) Modal Output File (MSC, ASTROS, IDEAS, ELFINI, ANSYS, NE)

18

MSC.Nastran

Graphic/Analysis Output 16 (PATRAN, FEMAP, TECPLOT, ANSYS, EXCEL, PEGASUS)

ZAERO Engineering Module Diagram

HFG Module
Aerodynamic Model Input

FEM Module
Modal Data Importer ASSIGN FEM= Executive Control Command

UAIC Module
Unsteady Aerodynamic Data Generation (AIC) Matrices

SPLINE Module
Aerodynamic & FEM Model Interconnection
General Engineering Modules Discipline Engineering Modules

FLUTTER/ FLTPRAM Module

ASE Module

TRIM Module

MLOADS Module

ELOADS Module

GLOADS MFTGUST Module

NLFLTR Module

PLTFLUT

PLTVG

PLTMIST

PLTTRIM

PLTTIME

MLDPRNT

PLTAERO PLTAERO

PLTC P

PLTMODE Graphical Post - Processing Output

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The functionality of the UAIC module is to provide the AIC matrices needed for subsonic, transonic, supersonic, and hypersonic aeroelastic analysis. In addition, a ZONA Transonic AIC Weighting (ZTAW) module is available to correct the AIC matrix using the downwash weighting matrix method or the force correction matrix method.

ZAERO/UAIC ZTAIC/ZTRAN
Wing/Body with External Stores

ZONA7

Geometric Fidelity

ZONA7U

ZONA6

ZSAP at M = 1.0

Lifting Surface

ZONA51

DLM

NASTRAN

Subsonic

Transonic Supersonic Hypersonic Mach Number Range

ZAERO Unsteady Aerodynamic Methods ZONA6 generates steady/unsteady subsonic aerodynamics for wing-body/aircraft configurations with external stores/nacelles including body wake effects. ZTAIC generates unsteady transonic (modal) AICs using a transonic equivalent strip method. ZTRAN generates unsteady transonic wing-body AIC matrix using overset fieldpanel method. ZSAP generates steady/unsteady aerodynamics for wing-body configurations with external stores/nacelles at Mach number = 1.0. ZONA7 generates steady/unsteady supersonic aerodynamics for wing-body/aircraft configurations with external stores/nacelles (formerly ZONA51 for lifting surfaces). ZONA7U generates unified hypersonic and supersonic steady/unsteady aerodynamics for wing-body/aircraft configurations with external stores/nacelles.

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Functionality Generates steady/unsteady subsonic aerodynamics for wing-body/aircraft configurations with external stores/nacelles including the body-wake effect. Main Features Any combinations of planar/nonplanar lifting surfaces with arbitrary bodies including fuselage+stores+tip missiles. Higher-order panel formulation for lifting surfaces than the Doublet Lattice Method (DLM). First case below shows the ZONA6 robustness over DLM. High-order paneling allows high-fidelity modeling of complex aircraft with arbitrary stores/tip missile arrangement. Second case below shows a solution improvement. 70 Degree Delta Wing (M=0.8, k=0.5, ho=0.35cr)
Station 20.0 ZONA6 DLM Im(Cp) 10.0 Im(Cp) 70.0 50.0 30.0 10.0 -10.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 x/c 0.8 1.0 -10.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 x/c 0.8 1.0 ZONA6 DLM 2 Station 10 40x10 panel cuts 40x10 panel cuts

Robust ZONA6 solutions are in contrast to the breakdown of the DLM solutions High-order formulation of ZONA6 requires little care in paneling

0.0

SUBSONIC UNSTEADY PRESSURES

NLR Wing-Tiptank-Pylon-Store (M=0.45, k=0.3055, q=157.5, xo=0.15cr)

No. of Wing Aero Boxes=90 Tiptank Aero Boxes=264
ZONA6 NLR Analysis Test Data

Store Aero Boxes=216 ZONA6 shows improvement over NLRs predicted results

UNSTEADY PRESSURES ALONG STORE

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Functionality Generates unsteady transonic AIC matrix that has the same form as AIC of ZONA6/ZONA7.

Main Features ZTRAN solves the time-linearized transonic small disturbance equations using overset field-panel method. The surface box modeling is identical to that of ZONA6. Only a few additional input parameters are required to generate the volume cells.
Z X

Lifting Surfaces
Z
Volume Block

Bodies
Y

Volume Block

Y
Volume Cell

Lift Surface
BODY7 Surface Boxes

Volume Cell

The variant coefficients in the timelinearized transonic small disturbance equation are interpolated from the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) steady solutions. The overset field-panel scheme allows the modeling of complex configurations without extensive field panel generation efforts.

Unsteady Pressure Validations

F-5 wing at M = 0.9, K = 0.275
25

F-5 wing at M = 0.95, K = 0.264

30
14

Lessing wing at M = 0.9, K = 0.13

12

LANN wing at M = 0.822, K = 0.105

60 50 40

Experiment
20 15

y/2b=51.5%
25 20

ZONA6 (Linear) Present

Magnitude

Re (Cp)

Re (C p)

Experiment ZONA6 (Linear) Present

10 8 6 4 2 0

Experiment (Test 1) Experiment (Test 2) ZONA6 (Linear) Present y/2b=50 %

Experiment ZONA6 (Linear) Present

y/2b=47.5%
30 20 10 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Re (Cp)

y/2b=81.7%
15 10 5

10 5 0 0 -5 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0 0 -5 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

-10

15 10

X/C
5

X/C Phase Angle (deg)

x/c
300

X/C
10 5 0

Experiment (Test 1)
250

Experiment (Test 2) ZONA6 (Linear) Present

Im (Cp)

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

200

Im (Cp)

Im (Cp)

0 0 -5 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

-5

-5 -10 -15 -20

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

150

Experiment
-10 -15

-10

y/2b=81.7%
Experiment ZONA6 (Linear) Present

100

y/2b=47.5%
Experiment ZONA6 (Linear) Present

ZONA6 (Linear) Present

y/2b=51.5%

-15

50

y/2b=50%
0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

-25 -30

X/C

-20

X/C

x/c

X/C

ZONA Technology, Inc. Flutter Validations

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AGARD 445.6 weakened wing

0.45

AGARD 445.6 solid wing

0.65 ZONA6 (Linear)

PAPA wing at = 1
Experiment ZONA6 (Linear) Present

PAPA wing at = -2
Experiment ZONA6 (Linear) Present

Dyn. Pressure (psf)

0.40

0.60

Experiment Present

U bs

= +1 (deg)
170

Dyn. Pressure (psf)

0.7 0.8 0.9

190

190

0.35
ZONA6 (Linear)

U bs

0.55

170

= -2 (deg)

0.30

0.50

150

150

Experiment Present
0.45

0.25 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2

130
0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

130 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Mach Number
0.55 0.50
0.60 0.65

Mach Number

Mach Number

Mach Number

ZONA6 (Linear)

Flutter Frequency (Hz)

Experiment Present

0.40
0.45 0.35 0.30 0.6

5.5

Flutter Frequency (Hz)

= +1 (deg)

Experiment ZONA6 (Linear) Present

= -2 (deg)
5.5

Experiment ZONA6 (Linear) Present

ZONA6 (Linear) Experiment Present

0.55
0.50

4.5

4.5

0.45

4 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

Mach Number

Mach Number

Mach Number

Mach Number

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Functionality Generates steady/unsteady supersonic aerodynamics for wing-body/aircraft configurations with external stores/nacelles Main Features Any combinations of planar/nonplanar lifting surfaces with arbitrary bodies including fuselage+stores+tip missiles. Panel formulation for lifting surface is identical to that of ZONA51 now the industrial standard method for supersonic flutter analysis in MSC.NASTRAN. High-order paneling allows high-fidelity modeling of complex aircraft with arbitrary stores/tip missile arrangement. NACA Wing-Body (xo=0.35cr)
ZONA7 WING + BODY WING ONLY BODY ONLY TEST DATA R = 1.18 x 106 R = 1.89 x 106

MOMENT DERIVATIVES IN-PITCH

NLR F-5 Wing with Underwing Missile (F=20Hz, k=0.1, xo=0.5cr)

ZONA7 P P+ L P + L + MB + AW TEST DATA PYLON (P) P + LAUNCHER (L) P + L + MISSILE BODY (MB) + AFT WINGS (AW) P + L + MB + AW + CANARD FINS

UNSTEADY SIDE FORCE AND YAWING MOMENT

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Functionality Generates unified hypersonic and supersonic steady/unsteady aerodynamics for wing -body/aircraft configurations with external stores/nacelles. Main Features Nonlinear thickness effects of ZONA7U yields good agreement with Euler solution and test data. Steady solutions approach linear and Newtonian limits. Confirms hypersonic Mach independent principle. Results/formulation are superior to Unsteady Linear Theory and Piston Theory. ZONA7U usually results in more conservative flutter boundaries than other methods. Unified with ZONA7 and is therefore applicable to all Mach numbers > 1.0. Additional input to ZONA7 amounts to only wing root and tip sectional profile thickness. 70 Degree Delta Wing
Thickness effect apparent a t higher M Thus, it yields more conservative flutter bounda ries SUPERSONIC FLUTTER BOUNDARIES

Rectangular Wing with Wedge Profile(M=4.0, s=15, xo=0.25c)

ZONA7U solution compares well with Euler solution over a wide frequency range Piston Theory and Linear Theory (ZONA7) yield inferior results by comparison

HYPERSONIC/ SUPERSONIC GAF - CL

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Functionality Generates steady/unsteady aerodynamics at sonic speed (M = 1.0) for wing-body/ aircraft configurations with external stores/nacelles. Main Features Any combinations of planar/nonplanar lifting surfaces with arbitrary bodies including fuselage+stores+tip missiles. Compute the steady/unsteady aerodynamics at exactly Mach one. Paneling scheme is identical to that of ZONA6/ZONA7, i.e. ZSAP shares the same aerodynamic model as ZONA6/ZONA7. Computational time is on the same order. Non-Planar Aerodynamics of a SAAB/Canard Wing
1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

ZONA7(M=1.01) Present (M=1.0) ZONA6 (M=0.99)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

ReQ12
-1

-1

-2

-2 1.5 1 0.5 0

1.5 1

ImQ12

0.5 0 0 -0.5 1 2 3 k 4 5 6

0 -0.5

3 k

Box Number 10 X 10 for Canard & 20 X 20 for Wing

Box Number 50 X 10 for Canard & 90 X 20 for Wing

Canard-Wing configuration in Canard Pitch Motion about its Mid-Chord. Lift on Wing is mainly induced by the oscillatory wake from Canard. Real and Imaginary parts of Lift (Re(Q12) & Im(Q12)) at M=1.0 are contrasted with that of the Subsonic Lifting Surface Method (ZONA6) at M=0.99 and the Supersonic Lifting Surface Method (ZONA7) at M=1.01 ZONA6 and ZONA7 require large number of Boxes for solution convergence whereas the Present
Sonic Method does not.

AGARD standard 445.6 Weakened Wing (in Air) and Solid Wing (in Freon 12)
0.55 0.5 0.45
0.55

0.5
TDT Test (Solid/Freon 12) Present (Solid/Freon 12) TDT Test (Weakened/Air)

U bs

0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.8

Present (Weakened/Air)

0.45

0.4

Comparison of Flutter Speed Index and Flutter Frequency Ratio with TDT wind tunnel measurements

0.35

0.9

1.1

1.2

0.3 0.8 0.9 1 Mach Number 1.1 1.2

Mach Number

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Functionality Generates a corrected AIC matrix to match the given set of forces/moments or unsteady pressures. Main Features The AIC correction module computes the AIC weighting matrix using a ZONA Transonic AIC Weighting (ZTAW) method that adopts a successive kernel expansion procedure. The ZTAW method is an improved AIC correction method over the previous correction methods such as the force/moment correction method by Giesing et al and the downwash weighting matrix (DWM) method by Pitt and Goodman. With inphase pressures obtained by wind-tunnel measurement or CFD, ZTAW yields accurate out-of-phase and higher frequency pressures resulting in well-correlated aeroelastic solutions whereas the previous method yield erroneous out-of-phase pressure in terms of shock jump behavior. Four methods are incorporated in ZTAW: the steady downwash weighting matrix method, the unsteady downwash weighting matrix method, the steady force correction matrix method, and the unsteady force correction matrix method. Unsteady Pressure Validations
F-5 Wing at M = 0.95 and k = 0.264
50
20 15 10

LANN Wing at M = 0.822 and k = 0.105

10
Experiment ZTA W DWM
40 30

6 4 2

y/2b=64.1%
Re (Cp)

5 0 Im (Cp) -5 -10 -15 -20 0 0.5 1 y/2b=65%

Experim ent ZTA W DWM

Re (Cp)

5 0 0 -5 -10 -15 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Im (Cp)

0 -2 -4 -6 -8

y/2b=65%
20 10 0 0 -10 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0.5
Experiment ZTAW DWM

Experiment y/2b=64.1% ZTAW DWM

-25 X/C

-10

X/C

X/C

X/C

Flutter Validations
AGARD 445.6 Weakened Wing
140.0 130.0 120.0

PAPA Wing at =2
DW M
6

24.0

Dyn. Pressure (psf)

Experim ent Frequency (Hz)

20.0

Dyn. Press.

ZTAW

110.0 100.0 90.0 80.0

170

Experiment Zona 6 ZTAW

Flutter Frequency (Hz)

DW M ZONA6 Experiment ZTAW

= -2 (deg)
190 5.5

= -2 (deg)

22.0

ZONA6

18.0

Experiment Zona 6 ZTAW

16.0

150

4.5

14.0
70.0 60.0 0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

12.0 0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

130 0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

4 0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Mach

Mach

M ach

Mach

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The HFG module is capable of modeling any full aircraft configuration with stores and/ or nacelles. A complex aircraft configuration can be represented by the HFG module by means of wing-like and body-like definitions. Wing thickness effects and in-flow of the inlet and out-flow of the nozzle effects can be included in the boundary condition.

Wing-Like Components
PAFOIL7 CAERO7
Wing Macroelements Thickness Distribution for Hypersonic Flow

Body-Like Components
SEGMESH BODY7
Body Macroelements Body Surface Grid Definition

CAERO7
Steady Cp Input for Transonic Flow

PBODY7
Body-Wake Model Engine Inlet Model

Wing-Like Components Include: -Wings, Tails, Pylons, -Launchers, -Store Fins, etc.

Body-Like Components Include: -Fuselage, -Underwing Stores, -Missile Bodies, etc.

ZAERO F-15 model with 4258 boxes

ZONA Technology, Inc.

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ZAERO F-18 model with 2530 boxes

ZAERO Morhing Aircraft model with 2062 boxes

ZAERO C-130 model with 3978 boxes

ZAERO Predator model with 1410 boxes

ZAERO F-16 model with 4002 boxes

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The 3D Spline module establishes the displacement/force transferal between the structural Finite Element Method (FEM) model and the ZAERO aerodynamic model. It consists of four spline methods that jointly assemble a spline matrix. These four spline methods include: (a) Thin Plate Spline; (b) Infinite Plate Spline; (c) Beam Spline and (d) Rigid Body Attachment methods. The spline matrix provides the x, y and z displacements and slopes in three dimensions at all aerodynamic grids. FEM Model Aerodynamic Model Rigid Body Pitch Mode

First Wing Bending Mode

First Wing Torsion Mode

ZONA Technology, Inc.

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ZAERO utilizes the bulk data input format, similar to that of NASTRAN and ASTROS. This type of input format has the advantage of: (a) minimizing the user learning curve; (b) relieving user input burden and (c) automated input error detection. An example of this type of input format is shown below. Flow charts are also shown demonstrating some of the ZAERO bulk data interdependencies. Example of ZAERO Bulk Data Input Format
1 CAERO7 CONT CONT 2 WID XRL XTL 3 LABEL YLR YTL 4 ACOORD ZRL ZTL 5 NSPAN RCH TCH 6 NCHORD LRCHD LTCHD 7 LSPAN 8 ZTAIC 9 10 PAFOIL7 CONT CONT

ATTCHR ACORDR ATTCHT ACORDT

CAERO7 +BC +EF

101 0.0 0.0

WING 0.0 1.0

8 0.0 0.0

5 1.0 1.0

4 10 11

20 4 0

ABC DEF

Bulk Data Interrelationship for Aerodynamic Geometry Input

AEROZ Aerodynamic Reference Parameters
ZTRAN Overset Field - Panel Method CELLWNG CELLBOX ACOORD
Aero-coordinate system

Surface Box Generation CAERO7

Wing components

BODY7
Body components

PLTAERO
Plot the Aerodynamic model

CELLBDY

ZTAIC ZTAIC
Transonic strip method

PAFOIL7 PAFOIL7
Define airfoil shape

SID AEFACT
Spanwise/chordwise divisions of wing

IPBODY7 PBODY7
Wake/Inlet Panels

IDMESH SEGMESH
Body segment definition

SID MACHCP
Mach-Steady Cp relation

AEFACT
- X-coordinate - Airfoil camber - Airfoil half-thickness Aerodynamics with airfoil thickness/camber distribution input

AEFACT
Coordinate location of circumferential points for arbitrary body

CHORDCP
Steady Cp Input Transonic Aerodynamics with Steady Pressure Input

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ZAERO allows for the graphic interface with commercialized graphic packages. Graphical data in output files containing the aerodynamic model, unsteady pressures (CP), interpolated structural modes, and flutter modes can be displayed via PATRAN, FEMAP, IDEAS, PEGASUS or TECPLOT. V-g and V-f diagrams can be displayed via typical X-Y plotting packages (e.g., Excel). An example of the F-16 aerodynamic model with external stores and the resulting V-g and V-f diagrams are shown below.

Unsteady aerodynamic Model

V-G and V-F Diagrams

FEM Model

Aerodynamic Model

Animated Flutter Mode

4 3 2 1 (deg) 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 0 0.25

Verification of Spline
Experimental Conner et al. ZAERO

U = 11.711 m/s

0.5

0.75

UnsteadyPressureDisplay

TransientResponse

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The ZAERO flutter module contains two flutter solution techniques: the K-method and the g-method. The g-method is ZONAs newly developed flutter solution method (Ref 20) that generalizes the K-method and the P-K method for true damping prediction. Ref 20 shows that the P-K method is only valid at the conditions of zero damping, zero frequency, or linear varying generalized aerodynamic forces (Q) with respect to reduced frequency. In fact, if Q is highly nonlinear, it is shown that the P-K method may produce unrealistic roots due to its inconsistent formulation. The flutter module has a built-in atmospheric table as an option to perform matchedpoint flutter analysis. Sensitivity analysis with respect to the structural parameters is also included in the g-method. Three Degrees of Freedom Airfoil at M=0.0 (MSC/NASTRAN HA145 Test Case) A non-zero frequency dynamic divergence speed is well predicted by the gmethod, the P-K method and the transient method (a time-domain method). Both the g-method and the transient method capture two aerodynamic lag roots which are absent in the P-K method solution. The frequency vs. velocity (V-f) diagrams of the g-method and the transient method are in good agreement. The frequency of the free-free plunge mode computed by the P-K method remains zero. This results in poor correlation in the V-f diagram with the g-method and transient method.

0.5 0.3 Damping 0.0 -0.3 -0.5 -0.8 -1.0 0 50 100 150 200 Velocity (ft/s) 250 300
Frequency (Hz) 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0 50 100 150 200 Velocity (ft/s) 250 300
Transient Method g-mode 1 g-mode 2 g-mode 3 g-aero lag 1 g-aero lag 2 pk-mode 1 pk-mode 2 pk-mode 3

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Functionality Performs parametric flutter analysis by executing a massive number of flutter/ASE analyses for various mass and stiffness distributions. Main Features Massive flutter analyses of open/closed loop systems with various mass and stiffness in the structures using the mass increment method. For n aircraft/store configurations, the flutter equation in physical coordinates {x} reads: [ M B + M i ]{ x} + [ K B + K i ]{ x} q [ AIC ]{ x} = 0, i = 1, n where MB and KB are the mass and stiffness matrices of a baseline structure and M and K are the incremental changes of mass and stiffness from the baseline structure to the ith structure of interest. Direct Method Modal Analysis Generalized Matrices
2 [ MB +Mi ] +[ KB +Ki ]{i } = 0, i =1, n
`Mi` = iT [ M B + M i ]i `Ki` = iT [ K B + K i ]i Qi = iT [ AIC ]i , i = 1, n

Mass Increment Method

2 [ M B ] + [ KB ] {B } = 0
T M B = B M BB T K B = B K BB T QB = B [ AIC ]B , compute only once

Flutter Equations

assumes { x} = [i ]{d }
S 2 Mi + Ki qQi {d } = 0

assumes

{ x} = [B ]{B}

T T S2 MB +B MiB + KB +B KiB qQB {B} = 0

Data mining the massive flutter results by automatically searching for the velocity-damping curve crossing at userspecified damping levels. Ease for post-processing using off-theshelf graphic tool such as TECPLOT. Shown in the figure is the flutter speed vs. various pitch inertia and weight diagram of the store. Flags to indicate the severity of the flutter instability

Pitch Inertia (slug-ft2 )

2000
130 0

135 0

1300

1750 1500 1250

120 0

125 0
1200

1300
1200
1100
1250

1100

0 130

1000 95 0
1050

1000 95 0
95 0 11 50

950

10001150
1100

11 50

900

1150

850 100 0

0 0 0 00 85 5 1120 9 0015 1

750
850

1050
950

1100

11 50 13 1 00 20 0 135 0

1100

1200

500 250

800 700

1250
1250

10 1100 00 13 50

10 50

1050 13 00

1100 1100 1050

850

11 1200 1 50 05 0 11 00
00 13

1000

1100

0 75 0

1000

1100
110 0

V(KEAS) 1400 1350 1300 1250 1200 1150 1100 1050 1000 950 900 850 800 750 700 650 600 550 500 450

1200

1250
11 50 11 00

0 70

0 75

75

00 11 50 12

500

00 11
550

50 12

1200
950
90 0
0 90

1000

0 120 0 11 00 105
900
900

12 50

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Weight (lbs)

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Performs the static aeroelastic/trim analysis for solving the trim system and computing the flight loads.

Static Aeroelastic Deformation

W ind Tunnel M odel AS T R O S - LIF T TR IM AO A = 1 D eg., M = 0 .9 V = 1 2 05 3 in/sec

Stress Distribution
AS T R O S R E S U LT M = 1 .2 , q = 3 5 0 psf AO A = 5 D eg. V S S /O N

-2 06 30 .1

-20630.1

-25638.4
-206 30.1

4411.4

-5605 .2

-2

06

30

.1
-2

06

30

.1

-25638.4

-25638.4

F-18 at 4-G Pull-Up Maneuver at Mach 1.2 and Altitude = 10,000 ft. Main Features It employs the modal approach for solving the trim system of the flexible aircraft. The modal approach formulates a reduced-order trim system that can be solved with much less computer time than the so-called direct method. It is capable of dealing with the determined trim system as well as the overdetermined trim system (more unknowns than the trim equations). The solutions of the over-determined trim system are obtained by using an optimization technique which minimizes a user-defined objective function while satisfying a set of constraint functions. For a symmetric configuration (symmetric about the x-z plane), it requires only the modeling of one half of the configuration even for the asymmetric flight conditions. It generates the flight loads on both sides of the configuration in terms of forces and moments at the structural finite element grid points in terms of NASTRAN FORCE and MOMENT bulk data cards for subsequent detailed stress analysis.

-560

5.2

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Constructs state-space equations for the open-loop or closed-loop aeroelastic system and performs stability analysis
ZAERO UAIC Module Baseline FE Model Structural Variations

ASE Module
Generalized Matrices

Control Mode

Rational Aerodynamic Approximations

Gust Model

State Space ASE Model Open/ Closed-loop Flutter

Control Margins

Gust Response

Analysis Results

Sensitivity Analysis

Main Features Rational-function approximation of the unsteady aerodynamic coefficient matrices State-space MIMO formulation Modular linear control modeling of most-general architecture Open- and closed-loop flutter analysis Open-closed gain and phase margins Input and output singular values Augmentation of continuous-gust dynamics Structural gust response in statistical terms Fixed-modes parametric studies Sensitivity of flutter and control margins with respect to structural and control variables Frequency-domain stability analysis without rational function approximation

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The unsteady frequency domain aerodynamic force coefficient matrices are approximated by a rational matrix function in the Laplace domain. The approximation formula is either the classic Rogers formula
Q ( p ) = A0 + A1 p + A2 p 2 +
nl + 2 l =3

p+

p
l 2

Al

where p is the non-dimensional Laplace variable p = sb/V, or the more general minimum-state formula
2 Q ( p ) = A0 + A1 p + A2 p + D I p R

E p

that results with significantly less subsequent aerodynamic states per desired accuracy.

The approximation roots are selected by the user or determined by the code based on the frequency range of the input matrices. A direct least-square solution is used for Rogers approximation, and a non-linear least-square is used for the minimum-state approximation.

250 200 Imaginary 150 100 50 0 -150 0 -50 Imaginary -100 -150 -200 -250 -100 -50

Q (2,2) 80 Imaginary 60 40 20 0 -300 0 -20 Imaginary -40 -60 -80 0 Real 50 -100 -50 0

Q (3,2)

Computed Approximated -100 Real Q (3,4) -50 0

-250 Real Q (5,4)

-200

50 Real

100

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Open-loop Aeroelastic State-Space Equation The generalized structural matrices and the aerodynamic approximation coefficient matrices are used to construct the time-domain state-space equation of motion of the open-loop aeroelastic system excited by control-surface motion Augmentation of control actuators of at least third order yields the plant equations

{x p } = Ap {x p } + B p {u p } y p } = C p { x p } {
Control System Model Single-Input-Single-Output (SISO) elements defined by s-domain transfer functions Multi-Input-Multi-Output (MIMO) elements defined by individual statespace matrices [Ac], [Bc], [Cc], [Dc] that may be imported from external control synthesis codes. Performed with respect to these gains. Junction elements (JNC) which are actually zero-order elements connecting some inputs with some outputs by {yj} = [Dj]{uj}. Variable control gains which form the control gain matrix when the system is closed. Control margins, singular values and sensitivity analyses are performed with respect to these gains. Closed-loop ASE Model The plant and control models are interconnected by the following scheme: Stability analyses of open- and closed-loop systems are based on system eigenvalues. Sensitivity computations are based on analytical expressions.

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The transient maneuver loads module performs the transient maneuver loads analysis due to the pilot input command.

Idealized Forward Swept Wing Test Case (ZAERO and P-Transform correlate well while the quasistatic method does not due to low-frequency approximation) Main Features: It is formulated in the state space form for either the open loop or closed loop system. The rigid body degrees of freedom are transformed into the airframe states so that the sub-matrices associated with the airframe states in the state space matrices are in the same definition with those of the flight dynamics. It allows the users to replace the program-computed sub-matrices associated with the airframe states by those supplied by the flight dynamic engineers. This can ensure that the time response of the airframe states is in close agreement with those of the flight dynamic analysis. It computes the time histories of the maneuver loads of flexible airframe in the presence of control system. These maneuver loads include the time histories of component loads, grid point loads, etc. Based on these time histories of loads, the user can identify the critical maneuver load conditions. It outputs the transient maneuver loads at each time step in terms of NASTRAN FORCE and MOMENT bulk data cards either by the mode displacement method or the mode acceleration method for subsequent detailed stress analysis.

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The transient ejection loads module performs the transient ejection loads analysis due to store separation.
Store Ejector Force/Fmax 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 T im e (sec)

Aircraft Response due to Ejection Force (x 5)

Wing Tip Fwd G / Fmax (*1000)

Wing Tip Aft G / Fmax (*1000)

5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 0 0.1 0 .2 0 .3 0 .4 0.5 F lig ht T es t ZAERO

5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3

Flight Test ZAE R O 0.4 0.5

Time (sec)

Time (sec)

Advanced Fighter Test Case (ZAERO versus Flight Test) Main Features: It allows multiple store ejections (in sequential scheduling) while the aircraft is maneuvering due to pilot input commands. It accounts for the effects of the sudden reduction in aircraft weight due to the separation of the stores from the aircraft. It is formulated in the state-space form for either an open-loop or closed-loop system. It outputs the transient loads at each time step in terms of NASTRAN FORCE and MOMENT bulk data cards either by the mode displacement method or the mode acceleration method for subsequent detailed stress analysis.

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The gust loads module performs transient discrete and continuous gust analysis for either open-loop or closed-loop system.
2-D Thin Airfoil Subjected to a Sharp-Edged Gust
WG =1 V
z
2.5 3.0

Comparison Between Sears Function and the Gust Forces Computed by ZONA6
0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15
9.0 8.0 1.00 0.80 Values of k 2.0 1.60
Sears Function ZAERO/ZONA6 Aerodynamics

1.20

Imaginary

3.5

10.0 0.1

0.05 0 -0.4
4.0 0.60

x M = 0.0 V = 100 ft = 0.0002 slug/ft3 q = 1 psf b b = 1 ft b

k=0

-0.2 -0.05

0 7.0

0.2

0.4

0.6
0.40

0.8

1.2

-0.1 -0.15
5.0 5.0 6.0 0.04 0.20 0.10

-0.2

Real

Comparison Between Wagners Function and ZAERO State-Space Equations

1

Comparisons Between ZAERO Results and Analytical Solution for a 2-D Airfoil Encountering Sharp-Edged Gust
=5

1.6

Analytical Solution ZAERO = 15 Analytical Solution ZAERO = 100 Analytical Solution ZAERO

0.9

0.8

1.2

0.7
tV Wagner's Fuction Wagner's Fuction L

z K 0.8

0.6

ZAERO/ASE ZAERO/ASE

0.4

0.5

0.4 0 4 8 tV/L 12 16 20

0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28

tV/L

Validation of the Discrete Gust Module with 2-D Classical Theory (Excellent agreement is seen while NASTRAN fails to provide satisfactory results) Main Features: It includes various options for defining the discrete gust profile such as one-minuscosine, sine, sharp-edged gust, and arbitrary gust profiles for discrete gust and Drydens or Von Karmans gust spectrum for continuous gust. For the discrete gust analysis, it includes three options to model the gust profile; the frequency-domain approach, the state-space approach, and the hybrid approach where the discrete gust loads are obtained by inverse Fouier transform and the system matrix by state-space formulation. Its state space equations provide accurate displacement time history thereby circumventing the unreasonably large displacement response problem of the Fourier transform method in NASTRAN. It outputs the transient loads at each time step in terms of NASTRAN FORCE and MOMENT bulk data cards either by the mode displacement method or the mode acceleration method for subsequent detailed stress analysis.

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The nonlinear flutter module is a simulation tool for the transient response of open/ closed-loop aeroelastic systems that include (1) nonlinear structures (2) nonlinear control system (3) large-amplitude unsteady aerodynamics (externally imported from other CFD code).
3 d.o.f. Airfoil with Free-Play

5 4 3 2 (deg) 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 0 0.25 0.5 Time (s) 0.75 1

U = 6.453 m/s Experimental Conner et al. ZAERO

4 3 2

Experimental Conner et al. ZAERO

7.0

U = 11.711 m/s
5.0

Experimental Conner et al. ZAERO

3.0

U = 17.447 m/s

1 (deg)
(deg)

0 -1 -2

1.0

-1.0

-3.0

-3
-5.0

-4 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

Excellent Agreement with Analytical and Experimental Results Main Features: Nonlinearities can be specified as a function of multiple user defined nonlinear parameters such as displacements, velocities, accelerations, element forces, modal values and control system outputs. Discrete time-domain state space equations at each distinct value of the nonlinear parameters are pre-computed. During the time-integration computation, updated state-space equations are obtained by interpolation. It outputs the NASTRAN FORCE and MOMENT bulk data cards at a given time step for subsequent stress analysis.

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ZONA51 1. Chen, P.C. and Liu, D.D., "A Harmonic Gradient Method for Unsteady Supersonic Flow
Calculations," Proceedings of the 24th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, Lake Tahoe, Nevada, May 2-4,1983, AIAA Paper No.. 83-0887-CP. Also Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 22, No. 15, May 1985, pp. 371-379. 2. Liu, D.D., James, D.K., Chen, P.C. and Pototzky, A.S., "Further Studies of Harmonic Gradient Method for Supersonic Aeroelastic Applications, " DGLR/AAAF/RAeS European Forum on Aeroelasticity and Structural Dynamics, Aachen, FRG, April 17-19, 1989, Paper No. 89-068. Also Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 28, No. 9, September, 1991, pp. 598-605. 3. Johnson, E.H., Rodden, W.P., Chen, P.C. and Liu, D.D., Comment on "Canard-Wing Interaction in Unsteady Supersonic Flow," Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 29, No. 4 July-August, 1992, p. 744.

ZONA7
4. Chen, P.C. and Liu, D.D., "Unsteady Supersonic Computations of Arbitrary Wing-Body Configurations Including External Stores," AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AMS/ASC 29th Structures, SDM Conference, Williamsburg, Virginia, April 18-20, AIAA Paper No. 88-2309CP. Also Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 27, No. 2, February 1990, pp. 108-116. 5. Garcia-Fogeda, P. and Liu, D.D., "Analysis of Unsteady Aerodynamics for Elastic Bodies in Supersonic Flow," AIAA 24th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 6-9, 1986, Reno, Nevada, AIAA Paper No. 86-0007. Also Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 24, No. 12, December 1987, pp. 833-840. 6. Garcia-Fogeda, P. and Liu, D.D., "Supersonic Aeroelastic Applications of Harmonic Potential Panel Method to Oscillating Flexible Bodies," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 25, No. 4, July-August 1988, pp. 271-277. 7. Liu, D.D., Garcia-Fogeda, P. and Chen, P.C., "Oscillating Wings and Bodies with Flexure in Supersonic Flow--Applications of Harmonic Potential Panel Method," International Council of Aeronautical Sciences, London, U.K., September 7-12, 1986, I.C.A.S. Paper No. 86-2.9.4. Also Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 25, No. 6, June 1988, pp. 507-514. 8. Garcia-Fogeda, P., Chen, P.C. and Liu, D.D., "Unsteady Supersonic Flow Calculations for Wing-Body Combinations Using Harmonic Gradient Method," AIAA 26th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, Nevada, January 11-14, 1988, AIAA Paper No. 88-0568. Also AIAA Journal, Vol. 28, No. 4, April 1990, pp. 635-641.

ZONA6
9. Chen, P.C., Lee, H.W., and Liu, D.D., "Unsteady Subsonic Aerodynamics for Bodies and Wings with External Stores including Wake Effect", presented at the Aerospace Flutter and Dynamic Council Meeting, November 14-15,1990, San Antonio, Texas, and paper presented at the international Forum on Aeroelasticity and Structural Dynamics, Aachen, June 3-6, 1991. Also Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 30, No. 5, Sept-Oct. 1993, pp. 618-628. 10. Liu, D.D., Chen, P.C., Yao, Z.X. and Sarhaddi, D., "Recent Advances in Lifting Surface Methods," Paper No. 4, Proceeding of International Forum on Aeroelasticity and Structural Dynamics, Manchester, U.K., June 1995. Also in The Royal Aeronautical Journal, Vol. 100, No. 998, Oct. 1996, pp. 327-339.

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To Order Call: 4809459988

ZTAIC
11. Liu, D.D., Kao, Y.F. and Fung, K.Y., "An Efficient Method for Computing Unsteady Transonic Aerodynamics of Swept Wings with Control Surfaces," Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 25, No. 1, January 1988, pp. 25-31. 12. Chen, P.C., Sarhaddi, D. and Liu, D.D., "Transonic AIC Approach for Aeroelastic and MDO Applications," presented at the Euromech Colloquium 349 at DLR, Gttingen, Germany, Sept. 16-18, 1996. Also, Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 37, No. 1, Jan.-Feb. 2000,

ZONA7U
13. Liu, D.D., Yao, Z.X., Sarhaddi, D., and Chavez, F., Piston Theory Revisited and Further Applications, ICAS Paper 94-2.8.4, presented at the 19th Congress of the International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences, Sept. 1994, also Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 34, No. 3, May-June 1997, pp. 304-312. 14. Chen, P.C., and Liu, D.D., Unified Hypersonic/Supersonic Panel Method for Aeroelastic Applications to Arbitrary Bodies, Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 39, No. 3, May-June 2002.

ZAERO/UAIC for MDO

15. Chen, P.C., Liu, D.D., Sarhaddi, D., Striz, A.G., Neill, D.J. and Karpel, "Enhancement of the Aeroservoelastic Capability in ASTROS," STTR Phase I Final Report WL-TR-963119, Sept. 1996. 16. Chen, P.C., Sarhaddi, D. and Liu, D.D., A Unified Unsteady Aerodynamic Module for Aeroelastic and MDO Application, AGARD Structures and Material Panel (SMP)Workshop 2 Numerical Unsteady Aerodynamics and Aeroelastic Simulation, Alborg, Denmark, Oct. 13-17, 1997. 17. Chen, P.C., Sarhaddi, D., Liu, D.D. and Karpel, M., Unified Aerodynamic-InfluenceCoefficient Approach for Aeroservoelastic and Multidisciplinary Optimization Applications, AIAA Paper No. 97-1181-CP. Also, Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 37, No. 2, Mar.Apr. 2000, pp. 260-265. 18. Chen, P.C., Sarhaddi, D., Liu, D.D., Karpel, M., Striz, A.G. and Jung, S.Y., A Unified Unsteady Aerodynamic Module for Aeroelastic, Aeroservoelastic and MDO Applications, CEAS, Vol. 2, Rome, Italy, Jun. 17-20, 1997. 19. Chen, P.C., Sarhaddi, D., Liu, D.D., Ratwani, M. and Minahen, T., Aeroelastic/ Aeroservoelastic Tailoring for Hinge Moment Minimization of Missile Fins, SBIR Phase I Final Report (N68936-97-C-0151), Dec. 1998.

g-METHOD for FLUTTER

20. Chen, P.C., A Damping Perturbation Method for Flutter Solution: The g-Method, paper presented at the International Forum on Aeroelasticity and Structural Dynamics, Williamsburg, VA, Jun. 22-25, 1999. Also, AIAA Journal, Vol. 38, No. 9, Sept. 2000.

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AEROSERVOELASTICITY (ASE)
21. Karpel, M., Design for Active Flutter Suppression and Gust Alleviation Using StateSpace Aeroelastic Modeling, Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 19, No. 3, 1982, pp. 221-227. 22. Karpel, M., Time-Domain Aeroservoelastic Modeling Using Weighted Unsteady Aerodynamic Forces, Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 3037, 1990. 23. Karpel, M., Extension to the Minimum-State Aeroelastic Modeling Method, AIAA Journal, Vol. 29, No. 11, 1991, pp. 2007-2009. 24. Karpel, M. and Hoadley, S.T., Physically Weighted Approximations of Unsteady Aerodynamic Forces Using the Minimum-State Method, NASA TP-3025, 1991. 25. Karpel, M. and Strul, E., Minimum-State Unsteady Aerodynamic Approximations with Flexible Constraints, Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 33, No. 6, pp. 1190-1196. 26. Karpel, M., Sensitivity Derivatives of Flutter Characteristics and Stability Margins for Aeroelastic Design, Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 27, No. 4, 1990, pp. 368-375. 27. Karpel, M. and Wieseman, C.D., Modal Coordinates for Aeroelastic Analysis with Large Local Structural Variations, Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 31, No. 2, 1994, pp. 396403.

ZSAP
29. Chen, P.C., and Liu, D.D., Unsteady Sonic Aerodynamics Using Acceleration Potential Approach, 44th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, Norfolk, VA, 7-10 April 2003, AIAA paper number 2003-1404. 30. Chen, P.C., and Liu, D.D., Unsteady Wing-Body Aerodynamics for Aeroelastic Applications at Mach One, AIAA Journal, Vol. 44, No. 8, pp. 1709, August 2006.

GUST LOADS
31. Karpel, M., Moulin, B., and Chen, P.C., Dynamic Response of Aeroservoelastic Systems to Gust Excitations, International Forum on Aeroelasticity and Structural Dynamics 2003, Amsterdam, June 4-6, 2003

NONLINEAR FLUTTER
32. Chen, P.C., and Sulaeman, E., Nonlinear Response of Aeroservoelastic Systems using Discrete State-Space Approach, AIAA Journal, Vol. 41, No. 9, September 2003.

ZTRAN
33. Chen, P.C., Gao, X.W., and Tang, L., Overset Field-Panel Method for Unsteady Transonic Aerodynamic Influence Coefficient Matrix Generation, AIAA Journal, Vol. 42, No. 9, September 2004. 34. Chen, P.C., Flutter Studies of the Overset Field-Panel Method for Transonic Aeroelastic Applications, International Forum on Aeroelasticty and Structural Dynamics, Munich Arebella Sheraton Grand Hotel, June 28Jul 1, 2005

ZONA Technology, Inc.

9489 E. Ironwood Square Drive Scottsdale, AZ 85258-4578 Phone: Fax: E-mail: URL: 480-945-9988 480-945-6588 info@zonatech.com www.zonatech.com

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