Fyp - Emergence of Initial Public Offers-Investment Avenue-Angel

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A PROJECT REPORT ON EMERGENCE OF INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERS AS AN INVESTMENT AVENUE FOR (ANGEL BROKING LIMITED)
BY KAVITA TALESARA MBA SEMESTER III
PROJECT GUIDE "PROF. VAISHAMPAYAM"
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE TWO-YEAR FULL-TIME PGPM PROGRAMME OF SMVIM (ST. MIRA VISHWAKARMA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT)
PUNE A.Y: 2007 - 2008
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Its a great privilege that I have done my project in such a well organized and diversified organization. It gives me great pleasure in presenting the Project Report that gives the details of my project on Emergence of IPOs as an Investment Avenue in stock market carried out in Angel Broking Limited. I would like to thank Miss Dr Nanwani (Co-ordinator) & Dr. Sharad Joshi (Director) of St Mira Vishwakarma Institute of Management, for providing me with a wonderful opportunity to work with Angel Broking LTD (Pune). I would like to thank Mr. Iftikhar Chouhan (Branch Head) for giving me an opportunity to work as a summer trainee in Angel Broking Ltd and there by fulfilling the requirement of my MBA course. I would specially thank Mr. Sameer Amrute (Chief Technical Analyst) for giving me inputs on Technical Analysis. The success of any task lies in the effective input, but this cannot be obtained without proper guidance of the concern authorities and their co-operation. I would like to thank Prof Vaishampayam for guiding me throughout the project. I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude towards all Managers, Staff and workers and to all those who directly or indirectly helped me in successful completion of project.
KAVITA TALESARA
INDEX SERIAL NO. 1 2 TOPIC EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY PAGE NO. 1 2
1.Introduction 2. Objective
COMPANY PROFILE 1. Introduction of the company 2. Vision of company 3. Business Philosophy 4. Quality Assurance Policy. 5. CRM Policy. 6. Management of the company 7. Services of Angel Broking. a. E Broking Services. b. Investment Advisory c. Portfolio Management Services 8. What differentiates angel DP from other DPs?
3 - 13
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
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INTRODUCTION OF FINANCIAL SYSTEM 1. Financial Markets 2. Financial Instruments 3. Financial Institutions 4. Capital Market a. Meaning of Capital Market b. Types of Capital Market c. Meaning of Primary Market d. Initial Public Offers
15 - 19
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ON INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERS 1. Concept of I.P.O 2. Global I.P.O Market 3. Indian I.P.O Industry 4. Offer Document 5. SEBI Requirements for I.P.O 6. Phases in I.P.O 6.1 The pre I.P.O Transformation Phase 6.2 I.P.O Transaction Phase 6.3 The Post I.P.O Transaction Phase 7 Pricing of I.P.O
20 - 30
7.1 Fixed price method 7.2 Book Building method
7.3 Electronic Initial Public Offer 8 Participants in an I.P.O
8.1 Qualified Institutional Buyers 8.2 Retail investors 8.3 High net worth individuals and employees of the company 9 Role of Lead Manager in I.P.O
ROLE OF IPOS a) For issuing Companies b) For Investors
31 - 37
Listing 1. Meaning 2. Eligibility criteria for IPOS/FPOS 3. Trading Permission 4. Payment of Listing Fees 5. Compliance with Listing Agreement 6. Procedure and Conditions for Listing 7. Listing performance of Cairn India Ltd. 7.1 Company background 7.2 Its Business
37 - 58
7.3 IPO Highlights 7.4 Objects of the issue 7.5 Cairn India Ltd IPO Detail 7.6 Response to the IPO 7.7 Reasons for Poor Subscription &Poor Listing 7.8 Valuations 7.9 Findings 8. Listing performance of ICRA Ltd 8.1 Business of Credit Rating Companys (ICRA) 8.2 About the Company 8.3 Business of ICRA 8.4 Business Strategy 8.5 Competitive Strengths 8.6 ICRA IPO 8.7 Objective of the Issue 8.8 Experts Recommendation 8.9 Response to IPO 8.10 Reasons for Good Listing 8.11 Valuations 8.12 Findings
INDIAN ECONOMY a. Introduction b. History and evolution of the
59 - 66
telecommunications sector i. Phase I Take off Phase ii. Phase II High Growth Phase iii. Phase III Recent Phase c. Telecom Industry Growth Drivers d. Indian Telecommunication Market Segments
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COMPARISON OF IPOS OF IDEA CELLULAR LTD. & SPICE COMMUNICATIONS LTD. 1 Idea Cellular Limited 2 Spice Communications Limited 3 Ratios Analysis 4 Listing of IPOs 5 Stock Market Performance 6 Reasons for poor performance of Spice Communications ltd as compared to Idea Cellular Ltd.
67 - 81
11 12
RECENT NEWS ON IPOS FINDINGS & SUGGESTIONS
82 - 86 87
13 14 15
CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY ANNEXURE IPO FORM 88 89 - 94
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This project is an attempt to understand the Operations & Importance of IPOs in stock Market. The chapter on introduction explains why I have selected this topic. It mentions a step-by-step detail of how I have conducted the whole research. The next chapter gives a brief description about the company where I did my internship from, which is Angel Broking Ltd. The next chapters explain the whole of my research work. The conclusion gives the details about the learning that I have gained after doing this research project.
INTRODUCTION
As nowadays IPOs have become a good investment avenue for investors So, I have done the project Titled Emergence of IPO as an investment avenue at Angel Broking Ltd. a very well known stock broking firm. The project was carried out in the Pune office of Angel Broking Ltd. which is located at Kalyani Nagar. The duration of the project was two months. The objectives of carrying out study are as follows:1. To be well versed with concept of IPO. 2. Aspects of IPO from Companys & Investors point of view. 3. Factors affecting IPO listing Price. 4. Comparison between IPOs of two companies from the same sector for feasible investment decision.
The study has been carried out from the point of view of investors as well as the issuing company. I have focused on the factors which an investor has to take into consideration while making feasible IPO decision. In the project, I have also studied the Listing Price performance of IPOs with the help of Cairn India Ltd. & ICRA Ltd. In the process of study of IPOs in broader terms I have taken two companies from the telecom sector i.e. Idea Cellular Ltd & Spice Communications Ltd and compared the performance of both the companies in financial terms i.e. Ratio analysis, Stock performance compared with benchmark Sensex. Lastly, in order to update with the current trends in IPO scenario I have studied some recent news articles on IPOs.
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COMPANY PROFILE ANGEL BROKING LTD

About the Group: The Angel Group has emerged as one of the top 3 retail broking houses in India. Incorporated in 1987, it has memberships on BSE, NSE and the two leading commodity exchanges in India i.e. NCDEX & MCX. Angel is also registered as a depository participant with CDSL. Angel has always believed in offering the best of services to their customers. Be it in form of focused research or state of the art technology or customized product offering or personalized touch to our services. Angel is the only 100% retail stock broking house offering a gamut of retail centric services. E broking Investment Advisory Portfolio Management Services Wealth Management Services Commodities Trading
ANGEL GROUP COMPANIES Angel Broking Ltd. Member on the BSE and Depository Participant with CDSL Membership on the NSE Cash and Futures & Options Segment
Angel Capital & Debt Market Ltd.
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Angel Commodities Broking Ltd. Angel Securities Ltd.
Member on the NCDEX & MCX Member on the BSE
Vision To Provide Best Value for Money to Investors Through Innovative Products, Trading / Investment Strategies, State-of-the-art Technology And Personalized Service.
Business Philosophy Ethical practices & transparency in all our dealings. Customer interest above our own. Always deliver what we promise. Effective cost management
Quality Assurance Policy They are committed to being the leader In providing World Class Product & Services Which exceed the expectations of their customers Achieved by teamwork and A process of continuous improvement.
CRM Policy A Customer is the most Important Visitor On the Premises He is not Dependent on us but We are dependant on him He is not interruption in our work, But is the Purpose of it We are not doing him a favour by serving He is doing us a favour by giving us an Opportunity to do so.
Management: - The senior management of Angel Broking Ltd. are as follows:1. Mr. Dinesh Thakkar, Chairman and Managing Director
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Mr. Dinesh Thakkar hails from a reputed business family with interest in textiles trading. His entrepreneurial spirit inspired him to explore an opportunity in retail broking, a much ignored sector at that point in time, so far as the clients were concerned. Therefore, what began as a mere dabbling in stocks to make money for him grew into a serious business venture that started 20 years ago.
He was the first sub-broker and was amongst the early stock market participants to computerize his office. His opinions on the stock market are valued and he is often sought by the media for his comments on markets, investment strategies and the overall economy in general. He has also been quoted and published by the print media several times.
2. Mr. Lalit Thakkar, Director Mr. Lalit Thakkar has been closely associated with the group since its inception and has been instrumental in setting up the Operational and Risk Management Processes. Though not actively involved in the day-to-day operations, he is highly respected by the senior management and is often consulted on important decisions of the Group.
3. Mr. Amit Majumdar, Executive Director - Operations & Risk Management Mr. Amit Majumdar oversees the entire Operations and Risk Management functions of the group and is responsible for the corporate affairs of the group. He is a Chartered Accountant by qualification and has an experience of more than 10 years in the field of Finance, Consultancy & Advisory services. He has worked as a financial controller, treasury manager and an investment banker in the past and been associated with Rabo India Finance, Ambit Corporate Finance and Ernst and Young prior to joining the Angel Group.
4. Mr. Rajiv Phadke, Executive Director - Business Development & HR
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Mr. Rajiv Phadke has industry experience of more than 31 years and has been associated with companies like Times Guaranty Financials, Nagarjuna Finance Ltd, Tata Exports Ltd, Mukand and Motilal Oswal in the past. Educational qualifications include a MSC (Physics) and a MMS (Finance).At Angel, he manages two key functions: Business Development and Human Resource Development.
5. Mr. Vinay Agarwal, Executive Director - E-Commerce He is A Chartered Accountant by qualification with 8 years of experience in the field of Financial Services. He began his career with Angel Group as a Business Consultant in the areas of Finance and Operations. He takes care of the E-Broking business, which comprises of Business Development, Product Development and Operations. He is also actively involved in the commercial aspect of technology.
6. Mr. Nikhil Daxini, Executive Director - Sales and Marketing Mr. Nikhil Daxini is an MBA specializing in finance. He has an experience of more than 7 years in the field of finance and marketing of financial products. He was instrumental in introducing the concept of professional marketing of broking services within the organization. His forte in Business Operations includes Business Development, Risk Management and Operations etc. He had earlier been associated with HDFC Bank Ltd 7. Mr. Ketan Shah, Associate Director - IT Mr. Ketan Shah is the Head of Technology for the Group. He has an industry experience of more than 18 years in various areas of Business Operations. He is involved in the designing of IT Policies and Strategies. He also looks for Planning, Implementation, and Budgeting of IT related services.
Milestones
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December, 1997 Incorporation of Angel Broking Ltd. November, 1998 Incorporation of Angel Capital and Debt Market Ltd. March, 2002 Web-enabled Back Office software developed November, 2002 First ever Investor seminar of Angel Group April, 2003 Publication of first Research Report April, 2004 Incorporation of Commodities Broking division September, 2004 Launch of Online Trading Platform October, 2005 Received the prestigious "Major Volume Driver" award for FY05 March, 2005 Roll out of 25th branch March, 2006 Crossed the 100,000 mark in unique trading accounts and completes the roll out of 50th branch July, 2006 Formally launched the PMS function September, 2006 Commenced Mutual Fund and IPO distribution business October, 2006 Received "Major Volume Driver" award for FY06 December, 2006 Crossed the 2,500 mark in terms of business associates. March, 2007 Crossed the 200,000 mark in unique trading accounts.
Services of Angel Broking:-
E Broking E broking provides 4 different trading platforms suited to different individual needs Multiple exchanges on a single screen Historical Charts & Technical Tools
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Intraday Calls & News Flash 24 X 7 web-enabled Back office Online Fund transfer facility Auto pay-in of shares.
Investment Advisory To derive optimum returns from equity as an asset class requires professional guidance and advice. Professional assistance will always be beneficial in wealth creation. Investment decisions without expert advice would be like treating ailment without the help of a doctor. Research Department Strong research has always been our forte. Our investment advisory department is backed by an experience research team. This team comprises of 12 sectorial special analysts and a Research Head. Their vast experience and expertise in spotting great investments opportunities has always been beneficial for our clients. Benefits at Angel: Expert Advice: Our expert investment advisors are based at various branches across India to provide assistance in designing and monitoring portfolios. Timely Entry & Exit: Our advisors will regularly monitor your investments and will guide you to book timely profits. They will also guide you in adopting switching techniques from one stock to another during various market conditions. De-Risking Portfolio: A diversified portfolio of stocks is always better than concentration in a single stock. Based on our research, we diversify the portfolio in growth oriented sectors and stocks to minimize the risk and optimize the returns.
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Angel Gold: In a volatile market it is very difficult for an investor to pick up value stocks which will give decent returns in the long run. We at Angel Gold realize your need for a professional financial advisor and hence are here to assist you in making wise and profitable decisions. Angel strongly believe that right decisions taken at the right time are always beneficial and that's why our entire research team comprising of 12 sector specialists along with angels research head will understand clients need, return expectation, risk profile and time horizon to design their portfolio accordingly. This portfolio will be tracked regularly and angels efforts would be to optimize clients returns in the long run.
Features of the Angel Gold: A premium service for clients who need professional guidance on long term investments. Minimum fund / portfolio of Rs. 1 lac and maximum of Rs. 4 lac eligible for Angel Gold. Appropriate risk profiling before taking investment decisions Periodic group meetings and seminars in branches. Monthly Newsletter from the desk of Angel Gold. Browser based back-office software.
Portfolio Management Services: Successful investing in Capital Markets demands ever more time and expertise. Investment Management is an art and a science in itself. Professional Investment Management Services are no longer the privilege of only large institutional investors. Portfolio Management Services (PMS) is one such service that is fast gaining eminence as an investment avenue of choice for High Net worth Investors like you. PMS is a sophisticated investment vehicle that offers a range of specialized investment strategies to 17
capitalize on opportunities in the market. The Portfolio Management Service combined with competent fund management, dedicated research and technology, ensures a rewarding experience for its clients.
Angel PMS brings with it years of experience, expertise, research and the backing of India's leading stock broking house. At Angel, experienced portfolio management is the difference. You will enjoy a relationship with a portfolio manager equipped to design and implement a portfolio around your unique needs. We will advise you on a suitable product based on factors such as your investment horizon, return expectations and risk tolerance. By entrusting the management of your Portfolios to Angel, you can enjoy convenience without compromising on quality. Private Client Group Angel offers personalized advisory services to affluent HNI investors and actively assists them in managing their portfolio. PCG can seek guidance on specific stocks in their portfolio and can get pro active advice for timely exit and fresh investments. Here we also design customized products and services for our clients based on there risk profile, returns need and time horizon. Our experienced research team, in-depth analysis and customized value added products and services give us an immense advantage in assisting you to generate wealth on a longer and consistent basis. Features 2. Minimum Portfolio size of Rs.1Cr. for residents and Rs.1.5Cr for NRIs is the eligibility for PCG. 3. Portfolios are customized after a due discussion with clients and our research team. 4. Deployment of funds can be among various investing avenues available with us including PMS, mutual fund, advisory. 5. Meetings and one to one discussion with our fund managers, chief investment officer and Research director.
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6. Special Technical and Derivative strategies.
Angel offers trading opportunities in commodities market through its vast chain of branches spread across the country & state of the art trading platform. Trading on MCX and NCDEX Application based trading software Web based trading platform Online daily, weekly and monthly research reports Transparent and fair trade execution Individual client attention 24*7 online back office Training / education facilities / conduct of seminars Digital contract notes cum bill: View your accounts from anywhere, anytime Competitive brokerage rates Efficient risk management
Depository Participant Angel Broking Ltd has started its depository services by registering with CDSL. There are various benefits of holding clients demat account with angel but the biggest advantage is that a client shall be ensured of a risk free, prompt and efficient depository process.
What differentiates angel DP from other DPs? Since angel association is slated for a long time, angel is in a much better position to know your requirement regarding your holding and transfer of securities. 19
No physical instructions are required for your sell obligations. Angel also offers to their clients the automated pay in facility for trade done through Angel Broking Ltd / Angel Capital and Dept Market Ltd. The transaction charges that are being levied by us are the lowest in the industry as angel believe in providing quality services at the most affordable costs. Clients have an option of choosing the products offered by CDSL: 1. Easy facility: Client can view, download and print the updated holding of their demat account along with valuation of holding. 2. Easiest facility: Client can, by using this facility, submit their own delivery instructions on the internet without the intervention of their DP. This is in addition to all the facilities provided under the Easy facility.
Client will enjoy the following distinctive benefits by registering with Angel: No risk of loss, wrong transfer, mutilation or theft of share certificates. Hassle free automated pay-in of client sell obligations by their clearing members, ABL / ACDL
Reduced paper work. Speedier settlement process. Because of faster transfer and registration of securities in clients account, increased liquidity of clients securities. Instant disbursement of non-cash benefits like bonus and rights into clients account. Efficient pledge mechanism. Wide branch coverage. Personalized / attentive services of trained help desk. Zero upfront payment. No charges for extra transaction statement & holding statement. All in one combined Monthly Bill-cum-Transaction-cum-Holding-cum-ledger statement.
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
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Basic research is also called as fundamental or pure research. Its primary objective is the advancement of knowledge and the theoretical understanding of the relations among the variables. It is exploratory and often driven by researchers curiosity or interest. Research Methodology is a systematic method of discovering new facts or verifying old facts, their sequence, inter-relationship, casual explanation and the natural laws which governs them. Research Methodology is original contribution to the existing stock of knowledge making for its advancement. It is the purist of truth with the help of study. In short also covers the systematic method of finding solution to a problem is research. It also covers the systematic approach concerning generalization and the formulation of the theory.
Different stages involved in research consists of enacting the problem, formulating a hypothesis, collecting the facts or data, analyzing the facts and reaching certain conclusion either in the form of solution towards the concerned problem or in generalization for some theoretical formulation. In Research Methodology mainly Data plays an important role. The Data is divided in two parts: a) Primary Data. b) Secondary Data. Primary Data is the data, which is collected directly by direct personal interview, interview, indirect oral investigation, Information received through local agents, drafting a schedule, drafting a questionnaire. Secondary Data is the data, which is collected from the various books, magazine and material, reports The various information is taken out regarding that subject as well other subject from various sources and stored. In this report the data plays a very crucial role. In case of my project the source of data is only secondary data. Secondary Data Collection: The secondary data was collected with the help of various websites, journals, magazines, newspapers and employees of the stock broking firm. The data collected from the websites was good enough to be included in the study analyzed and concluded. Prospectus: For collecting relevant about the IPOs I have referred to the Final Draft Prospectus from the website of SEBI. Annual Report: Majority of information gathered from data exhibited in the annual reports of the company. These include annual reports of the current year 2006-07. INTRODUCTION
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Any sector that produces goods or services is called as real sector. For producing goods or services finance is required. Hence for real sector, financial system is required. Financial System is a backbone of any economy. The financial sector plays an important role in the economy of any nation. A well-regulated and well-developed financial sector is vital to achieving the most basic need of efficient allocation of scarce resources. In any market economy, the banking and financial system plays a key role in mobilizing a society's savings and in channeling these savings into productive uses and investments. In providing an efficient and rigorous process for intermediating the flow of a society's savings into productive uses, the banking and financial system is one of the core determinants of the pace of a country's economic development and increase in the standards of living of its citizens. Furthermore, the banking and financial system must facilitate transactions in an economy by ensuring that they can be effected safely and swiftly on an ongoing basis. The significance of the financial system for an economy arises from at least three major sources. First, it performs various transformation functions relating to intermediation of funds in the economy. Secondly, it provides the mirror image of the underlying real economy and the basic macro-economic balances. Thirdly, it is one industry whose basis of operation is underpinned in public trust.
F IN A N C IA L S Y S T E M
F in a n c i a l In s ti t u t io n s / I n t e rm e d i a r i e s F in a n c i a l In s tr u m e n t s / S e c u r i t ie s
F in a n c i a l M a r k e t
Financial Markets: - .Financial markets could mean organizations that facilitate the trade in financial products. i.e. Stock exchanges facilitate the trade in stocks, bonds and warrants. The coming together of buyers and sellers to trade financial products. i.e. stocks and shares are traded
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between buyers and sellers in a number of ways including: the use of stock exchanges; directly between buyers and sellers etc. The financial markets are markets which facilitate the raising of funds or the investment of assets, depending on viewpoint. They also facilitate handling of various risks. Financial Instruments: - As savings are linked to investments by a variety of intermediaries & through a range of complex instruments. They are complex in terms of the features like maturity, return etc. For example Treasury bills, Commercial bills, Cheques, Long dated securities, Shares, Bonds etc. An instrument having monetary value or recording a monetary transaction.
Financial Institutions:-Financial intermediaries provide the link between the financial and the real sector financial intermediaries perform the roles of resource mobilization and allocation, risk diversification and liquidity management to foster development of the real sector. In a complete information deterministic world also, financial intermediaries can have the important role of a temporary resource provider when there is a time lag between the firms' factor payments and receipts from sale proceeds. This role assumes greater significance when the firms do not have enough internal resources to cover its factor payments and the financial intermediaries come in with working capital finance. These are also known as financial intermediaries because they bring savers & investors together & help in capital formation in the economy. For example Banks, Mutual funds, NBFCs.
CAPITAL MARKET Capital Market is a part of Financial Market. Capital Market: Capital market is a market for longterm debt and equity shares. In this market, the capital funds comprising of both equity and debt are issued and traded. This also includes private placement sources of debt and equity as well as organized markets like stock exchanges. The capital market plays a critical role in the growth process. It helps to augment capital formation.
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Definition: - "A capital market is a series of channel through which the savings of the community are made available for commercial & industrial enterprises & public authorities (government)".
NATURE:-
1 Long-term duration. 2 Mixture of ownership & debt instruments.
Capital Market is divided into two Markets :-
PRIMARY MARKET (NEW ISSUE MARKET)
SECONDARY MARKET (OLD ISSUE MARKET)
MEANING OF PRIMARY MARKET:-
The primary market in India is unique by world standards in many ways. It has been shaped by an unusual history of regulation. The sheer size and scope of the primary market is enormous and the large scale direct participation in the primary market by millions of retail investors is unlike that in any other country in the world. Some of the major IPOs to have hit the Primary market and their returns as compared to the issue price are as below: This deals in those securities which are issued to the public for the first time. IPO is the part of primary market. In the primary market, securities are offered to public for subscription for the purpose of raising capital or fund. Secondary market is an equity trading avenue in which already existing/pre- issued securities are traded amongst investors. Secondary market could be either auction or dealer market. While stock exchange is the part of an auction market, Over-the-Counter (OTC) is a part of the dealer market. The primary market in India has seen a sea change since early 90s. New capital raised by the private sector was only around Rs.600 crores in 1981-82. There was a dramatic rise since the beginning of 1990s. The new capital raised rose to Rs.20,000 crores in 1992-93 and further to 25
Rs.26,000 crores in 1994-95. Since then, there has been a decline and it is reported that the amount raised from the market in 1996-97 was only of the order of Rs.10,500 crores. The proportion of debt in the total capital raised is also higher than in the previous years. Such sudden shifts have implications for the financing of capital formation
Primarily, issues can be classified as a Public, Rights or preferential issues (also known as private placements). While public and rights issues involve a detailed procedure, private placements or preferential issues are relatively simpler. The classification of issues is illustrated below:
Public issues can be further classified into Initial Public offerings and further public offerings. In a public offering, the issuer makes an offer for new investors to enter its shareholding family. The
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issuer company makes detailed disclosures as per the DIP guidelines in its offer document and offers it for subscription. The significant features are illustrated below: Initial Public Offering (IPO) is when an unlisted company makes either a fresh issue of securities or an offer for sale of its existing securities or both for the first time to the public. This paves way for listing and trading of the issuers securities. A Further public offering (FPO) is when an already listed company makes either a fresh issue of securities to the public or an offer for sale to the public, through an offer document. An offer for sale in such scenario is allowed only if it is made to satisfy listing or continuous listing obligations. Rights Issue (RI) is when a listed company which proposes to issue fresh securities to its existing shareholders as on a record date. The rights are normally offered in a particular ratio to the number of securities held prior to the issue. This route is best suited for companies who would like to raise capital without diluting stake of its existing shareholders unless they do not intend to subscribe to their entitlements. A private placement is an issue of shares or of convertible securities by a company to a select group of persons under Section 81 of the Companies Act, 1956 which is neither a rights issue nor a public issue. This is a faster way for a company to raise equity capital. A private placement of shares or of convertible securities by a listed company is generally known name of preferential allotment. A Qualified Institutions Placement is a private placement of equity shares or securities convertible in to equity shares by a listed company to Qualified Institutions Buyers only in terms of provisions of Chapter XIIIA of SEBI (DIP) guidelines.
Theoretical Background on I.P.O
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1 2 3
CONCEPT OF IPO IPO is an acronym for (Initial Public Offering). The Initial Public Offering or IPO market as it is known, received a new lease of life in FY99. An IPO is when a company makes either a fresh issue of securities or an offer for sale of its existing securities to the public for the first time. It refers to first sale of stock by a company to a public.
4 5
IPO MEANS GOING PUBLIC For a company to offer IPOs, they need to hire a corporate lawyer as well as an investment banker to underwrite the offer. The actual sale of the shares is generally offered by stock exchange or by regulators. When the company starts to offer IPOs, they are usually required to reveal financial information about the company so that investors know whether the companies a good investment or not.
6 7
This paves the way for listing in stock exchange in the first case, & trading of the issuers securities in the second. With high profile issues like Hughes Software and TV-18 opening at more than 3 and 10 times their issue price respectively, investors are flocking to the IPO market like never before. Companies, which had earlier shied away from the capital market, are now returning with a vengeance to satiate the appetite of investors. The strength of of Indias economy, stock market, corporate profits, energy
sector and private equity has fuelled IPOs in 2006 and 2007. Indias market raised US$7.23 billion through 78 IPOs in 2006. The private equity rush into India is creating the potential for many IPO exists. Top global private equity funds such as Carlyle, Blackstone, Texas Pacific and Warburg Pincus, as well as local funds, have been key drivers of the strength of Indian IPO markets. India ranks seventh overall in the world, in the terms of IPOs in the first half of 2007 & the Indian second half performance is expected to be even higher.
15 Big Ticket IPOs in Indian stock market history.
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Company
Offer Price (In Rs.)
Issue Size No. of times (In Rs crores) subscribed
P-E*
Jet Airways Ltd ICICI Bank Ltd Sun TV Networks Ltd Tata Consultancy Services Ltd Oil & Natural Gas Corp Ltd Punj Lloyd Ltd BL Kashyap & Sons Ltd Allcargo Global Logistics Ltd Unity Infraprojects Ltd Advanta India Ltd Sobha Developers Ltd Flextronics Software Systems Ltd IBP Company Ltd HCL Technologies Ltd DLF Ltd Price-earning ratio based on offer price.
1100 900 875 850 750 700 685 675 675 640 640 630 620 580 550
1899.35 8312.5 602.79 4713.47 10694.5 584.86 188.38 140.33 232.24 216.32 569.17 27.56 357.01 82.36 9625
16.08 11.5 46.92 7.69 1.58 38.68 14.29 7.64 2.33 3.45 113.93 51.52 2.5 12.64 3.47
24.45 27.37 53 24.24 13 25.92 25.96 29.59 14.32 15.78 27.59 6.82 43.48 40.67 42097
Biggest IPO gainers We can consider some of the stocks' performance that got listed in fiscal (FY05) to date. Allotment Price Indiabulls NDTV Bharti Shipyard
19 70 66
Current Price
99 179 135
% change 423% 155% 104%
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TCS NTPC ICICI Bank Dena Bank Indoco Remedies Jet Airways UTV Software
900 62 295 27 245 1,100
1,445 85 394 33 272 1,202 136
61% 38% 34% 21% 11% 9% 5%
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Biggest IPO losers
Global IPO Market.
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Globalization of capital market has enhanced regional economic growth, cross border trading, liquidity, and stringency of local regulatory framework, all of which heightens the ability of local exchanges to support large IPOs. Stock markets continue to remain a key route for corporate's to raise funds for expansion, with the worldwide IPOs space posting a record net proceeds of $ 246 billion in 2006.the biggest number of IPOs came from the US with 187 offerings, followed by Japan with 185 and China with 175 IPOs. In 2007, a rich variety of high quality companies continue to surge through world IPOs pipeline with last years momentum, albeit with smaller deal sizes. Reliance Petroleum, which raised $1.8 billion, featured in the global Top 20 IPOs, which together raised $84 billion, representing 35 per cent of the total capital raised by all IPOs.
I.P.O Market Share (% ) by Nation Hong kong,

3.5 Germany, 4.8 UK, 6.3 Others, 32.8 Brazil, 6.7 Russia, 11.6 US, 17.6 China, 13.4
India, 3.3
Hong kong China
Germany US
UK India
Brazil Others
Russia
Industry I.P.O Analysis.
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Indian I.P.O Industry - 2007
Industrial 5% Tech/Communications 19% Basic Metals, 2% Consumer Products/Services 12%
Financials 62%
Industrial
Tech/Communications
Basic Metals,
Consumer Products/Services
Financials
OFFER DOCUMENT:The Offer Document is the prospectus and covers all relevant information that will help the prospective investor to arrive at a decision. The Draft Offer Document is, as the name suggests, the initial draft that has to be filed with the security & exchange board of India (SEBI) at least 21 days before the company wants to go public. SEBI must suggest changes in draft offer document which the issuer will have to incorporate before filing the offer document. The Red Herring Prospectus is a document that does not specify the exact price of each stock on offer, or the total value of issue. However, the total numbers of shares on sale as well as the upper & lower price bands have to be mentioned. In the public issue of already listed companies, a prospectus without the price band can be issued or a price band can be notified through an advertisement a day prior to the opening of the issue.
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Importance of a Prospectus - A Prospectus is a legal document that the companies use to describe the securities, they are offering for issue. A prospectus is a document that contains information that the investors needs about the company.
SEBI REQUIREMENTS FOR IPO:
SEBI has laid down certain norms for companies making an offering to the public. The company should have. 1. Net tangible assets of not less than Rs 3 crores 2. A net worth of Rs 1 crores or more 3. Enough money to distribute as profits for three full years.
Primary issuances are governed by SEBI DIP- (DISCLOSURES & INVESTOR PROTECTION) - guidelines. The Lead Managers are required to follow due diligence & ensure that all requirements of DIP are fulfilled while submitting the draft offer document to SEBI.
Any non-compliance on their part can attract penal action
WHEN A COMPANY CHANGES ITS NAME: 1ST CONDITION: - 50% of the revenue for the preceding year should have accrued for the new activity. 2ND CONDITION: - Size of the new offering cannot exceed 5 times the net worth of issue made under the previous identity.
For the investors protection SEBI has given an important guideline to the company that they should be graded from the CREDIT RATING AGENCIES. E.g. - ICRA, CRISIL, etc.
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PHASES OF THE I.P.O WHICH A COMPANY HAS TO FOLLOW :
The IPOs is kept open for at least 3 working days and not more than 10 working days . In case of book building issues, the Bidding remains open for 3-7 working days. There are 3 phases through which a company has to go they are The Pre-IPO Transformation phase The IPO Transaction phase The Post-IPO transaction phase
1.) The Pre IPO Transformation Phase: In this stage Company restructure its management and administrative part. For e.g. since the main focus of public companies is to maximize shareholders value & for this the company should acquire management that has experience in doing so. Further more company should re-examine their organizational processes & make necessary changes to enhance the corporate governance & transparency of organization. This phase actually takes two years. 2.) IPO transaction phase: It is usually before shares are sold. For this the issue is to maximize investors confidence and credibility to ensure that the issue will be successful. Offer document is given to SEBI and according to it SEBI grades the company. 3.) The Post IPO Transaction Phase: The Company should not strive to meet expectations but rather beat their expectations. This is the point in time where companies have to go and prove to the market that they are strong performer that will last.
PRICING OF THE I.P.O:
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The price of the issue is decided by the company and the LM (lead manager) after mutual consultation .Although SEBI does not have any role in deciding the price, the company and LM are required to disclose parameters considered before fixing the price to the former.
There are 3 type of Pricing of the IPO 1) Fixed price method 2) Book Building method 3) E-IPO
1) Fixed price method: An issuer company is allowed to freely price the issue. The basis of issue price is disclosed in the offer document where the issuer discloses in detail about the qualitative and quantitative factors justifying the issue price. The Issuer company can mention a price band of 20% (cap in the price band should not be more than 20% of the floor price) in the Draft offer documents filed with SEBI and actual price can be determined at a later date before filing of the final offer document with SEBI. In this method the price of the shares is fixed by the company itself .Thus the investors know the price of the shares in this case. E.g Refrex Refrigerators Ltd. IPO
2) Book Building Method: SEBI Guidelines defines Book Building as a process undertaken by which a demand for the securities proposed to be issued by a corporate body is elicited and built up and the price for such securities is assessed for the determination of the quantum of such securities to be issued by means of a notice, circular, advertisement, document or information memoranda or offer document. Book building is a process of price discovery in case of IPOs. When Companies come through the book building route, the price of the issue is not fixed before hand. Rather the issue document only gives a floor price or the price band within which investors can bid for the shares. The IPO applicants bid for the shares being issued by the company quoting the price of their bid and the quantity that they would like to bid at. Only the retail investors have the option 35
of bidding at cut-off. Cut off means that the investors are not active bidders but they are willing to accept whatever price is getting arrived at based on bidding done by other persons. After the bidding process is complete, the cut-off price is arrived and shares are issued to successful applicants. Here the company gives the price band in which minimum and maximum price will be mention. Here, the investor has to judge to which price they should apply. Example: ABC co fixes price band of Rs 20 to Rs 25. In the process of allotting securities through book building method the Company have to allote, 50% to qualified institutional buyers, 15% to non-qualified institutional buyers & 35% to the retail investors. Since the retail investors are not able to judge the price to which they should apply so SEBI has given one concession to them that they can apply at cut-off price given by the company.
3) E-IPOs (Electronic Initial Public Offer) A company proposing to issue capital to public through the on-line system of the stock exchange for offer of securities can do so if it complies with the requirements. This is a technique which is used in issuing securities which are issued under fixed price as well as book building methods. Here investor has to contract its broker for purchasing securities and the broker will enter the information in the terminal and collect the payment from investor .Then the Company after receiving the application from all India decides the allotment procedure & informs electronically to the broker whose application are considered. If a Company wants to go in for E-IPOs then shares should be in demat form .NSE & BSE provides E-IPOs facility.
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PARTICIPANTS IN AN I.P.O: Three classes of investors can bid for shares: 1. Qualified Institutional Buyers: They buy 50% of the issue. Out of this 50%, up to 5% has to be allocated to mutual funds. It includes financial institutions such as Commercial Banks, Mutual funds, Venture capital registered with SEBI. 2. Retail investors: 35% of the issue. Retail individual investor means an investor who applies or bids for securities of or for a value of not more than Rs.1, 00,000. 3. High net worth individuals and employees of the company: 15% of the issue. The bids received by the QIBs over the last five years have been on a rise. This is clearly visible from cases like Maruti issue which received 4.80 lakh bids, ONGC got 9 lakh bids, TCS received 13.5 lakh bids, NTPC received 14.70 lakh bids and Reliance Petroleum received 22 lakh bids all by the QIB portion. Besides QIB for whom 60 percent of the amount is reserved, the number of HNI and the Retail category who make up the balance 10 and 30 percent is also increasing. In 2004-05 the number of QIB application was in the range of 150 which has now increased to 350-400. The funds are mainly coming from US and Far East Public investors can
purchase IPOs through their regular investment channels, although they will need to act fast to take advantage of the initial low IPO costs. Businesses can take advantage of IPOs simply by offering public shares on the market. To do this, they require a corporate lawyer, transparent business and financial practices, and an investment banker. They also need a medium usually a stock exchange to actually sell the shares. Most businesses additionally hire marketers or someone who can advertise or market the stock.
ROLE OF LEAD MANAGER IN IPO:
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It is difficult to price an IPO therefore the role of lead manager came into existences. The company appoints the lead manager .The Lead Managers act as a catalyst as they attempt to bring in some credibility to the offer and their accountability is also very high. Remember that the lead managers credibility could act only as an indicator to the proposed issue, but does not assure success. For the purpose of security, one can look for category one lead managers for judging the quality of the issue that includes Merchant, Investment Banks, DSP Merrill Lynch, HSBC Securities and Kotak Mahindra among others.
ROLE OF IPOs FOR ISSUING COMPANIES: 38
In general, companies offer IPOs in order to raise money that they need for business expansion and new business opportunities. By offering shares to investors, a company stands to bring in a lot of money. They can then use this money to grow their business. The more their business grows, in turn, the higher the share prices grow and the more money is generated by investors purchasing shares. Many companies simply see offering IPOs as the next stage in business growth. Since public companies often enjoy larger profits and can draw on a larger capital base than private businesses, IPOs seem like the logical way to grow a company for many CEOs. The Pros and Cons for the Company Pros 1. Going public raises cash which is useful for Capital Investment aiding growth. They can then use this money to grow their business. 2. Being publicly traded also opens many financial doors and more visibility. 3. Because of the increased scrutiny, public companies can usually get better rates when they issue debt. 4. It is easier to complete mergers and acquisitions by issuing stock to finance the same. 5. Open markets provide liquidity and hence make it possible to implement things like employee stock ownership plans, which help attract top talent. 6. Being on a major stock exchange carries a considerable amount of prestige which again helps the company image. By becoming a publicly traded company a business can take advantage of new, larger opportunities and can start working towards incorporation and even worldwide expansion. 7. In case of IPOs it is investors who take the risk although also a potential gain buying shares. If the company loses money and they will not have to repay their investors, unlike in business loans, which need to be repaid with interest 8. IPOs are also a relatively low risk for businesses and have the potential for huge gains and for huge opportunities. Cons -
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1. It will be coming under pressure to perform consistently 2. The decision making may slow down as the company may have difficulties in getting the necessary shareholders approval. 3. The costs of compliance would increases costs and can be a constraint.
ROLE OF IPOs FOR INVESTORS: IPOs are attractive mainly because they may be undervalued. Initially, to make IPOs more attractive, many companies will offer their initial public offering at a low rate. This helps to encourage investors, and investors will often buy IPOs, thinking that the new company or the newly public company will be the next big thing with a huge profit margin. As prices grow and demand for the IPOs grows, early investors stand to make a lot of profit and very quickly. The ultimate Watch word Caveat Emptor! Buyer Beware. This should be the watchword for investors. Any company may opt for an IPO. But, ultimately it is your hard-earned money that is getting diverted into unproductive investments, which may not give you the required return Factors to keep in mind by an investor before deciding to apply to an IPO: Track record of the promoters: Background and experience of the promoters, the management team and their expertise is one of the main factors that need to be considered as they will be the ones responsible for the profitability of the company. Issues where postissue promoters holding is more than 80% may indicate a lack of liquidity in the stock since there are fewer shareholders trading fewer shares. Be careful of companies that have issued shares on a preferential basis to promoters in high proportionate, so as to increase their stake in the company. Also find out if this is an offer for sale or a genuine Initial Public Offering. In case of offer for sale, the issuing company may not benefit totally. Participation of Venture Capitals & Private Eequity firms: This would indicate the risk profile of the company and the expectation of the institution from the company. In case of institution, look for nationalized banks and all India level financial institution such as ICICI,
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IFCI IDBI etc. Financials: The Companys balance sheet is a very important document and investors should look at it carefully. Investors should look at not just the current balance sheet but also that of the last three to four years to get an idea of the company's growth and focus. Prospectus: Investors should read the prospectus for the company carefully. The prospectus called as red-herring prospectus is a document that every company that goes for a public offering has to file with the SEBI. The prospectus has all the details about the company, the risk factors and the company's financials. Issue price: Investors need to decide if the issue is worth investing in at that price. One way of checking the valuation is to look at the Price-Earnings (P/E) multiple. The P/E multiple is the ratio of the share price to earnings per share (EPS which is listed in the balance sheet). P/E of the issue should be compared with the industry average and the other companies in that sector. Apart from these five important points other factors like amount to be paid on application, the lead managers for the issue, the stock exchanges that issue plans to list on and the current market sentiment are other factors to watch out for. Indian credit rating agencies: - Are almost ready to rate initial public offerings of local firms after the capital markets regulator has made it a mandatory requirement. There is agreement on the methodology to be adopted and the rationale for the rating awards. The agencies will cover the projects of the company for which it is seeking to raise funds from the public. They will run a check on the promoters, the financials of the firm, do the valuation, how the issuer has utilized funds and so on. Estimate Profitability: - If the company is utilizing a portion of issue proceeds towards retiring high-cost debts, it would benefit the company in terms of lower interest outflow and therefore higher profitability. An investor should check the proportion of money that is being invested in new projects that it is venturing into. This would give some judgment on the
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estimated profitability of the company. Fundamentals: - Before Subscribing for an IPO an investor should study the fundamentals of the company. One should not subscribe for an IPO just because the reason he is getting shares at lower prices. He should look for following things:1.) The Business of the Company. 2.) Growth prospects of the company. 3.) The sector in which company is doing business. 4) The growth of the company in proportion to the growth of the market in which it operates has to be seen. 5.) Market share or the projected market share vis--vis domestic competition. If an investor have answered yes to the above questions, investors are on their way to making a smart investment.
Pricing is an important factor and need to be considered carefully. To justify pricing, Compare: 1.) The price to earnings ratio (this is price that the issue is offered upon earnings per share) which would throw light on the pricing of the issue. 2.) Operating margins (this is the income from operation less expenses from operation). 3.) Market capitalization (it is the number of share multiplied by the price at which it is offered) with the current companies in the sector that are listed in the market. The Pros and Cons for the Investor:Similarly for the Investor the following are the two sides of the coin. The advantages for the Investor are summarized as below:
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1. Usually IPOs come with a rigorous process of Book building and relevant disclosures and risks spelled out in the offer document thereby giving one a fair idea about the business. 2. The pricing is generally considered to be on the conservative side else it might fail to get investors approval and hence result in a loss of face for the issuer. Initial public offerings make a good opportunity to make a profit because they are so inexpensive. In fact, many of the dot com millionaires of the 1990s made their money simply through IPOs. 3. The retail investors generally have a proportion fixed in the total issue which enables them to have a share of the pie. 4. Statistics: - Of the 15 biggest IPOs made after 1 January 2006, 11 are still in the positive zone. The four laggards are Cairn India, Parsvanath, Lanco Infratech and Indian Bank. Significantly, even here, except for Cairn, all the other three IPOs had given an exit opportunity at a huge profit after listing. On the other hand, several IPOs have provided dream returns including Tech Mahindra (299%), GMR (85%), Gujarat State Petronet (79%) and Sun TV (69%). People have loosen lot of money in secondary market in blue chip companies.
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5) Appreciation in Value. By offering shares to investors, a company stands to bring in a lot of money. They can then use this money to grow their business. The more their business grows, in turn, the higher the share prices grow and the more money is generated by investors purchasing shares. 6) Regulatory Norms: - The quality of IPOs has improved in the past few years due to tighter entry norms and better vetting, both at Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) and at the two major stock exchanges. Since January 2006, nearly 10 companies were forced to withdraw their issue plans by the stock exchanges and
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SEBI. Moreover, half of each issue has to be bought by institutional investors, who run their due diligence on the quality of the issuer and price of the issue.
The pitfalls are: 1. A company coming out with an IPO has had no past price track record which can give an indication of the market perception of the stock. 2. Companies might be doing an IPO to provide an exit strategy for the founders. This implies that the promoter cant create value for shareholders or the promoters dont see growth in the business.
LISTING Listing means admission of the securities to dealings on a recognized stock exchange. The securities may be of any public limited company, Central or State Government, quasi governmental and other financial institutions/corporations, municipalities, etc. The objectives of listing are mainly to:

Provide liquidity to securities; Mobilize savings for economic development; Protect interest of investors by ensuring full disclosures.
ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR IPOs/FPOs a. Companies have been classified as large cap companies and small cap companies. A large cap company is a company with a minimum issue size of Rs. 10 crores and market capitalization of not less than Rs. 25 crores. A small cap company is a company other than a large cap company.
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a. In respect of Large Cap Companies i. The minimum post-issue paid-up capital of the applicant company (hereinafter referred to as "the Company") shall be Rs. 3 crores; and ii. iii. The minimum issue size shall be Rs. 10 crores; and The minimum market capitalization of the Company shall be Rs. 25 crores (market capitalization shall be calculated by multiplying the post-issue paidup number of equity shares with the issue price). b. In respect of Small Cap Companies i. The minimum post-issue paid-up capital of the Company shall be Rs. 3 crores; and ii. iii. The minimum issue size shall be Rs. 3 crores; and The minimum market capitalization of the Company shall be Rs. 5 crores (market capitalization shall be calculated by multiplying the post-issue paidup number of equity shares with the issue price); and iv. The minimum income/turnover of the Company should be Rs. 3 crores in each of the preceding three 12-months period; and v. vi. The minimum number of public shareholders after the issue shall be 1000. A due diligence study may be conducted by an independent team of Chartered Accountants or Merchant Bankers appointed by the Exchange, the cost of which will be borne by the company. The requirement of a due diligence study may be waived if a financial institution or a scheduled commercial bank has appraised the project in the preceding 12 months.
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c. For all companies : a) In respect of the requirement of paid-up capital and market capitalization, the issuers shall be required to include in the disclaimer clause forming a part of the offer document that in the event of the market capitalization (product of issue price and the post issue number of shares) requirement of the Exchange not being met, the securities of the issuer would not be listed on the Exchange. b) The applicant, promoters and/or group companies, should not be in default
in compliance of the listing agreement. c) The above eligibility criteria would be in addition to the conditions prescribed under SEBI (Disclosure and Investor Protection) Guidelines, 2000. Trading Permission As per Securities and Exchange Board of India Guidelines, the issuer company should complete the formalities for trading at all the Stock Exchanges where the securities are to be listed within 7 working days of finalization of Basis of Allotment. A company should scrupulously adhere to the time limit for allotment of all securities and dispatch of Allotment Letters/Share Certificates and Refund Orders and for obtaining the listing permissions of all the Exchanges whose names are stated in its prospectus or offer documents. In the event of listing permission to a company being denied by any Stock Exchange where it had applied for listing of its securities, it cannot proceed with the allotment of shares. However, the company may file an appeal before the Securities and Exchange Board of India under Section 22 of the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956.
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Payment of Listing Fees All companies listed on the Exchange have to pay Annual Listing Fees by the 30th April of every financial year to the Exchange as per the Schedule of Listing Fees prescribed from time to time. The schedule of listing fees for the year 2007-2008, prescribed by the Governing Board of the Exchange is given hereunder: SCHEDULE OF LISTING FEES FOR THE YEAR 2007-2008 Sr. No. 1 2 Annual Listing Fees (i) Companies with paid-up capital* up to Rs. 5 crores 10,000 Particulars Initial Listing Fees Amount (Rs.) 20,000
(ii) Above Rs. 5 crores and up to Rs. 10 crores
15,000
(iii) Above Rs. 10 crores and up to Rs. 20 crores
30,000
Companies which have a listed capital* of more than Rs. 20 crores will pay
additional fee of Rs. 750/- for every increase of Rs. 1 crores or part thereof. 4 In case of debenture capital (not convertible into equity shares) of companies,
the fees will be charged @ 25% of the fees payable as per the above mentioned
scales.
*includes equity shares, preference shares, fully convertible debentures, partly convertible debenture
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capital and any other security which will be converted into equity shares. Kindly Note the last date for payment of listing fee for the year 2007-2008 is April 30, 2007.
Failure to pay the listing fee(for the equity and/or debt segment) before the due date i.e. April
30, 2007 will attract imposition of interest @ 12% per annum w.e.f. May 1, 2007. Compliance with Listing Agreement The companies desirous of getting their securities listed are required to enter into an agreement with the Exchange called the Listing Agreement and they are required to make certain disclosures and perform certain acts. As such, the agreement is of great importance and is executed under the common seal of a company. Under the Listing Agreement, a company undertakes, amongst other things, to provide facilities for prompt transfer, registration, sub-division and consolidation of securities; to give proper notice of closure of transfer books and record dates, to forward copies of unabridged Annual Reports and Balance Sheets to the shareholders, to file Distribution Schedule with the Exchange annually; to furnish financial results on a quarterly basis; intimate promptly to the Exchange the happenings which are likely to materially affect the financial performance of the Company and its stock prices, to comply with the conditions of Corporate Governance, etc. The Listing Department of the Exchange monitors the compliance of the companies with the provisions of the Listing Agreement, especially with regard to timely payment of annual listing fees, submission of quarterly results, requirement of minimum number of shareholders, etc. and takes penal action against the defaulting companies. After the completion of IPO process, the next step is the allotment of shares. After the allotment, the next step is listing of IPO's which links IPO with secondary market. Listing of an IPO is very important for any investor since at that time he has to take decisions of either selling it or holding it in his portfolio. For better understanding of the factors, I have taken two companies so that one can know how the fundamentals & Financials of a company can impact the IPO of the company.
Listing performance of Cairn India Ltd.
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Company background: Cairn India (CIL) was incorporated on 21 August 2006 to consolidate Cairns business and interests in India. CIL is acquiring its assets and business through acquisition of Cairns subsidiaries: Cairn Energy Australia Pvt Ltd (CEA), Cairn Energy hydrocarbons (CEH) and Cairn Energy India Holdings B.V. (CEIH).Cairn is an independent oil and gas exploration and production company. With the companys head office in Edinburgh. Its core area of focus is South Asia: it holds material exploration and production rights in India, Bangladesh and Nepal. Cairn India has been exploring and operating development and production assets in India for over 12 years in partnership with the Government of India, state governments, regulators and key industry participants such as ONGC. A company trading on the Main market of the London Stock Exchange in the year 1988. Cairn India is one of the few companies, which have been successful in discovering reserves in the country since 1985, in Rajasthan, and now has many years of experience in the country. Its credentials are well established and Cairn is likely to be a major participant in all future domestic exploration activities.
Its Business: Cairn India has a 70 per cent operating interest in the Rajasthan fields, balance being mandatory holdings of ONGC as the government nominated entity. The company has a 40-per cent stake in Lakshmi and Gauri oil and gas fields in the Cambay basin off the west coast and a 22.5 per cent stake in Ravva oil and gas field in the Krishna-Godavari basin off the East coast. Lakshmi, Gauri and Ravva are already operational, producing both crude oil and natural gas. The company has so far made a total of 29 hydrocarbon discoveries, including 18 discoveries in Rajasthan alone. The Rajasthan fields have total proved and probable reserves of 632 million barrels of oil or oil equivalent, of which the company's share would be 442 million barrels. Cairn India estimates that these blocks may contain additional contingency reserves of up to 257 million barrels. Total in-place reserves in the Rajasthan fields are estimated at 3.66 billion barrels of oil and oil equivalents.
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Other fields in which the company has interests hold proved and probable reserves of 122 million barrels, of which the company's share is 30 million barrels. These fields outside Rajasthan may hold additional reserves of 157 million barrels, according to company's estimates. Other fields outside Rajasthan are estimated to have total in-place reserves of 934 million barrels. IPO Highlights: Cairn India, one of the most successful oil exploration companies in the country, has launched a mega-IPO - one of the biggest ever in the history of our primary markets. Cairn India has offered 538,470,588 equity shares, including an offer for sale from parent company Cairn Plc, at a price band of Rs160 to Rs190. The issue would raise Rs8, 616 crores at the lower end of the price band and Rs10, 231 at the upper end. At the higher end, Cairn India would be valued at Rs33, 544 crores ($7.54 billion) and at Rs28, 248 crores ($6.35 billion) at the lower end Objects of the issue: The size of the issue ranges from Rs 5,261 to Rs6,247 crores (Depending on the price band). The proceeds of the issue would be utilized to partially fund the total expenditure set forth for 2007-09. To achieve the benefits of listing. To fund the acquisition of shares of Cairn India Holdings Limited part of the development of the Rajasthan Block, as well as further development of other producing fields. Cairn India Ltd IPO Detail:
Issue Open:Issue Type:Public Offer) Issue Size:Face Value:Issue Price:-
December11,2006toDecember15,2006 100% Book Building Issue (Initial
328,799,675 Equity Shares Rs10/Rs160/-toRs190/51
Market Lot:Minimum Order Quantity:Maximum Subscription Amount for Retail Investor:Listing:Lead Manager:-
35 Shares 35 Shares
Rs100,000/BSE,NSE DSP Merrill Lynch Limited, ABN AMRO Securities (India), JM Morgan Stanley
Registrar: Cairn India Limited Listing Date:-
Big share Services Pvt. Tuesday, January 9, 2007
BSE Script Code: 532792 NSE Symbol: CAIRN Listed in: A Group ISIN: INE910H01017 ICICI Direct Script Code: CAIIND
Response to the IPO: The IPO of Cairn India was oversubscribed 1.3 times on the opening day indicating investor confidence in its fundamentals, as shares got trashed in the secondary markets, with the Sensex plummeting by 400 points however, the issue received a strong response from foreign institutional investors (FIIs). There were bids for 42 crores shares against the quota of 19.72 crores shares for QIBs. A major chunk of the subscription has come from qualified institutional buyers, investment bankers involved with the offer.
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All the bids were from FIIs and none from banks, financial institutions and insurance companies. In the non-institutional category, there were bids for 40,775 shares against a quota of 3.28 crores shares, for retail investors, there were bids for 15.65 lakh shares against the allotment of 9.86 crores shares. 4.25 lakh applications were received from retail investors. Bids for 2.17 crores shares were received as against 9.86 crores shares reserved for the retail segment.
Reasons for Poor Subscription &Poor Listing: The Cairn India IPO received a poor response from the investors not getting fully subscribed. Due t o the reason of poor response from investors, its listing price was even below the market price. There are several reasons for the poor response:-
1. Investors can expect return from the IPO only after 2009. There was only long term growth expected out of the company. The company is into a long gestation period and the returns start from 2009 onwards. CIL aims to commercialize the Mangala field by March 2009. The development and commercialization of the Bhagyam, Shakti and Ashwariya fields are scheduled to commence within 12 months of production at the Mangala fields. 2. Sensitivity to global crude prices. - CIL's operating performance is to a great extent linked to the fluctuations in oil prices. Crude oil prices are sensitive to the global and regional supply and demand, and the expectations regarding the future supply and demand, for crude oil and petroleum products. Any adverse impact on crude oil prices that is subject to various uncontrollable macro-economic global factors can adversely affect CIL's operating performance. 3. Under the present production-sharing contract, Cairn has to sell all the crude to the government nominated company - MRPL in this case - and would have the option of selling the crude to other buyers only if the government nominee fails to lift the crude. . Besides, MRPL may ask for steeper discounts as it has to transport the crude all the way to Mangalore and if it is required to set up the evacuation pipeline. In any case, the discovered reserves are of a 'waxy' kind and may fetch lower prices because of the difficulty in transporting and processing. Prices. The company
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is required the supply the whole of its production to a company designated by the government, in this case MRPL. The purchase price would be based on a basket of prices of crude oils of different standards, to be agreed between the buyer and seller only before six months from the expected production date. The final agreed price may be lower than the current projections by the company. 4. Quality of oil and its evacuation: - The oil reserves in the Rajasthan block have reasonably high viscosity due to the relatively higher wax content in it. The production of such waxy crude oil would require hot water injection technique that is likely to add to the overall cost of production. The oil from Rajasthan was thick and waxy and special heated pipelines would be needed to transport it may not be easy to extract oil from the Rajasthan [Largest reserve] and many incur additional expenses On the other hand, the waxy crude oil would get lower realization. The company expects realization of around 5-10% discount to Brent. However, it could be relatively much lower at a discount of 10-20% going by the prevailing trend in the market. 5. The investors considered the issue as an expensive one:-. Cairn India IPO was priced at double the valuations of state owned ONGC Looking at the financials and other peer group comparisons as stated in various research reports [CLSA, Share Khan, JM Morgan Stanley], the offer price was expensive. 6. And finally, and the most important, investors were shattered by the 800 point fall in 2 days. The lack of investor interest for the Cairn India IPO can also be attributed to the sharp correction in the market on Monday. Brokers said a downturn in the market tends to affect the appetite for primary issues, especially among short-term investors. This is because if market is subdued at the time of the listing of IPOs, the rise in share price on the first day may be checked. 7. Low over subscription numbers: - The Company need capital market with tremendous enthusiasm but investors' enthusiasm was missing. The subscription was lower than that of smaller issues of 2006, which managed subscription of over 2 times. Analysts were also bullish on the issue before its subscription started due to its goodwill and name in the market. Though the issue got tremendous response on the first day, but that did not reflect on the final day. The
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issue which got subscription of around 1.6 times on the first day saw many investors withdrawing their bids on the last day. Due to this, the issue was subscribed just 1.14 times. There was lower over subscription numbers due to all the above reasons. Due to this the issue got listed at a price much was below the issue price. Valuations: The offer price band was Rs 160-Rs 190. Based on the consolidated financials of CEA, CEH and CEIH for the year ended December 2005, profit after tax (PAT) stands at Rs 92 crores, including one-time income of Rs 230 crore. Also the financials for the six months ended June 2006 were not exciting as they include a write-off of the unsuccessful exploration cost of Rs 236.73 crore on 15 wells digged in Rajasthan block prior to the successful discovery of the Mangala oil field. On a comparative valuation basis, at the upper end of the price band CIL is offered at double the valuation of the state-owned Oil & Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC).So, we can say that the issue of cairn India is expensive. Findings: From the above IPO, we can conclude that listing of Cairn India was below the issue price which was due to the above mentioned reasons irrespective of the strong fundamentals of the company. So, before going for Cairn India IPO a prudent investor should have aimed at long term returns. rather than expecting listing gains. Since the return of Cairn india will start coming only after 2009,So the investors should have invested in IPO keeping in mind above mentioned factors which had affected its listing.
Listing performance of ICRA Ltd (Credit Rating Agency). 55
Business of Credit Rating Companys (ICRA) The following factors govern the rating business: Credit rating is mandatory for issuance of debt instruments by listed companies with maturity/convertibility of 18 months and above. SEBI along with stock exchanges made ratings mandatory for debt instruments placed under private placement basis and having a maturity of one year or more, which are proposed to be listed. Requirement for certain investors to invest not more than a stipulated part of their portfolio in unrated bonds. RBI has made it mandatory for all commercial banks to make fresh investment only in rated non - SLR securities. Non-government PFs, Superannuation funds, Gratuity funds can only invest in bonds issued by public financial institutions, public/private sector companies, provided they are dual rated. Further said fund houses can only invest in shares of companies, which have investment grade rating from at least two credit rating agencies. Summarizing above, the growth in the rating business hinges on the growth of debt- securities in the market. In 2005-06, 96.25% of the Rs 794 billion of debt instruments were rated, signifying high level of penetration. It is worth mentioning here that in India; only about 10 per cent of banks corporate exposures are rated by external rating agencies, which imply huge potential for rating agencies in the days ahead. About the Company Best in its Class when it comes to Credit rating, ICRA is the second largest company next only to CRISIL. The company enjoys strong market position for credit ratings in the financial sector and structured finance. ICRA Ltd. is one amongst the four credit rating agencies in India providing a wide 56
range of products and services. They were established in 1991 as a credit rating agency by a consortium of financial / investment institutions, commercial banks and financial services companies. It operates as a professionally managed commercial entity with the objective of maximizing shareholder value. The company has 3 wholly owned subsidiaries, namely, IMaCS, ICTEAS and ICRA Online. IMaCS provides management consulting services. ICTEAS is into providing business solutions and computer aided engineering services. ICRA Online provides mutual fund based information services and outsourcing services.
Business of ICRA The company is primarily engaged in the business of providing rating and grading services and research based information services. It rates rupee-denominated debt instruments issued by entities including Corporates, NBFCs, Financial Institutions, Public Sector Undertakings and Municipalities, among others. It also rates structured finance, line of credit, project finance, corporate governance, issuer rating, debt fund-credit risk rating, claims paying ability rating. In addition along with it subsidiaries, it providesConsulting service: This segment contributes 18% to the revenue stream. In this space the growth has been secular at 28% till FY06. But, in the current year the growth has been nearly flat. IMaCS, a wholly owned subsidiary provides management consultancy services to clients based on India and abroad under five business areas namely, infrastructure, energy, banking and insurance, corporate advisory and government. IMaCS clients include banks, FIs, NBFCs, manufacturing and service organizations, government and government- owned organizations, debt and equity investors, regulators and multilateral agencies. Information technology based services: This segment of business was introduced in FY06 and currently contributes 13% to the top line. ICRA, through ICTEAS (one of its subsidiary) provide IT solutions in the realm of business applications and processes in the verticals like sales and distributions management, franchisee service management, financial management and business analytics. The clients
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include BP Lubricants and Judge Technical Staffing. Majority portion of this business are inherited by ICRA, when it acquired ICTEAS and are quite distinct from the core business of rating. Information services: This is also a small segment of business, which contributes close to 3% to the top line. Here, the growth is sedate even on a lower base. In this space, ICRA provides Grading Services in relation to construction companies/entities, realty developers, healthcare and maritime institutions, equity shares and grading of small scale enterprises. Here, ICRA has not taken big initiative to grade the SME sector, which offers huge scope for growth. The management is preparing a blueprint to delve into this sector. Currently, the management feels, incomes are not commensurate to the costs involved. Besides grading, ICRA also provide research based information services and Mutual Fund based services. Outsourcing services: Through ICRA Online, ICRA provides outsourcing services in the area of KPO, Research, Data aggregation and technical services to financial services entities. This is a very small segment of business, and due to low base, the growth (YoY) looks very high. Under a standing agreement ICRA Online provides information management services to Moodys Investors Service. Also ICRA monitors the mutual funds rated by Moodys Investors Service in Europe and Asia (with the exception of India). ICRA Online also provides certain outsourcing services to BSE. But here, ICRA is barred to take any outsourcing assignments of any other bourses. We feel due to this ICRA may be loosing significant outsourcing services from NSE, the biggest exchange. Business Strategy The objective is to enhance its position as a leading provider of ratings, research, consulting and outsourced services. It is focused on enhancing shareholder value through pursuing strategies that increase the profitability and return on equity. The key elements of its business strategy are as follows: Expand the business by using its brand name, core competencies and strategic relationship. Expansion of the service offerings.
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Expansion of the global capabilities. Continuing to attract, train and retain employees.
ICRA plans to expand business by using its brand core competencies and strategic relationship. To increase its market share ICRA plans to concentrate on providing high quality services and to focus on its key businesses. Other initiatives include improving its brand visibility, enhancing its service offering and franchise amongst the investors, issuers & intermediaries.
Competitive Strengths (Reasons for good Subscription) One of the few credit rating agencies in India. Close association with Moodys Group Moodys India, which is part of the Moodys Group, is a promoter of ICRA Limited. In addition, Moodys Investors Service, which is an international rating agency, has entered into the Technical Services Agreement with the company pursuant to which it has been providing technical services to ICRA. Further, the company provides certain outsourcing services to Moodys Investors Service. Rich database and research support its products and services portfolio Product and service innovation. The company believes that part of their success lies in their ability to successfully introduce new products and services. In the last five years, they have introduced carious rating and grading products such as corporate governance ratings, project finance ratings, issuer ratings, mutual fund ratings and grading of maritime training institutes, healthcare institutions and real estate developers and projects. Demonstrated track record of its rating. ICRA believes that for ratings to be used as reliable indicators of credit risk, it is critical that a rating agency be able to demonstrate, over a period of time, strong correlation between the actual performance of the ratings it assigns and what the ratings themselves convey. Since 2001, the company has been publishing their rating transition studies. They believe that the ratings assigned by them show that higher category ratings
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demonstrate a relatively lower likelihood of default and a higher degree of stability with greater resilience to change. Experienced and strong management team and pool of high quality employee talent.
ICRA IPO ICRA Limited has entered the capital markets with a issue of 25.81 Lac Equity Shares at a price band of Rs. 275-330.The company entered capital market with a public issue of 2,581,100 equity shares of Rs 10 each, for cash, at a price to be decided through a 100% book building process. The price band for the issue was between Rs 275 to Rs 330 per equity share. The issue size at the higher price band is at Rs 85.17 crore. It is also an associate of Moodys Investors Services. Moody has 29% stake in ICRA. Remaining stake is held by leading financial institutions and banks like SBI, LIC, IFCI etc.
Details of Issue
Type of Issue: Issue Size: Price - Band: Issue Opens: d_ Issue Closes: Minimum Bid Lot: Multiples of 20 thereafter Listing: Book Running: Lead Managers Co. Ltd. Registrar:
Book Building 2.5 m Equity Shares Rs.275 Rs.330 March 20, 2007 March 23, 2007 20 Equity shares and in
BSE & NSE SBI Capital Markets Ltd.
Kotak Mahindra Capital Intime Spectrum Registry Limited.
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ICRA would be the second company going for listing (among the fours).
Objective of the Issue The objects of the offer are to achieve the benefits of listing on the stock exchanges and provide liquidity to existing shareholders and employees. To meet the Issue Expenses. To avail the listing benefits. The objective of the issue is to provide an exit route to the existing shareholders. Hence, there are no proceeds to the company out of the issue. However, the issue would enhance brand name of the company and provide public markets to the companys equity shares.
Most of the experts had recommended the ICRA IPO due to their following reasons:Experts/Company Result Reasons ICRA is an excellent issue. The price band is
reasonable; counter demand
is good. The main advantage to the company

is that Sebi has made rating
compulsory for the debt R S Iyer (KR Choksey) Manish Bhatt (Prabhudas Apply Apply issues. Investors must subscribe to issue. ICRA looks to be good issue, at an attractive price
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Lilladher)
band. On the PE basis, it is around (ASK):15x while CRISIL at 40-45x. So investors have to apply for this issue. ICRA is a very good issue. It is half the size of CRISIL, but still looks good. It is proven company and valuation wise also good (the PE for ICRA is
SP Tulsian (Investment Advisor) Apply
around 13x and CRISIL at 30x ). Investors should apply for it.
Response to IPO ICRA IPO oversubscribed 75 times. It was a magnificent response from investors to ICRA, a leading provider of investment information and credit rating services in India. Every type of investor, whether it is FII, retail or HNI, has given glorious support to the issue. In total, it has received more than 19.36 crores bids, out of which, 76.40% or 4.57 crores bids were at cut off price. The issue was oversubscribed 75.04 times, as per NSE website. Qualified institutional investors have put over 11.69 crores bids, in that 53.88% bids were from FIIs. QIBs portion subscribed 90.65 times. Non-institutional investors' portion was subscribed 72 times and retail investors at 54 times.
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Subscription Details Investors Qualified institutional buyers Non institutional investors Retail individual investors Total Times 90.65 72.12 53.99 75.04
Allocation of Shares:1. QIBs:-The offer is being made through the 100% book building process wherein up to 50% of the offer shall be allotted on a proportionate basis to qualified institutional buyers (QIBs). Further, 5% of the QIB portion shall be available for allocation to mutual funds only and the remaining QIB portion shall be available for allocation to the QIB bidders including mutual funds, subject to valid bids being received at or above the offer price. 2. Further, at least 15% of the offer shall be available for allocation on a proportionate basis to noninstitutional bidders and at least 35% of the offer shall be available for allocation on a proportionate basis to retail individual bidders, subject to valid bids being received at or above the offer price. (ASK):- The offer shall constitute 25.81% of the fully diluted post-offer capital of the company. Book running lead managers to the issue are SBI Capital Markets & Kotak Mahindra Capital and registrar is Intime Spectrum Registry.
Reasons for Good Listing 1. One of the few credit rating agencies in India. ICRA is one of the four credit rating agencies in India. It is primarily engaged in the business of providing rating, grading and research based information services. In fiscal 2006, volume of debt rated by ICRA was Rs 138949 crore and the number of published issuers rated by them outstanding
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as on March 31, 2006 were 398. It enjoys strong market position for credit ratings in the financial sector and structural finance. In India only four companys are in rating space and among them only one is listed entity. 2. Expansion to drive growth. ICRA plans to expand business by using its brand core competencies and strategic relationship. To increase its market share ICRA plans to concentrate on providing high quality services and to focus on its key businesses. Other initiatives include improving its brand visibility, enhancing its service offering and franchise amongst the investors, issuers & intermediaries. To expand its presence in the US, ICRAs subsidiary, ICTEAS has initiated the process for incorporating a subsidiary in the US. With the proposed implementation of Basel II norms, the company expects the requirement for rating loan exposures to increase given the dominance of bank credit in India. 3. Improving macro environment to drive business fundamentals. We believe the company is an attractive play on the developing ratings market in India. The demand for ratings stems from the developing debt market, increasing leverage of corporates and increasing capital requirements of banks and financial institutions. Grading of equity issuances, which is currently voluntary, if made compulsory, could lead to increased revenues. Basel II will be a key revenue driver for both ratings and consulting segments. ICRA is present in businesses like consulting, software, outsourcing, and information services. Overall increase in resource mobilization from the debt markets and recent regulations by SEBI to make IPO grading mandatory will give a further boost to the growing rating services industry. 4. Industry Drivers Demand for rating services is derived from the overall resource mobilization in the economy particularly from the growth of debt markets viz. corporate bonds and commercial paper issuance. The rating industry in India has registered a growth in the last three years. Credit rating industry in India is expected to grow by 27% with increased demand from big consumers of consulting services like Banking and finance, Information services, Software and Outsourcing services.
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5. Strong database and key to product innovation will add to revenue. In depth knowledge in several sectors supplemented by knowledge management systems has enabled ICRA to create a rich database to address to varied requirements of different sectors. In last five years, it has introduced various rating and grading products such as corporate governance ratings, project finance ratings, issuer ratings mutual fund ratings, healthcare institution and real estate developers and projects etc. Going ahead it is expected to increase its product innovation and likely to cater to other sector in addition to its present product portfolio. 6 .Close Association with Moodys Group. Moodys India, which is part of the Moodys Group, is the promoter and holds 29% in the company. Moodys Investor services, which is an international credit rating agency, has entered into Technical Services Agreement with the company pursuant to which it has been providing technical services to the company. ICRA also provides certain outsourcing services to Moodys. 7. Strong Market Positioning. The company enjoys strong market position for credit ratings in the financial sector and structured finance. In FY 2006, volume of debt rated was Rs 1389 billion and the number of outstanding published issuers rated was 398. 8. Strong Financials. The total revenue has increased from Rs 333.67 million in FY03 to Rs 559.09 million in FY06 at the CAGR of 19 %. During the same period, PAT increased from Rs 97.05 million to Rs 142.08 million at the CAGR of 13.5%.
Valuations The stock was priced attractively at 18x annualized FY07E earnings (post issue) as compared to CRISIL which is trading at 21x FY07E annualized EPS. ICRAs subsidiaries, particularly its
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outsourcing division, are in initial stages and FY06 consolidated numbers do not fully reflect the earnings potential. Internationally, rating companies like Moodys trade at 30x FY06 EPS. ICRA posted a net profit growth of 13.5% CAGR over FY03-06, which is expected to improve with growth in operating income as well as segmental income going forward. There is only one listed company, the leader CRISIL. The rating business may not attract more players in future, due to high reputation of existing players, especially CRISIL and ICRA. It can be observed that the other business segment of ICRA will contribute significantly in future, maintaining its rating business. CRISIL is currently trading at 39.67x its CY06 EPS of Rs 55.33. The EBIDTA margin of ICRA is lower at 33.5%, compared to 41.2 % in case of CRISIL. The cap price of Rs 330 discounts 18.22x its annualized 9M FY07 EPS of Rs18.12. The Moodys patronage, and distinguished shareholder-promoter base, will lend lot of support in future in getting business and will stand in good stead. The management has given a growth outlook of 25% CAGR for coming three years.
Findings: From the above IPO, we can conclude that listing of ICRA Ltd was above the issue price due to its strong fundamentals & above mentioned reasons So, before going for ICRA IPO a prudent investor should aimed at long term returns as well as expecting good listing gains. So, By making a thorough analysis of the company, its fundamentals, its unique position in the business, financials& its valuations investors should have invested in the IPO
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INDIAN ECONOMY
In 1991, the Government of India initiated a series of comprehensive macroeconomic and structural reforms to promote economic stability and growth. The key policy reforms that were initiated by the Government were focused on deregulating certain industry sectors, accelerating foreign investment and implementing a privatization program for disinvestment in public sector units.
History and evolution of the telecommunications sector:Phase I Take off Phase Prior to 1991, the telecommunications industry in India was state-owned. In December 1991, the DoT began the process of introducing private sector participation in the telecommunications sector by inviting bids from Indian companies with no more than 49% foreign ownership for non-exclusive licenses to provide cellular services in the four metropolitan Circles. The Government issued 34 licenses covering 18 service areas to 14 companies from 1995 through 1998. In 1999, the National Telecommunication Policy 1999 (NTP 1999) was announced by the Government to address the difficulties encountered by licensees under the initial telecommunications licensing regime.
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Phase II High Growth Phase In January 2001, the Government published guidelines concerning the fourth license to be awarded for each Circle. The guidelines further provided that for the entire duration of the license, total foreign held equity in the licensee company should not exceed 49% of the paid-up capital and that management control should vest with an Indian promoter. Also, in January 2001, based on the recommendations of TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India) the Government issued guidelines to permit fixed-line telecommunications service providers to provide limited mobility services using Wireless Local Loop WLL (M) technology, within specified short distance calling areas in which the relevant subscriber is registered. In October 2003, TRAI recommended to the Government that fixed-line telecommunications service providers intending to provide limited mobility services based on WLL (M) technology pay a specified amount as an additional entry fee.
Phase III Recent Phase In November 2005, the Government raised the foreign direct investment limit applicable to the telecommunications sector from 49% to 74% (held directly or indirectly), subject to compliance with certain conditions, including that the majority of the directors and selective key senior management personnel of a company operating in the telecommunications sector be resident Indian citizens, any shareholder agreements and the memorandum and articles of association of the company be amended to ensure compliance with the conditions of the relevant license agreement, and a resident Indian promoter holds at least 10% equity of the company.
The key reasons for the significant growth in the industry in the last phase of growth were: CPP effect on the usage patterns of consumers; Intensified competition due to the entry of Reliance Televentures Limited; Introduction of schemes like Monsoon Hangama by Reliance; Introduction of micro pre-paid plans; and Introduction of extended validity cards.
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TELECOM INDUSTRY GROWTH DRIVERS Given its low tele-density, economic liberalization and the increasing affordability of mobile telephones and services, the Indian mobile telecommunications industry is expected to continue to enjoy growth in terms of both subscribers and usage. The following factors are expected to contribute to further growth:
Overall economic growth and continued development of the Indian economy.
The buoyancy of the Indian economy has increased the purchasing power of consumers. Disposable incomes have risen by a CAGR of 10% over the last ten years, resulting in an increase in consumption expenditure. According to the National Center for Applied Economic Research (NCAER), the number of households in the middle income, high income and rich categories is expected to increase to approximately 37 million, 21 million and 23 million, respectively, by financial year 2007 from approximately 24 million, 14 million and 12 million, respectively, in financial year 2002 as summarized in the diagram below:
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This significant improvement in affluence coupled with the growing working population is expected to be one of the key drivers for increased mobile telecommunication penetration in the future.
Favourable Demographics in India.
The favourable demographic profile of India as reflected in the increase in the population in the age group between 15 - 44 is a factor for the growth in the demand for telecommunications services since this age group is associated with a higher propensity to spend with increasing disposable income and with increasing trend awareness. Set out below are details of the demographic age profile in India for the period 2001 to 2010.
Higher growth rate of service-oriented sectors, leading to an increased demand for mobile telecommunications services.
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The contribution of the service-oriented sectors to the Indian GDP has increased significantly in the past five decades. Service oriented sectors contributed approximately 29% of the GDP in 1960 and contributed approximately 54% of the GDP in 2005. This growth is primarily due to enhancements in information technology and information technology-enabled services in the last two decades. This should in turn lead to increased demand for mobile telecommunications services.
Declining tariffs and reduced handset costs have enhanced subscriber growth.
Tariffs have been declining over the past ten years. Handset costs have also decreased significantly in recent years. This has reduced the entry barriers for new subscribers and thus expanded the markets available to telecommunications service providers.
Fall in incremental capital expenditure per subscriber and economies of scale.
Mobile operators in the Indian telecommunications industry have generally attained the necessary number of subscribers to benefit from various economies of scale and to negotiate better prices from network equipment vendors. As a consequence, as well as because of significant subscriber growth, incremental capital expenditure per subscriber is expected to fall in the future.
Increase in pre-paid subscribers through micro pre-paid and extended validity cards will be a driver for future growth.
Current growth in the subscriber base is mainly attributable to growth in the number of pre-paid subscribers. The growth in this segment is primarily due to lower entry costs for subscribers and the availability of products and services. From the perspective of a mobile operator, pre-paid subscribers are logistically easier to manage than post-paid subscribers as they do not require elaborate sales infrastructure nor do they pose significant credit risks as payments are received upfront. The latest offerings of micro pre-paid plans and extended validity cards by mobile operators have proved popular and have taken subscriber growth to new levels.
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Increasing demand for value-added telecommunications services.
As the telecommunications needs of subscribers become increasingly sophisticated, we expect increased demand for value added data services such as music messaging and voice recognition products. This trend will be enhanced by the development and supply of new data-enabled handsets at lower prices. Revenues from VAS are expected to bridge the gap created by the fall in ARPUs triggered by a reduction in tariffs.
Increased regulatory clarity.
The regulator has taken proactive steps to improve mobile teledensity. The regulatory regime has fostered healthy competition in addition to allowing significant FDI participation of up to 74% ownership in telecom companies. These regulatory changes and refinements in recent years have brought greater clarity to existing rules and procedures enabling the operators to focus on improving network quality and telecommunications services. This situation has also made it easier for companies operating in this sector in India to raise financing and other funding on more attractive terms given the greater predictability of the operational environment. Since the regulatory framework is an evolving process within the industry.
Indian telecommunications market can be broadly classified into the following segments: o Wireless o Wireline o National Long Distance o International Long Distance o Data Services.
Wireless
Wireless comprises mobile services provided by GSM and CDMA operators. Indias population is geographically spread out in semi urban and rural areas and high capital intensity of providing last mile connectivity to fixed-line subscribers makes it economically unremunerative to provide fixed 72
line services to a large section of the population. In addition, the value proposition of a wireless connection is significantly higher to a telecom subscriber as compared to a fixed-line service. This mobility advantage has expanded the market for the entire telecommunications industry. We believe increased spending power and changing demographic profile of the population in favour of the younger generation have also contributed to the growth of wireless industry.
Wireline
Since 2001, when the regulations permitted entry of private basic telecom operations, several players including Reliance Infocomm, Bharti Airtel and Tata Teleservices started providing Wireline services. International Long Distance ("ILD")
State-owned Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) had the only ILD licence in India until April 2002 the Government decided to open up the ILD segment to competition without any restriction on the number of operators. Thus, the monopoly of VSNL ended. Data Access, Reliance Infocomm and Bharti Televentures applied and were issued licences shortly after the Government issued the detailed guidelines and licence conditions in January 2002. Reduced tariffs, increased globalization, growth in outsourcing based industries and increased penetration have fuelled the growth in usage minutes in the ILD segment over the past years.
National Long Distance (NLD)
NLD services were a state monopoly until mid-2002, with BSNL being the sole provider of domestic long distance services. The NTP 1999 envisaged the opening up of the national long-distance market to private players. Subsequently, the Government decided to open up the NLD segment to competition without any restriction on the number of players. Increased competition owing to a larger number of players has resulted in sharp decrease in the tariffs paid by the consumers. Lower tariffs and increased telecom penetration has fuelled growth in NLD segment. Telecom industry is one of the growth industry which has very bright future outlook due to all the reasons mentioned above which are favoring the growth of Indian telecom industry. So, 73
telecom companies also present a good opportunity for the investment since they are the main growth drivers in the industry. However in the same telecom industry the performance of the IPO of Idea cellular Ltd. & Spice Communications Ltd. are different. So, even in the same sector the investor should analyze the Fundamentals of the companies separately to estimate the future prices of the stock. Below lies the comparison of IPOs of Idea Cellular Ltd. & Spice Communications Ltd.
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Comparison of IPOs of Idea Cellular Ltd. & Spice Communications Ltd. Idea Cellular Limited
ISSUE DETAILS Price Band Net Issue Size Rs 65-75 Rs 20,750 million Allocation to Retail 30% of Net Issue Listings Issue Opens NSE and BSE 12-Feb-2007 15-Feb-2007
Green-Shoe Option Rs 3,187.5 million Issue Size with Green-Shoe Option Minimum Bid Quantity Maximum Bid (Retailers) 100,000 90
Rs 23,937.5 million Issue Closes
Process
Book-building
Purpose of Issue
Expansion
Lead Managers JM Morgan Stanley Private Limited. DSP Merrill Lynch Limited. UBS Securities India Private Limited. Citigroup Global Markets India Private Limited.
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REGISTRAR TO THE ISSUE Bigshare Services Private Limited
Objective of the Issue
In addition, Company expect to derive the benefits from the listing of equity shares, which would provide liquidity to Equity Shares issued in connection with our ESOS, which they intend to issue to their employees, in addition to providing a currency for acquisitions.
Background Idea Cellular was incorporated in 1995 as Birla Communication Ltd with licenses for providing GSM-based services in the Gujarat. In 1996, the name was changed to Birla AT&T Communications Ltd after it became a joint venture company of Grasim Industries and AT&T Corporation. In 2000, the company merged with Tata Cellular, thereby acquiring the original license for the Andhra Pradesh circle. In 2001, it acquired RPG Cellular Ltd and consequently the license for the Madhya Pradesh (including Chattisgarh) circle and changed the name to Birla-Tata- AT&T Ltd. In the same year, it obtained a license for providing GSM based services in the Delhi circle. At this time, the Idea brand was also created. It is now is the sixth largest wireless operator in India with an 8.5%
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market share in total wireless subscribers. The company is currently operating in 11 circles (Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh (West), Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Gujarat, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh , Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh (East) and it has got the licenses for the two more circles (Bihar & Mumbai).
Business Idea cellular Ltd are amongst the leading mobile operators and currently operate in 11 Circles which comprise one metropolitan Circle, three category A Circles, six category B Circles and one category C Circle. In addition, it holds licenses for the Metropolitan Circle of Mumbai and the category C Circle of Bihar. It ranks amongst the top three operators in six of the Established Circles. They are currently one of the fastest growing mobile operators and have consistently grown in the Established Circles and New Circles with a market share approximately of 16.7% in the period between April and December 2006. They have well-positioned GSM service provider with original licenses in seven of their 13 Circles as a result of which it benefit from various incumbency advantages. Company believes that they are well positioned to capitalize on the growth opportunities in the Indian telecommunications market and will be able to leverage their existing strengths in all their 13 Circles and into additional Circles where it commence operations. Idea Cellular Ltd is now part of the Aditya Birla Group, which is their sole promoter and is currently amongst the largest business groups in India in terms of market capitalization. They are expanding their coverage in the Established Circles and the New Circles, and also pursuing new licenses to create a pan- India footprint. Company has recently received a UAS License for the Mumbai Circle and, through Aditya Birla Telecom Limited, a UAS License for the Bihar Circle. The Mumbai Circle is attractive for the company because Mumbai is the commercial capital of India and also because of the community of telephony interests including the benefit of traffic flows with their other Circles, particularly Maharashtra, Delhi and Gujarat Circles. They have also recently obtained an NLD license which should reduce their operating costs
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Spice Communications Limited
ISSUE DETAILS Price Band Net Issue Size Rs 41-46 Allocation to Retail 30% of Net Issue BSE
113,111,111 Equity Listings Shares.
Minimum Bid Quantity Maximum Bid (Retailers) Purpose of Issue
90
Issue Opens
JUNE 25, 2007
100,000
Issue Closes
JUNE 27, 2007
Expansion
Process
100 % Book Building Issue)
Objects of the Issue The objects of the Issue are to achieve the benefits of listing on the Stock Exchange and to raise funds for (a) Part payment of our long term debt, (b) Payment for NLD/ILD license fees, (c) Meet our capital expenditure requirements, (d) For other general corporate purposes and (e) Meet the expenses of the Issue.
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Lead Managers Enam Financial Consultants Private Limited UBS Securities India Private Limited.
Registrars to the Issue Karvy Computershare Private Limited
Background Originally incorporated as a private limited company on March 28, 1995 under the name of "Modicom Network Private Limited". The Company subsequently became a deemed public company under section 43(1A) of the Companies Act, 1956 with effect from April 1, 1999 and the name of the Company was changed to "Modicom Network Limited". On December 28, 2006, the Company was converted into a public limited company and the name was changed to "Spice Communications Limited".
Business Spice Communications Ltd are the second largest cellular services provider in Punjab and fifth largest cellular services provider in Karnataka, measured by the total number of subscribers. On a combined basis, Company has a market share of 14.49% in these states, measured by the total number of subscribers. Their customer base consisted of approximately 2.73 million subscribers as of March 31, 2007, comprising of approximately 2.20 million pre-paid subscribers and approximately 0.53 million postpaid subscribers. According to data compiled by COAI, the Punjab and Karnataka circles in which we operate accounted for 11.95% of Indias telecommunications market share as of March 31, 2007, measured by total number of subscribers. Both of these states are recognized as major economic hubs of India, with Punjab enjoying the highest per capita income in the country, and Karnataka (whose major city is Bangalore) known as the Silicon Valley of India.
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To match the existing markets, it has recently embarked on a pan-India expansion strategy by applying for licences for an additional 21 circles throughout India to provide GSM cellular services, in addition to licences for providing NLD and ILD services. As they are expand their business outside of Punjab and Karnataka, they expect to supplement this local brand strategy with a national brand strategy which focuses on Indias relatively youthful population by providing marketing, customer retention and loyalty programs and lifestyle features, including value-added services that appeal to younger subscribers. Currently, they also offer various value-added services and international roaming services. Our Promoters are Mr. Dilip Modi and Modi Wellvest Private Limited. TM, through TMI India, a wholly-owned subsidiary of TM International, is an investor in the Company. They expect to benefit from TMs operational and management experience both in Malaysia and key Asian regional markets, through the creation of new products and services, the sharing of technological experience and implementing and leveraging group synergies
Ratios Analysis: Year 2006-2007 A ratio is an arithmetical relationship between two figures. Financial ratio analysis is a study of ratios between various items or group of items in financial statements. Financial ratios help in analyzing the financial performance of the firm. It is helpful in assessing corporate excellence, valuing equity shares, assessing market risk, judging creditworthiness. Ratio analysis involves the use of various methods for calculating & interpreting financial ratios to assess the performances & status of the business. It is the tool of financial analysis, which not only studies but also reflecting the numerical & quantitative relationship between the important financial variables. Ratio analysis facilitates comparison between two companies. It reflects the financial efficiency & financial position of a company. Ratio analysis is fruitful in preparing plans for the future. Ratio analysis is process of comparison of one figure against another, which makes a ratio, and appraisal of the ratios to make proper analysis about the strength and weakness of the firms operation. Ratio analysis is extremely helpful in providing valuable insight into a company s 80
financial picture. Ratios provide an easy way to compare present performance of businesses. Ratios depict the areas in which a particular business competitively advantaged or disadvantaged through comparing ratios to those of other businesses within the same industry.
Ratios
Idea Cellular Ltd
Spice Communications Ltd
Operating Profit Margin
36
24
Gross Profit Margin
24
12
Net Profit Margin
-10
Debtor Turnover Ratio
22.1
13.56
Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio
0.71
0.73
Current Ratio
2.04
1.26
Debt Equity Ratio
1.26
-11.99
81
Interest Covering Ratio
2.88
1.91
Return On Investment
23
18
Return On Net worth
11
74
Dividend Yield
The ratios of Idea Cellular Ltd should be compared with its competitor Spice Communications Ltd to reveal whether the firm is significantly out of line with its Competitors.
Operating Profit Margin: As it can be seen there is 12% difference in operating profit margin of both the Companies. It means as compared to Spice Communications Ltd , Idea Cellular Ltd is doing exceptionally well in commercial operations of its business. Idea Cellular Ltd is managing its day to day business activities more efficiently & effectively.
Gross Profit Margin: There is vast difference of 12% in gross profit margin of both the companies. As gross profit indicates the difference between Sales and Cost of Production, the margin indicates the efficiency of Idea Cellular Ltd in production operations as compared to Spice Communications Ltd.
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Net Profit Margin: As Net Margin of both the companies also shows a considerable difference of 4%, it means Idea Cellular Ltd is effectively managing all its Administration, Selling & Distribution Expenses. As Spice Communications Ltd has Net Profit Margin (-10) i.e. negative which is due to the fact that it has incurred losses. So it implies that even in the same sector spice is incurring significant losses whereas Idea is doing well as evident by the better net profit margins.
Debtors Turnover Ratio: Idea Cellular Ltd Average Collection Period = 360/22.1 = 16days. Spice Communications Ltd 360/13.56 = 27days
As average collection period of Idea Cellular Ltd is less than Spice Communications Ltd, it means the quality of debtors Spice Communications Ltd is not as good as compared to Idea Cellular ltd. Idea Cellular Ltd is turning its debtors faster in sales, since a short collection period implies prompt payments by debtors. So the funds blocked up by Idea in debtors are less compared to spice which the Idea is using for other profitable purposes.
Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio: There is marginal difference in the Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio of Spice Communications ltd & Idea Cellular Ltd which is due to the fact that the fixed asset employed by Spice is much lower than Idea Cellular Ltd. But the sales of Idea Cellular Ltd are much higher than Spice Communications Ltd.
Current Ratio: As ideal Current Ratio is 2:1. So, Idea Cellular Ltd is efficient in managing its liquidity. It has more Current Assets to pay off Current Liabilities. Idea Cellular Ltd has 2.04 Rs current assets for every 1 Re of current liabilities whereas Spice Communications Ltd is illiquid comparatively as it has only 1.26 Rs current assets for every 1 Re of current liabilities
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Debt Equity Ratio: As Idea Cellular Ltd is using 1.26 debt as compared o Spice Communications Ltd (-11.99), it means Idea Cellular Ltd is taking advantage of leverage & the risk of meeting fixed interest rate obligations as it is sure of its earnings. Incase of Spice Communications Ltd the debt equity ratio is negative which implies that it has repayment burden.
Interest Coverage Ratio: As there is a difference of 0.97 in interest coverage ratio of both companies. It means Idea Cellular Ltd has got sufficiently enough earnings to service its debts as compared with Spice Communications Ltd.
Return on Investment (ROI): As it has difference of 5%, it means that Idea Cellular Ltd is getting more returns on total capital employed as compared to Spice Communications Ltd which is giving less returns i.e. 18%. So it is efficiently managing its assets.
Return on Net Worth: As Idea Cellular Ltd is earning very average returns on its Equity Share Capital, that why its return on networth is low but it is at par with industry averages. Incase of Spice Communications Ltd, The return on networth is high due to comparatively less networth. So the return on networth ratio should not be misunderstood just because spice has much higher return on networth as compared to Idea Cellular Ltd. Findings: Ratio is important criteria for selecting the company to invest. It also provides the base for decisionmaking in investment. In Ratio analysis a companys goodwill, its performances, liquidity, leverage, turnover, profitability & financial health are checked & analysis is carried for the purpose of long term successful investment. This Ratio analysis is helpful to general investor in many ways. It provides important & vital information regarding the financial position of the company. The ratio analysis helps the investor to analyze the past performance of the firm and to make further future projection regarding financial position. Ratio analysis is a very powerful analytical tool useful for measuring performance of an organization as it
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concentrates on the inter-relationship among the figures appearing in the financial and accounting statements. Listing of IPOs Idea Cellular Ltd Listing Date Cut off Price Share Price after three months from listing. % Gain 13th March 75 As on 13th June 2007 Rs 111.60 48.8% Spice Communications Ltd 19th July 46 As on 19th October 2007 Rs 50.10 8.91%
Stock Market Performance
Idea Cellular Ltd
140 120 100 89.85 Price 80 60 40 20 0 91.15
Idea Cellular Ltd

124.95 124.6 115.7 123.95 121.55 127.3
Month-Wise
us t Se pt em be r O ct ob er
Ju ne
il
M ar c
Ap r
M ay
Ju ly
Au g
85
Index -Sensex
20000 18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0
ar ch M
Market Prices
17328.62 15550.13 15422.05 14935.77 14570.75 14078.21 13159.55 12455.37
Ju ne
Ap ril
Ju ly
Month-Wise
Spice Communications Ltd.

Spice Communications Ltd
62 60 58 Price 56 54 52 50 July August September October Month - Wise 55.65 54 55.85 60.65
t Se pt em be r O ct ob er
ay
Au gu s
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Index - Sensex
18000 17500 17000 Market Price 16500 16000 15500 15000 14500 14000 13500 July August September October Month-Wise 15550.13 14935.77 15422.05 17328.62
From the above stock market performance it can be seen that after the listing of idea in March 2007 it has not only listed at better premium but also has outperformed the Sensex as after three months its share price has show a gain of 48.8% whereas Spice Communications Ltd has underperformed with the Sensex & as after three months its share price has show a gain of 8.91%. Stock market prices are the reflection of the fundamentals of any company, so the fundamental differences can be evident from the share prices of Idea Cellular Ltd. & Spice Communications Ltd
Reasons for poor performance of Spice Communications ltd as compared to Idea Cellular Ltd.
Financial Performance
Spice has incurred significant losses in the past. As of June 30, 2006, it had accumulated losses of Rs. 6,425.43 million which exceeded their entire net worth at such time, and they continue to have negative net worth because of the accumulated losses of Rs. 6,843.57 million as of December 31, 2006. They expect to continue to have accumulated losses for the foreseeable future as they continue to incur significant expenditures on account of capital and operational costs and debt repayments. We cannot assure you that we will not continue to incur losses in future or that our net worth will be 87
positive in the future. Their failure to do so may materially affect their business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.
Negative EPS & P/E ratio
EPS of Idea Cellular Ltd is 1.10 & P/E Ratio is 114.70. EPS OF Spice Communications Ltd is -1.25 as EPS is in negative so the P/E Ratio is zero. Since EPS measures the earnings which the company is providing on the money invested in business, it is indicating that Ideas financial position is sound. In case of Spice communications ltd., losses & negative losses is presenting unfavourable position in front of shareholders.
Promoters Groups
Spice Communications Ltd - Certain of their Promoter Group companies have incurred significant losses in the past. Some of their Promoter Group companies also incurred losses in the last three fiscal years. Idea Cellular Ltd is the part of the Aditya Birla Group which itself is very strong & has good business name in the market.
Listing
Spice does not meet the eligibility criteria for listing of their Equity Shares on NSE as their accumulated losses exceeds their net worth. Due to this, company withdrew the application for listing on NSE under the letter dated April 10, 2007. Their inability to list on the NSE may adversely affect the liquidity and tradability of their Equity Shares and the company cannot assure investors that their failure to list Equity Shares on the NSE will have an adverse affect on their liquidity or marketability of their Equity Shares. But there is no problem with idea as it is listed on both BSE & NSE.
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Area of Operation
Spice Communications are a regional player in the cellular services industry and significant competition from larger, national cellular service providers may have a material adverse effect on our profitability. They currently operate exclusively in the Punjab and Karnataka circles. While they intend to expand our geographic network coverage outside of these circles, they are currently a regional service provider. Most of our competitors are larger than them. In the past, they lost key corporate clients, particularly in the Karnataka market, primarily due to our lack of coverage in certain geographic areas. Company expect to continue to face significant competition in these two states and they cannot assure investors that their market share in these states will remain at the current level or that they will be able to successfully compete with other service providers. On other side Idea has a high market power in the telecom sector as compared to spice communications. Operations in 11 Circles in India covering a large part of the Indian market. Idea is national service providers.
Customer Base Spice Communications rely significantly on a small number of customers. Company cannot assure investors that in the event any of their customers fail to pay them or closes their accounts with them, company will be able to offer our services to new customers to cover their losses. The loss of any one of their major customers or delay or default in payment by them, or decrease in volume of their minutes of usage may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. On other hand Idea has a strong base of customers as it is spread all over India. Idea has critical mass of 12.44 million subscribers. It also has high quality network services which retain their customers as compared to its competitor like Spice Communications Ltd.
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RECENT NEWS IN I.P.O
JUDGING IPOS: RATING COS TREAD CAUTIOUSLY 20 JUN, 2007.
Indian credit rating agencies are almost ready to rate initial public offerings of local firms after the capital markets regulator has made it a mandatory requirement. There is agreement on the methodology to be adopted and the rationale for the rating awards. The agencies will cover the projects the company which is seeking to raise funds from the public market has on hand. They will run a check on the promoters, the financials of the firm, do the valuation, how the issuer has utilized funds and so on. What would be distinct however is the rating scale. The rating scale is expected to be from one to five with five signaling top quality offering. Each rating agency would be free to come to its own conclusion on the scale of rating just as it does in debt offerings. But this does not imply that firms can get away by shopping for better ratings. There is a difference in the new equity rating landscape unlike what the practice has been in rating debt. It may well be that a firm which is aggrieved with the rating assigned to it by one agency may well approach another rating agency. But the Indian capital markets regulator has been one up on them. It has made it clear that the issuer would have to disclose in the offer document the fact that it had approached another rating agency and had been assigned a lower rating. It is obvious that rating agencies see the risks involved in the new rating product. Legal disclaimers are sure to be attached alongside the rating report which they are expected to put out saying that they have done the best based on the data they have been provided with. After all, it is not that they were keen on this product, fully aware as they are of the reputation risks associated with such ratings. The revenues arent also very promising, at least to start with. But when it is the regulator which wants this to be done, seldom can a ratings firm decline. In a month or two, the first rating of an IPO is expected to be assigned. The big offerings such as ICICI Bank or SBI which are slated for launch later will not have such ratings as they are follow on offers. Over a period of time, the latest rating
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product should evolve. If it does, Indian rating agencies will be closely watched.
MARKET SEEN NOT READY FOR CIRCUIT FILTERS ON IPOS. TIMES NEWS NETWORK (WEDNESDAY, MAY 09, 2007)
The issue of implementing circuit filters when a stock debuts on the bourses has been hanging fire for some time now. The Securities and Exchange Board of India (Sebi) had recently proposed introducing a maximum upper limit on stocks on day one of their trading session, post demerger, amalgamation, and capital reduction, scheme of arrangements and revocation of suspension. It has, so far, kept away from new offerings. There are no circuit filters applied to such stocks on the first day of trading, which has often resulted in massive volumes and swings in the price movement. Interestingly, while the market regulator has indicated that it will at one point include IPO listings in this bracket, merchant bankers are of the view that such a step will lead to a fall in the quantum of retail interest in IPOs. This is apart from the fact that it would affect the natural price discovery mechanism. Sebi might be concerned with checking price rise on the first day, but it is also a fact that the day of debut sees many genuine investors exiting the counter to cash in on listing gains, says a merchant banker with a domestic firm. Retail investors who borrow money to invest in shares are the ones who try to book listing gains. In reality, they have no option but to sell if they want to make money. Such genuine investors will be affected if circuit filters are implemented on the first day, he added. In the current calendar year, more than 30 stocks have made their debut on the bourses and most of them have witnessed extreme volatility on day one. In the recent past, stocks like ICRA, Global Broadcast News, MindTree Consulting, Tanla Solutions, Pochiraju Industries, Pyramid Saimira, Akruti Nirman and Redington (India), among others have listed on the stock exchanges. All the above-mentioned stocks gained in the range of 20% to 70% on the day of listing. Interestingly, according to a section of industry participants, the regulators worry also stems from the fact that the first day witnesses huge trading activity albeit with a dismal delivery-based volume. Day traders are seen active in almost all the stocks when they debut. Day traders are the spoilsport who deal in bulk 91
quantity on the first day and jack up the prices. Such bulk deals create an artificial image that there is huge demand for the stock and hence one sees large amount of buy orders on the first day, says the research head of a brokerage house. He further adds that if the day traders are kept at bay on the first day, then more than half of the problem would be solved. However, he did add that operators do become active when the stock gets listed
OPEN AUCTION MAY DECIDE IPO PRICE 1 OCT, 2007.
We have come a long way from the days of fixed price IPOs where the investor really did not have a discovery mechanism, to the current book-building system. There has been a giant leap from the time of price setting by the Controller of Capital Issues to merchant bankers doing a book-building. It is debatable whether investors and markets have matured enough to move fully towards an auction system where IPO cut-off price is decided completely by auction and not constrained by a bookbuilding range. There are reasons to believe that the current book-building system is not really efficient and we need to gradually move towards an auction system. In the current system, investors have an illusion of discovering the price. Thats not true because the underwriting entities have already estimated a price band for the stock in consultation with other stakeholders to the issue. The investors options are severely circumscribed. Merchant bankers usually have strong reasons to justify the price band, but empirical evidence suggests that most of the IPOs are either under priced or overpriced. This has been validated by the fact that most stocks eventually closed much higher than their issue price right on the first day or dropped sharply. An auction-based method for pricing of initial public offers may replace book-building, with the government aiming to bring in more transparency and efficiency in share sale. The government had discussed the proposal with SEBI after which the panel was entrusted with the task. Global experience suggests that firms have enriched investors in greater measure when they let the investors decide the 92
price (auction method). The auction mechanism works well because the investor is in the driving seat, not the merchant banker or the issuer. Potential investors are expected to point out two things the price at which they will buy and the quantity that they are willing to subscribe to at that price. The lowest bid is taken as the price and any oversubscription is taken care of by pro-rata allotment of shares. In an auction method, the issuer gets the right value for shares, institutional investors get shares at a price they want and retail investors can then buy it at the lowest price offered by a qualified institutional buyer. Prithvi Haldea of Prime Database said. Open auction has become the preferred way to discover the price in Japan and France, among other countries. In the US, the concept was pioneered by venture capitalist Bill Hambrecht and was used in the Google IPO, although the concept is yet to gain popularity in that country. The governments move to look at alternatives to book-building method for price discovery comes against the backdrop of an increase in pre-IPO share placements. In last few years, most companies hitting the capital market have opted for a private placement just ahead of the IPO. In most such deals, while institutional investors managed to bag shares at a lower price, retail investors, who bought shares through the IPO, had to pay a higher price. Also, there is a strong view that book-building, which was introduced in India in 1999 as an alternative to fixed prices, did not lead to any real price discovery, since a price band is already prescribed. Experts feel underpricing is rampant, as the listing price in case of most IPOs is much higher than the issue price. This system takes care of the aspirations of the retail investor as normally they give the lowest bid. Needless to say, the price quoted in this manner is pretty close to the fair value and ensures pricing efficiency. The bottom line, therefore, is that the Indian investor is now smart enough to figure out what is a good price for him. The time and circumstances are apposite to move to an auction system for IPO pricing Despite the publicity surrounding some high-profile Dutch auction IPOs (Google, for example), book-building remains the sales method of choice in the US and other countries. Many jurisdictions that tried auctions for IPOs have abandoned it in favour of book-building. Book building allows issuers and underwriters to maintain greater control over the availability of information than they can in an auction. They might use this control to maximize proceeds or to
93
persuade investors to evaluate an issue carefully and arrive at a more accurate aftermarket value. In an auction, investors are likely to end at a less favourable price than they might in a more controlled environment that allows for more customized solutions. Auctions increase the risks for issuers and investors, as neither knows how many bidders will participate. Too few entrants can kill the offering, while too many can erode potential profits Contrary to popular perception, opening an auction up to a greater number of potential bidders does not reduce the risk of under-subscription or under-pricing. Potential bidders actually may be reluctant to participate because of the risks associated with a large number of possible entrants. For the issuer, multiple bidders could elevate the risks by leading to inaccurate pricing, significant aftermarket volatility, and unpredictable bidder participation. This may explain why some auctions are conducted by invitation only. Hence, a balanced approach would be required before we decide to press on the button to accept the auction based pricing model in case of IPOs.
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FINDINGS & SUGGESTIONS Though IPO is considered as a safe investment avenue but it is very important to make thorough fundamental study of any IPO before taking the decision. As sometimes a fundamentally strong company may not provide good returns due to some reasons as in case of Cairn India Ltd. Before taking an IPO investment decision it is very necessary to study the stock market behavior at that time since it can have a vital bearing on the listing of IPO. It is very important to study the company individually irrespective of the growth potential of the sector. It is evident from the different IPO performances of Idea cellular Ltd. & Spice Communications Ltd. even when they both belong to the growing Telecom sector.
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CONCLUSION Investment in IPOs is growing day by day since it allows retail investor to invest in challenging Equity Market at lower risk. So, it is always considered as a safe investment avenue. But after doing this project I understood that before investing in an IPO there should be a detailed study of the IPO. So, an investor should consider an IPO in a very rational way after making a detailed study of the IPO issuing company, relevant industry & economic conditions.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY www.angeltrade.com www.icicidirect.com www.moneycontrol.com www.nseindia.com www.bseindia.com www.krchoksey.com www.thehindubusiness.com Financial journals like 1. Chartered Financial Analyst. 2. The Chartered Accountant(ICAI July 2006. 3. Advancedge. www.walletwatch.com www.moneypore.com www.wikipedia.com www.sebi.gov.in www.sharekhan.com www.siptech.com
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ANNEXURE
APPLICATION FORM FOR RESIDENT INDIAN PUBLIC AND NRIs/OCBs/FIIs (ON REPATRIATION/NON REPATRIATION BASIS)
GLOBSYN TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED

(Incorporated as a public limited Company under the Companies Act, 1956 on 15 th January, 1996 at New Delhi and obtained the Certificate of Commencement of Business on 23 rd January, 1996) Registered Office : E - 993, Chittaranjan Park, New Delhi - 110 019. Tel: 011-6222123, 6216473, Fax: 011-6230813 E-mail: ipo@globsyn.co.in Website: www.globsyn.com Corporate Office: Enkay Tower, B & B1 Vanijya Nikunj, Udyod Vihar Phase V, Gurgaon - 122016 Tel : 0124 - 6397652 - 54 Fax : 0124 - 6397652 - 54 , Email: ipo@globsyn.co.in Website : www.globsyn.com
BANKS COUNTERFOIL
TO BE FILLED IN BY THE SOLE/FIRST APPLICANT
DATE
APPLICATION NO. 1001278
Sole / First Applicant Name Mr/Ms. ______________________________________________________________________ Address : __________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________PIN _______________Tel No._______________________Fax No._______________
[ ] Cash
[ ] Cheque
[ ] DD
[ ] Stockinvest No. _________________ Dated __________________________

Amount Paid (Rs.) -
Drawn on (Bank's Name) ______________________________________________ Branch _________________________ No. of Equity Shares applied for IN FIGURES IN WORDS -
BANK'S STAMP
BANK'S SERIAL NO.
----------------------------------- TEAR HERE ----------------------------------APPLICATION FORM (PLEASE READ
THE INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY) Application No. 1001278
Public Issue of 36,93,600 Equity Shares of Rs.10/- each for cash at a premium OFFER OPENS ON: of Rs.30/- per equity share ( price of Rs.40/- )Aggregating Rs.14,77,44,000/- Tuesday,February 13, 2001 and offer for sale by existing members("offerors") of 17,65,000 equity shares OFFER CLOSES ON: of Rs.10/- each for cash at a premium of Rs.30/- Per EQUITY SHARE (PRICE Tuesday,February 22, 2001 OF RS. 40/-)AGGREGATING RS.7,06,00,000/- (JOINTLY REFERRED TO AS THE "OFFER")(TOTAL SIZE OF THE OFFER Rs.21,83,44,000/-) .
BROKER'S/ STAMP & CODE SUB-BROKER'S STAMP & CODE BANK BRANCH STAMP & CODE BANK BRANCH SERIAL NO
Karvy Securities
2227
98
Ltd 06/0074-1
Type of Instrument To Be drawn in Favour of: Cheques/Drafts Globsyn Technologies Limited-Public Offer Globsyn Technologies Limited
AMOUNT PAYABLE ON APPLICATION @ APPLICATION MUST BE MADE FOR A MINIMUM OF 100 EQUITY SHARES AND IN MULTIPLE OF 100 THERE AFTER PLEASE COMPLY WITH ALL INSTRUCTIONS UNDER "GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS" OF THE FORM, MORE SPECIFICALLY FILL UP THE FOLLOWING A) APPLICATION IN BLOCK LETTERS B) PAN/GIR NO. IF YOU APPLY FOR 1300 SHARES AND ABOVE. C) BANK DETAILS FOR REFUND, IF ANY. D) NO CASH OF Rs.20,000/- AND ABOVE E) MENTION AGE F) POWEROFATTORNEY/MOA/RESOLUTION TO BE ENCLOSED WHEREVER APPLICABLE. REFER TO INSTRUCTIONS ON Application for Equity Shares TO AVOID REJECTION
Stockinvest
The Board of Directors Globsyn Technologies Ltd E-993, Chittaranjan Park, New Delhi-110 019.
Rs.40/-PER EQUITY SHARE(WHICH INCLUDES A PREMIUM OF RS.30/- PER SHARE ILLUSTRATIVE LIST
Dear Sir, On the basis of the Companys Offer Document dated 24.01.2001, I/We hereby apply to you for allotment/transfer to me/us of the equity shares stated below, out of the above Offer. The amount payable on application as shown below is remitted herewith. I/We hereby agree to accept the equity shares applied for, or such lesser number as may be allotted to me/us, subject to the terms of the said Offer Document, the Application Form, the provisions of the Companies Act, 1956, and other applicable laws. I/We undertake that I/we will sign all such other documents and do all such acts, if any, necessary on my/our part to enable me/us to be registered as the holder(s) of the equity shares which may be allotted/transferred to me/us. I/We authorize you to place my/our name(s) on the Register of
Amount payable (Rs.)
STOCK-INVESTMENT CAREFULLY
100 200 300 400 500
4,000 8,000 12,000 16,000 20,000
99
Members of the Company as holders of the equity shares that may be allotted/transferred and to register my/our address as give below. I/we note that the Board of Directors are entitled in their absolute discretion to accept or reject this application in whole or in part without assigning any reason therefor. In the event, the amount paid by me/us is found incorrect, I/we understand that this application will stand corrected to reflect the amount paid. I/We confirm that I am/we are Indian National(s) resident in India and that I am/we are not applying for the said Equity Shares as nominee(s) of any person resident outside India or foreign national(s). I/We are Indian National(s) resident outside India/OCB/FII applying through NRE/FCNR account on repatriation basis. I/We are Indian National(s) resident outside India/OCB/FII applying through Rupee/NRO account on non-repatriation basis.
INVESTMENT DETAILS
PAYMENT DETAILS
SOLE/FIRST APPLICANT BANK
NO. OF EQUITY SHARES APPLIED FOR
Total Amount Payable (Rs.in figures) ___________________ (in words) _________________ [ ] Cash [ ] Cheque/DD [ ] Stock Invest No.__________
Bank Name __________________ ___________________________ Branch _____________________ City _______________________ Type of Account [ ] Savings [ ] Current A/c No._____________________ (Refer instruction No.d7) DATE:
In Figures
In Words
Dated ________ Drawn on (Bank Branch) ___________________ APPLICANT DETAILS (in Block Letters)
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NAME OF SOLE/FIRST APPLICANT Mr/Ms__________________________Age_________ (In Block Letters) NAME OF FATHER/HUSBAND ______________________________________________ (In Block Letters) ADDRESS OF APPLICANT (IN INDIA) _________________________________________________ (In Block Letters) ______________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________PIN CODE__________________ Occupation (Please
STATUS (Please Tick)

[I] Individual(s) [2] Hindu Undivided Family(HUF) [3] Body Corporate/Company [4] Mutual Fund [5]Bank and FI [6] NRI / OCB/FII (Non-repatriable) [7] NRI / OCB/FII (repatriable) [8]Others (PI. Specify) Others (Please
tick)
Service Retired Business Housewife Professional Farmer Student
( )
(for sole/first applicant only)
specify)
SECOND APPLICANT (In Block Letters) THIRD APPLICANT (In Block Letters) SOLE/FIRST APPLICANT SECOND APPLICANT
Age Age
THIRD APPLICANT
Signature of the Applicant(s)
If PAN/GIR not available Please PAN/GIR No. Tick ( ) If PAN/GIR not available Please Tick ( ) If PAN/GIR not available Please Tick ( )
(For 1300 Shares or more) (Refer instruction No. b10)
Not assessed
Not assessed
Not assessed
Applied not allotted I.T Circle/Ward/District (Refer Instruction No. b10)
Applied not allotted
Applied not allotted
REQUEST FOR SHARES IN ELECTRONIC FORM (Refer instruction h) Electronic Form Number of Shares
I/We the undersigned, request delivery of Equity Shares of Globsyn Technoiogies Limited under the offer in electronic form. Details of my/our Benificiary(Electronic)account are given below Depository Name [ ] NSDL (Tick) [ ] CDSL
SPECIMEN SIGNATURE(S)
Sole/First Signature Applicant's Second Applicant's Signature -
Physical Form
Total
101
Depository Participant Name T h DP ID -
i r d
Beneficiary Account No. Name of Applicant I/We understand that:( i) in case of allotment of Equity Shares to me/us, my/our Beneficiary Account as mentioned above would get credited to the extent of allotted shares, (ii) In case of allotment/transfer of Equity Shares to me/us, if shares cannot be credited to my/our Beneficiary Account for any reasons whatsoever, I/we will be given Physical Certificate(s) and (iii) if the names of applicants in this application are not identical and also in the same order with the Beneficiary Account details with the above mentioned DP, only physical certificates will be issued.
TO BE FILLED IN BY APPLICANTS OTHER THAN INDIVIDUALS
----------------------------NAME OF AUTHORISED SIGNTORY
________________ ________________ ______________

Sole/First Applicant's Signature Second Applicant's Signature Third Applicant's Signature
----------------------------------- TEAR HERE -----------------------------------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT SLIP FOR INVESTOR (To be filled in by the Sole/First Applicant) Received Mr/Ms ______________________________ Address____________________________ ________________PINCODE________
Globsyn Technologies Limited E-993, Chittaranjan Park, New Delhi-110 019.

-
APPLICATION NO. 1001278

No. of Equity Shares
DATE:
___________________________________ -
All future communications in connection with this applied for application should be addressed to the Registrar Karvy Consultants Limited(Unit: Globsyn Technologies Limited) Karvy House, 46,Avenue 4, Street NO 1, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad-500034. Tel: (+91-040)3312454,3320751 Fax:(+91-040) 3311968 Email : mailmanager@karvy.com quoting full name of Sole/First applicant, Application Number, No of Equity shares applied for, Date,
Bank and Branch where application was submitted,
Amount Paid (Rs.)
Cash (Please Tick)
In Figures
-
In Words
Cheque/Demand Draft/Stock Invest Dated ____________ Instrument No. Drawn on (Name of the Bank & Branch) Bank's Stamp & date
102
and details of Cash/Cheque/DD/Stockinvest
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Fyp - Emergence of Initial Public Offers-Investment Avenue-Angel

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www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.

BY KAVITA TALESARA MBA SEMESTER III

PROJECT GUIDE "PROF. VAISHAMPAYAM"

PUNE A.Y: 2007 - 2008

7.1 Fixed price method 7.2 Book Building method

7.3 Electronic Initial Public Offer 8 Participants in an I.P.O

ROLE OF IPOS a) For issuing Companies b) For Investors

INDIAN ECONOMY a. Introduction b. History and evolution of the

RECENT NEWS ON IPOS FINDINGS & SUGGESTIONS

CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY ANNEXURE IPO FORM 88 89 - 94

COMPANY PROFILE ANGEL BROKING LTD

Angel Capital & Debt Market Ltd.

Angel Commodities Broking Ltd. Angel Securities Ltd.

Member on the NCDEX & MCX Member on the BSE

4. Mr. Rajiv Phadke, Executive Director - Business Development & HR

Services of Angel Broking:-

6. Special Technical and Derivative strategies.

1 Long-term duration. 2 Mixture of ownership & debt instruments.

Capital Market is divided into two Markets :-

PRIMARY MARKET (NEW ISSUE MARKET)

SECONDARY MARKET (OLD ISSUE MARKET)

MEANING OF PRIMARY MARKET:-

Theoretical Background on I.P.O

15 Big Ticket IPOs in Indian stock market history.

Offer Price (In Rs.)

Issue Size No. of times (In Rs crores) subscribed

% change 423% 155% 104%

900 62 295 27 245 1,100

1,445 85 394 33 272 1,202 136

61% 38% 34% 21% 11% 9% 5%

Biggest IPO losers

Global IPO Market.

I.P.O Market Share (% ) by Nation Hong kong,

Hong kong China

Industry I.P.O Analysis.

Indian I.P.O Industry - 2007

Industrial 5% Tech/Communications 19% Basic Metals, 2% Consumer Products/Services 12%

SEBI REQUIREMENTS FOR IPO:

Any non-compliance on their part can attract penal action

PHASES OF THE I.P.O WHICH A COMPANY HAS TO FOLLOW :

PRICING OF THE I.P.O:

ROLE OF LEAD MANAGER IN IPO:

ROLE OF IPOs FOR ISSUING COMPANIES: 38

(ii) Above Rs. 5 crores and up to Rs. 10 crores

(iii) Above Rs. 10 crores and up to Rs. 20 crores

Listing performance of Cairn India Ltd.

Issue Open:Issue Type:Public Offer) Issue Size:Face Value:Issue Price:-

December11,2006toDecember15,2006 100% Book Building Issue (Initial

328,799,675 Equity Shares Rs10/Rs160/-toRs190/51

Registrar: Cairn India Limited Listing Date:-

Big share Services Pvt. Tuesday, January 9, 2007

Listing performance of ICRA Ltd (Credit Rating Agency). 55

BSE & NSE SBI Capital Markets Ltd.

Kotak Mahindra Capital Intime Spectrum Registry Limited.

is good. The main advantage to the company

SP Tulsian (Investment Advisor) Apply

Overall economic growth and continued development of the Indian economy.

Favourable Demographics in India.

Fall in incremental capital expenditure per subscriber and economies of scale.

Increasing demand for value-added telecommunications services.

Increased regulatory clarity.

National Long Distance (NLD)

[ ] Stockinvest No. _ Dated __________

__