2000

1950

1900

1850

1800
Column B

1750

1700

1650

1600
Row 2 Row 3 Row 4 Row 5 Row 6 Row 7 Row 8 Row 9 Row 10 Row 11
Column B
Discovery Year
10. Geological Change (1830s) 1835 10
6. Troposphere and Stratosphere (1890s) 1895 6
1. Earth's Core (1906) 1906 1
9. Magnetic Field Reversal (1906) 1906 9
11. Radiometric Dating (1907) 1907 11
3. Continental Drift (1911) 1911 3
8. Cosmic Radiation (1911 onward) 1911 8
2. Earth's Inner Core (1930s) 1935 2
12. Periodic Ice Ages (1930s) 1935 12
4. Seafloor Spreading (1950s – 1960s) 1960 4
5. Plate Tectonics (1960s) 1965 5
7. Global Warming (late 20th century) 1975 7

10. Geological
Change (1830s)
1. Earth's Core
(1906)
11. Radiometric
Dating (1907)
8. Cosmic Ra-
diation (1911 Year
onward)
12. Periodic Ice
Ages (1930s)

7. Global Warm-
ing (late 20th
century)
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
Discovery Year
1. The Planets Move (2000 B.C. – 500 B.C.) 1250 1
2. The Earth Moves (1543) 1543 2
3. Planetary Orbits Are Elliptical (1605 – 1609) 1607 3
4. Jupiter Has Moons (1609 – 1612) 1610 4
5. Halley's Comet Has a Predictable Orbit (1705 – 1758) 1731 5
6. The Milky Way Is a Gigantic Disk of Stars (1780 – 1834) 1807 6
7. General Relativity (1915 – 1919) 1917 7
8. The Universe Is Expanding (1924 – 1929) 1926 8
9. The Center of the Milky Way Emits Radio Waves (1932) 1932 9
10. Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (1964) 1964 10
11. Gamma-Ray Bursts (1969 – 1997) 1983 11
13. The Universe Is Accelerating (1998 – 2000) 1999 12
12. Planets Around Other Stars (1995 – 2004) 2000 13

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1200 1600 2000
 – ) – n es – – – – – es 0
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0 9 9 9 9 9 8 6 6 5 B.
0 9 6 3 2 1 3 1 0 4 C.
4) 7) 4) 2) 9) 9) 4) 2) 9) 3) )

Year

1200 1600 2000

Discovery Year
1. The Law of Falling Bodies (1604) 1604 1
2. Universal Gravitation (1666) 1666 2
3. Laws of Motion (1687) 1687 3
9. The Nature of Light (1704 – 1905) 1805 9
13. Nuclear Forces (1666 – 1957) 1812 13
4. The Second Law of Thermodynamics (1824 – 1850) 1838 4
5. Electromagnetism (1807 – 1873) 1840 5
6. Special Relativity (1905) 1905 6
7. E = mc^2 (1905) 1905 7
8. The Quantum Leap (1900 – 1935) 1918 8
10. The Neutron (1935) 1935 10
11. Superconductors (1911 – 1986) 1949 11
12. Quarks (1962) 1962 12

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all

(1

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1600 1750 1900
 (1 1 (1 1 (1 (1 1 1 1 (1 (1 (1
9 9 9 9 9 9 8 9 9 6 6 6
6 8 3 3 0 0 5 5 0 8 6 0
2) 6) 5) 5) 5) 5) 0) 7) 5) 7) 6) 4)

Year

1600 1750 1900

Discovery Year
1. Human Anatomy (1538) 1538 1
2. Blood Circulation (1628) 1628 2
10. Vaccination (1796) 1796 8
6. Germ Theory (1800s) 1805 4
4. Anesthesia (1842–1846) 1844 9
5. X-rays (1895) 1895 13
3. Blood Groups (1902) 1902 3
7. Vitamins (early 1900s) 1905 5
11. Insulin (1920s) 1925 10
8. Penicillin (1920s–1930s) 1930 6
9. Sulfa Drugs (1930s) 1935 7
12. Oncogenes (1975) 1975 11
13. The Human Retrovirus HIV (1980s) 1985 12

2. Blood Circula-
tion (1628)
6. Germ Theory
(1800s)

5. X-rays (1895)

7. Vitamins Year
(early 1900s)
8. Penicillin
(1920s–1930s)

13. The Human

Retrovirus HIV
(1980s)
1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
 Year

2000
Discovery Year
1. Rules of Heredity (1850s) 1855 1
2. Genes Are Located on Chromosomes (1910 – 1920s) 1918 2
3. Genes Control Biochemical Events (1930) 1930 3
4. Some Genes Can Jump (1940) 1940 9
5. DNA Is the Genetic Material (1928, 1944, 1952) 1944 13
6. DNA Is a Double Helix (1953) 1953 4
9. Restriction Enzymes (1950s – 1960s) 1960 7
7. Cracking the Genetic Code (1960s) 1965 5
8. RNA Conveys Genetic Information (1960s) 1965 6
10. RNA Splicing (1976) 1976 8
11. DNA Polymorphism (1985) 1985 10
13. RNA Interference (1998) 1998 12
12. Humans Have 20,000 to 25,000 Genes (2003) 2003 11

1. Rules of
Heredity (1850s)

4. Some Genes
Can Jump
(1940)
9. Restriction
Enzymes (1950s
Year
– 1960s)

10. RNA
Splicing

12. Humans
Have 20,000 to
25,000 Genes
0 1000 2000
 Year

000
Discovery Year
6. Classification of Species (1735) 1735 4
2. First Dinosaur Fossils Identified (1820s – 1840s) 1835 2
7. Theory of Natural Selection (1858) 1858 5
5. The Burgess Shale (1909) 1909 13
3. Potential for Life Created (1953) 1953 3
8. Australopithecus Afarensis or "Lucy" (1974) 1974 6
4. New Life-forms Discovered Around Hydrothermal Vents (1977) 1977 9
9. Laetoli Footprints (1978) 1978 7
1. K-T Asteroid Theory of Dinosaur Extinction (1980) 1980 1
10. Toumai skull (2002) 2002 8

2. First Dinosaur
Fossils Identified
(1820s – 1840s)
5. The Burgess
Shale (1909)
8. Australopithecus
Afarensis or "Lucy" Year
(1974)
9. Laetoli Footprints
(1978)

10. Toumai skull

(2002)
1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050
 Year

50 2000 2050
Discovery Year
1. Microorganisms (1674) 1674 1
13. Tropical Biodiversity (15th century to the present) 1750 12
11. Photosynthesis (1770s) 1775 10
2. The Cell Nucleus (1831) 1831 2
6. Cell Differentiation (late 19th century) 1875 4
4. Cell Division (1879) 1879 9
5. Sex Cells (1884) 1884 13
7. Mitochondria (late 19th century to the present) 1900 5
9. Neurotransmission (late 19th to early 20th century) 1900 7
10. Hormones (1903) 1903 8
12. Ecosystem (1935) 1935 11
8. The Krebs Cycle (1937) 1937 6
3. Archaea (1977) 1977 3

1. Microorganisms
(1674)
11. Photosynthesis
(1770s)
6. Cell Differentiation
(late 19th century)

7. Mitochondria (late Year

19th century to the
present)

12. Ecosystem
(1935)

3. Archaea (1977)
1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
 Year

1950 2000