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Guidance
The following guidance was developed by the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) at the request of the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA). For the supporting information used to derive this guidance, see the MDH PAH memo or contact the Health Risk Assessment Unit.

Methods for Estimating Health Risks from Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (cPAHs) (PDF: 126KB/5 pages)

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Methods for Estimating Health Risks from Carcinogenic PAHs
Updated July 2, 2004

The Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) prepared

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this guidance to identify a consistent approach for agencies and programs to assess health risks from exposures to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (cPAHs) in air, water, soil, and other media. Because of uncertainties associated with the toxicities of PAH mixtures, MDH uses conservative assumptions to evaluate potential risks. As more data become available, MDH re-evaluates and revises its risk assessment methods and procedures, as appropriate. PAHs include hundreds of different chemicals that commonly occur as mixtures in the environment. Limited toxicological data are available on PAH mixtures; therefore, individual PAHs are typically evaluated as separate chemicals for risk characterization. The combined or cumulative risks for more than one PAH may be estimated using assumptions, where appropriate. Because of the limited data regarding PAH toxicities and exposures, risk estimates should be presented in the context of their limitations and uncertainties. Several agencies have classified a limited number of PAHs as probable or possible carcinogens (see Table 1). These classifications are based on the available toxicological data. MDH recommends the 25 PAHs identified by the California Environmental Protection Agency (CA EPA) be evaluated as probable or possible carcinogens at this time. Naphthalene is not currently listed as a probable or possible cPAH, however, the National Toxicology Program (NTP) has concluded that there is clear evidence of carcinogenic activity in animals (NTP, 2001b). Where possible, MDH evaluates the supporting toxicological data to determine if the classification incorporates significant new findings in current scientific literature. This guidance describes two general approaches for evaluating cPAH risks: (1) estimating risks for cPAHs and (2) conducting a qualitative assessment for PAHs when health risk estimates cannot be determined. Carcinogenic PAHs

MDH has a multimedia Health Risk Value of 0.001 g/(kg*day) for benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) which is based on a slope factor of 7.3

(mg/(kg*day))-1. This slope factor is the geometric mean of the B[a]P slope factor range used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA, 2001). Additional oral and inhalation toxicity values for B[a]P and other cPAHs (e.g., dibenz[a,h]anthracene, 7,12dimethylbenzanthracene, 3-methylcholanthrene, and 5-nitroacenaphthene) have been developed by CA EPA (for a list of toxicity values, see Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, CA 1999b). U.S. EPA has also developed a provisional B[a]P inhalation toxicity value, which is virtually identical to CA EPA's value. CA EPA toxicity values may be utilized to screen for B[a]P and other cPAHs. Note that if a value is used for purposes other than screening and there is evidence that the chemical is a risk driver (i.e., has a significant impact on risk estimates requiring a risk management recommendation or action), MDH conducts further evaluation of the supporting toxicological data to determine if the value is appropriate. If no appropriate toxicity value (oral or inhalation) is identified for a cPAH, CA EPA Potency Equivalency Factors (PEFs) may be used to estimate their potency relative to B[a]P (see Table 2). If no appropriate PEF or other factor is available for a cPAH, potency may be assumed to be equivalent to B[a]P (i.e., a PEF of 1). Note that if a value is used for purposes other than screening and there is evidence that the chemical is a risk driver, MDH conducts further evaluation of the supporting toxicological data to determine if the value is appropriate. For screening purposes, risk estimates for individual cPAHs may be summed to calculate total (or cumulative) cancer risk. Due to limited toxicological data regarding the pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, and patterns of exposure for many PAHs, this cumulative risk approach is based on an additional set of assumptions. Note that if this screening estimate becomes a risk driver, MDH conducts further evaluation of the supporting data to determine if the cumulative approach is

appropriate. Qualitative Assessment Where possible, MDH recommends collecting data on individual PAHs in mixtures, regardless of whether they have toxicity values, to reduce uncertainty and better understand potential risks. If adequate toxicological data are not available to estimate risks for PAHs, MDH may conduct a qualitative assessment. This guidance is based on an evaluation of the available data regarding exposure, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and carcinogenicity. Because recently published data may not have been incorporated into the classification for a given chemical (e.g., naphthalene) (NTP, 2001b), MDH evaluates new research and uses professional judgment to complete a PAH assessment. Table 1: Listed Probable or Possible cPAHs Source: Benz[a]anthracene Benzo[a]pyrene Benzo[b]fluoranthene Benzo[j]fluoranthene Benzo[k]fluoranthene Chrysene Dibenz[a,h]acridine Dibenz[a,j]acridine X X X NTP EPA* IARC* CA*** * * ** * X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Dibenz[a,h]anthracene X 7HX Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene 7,12Dimethylbenz[a]anthra cene 3,7-Dinitrofluoranthene X X X X

3,9-Dinitrofluoranthene 1,6-Dinitropyrene 1,8-Dinitropyrene 3-Methylcholanthrene 5-Methylchrysene 5-Nitroacenaphthene 6-Nitrochrysene 2-Nitrofluorene 1-Nitropyrene 4-Nitropyrene * NTP, 2001a ** U.S. EPA, 2001 *** IARC, 2001 **** CA EPA, 1999b X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene X

Note: Naphthalene is not currently listed as a probable or possible cPAH; however, NTP has concluded that there is clear evidence of carcinogenic activity in animals (NTP, 2001b). Where possible, MDH evaluates the supporting toxicological data to determine if the classification incorporates significant findings in current scientific literature. Table 2: Potency Equivalency Factors* PAH (or PAH Potency PAH (or PAH Derivative) Equivale Derivative) ncy Factors Benzo[a]pyrene* 1.0 * Benz[a]anthracen 0.1 e Benzo[b]fluorant 0.1 hene Benzo[j]fluoranth 0.1 ene Benzo[k]fluorant 0.1 hene

Potency Equivale ncy Factors

Dibenzo[a,l]py 10 rene Indeno[1,2,3c,d]pyrene 0.1

51.0 Methylchrysen e 1-Nitropyrene 0.1 4-Nitropyrene 0.1

Dibenz[a,j]acridi 0.1 ne Dibenz[a,h]acridi 0.1 ne 7H1.0 Dibenzo[c,g]carb azole Dibenzo[a,e]pyre 1.0 ne Dibenzo[a,h]pyre 10 ne Dibenzo[a,i]pyre 10 ne *Source: CA EPA, 1999 **Index Compound References

1,610 Dinitropyrene 1,81.0 Dinitropyrene 610 Nitrochrysene 2Nitrofluorene Chrysene 0.01 0.01

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Minimal Risk Levels for Hazardous Substances, http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls/ (Accessed January 22, 2001)* California Environmental Protection Agency, (April 1999a; June 1999b) Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, http://www.oehha.org/air/hot_spots/index.html (Accessed: January 2001).* Collins, J.F., Brown, J.P., Alexeeff, G.V., Salmon, A.G. (1998) Potency Equivalency Factors for Some Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polcyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Derivatives, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 28, 45-54. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, http://www.iarc.fr/(Accessed: February 14, 2001). Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, Air Emissions Risk Analysis, http://www.pca.state.mn.us/air/aera.html (Accessed: July 2, 2004). National Toxicology Program, 10th Report on

Carcinogens, http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/roc/toc10.html (Accessed: July 2, 2004). National Toxicology Program, Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Naphthalene (CAS No 91-203) in F344/N Rats (Inhalation Studies), http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/htdocs/LTstudies/tr500.html (Accessed: July 2, 2004). US Environmental Protection Agency (August 1997) Exposure Factors Handbook, Volumes 1-3, EPA/600/P95/002Fa. US Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System, Benzo[a]pyrene, http://www.epa.gov/iris/ (Accessed: January 2001).* US Environmental Protection Agency (1993) Provisional Guidance for Quantitative Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, EPA/600/R-93/089. *The above references are sources of PAH toxicity values. This is not a comprehensive list of all possible sources. Additional values may be found by searching the primary literature, agency web sites, and other references. If a toxicity value is used for purposes other than screening and there is evidence that the chemical is a risk driver, MDH conducts further review of the supporting toxicological data. For consultation regarding a specific toxicity value, consult the Health Risk Assessment Unit.

For more information about this page, please contact the Environmental Health Division: health.risk@state.mn.us To view the PDF files, you will need Adobe Acrobat Reader (free download from Adobe's Web site).

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Tomato Rasam
By : anupama

Ingredients:
2 large ripe healthy tomatoes 4 cups water or top water of boiled dal (stock) 2 whole red chillies 1 stalk curry leaves 1 tiny sprig mint leaves 1 tiny sprig coriander leaves 1-2 flakes garlic grated 2-3 pinches clove-cinnamon powder 1/2 tsp. sambar masala 8-10 peppercorns 1 1/2 tsp. cumin seeds 1/2 tsp. mustard seeds 2 pinches asafoetida 1 marble sized ball of jaggery or 1/2 tsp. sugar 1 small strip tamarind 1 tbsp. ghee or oil salt to taste

Process:
1. Put whole tomatoes in boiling water, simmer for 3 minutes, keep aside for 5 minutes. 2. Heat 1/4 tsp. oil in a small pan, add pepper corns and 1 tsp. cumin seeds. 3. Roast till aromatic, grind in a mortar or under a stone till powdered. Keep aside. 4. Remove tomatoes from water, peel away the broken skin. 5. Grate or mash till fine. 6. To the thick pulp, add roasted whole chillies, all leaves, all masalas, salt, tamarind, jaggery and mash well either with hand or with a hand blender. 7. The ingredients should have blended well into the pulp.

8. Take in a deep pan, add stock or water. 9. Heat ghee in a small pan, add mustard and remaining cumin seeds, asafoetida and allow to splutter. 10. Add garlic and stir, add carefully to the rasam. 11. Bring to a boil, check spices and salt and adjust. 12. Simmer for 2-3 minutes. Keep aside covered for 10 minutes before serving. 13. Serve hot as a soup or with steaming hot plain rice and papads.

Other Information:
Qty: Storage Time & Location: Category: 5 Servings 1 Day Sambar/Rasam - Vegitarian

idli
By : gayathri soft idli

Ingredients:
1cup-urad dal 2 3/4 -idlirawa 2tbsp - atukulu(puffed rice)

Process:
soak urad dal,idli rava, and puffed rice saperately for six hours.grind urad dal and atukulu together adding little water in to fine paste.now drain the water in the rawa ,and grind it coarsely adding little water.mix this with dal mixture,add saltand pinch of baking powder.the atta should be of dropping consistency(not thin).let it remain for 12-13hrs. (in summer 8-9 hrs)

Other Information:
Qty: Storage Time & Location: Category: makes 20-25 idlis have it when hot Break Fast - Vegitarian

Pesarattu upma
By : santhi gudipati

a very famous item from andhra very yummy just try it once .

Ingredients:
for dosa : whole moong dal 1glass rice 3 spoons green chillies 8 ginger 3" inches salt to taste jeera for upma: semolina or bombay ravva 1glass chana dal 1tsp urid dal 1tsp mustard seeds 1/2 tsp curry leaves ,green chillies 2no.s

Process:
preparation of dosa : first soak whole moong dal and raw rice together for 5hrs. then grind the soaked dal and rice add green chillies and ginger also.not too soft .then add salt to taste and jeera .now heat the pan and add 1sp oil or ghee then spread the dosa batter on pan like dosa .add 1sp oil when the ends turn brown color spread upma on dosa then take dosa from pan . serve it with coconut chutney or ginger chutney. preparation of upma: take a pan and heat it then pour 2tsp oil and chana dal and urid dal and mustard seeds fryit when it turn light brown color add curry leaves and green chillies after that pour 2glass water and salt to taste .when the water starts boiling then add semolina and mix it well. when the semolina coming bubbles then switch off the stove. apply on dosa like masala . serve it with coconut chutney or ginger chutney.

Other Information:
Qty: Storage Time & Location: Category: 2- 3 servings 2 days in refrigerator Tiffins - Vegitarian