HAVE TO / CAN Have to / Dont have to (pot ser modal verb, auxiliary verb and main verb) 1.

Have to: It is necessary (must) main the same. I have to go to class (obligation). Does she have to take the dog for a walk? (Is it necessary?) 2. Dont have to: It is not necessary (neednt) You dont have to eat the apple (youre not obliged to do it) They dont have to light the fire (They can if they want, but it is not necessary) Can / Cant Could / Couldnt Could is more formal 1.Can / Couldnt: Two main uses: Ability: I can speak four languages / How deep could you dive? Possibility (permission): Can I borrow your pen? / Could we go to the toilet, please? / She can now eat chocolate (shes allowed to it) tener permiso 2.Cant / Cannot / Can not-Couldnt You cant run very fast (your legs are quite short) ability She cannot go to her study trip (Her parents do not allow her) possibility

SHOULD / SHOULDNT (modal verb, deberas consejo) para dar consejos. 1. Use should to say something is advisable: I think she should do more exercise. You shouldn't leave this job jet. It is usually considered impolite to give advice to people of equal or higher status if they don't ask for it: - Should I apply for a that job? Yes, you should. Whwn we give unasked-for advice, we ofte soften it with, maybe or perhaps. - Anna, maybe you should shake hands with your new boss. can / must /should/might/ will TO allowed to/ have to / need to infinitive

COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE 1. One syllable adjectives: We add -er to form the comparative and est for the superlative. Long longer longest

If the adjective ends by e , this vowel disappears, it is not doubled.

Large larger l argest

If the short adjective ends by consonant + vowel + consonant, we double te last

consonant: Big Hot Sad Slim Thin bigger hotter sadder slimmer thinner biggest hottest saddest (unhappy) slimmest (esbelto) thinnest

2. Two syllable adjectives or adverbs:If these adjectives or adverbs end in y, they change the y by an i adding erand est. Early Easy earlier easier earliest easiest

3. The rest of the adjectives with two or more syllables form their comparative and superlative forms adding more and most. Careful Difficult Expensive Irregular ones. more careful more difficult more expensive the most careful the most difficult the most expensive

ADJECTIVE Bad Far Good Little Much/Many

COMPARATIVE Worse further Better Less (menos) More (ms)

SUPERLATIVE Worst Furthest Best Least Most

ex) My tree is less tall than yours. Comparative adverbs - Many comparatives the adjective and adverb form is the same: good------better soon------sooner long-------longer slow-------slower hard-------harder Other adverbs take more/less: bad---------worse a lot/much---more early--------earlier late----------later fast----------faster far--------further little------less

easily efficiently

carefully (cuidadosamente) strongly

cheerfully (alegremente)

RELATIVE CLAUSES Relative Pronouns 1. Use: They are used to join sentences to nouns The woman is Turkish. She has written a novel. The woman (who / that has written a novel) is Turkish. 2. Different Pronouns: WHO, WHICH, THAT, WHERE Who: only used for people (The athlete whoran) Which:only used for things (The computer which I bought) Where:only used for places (The city wherewe went ) That:used for both, people and things (The man that came home/ thatmade such an awful noise) The car

If the relative clause already has its own subject (pronoum or noum), you dont
need to use a relative pronpun. ex. I remember things I enjoy/which I enjoy.

GERUND / INFINITIVE

Different uses of gerund:

1.When the verb is a Subject: it is a verb that functions as a noun. Doing sport can be very healthy. A gerund is always singular and is followed by the third singular person. Reading isthe best way to learn. Eating too much chocolate is bad for your skin. 2.Object: after certain verbs, a gerund can be the object of a sentence. Verbs of Feeling: like, love, enjoy, hate . Go Admit Avoid Consider Deny Finish Mind Miss Practise Stop Resent Suggest

3. After prepositions: a preposition can be followed by a noun or a pronoun. Because a gerund acts as a noun, it can follow a preposition. Prepositons about/on My father insists on coming with us to the doctor. 4. Prohibiciones cortas. No smoking

Diferents uses of Infinitives:

When we want to answer to questions beginning by why? (What, where, How...) Why did you come back? To take my umbrella. After an adjective: despus de adjetivo Its marvelous to see you again. After some verbs: learn to; decided to; agree to; need to; offer to; want to Ive decided to spend my holidays in Japan. After Would like/love/hate you use infinitive ? Infinitivos de propsito. To= para - apologized for - diferent from - interested in - talk to /ask /phone - depends on - forward to - similar to - introduced to/met her - attracted to - proposed to - insisted on - agree with - except that - doubt that - chance that

- fastinated by PRESENT

- married to VERBS

- prepare for

Present simple:
Remember, 3rd sg. person changes in the present simple. She takes the bus every day. Does she take the bus every day? She doesnt takethe bus every day. But: She took the bus yesterday. They took the bus yesterday. 2. Word order: QASI:Question word, Auxiliary, Subject, Infinitive. Where do you work? / When does she arrive?

Present Continuous (presente y futuro inmediato CLOSE FUTURE) ing

1. Present meaning: Im giving a class (Im doing it right now) Youre not sleeping (because youre attending the class) 2. Future meaning: it has the same form, its built up in the same way, but with a different value. Shes taking the tickets this evening. Are they coming with us this weekend? No, they arent. They are visiting Anns family in Auckland.

Present Perfect (have/has + past participle) he comido

Su realizacin reciente o es pasada, pero las consecuencias perduran en el presente. En periodos de tiempo que an no han terminado. Its not important to know when. - She has watched that movie many times. - You have not seen that movie many times. - Actions just finished just

PAST

Past simple
1. Past simple: we use it when we are referring to a short action which started and finished in the past. Enfatizamos la accin. - I took my umbrella. - Finally, her parents met her boyfriend. - I went to France last year. One event/a period/more than one event

past continuous.
2. Past continuous: we use it when talk about actions that were happening at the moment of speaking. (Was/were + ing) - I was taking my umbrella when/while it started to rain. Or when we want to know what was happening at a precise moment in the past: - Who was driving when the accident happened? - What were you doing last evening at 8:45? Actions in the past that take place at a particular
time

Past perfect (had + participle)

Cuando hablamos del pasado y nos queremos referir a algo ms pasado an. used to : to discribe rutines un the past. We use/we didn't use to

OTHERS

Passive voice ( To be+ past participle)

The letter was written. It was made

Conditional
FIRST CONDITIONAL If + Simple present, will-Future Refer to the futur Ex, If I find her adress, I will send her an invitation. (Si la main clause (futuro) va delante no ponemos coma)

SECOND CONDITIONAL If + Simple past, would + infinitive ex, If I foun her address, I would send her and invitation. (Si la main clause (would) va delante no ponemos coma) Always use were

GRAMMAR The article. 1. There are two articles in English: Definite: The. Followed by a plural or singular noun. Used when we know which: Bring the jar. The rabbitshave eaten the carrots. Indefinite: A / An. Used with a singular noun. When we talk about jobs. Its a purse./ Its an envelope. Im a teacher. How much / how many. Quite / not very 1.Use How many?with plural countable nouns: cuanto/os? How many children has she got? How many red cars did you count? 2. Use How much?with uncountable nouns: cuanto/os? How much cheese do you want? ex. food, bread How much (money) do you earn per month? 3. Modifiers: Quite / not very (quite- bastante not very- no mucho) Use them before an adjective. Shes quite shy, isnt she? They are not very friendly Pronouns 1. This / that. Singular. This is my new mobile. (close to us) cerca de mi. este That is the man I told you. (far from us) aquel 2. These / those. Plural These are my parents. (close) Look at the sky, those are the birds my brother took a photograph of.

Possessive adjectives and pronouns. 1. Differences: An adjective always goes with a noun. Thats his CD. Ourdog is the black and white one. A pronoun substitutes a noun. Thats his. (His substitutes CD) The black and white dog is ours. (Ours is there instead of dog) 2. WHOSE: we use whose when we are talking about belonging, i.e, when know the owner. Whose is this bag? Its Andrews. we want to

IRREGULAR VERBS to beat to bite to build to come to choose to dream to eat to fly to forget to hang to hide to hold to hurt to lie to meet to put to ride to ring to run to sell to send to show to spend to stand to swim to teach to throw to undestand to wake to sit to wear to win to write beat bit built came chose dreamt ate flew forgot hung hid held hurt lay met put rode rang ran sold sent showed spent stood swam taught threw understood woke sat wore won wrotte beaten bitten built come chosen dreamt eaten flown forgotten hung hidden held hurt lain met put ridden rung run sold sent shown spent atood swum taught thrown undesrstood woken sat worn won wrotten tirar nadar enviar mostrar gastar mentir colgar esconderse sostener golpear morder/picar

FRASES I don't know what to say. - Filthy sucio.

He has about forties. She has a bit overway fair poinytal (coleta) curly (rizado) beart (barba) shoulder leng balt (calvo) straitght (liso) fringe (flequillo)
landscape-- paisaje villagepueblecito path-----caminito roof----tejado step----escaln MORE THINGS - Anything---- negatives. Any negatives - Nothing------ afirmatives. Afirnatives Connectors: - However - Sin embargo - until hasta - Further more-adems - So- por lo tanto - Althougt- aunque - There fore- por lo tanto - More over - por otra parte - While- mientras none_ va sol - solamente failig------techo sof entrance ground floor---floor