18.05.

2005
smasnm! smas> - putting together nicely – compounding process (Éave) i.e. A word that is put together nicely
– a compounded word (kmRi[). § The word smas literally means putting together, condensing, shortening. §95§ In
any smas there is a sense of unification, @kawIR Éav> (unification) – The possibility of combining the two
words into one is called samWyRm!, Only when such a samWyRm! is there, can the smas be formed.

When will such a possibility exist? - Only when the words are meaningfully connected.

A compound is formed by combining two or more subNtm! pdm!, subNtpdm! + subNtpdm! = smas>,
This smas> will become a àaitpidkm! and to that sup!-àTyy will be added and we will get a subNtpdm! →
ram> (dzrwSy puÇ>). These are two words, which have a meaningful connection i.e. jnk-jNy sMbNx
(producer-produced relationship), expressed by the sixth case, can be compounded according to the rules of
compounding. § In a sentence we use words each with a ivÉi´ (case-affix) required by the sense desired to be
expressed. A word ending in a ivÉi´ is called pd. When the ivÉi´ after each word entering into a combination is
elided and is affixed only after the combination, giving us a new word-unit called smas. It is clear that the words
not linked in sense would not form a compound & that smas is a pd-ivix, a grammatical operation based on words
linked in sense (smwR = sMbÏawR) §95§ « The word smwR means capable. That which is capable of expressing
the sense of a sentence on analysis, is called smwR; or the word smwR may mean that which depends upon words
as connected in sense i.e. to say, rule relating to words whose senses are connected together. »smwR> pd-ivix>
2.1.1» § ra}> pué;> (The King's man, viz. his servant). These two words are connected in sense by the relation of
the one (pué;) being Svaimn! (the owner), hence we have the compound rajpué;>, but ÉayaR ra}> pué;ae
devdÄSy would not give us this compound, for here rajn! and pué; are not connected in sense; ÉayaR belongs
to the king and pué; (the servant) to Devadatta. §95§

19.05.2005
v&iÄ is that which stands for something other than itself – prwaRiÉxana v&iÄ (prawaR - for something else).
smas are v&iÄ because they carry more meaning than apparent. Like – tIwRkak>, pi{ftpuÇ, devanaiMày>
etc.

iv¢hvaKym! - v&Åyvbaexk< vaKym! iv¢h>, (iv¢h - splitting, v&Åyvbaexk< - that which makes you
know the meaning). § ra}> pué;> is called laEikk iv¢h>, analysis of the compound in the form usable in
speech. rajn!-As!-pué;-su is so called AlaEikk iv¢h, analysis in the form not usable in speech. iv¢h is analysis
(as opposed to s<¢h), splitting up. What is of the form current in speech is laEikk and what is not yet fully
developed (Apiriniót) and therefore not in circulation is AlaEikk, §95-96§

v&iÄ - smasaid,

smasade> Aw¡ baexiytu< vaKym! %Cyte vaKy< iv¢h>,

The sentence that gives the meaning of the v&iÄ such as smas is called iv¢hvaKym!, e.g. - v&]mUlm! -
v&]Sy mUlm!,

iv¢h iÖxa - iv¢hvaKy - are of two kinds -

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 1. Svpdiv¢h> - the iv¢hvaKy contains the same words as that of the smas. e.g. ¢amgt> #it smas>
- ¢am< gt> #it Svpdiv¢h>,
2. ASvpdiv¢h> - The iv¢hvaKy - contains different words as compared to the smas. Usually one of the
words will be different. Note: The smas with ASvpdiv¢h> are inTysmas, e.g. %pk«:[m! #it
smas> - k«:[Sy smIpm! #it ASvpdiv¢h>, Here the AVyy - %p in the sense of smIp is
compounded to form an AVyyI-Éav-smas> which is a inTysmas>, ywazi´ #it smas>, zi´m!
Anit³My #it iv¢h>.

23.05.2005
Types of Compounds -
1. AVyyIÉav> (Indeclinable) - pUvRpdàxan> (àxan> - what is more important / denoted)
2. tTpué; (Determinative) - %Ärpdàxan>
3. b÷ìIih> (Attributive) - ANypdàxan>
4. ÖNÖ> (Compulative or Cumulative)- svRpdàxan>
5. kevlsmas - sup!-supa-smas> - A Compound that does not fall into any of the above types

%psjRnm! -
%psjRnm! - this has a êiF AwR (common meaning by usage) - 'secondary'. But here it has a pirÉa;a-AwR
(technical meaning) i.e. - 'to be placed as the first word'.
A word that is mentioned in the smas-ivxayk-sUÇ (a sūtra that ordains the smas) in the first case is called
%psjRnm!,

àwmainidRò< smas %psjRnm! 1.2.43 « In the sūtras relating to compound, the word that is exhibited in the
first (Nominative) case, is called %psjRn or the secondary word. + This defines or rather defines the word
%psjRn, In the sūtras referring to compounds, the words that have the case termination of the nominative, are
called %psjRnm!, --»1.2.43»

Then the sūtra %psjRn< pUvRm! 2.2.30 says that an %psjRnm! has to be placed as the first word. « The
%psjRn (1.2.43) is to be placed first in the compound. + The word smase is understood here. The %psjRn being
the word exhibited in the nominative case in the rules relating to smas must stand first. The constant application of
this rule has been illustrated in the previous sūtras. Without this rule, there would have been no fixity as to the
position of words. »%psjRn< pUvRm! 2.2.30»

tTpué;> (Determinative Compound)

§ A compound generally of two pd, wherein the latter member is àxan (predominant), viz. is connected with the
verb and where the former member having manifold case-affixes, determines (qualifies) the sense of the latter is
called tTpué;, §106§
%Ärpdàxan> - The compound denotes, the one denoted by the second word. e.g. devdÄpuÇ> is ;óI-tTpué;>
and the compound denotes the second word - puÇ
There, when it is said devdÄpuÇm! Aany - the one who was ordered will bring the son (of Devadatta) and not
Devadatta.
 Thus %ÄrpdawR is AwR (object denoted) of the compound.
 Thus the %Ärpd is denoted by the compound and is called the smasawR>

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 Therefore, the gender of the compound is in a tTpué;> will be the same as the gender of the %Ärpd e.g.
devdÄpuÇ> (M), devdÄpuÇI (F), devdÄimÇm! (N).

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tTpué;> is of four types -
1. samaNy> - General
2. kmRxary> - Appositional tTpué;>
3. iÖgu> - A tTpué;> that has a 'numeral' as the first word
4. àaid-tTpué;> & n|!-tTpué;> - The tTpué;> compound that has the AVyay - àaid, n|! etc. as the
first word

samaNy> - General - Here the iv¢hvaKy a word in different cases when connected with specific second word
will form a tTpué; compound. And the compound will be known by the ivÉi´ of the first word.
1.1. iÖtIy-tTpué; - 2.1.24 - A word ending in the second case will combine with the words iït (mfn clinging or
attached to, standing or lying or being or fixed or in or, contained in) , AtIt (mfn gone by, past, passed
away, dead), pitt (mfn fallen, dropped, descended, alighted), gt (mfn gone, gone away, departed, departed
from the world, deceased, dead), ATySt (mfn one who has shot or cast beyond), àaÝ (mfn attained to,
reached, arrived at, met with, found, incurred, got, acquired, gained), AapÚ (mfn entered, got in, gained,
obtained, acquired), gmI (one who goes), gamI (one who had gone), buÉu]u> (mfn wishing to eat,
angry; desirous of worldly enjoyment (opp. to mum]u)), ij}asu (mfn desirous of knowing, inquiring into,
examining, testing) to form a tTpué;> compound called - iÖtIy-tTpué;>, « A word ending in the
second case-affix is compounded with the words iït (who has had recourse to), AtIt (gone by), pitt (who
has fallen upon), gt (who has gone to), ATyt (who has passed), àaÝ (who has obtained) and AapÚ (who
has reached), and the resulting compound is called tTpué;> --»iÖtIya iïtatIt-pitt-gta-
TyStàaÝapÚE> 2.1.24» e.g. - k«:[m! iït> - k«:[ + Am! + iït + su k«:[aiït + su k«:[aiït>,
Ê>om! AtIt Ê>oatIt>, kªp< pitt kªpptit, ¢am< gt> ¢amgt>,mag¡ ATySt>
magRaTySt>, zala< àaÝ> zalaàaÝ>, s<zym! AapÚ> s<zyapÚ>, ¢am< gmI>
¢amgmI, ngr<< gamI> ngrgamI, AÚ buÉu]u> AÚbuÉu]u>, AaTm< ij}asu>
AaTmij}asu>
1.2. t&tIy-tTpué;
1.2.1.A word in the third case will join with a meaningfully connected second word forming t&tIya-
tTpué;> provided the second word is either of the following - pUvR (prior), s†z (similar), sm
(equal - or any other word meaning 'equal'), ^nawR (less or any other word meaning 'less'), klh
(quarrel), inpu[ (expert), imï (mixed - imï with the %pasgR too), ðú[ (sweet & juicy), Avr (lower).
« A word ending in the third case-affix is compounded with the words pUvR (prior), s†z (like), sm
(similar), ^nawR (words having the sense of less), klh (quarrel), inpu[ (proficient), imï (mixed),
ðú[ (polished, sleek) and the resulting compound is called tTpué;>. + From this sūtra we learn
incidentally that the words pUvR etc. govern the instrumental case. + The word Avr should be added
in the list, as masavr> (later than a month) --»pUvR-s†z-smaenawR-klh-inpu[-imï-ðú[E>
2.1.31» e.g. - masen pUvR> maspUvR (earlier by a month), maÇa s†z> mat&s†z>
(similar to the mother), ipÇa sm> ipt&sm> (equal to the father), ma;e[ ^[m! ma;ae[m!,
ma;e[ ivklm! ma;ivklm!, vaca klh> vacaŠlh>, Aacare[ inpu[>
Aacarinpu[>, gu[en imï> gu[imï>, Aacare[ ðú[> Aacarðú[>, masen Avr>
masavr>
1.2.2.A word in the third case representing the kÄaR (agent) or kr[ (instrument) generally combines with a
meaningfully connected second word which is a k«dNt (a word ending in a k«t! affix - participle) to
form a t&tIy-tTpué;>, « A word ending in the third case-affix, when it denotes the agent or the

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 instrument (2.3.18) is compounded diversely with what ends with a k«t! affix; and the compound so
formed are called tTpué;>. + The word shows that there is a general relaxation of all the rules &
conditions --»kt&R-kr[e k«ta b÷lm! 2.1.32» § b÷lm! in the sūtra means that this compounding
does not take place sometimes even when the conditions for the application of the sūtra are satisfied an
on the contrary this does take place when there is little scope for the application of the sūtra. §109§ e.g.
- hir[a Çat> hirÇat>, ten k«tm! tTk«tm!, kaildasen rictm! kaildasrictm!,
przuna iDÚ przuiCDÚ, ofœgen iDÚ ofœgiCDÚ.
Why generally? Sometimes it will not join like - d{fen taiftvan, It will never combine with an past
active participle
1.2.3.A word in the third case denoting a VyÃn (s<Skar ÔVy) will combine with AÚ-zBd (or equivalent
word) as the second word will form a t&tIy-tTpué;>. « A word ending with the third case-affix and
denoting a condiment, is optionally compounded with a word ending in a case-affix, signifying food,
and the resulting compound is called tTpué;>. + That which is prepared is called AÚ, and that which
prepares is VyÃn ; as dXyaexn> dXya %psi´ Aaedn (rice prepared or made relish able with
curd), so also ]Iraedn>. The words 'food' and 'condiment' as represented in the above compounds, are
connected in sense by a verb understood. »AÚen VyÃnm! 2.1.34» § A word for condiment with the
third case-affix is optionally compounded with a subNt word meaning food. d×a %pis´ Aaedn>
dXyaedn>, boiled rice sprinkled over with curd. dix is something s<Skark, something that
improves the taste and Aaedn is something that is improved (s<SkayR). ]Ire[ae[si´ Aaedn> ]
IraEdn. In both these instances the relation in sense of dix and ]Ir with Aaedn by the latent action of
%psecn, without which there would be no samWyR and hence no compounding. §110-111§ e.g.
d×a (s<Sk«tm!) Aaednm! dXyaednm! dXyÚm!, ]Ire[(s<Sk«tm!) Aaednm! ]
Iraednm!,
1.2.4.A word in the third case denoting a imiïkr[m! (a thing used to mix with something else) will
combine with an eatable which is hard & crunchy (Éúym!) to form a t&tIy-tTpué;>. « A word,
ending with the third case-affix and denoting a relish giving or refining ingredient, is compounded with
a word meaning, victuals, and the compound is tTpué;>. + Anything eatable, whether hard or soft, is
called Éúy ; its refinement is called imiïkr[m!, As gufxana> (barely prepared with jaggery);
gufp&wka> (flattened parched rice prepared with jaggery). + The connection here also between the
two words is established by a verb understood. »Éúye[ imïIkr[m! 2.1.35» § A word with the third
case-affix signifying the means of mixing is optionally compounded with a subNt word meaning
food. gufen imï xan gufxan. gufen imïa> p&wuka> gufp&wuka>. The sense of
imiïkr[ (mixing) latent in the compound brings about the relation in between guf and xana this
renders them fit for entering into compounding §111§ e.g. gufen (imiïta>) xana>
gufxana>, gufen (imiïta>) p&wuka> gufp&wuka>,

1.3. ctuwIR-tTpué;>
1.3.1.A word in the fourth case indicating a ivkar (modification) will combine with a word indicating the
àk«it (material cause) of that ivkar to form tTpué;> compound. § When in the sense of mere
tadWyR, the word in ctuwIR, the first member, has to be ivkar, the thing made, and the second
member, the material of which the thing is made. tadWyeR àk«itivk«itÉave smasae=yim:yte.
yUpay daé> yUpaydaé> (wood meant for sacrificial post). k…{flay (ivkar) ihr{ym!
(àk«it) → k…{flihr{ym! (gold mean for the ear-ring). In both these cases, yUp and k…{fl, with

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 the fourth case-ending stand for the thing made (ivkar) and daé and ihr{y for the material. Hence
rNxnaySwalI (a pot for cooking) or Avhnnay %lUolm! (mortar for thrashing) do not form
compounds as there is no àk«it-ivk«it-Éav, although tadWyR is there. §111-112§ e.g. k…{flay
(ivkar) ihr{ym! (àk«it) → k…{flihr{ym! (Gold mean for the ear ring). yUpay daé>
yUpaydaé> (wood meant for sacrificial post).
1.3.2.A word in the fourth case will combine with the word AwR as a inTy-smas, And this, unlike other
tTpué;> will denote a word external to the compound and therefore will be in all the three genders,
depending upon the gender of that word. e.g. -
iÖjay (iÖj+'e AwR+su) Aym! iÖjawR> sUp>, iÖjay (iÖj+'e AwR+su) #ym!
iÖjawaR yvag, iÖjay (iÖj+'e AwR+su) #dm! iÖjawRm! AÚm!, This compound can also
be used for qualifying a verb - as an adverb. e.g. Éaejnay Éaejnzala< gCDit Éaejnaw¡
Éaejnzala< gCDit, § Note that Añ"as> (grass for the horse), vasÉanm! (female apartments,
room for lying), zyngarm! (sleeping room), lIlaMbujm! (play-lotus) are ;óI-tTpué;> and are to be
analyzed as AñSy "as>, vasSy Évnm! etc. §112§ « With the word AwR the compound so formed
is inTy-smas (an invariable compound) and agrees in gender with the word which it qualifies; as
äaüm[awRm! py> (milk for the Brahmanas); and äaüm[awRm! yvagU> (rice-gruel for the
Brahmanas). So also k…verbil> (sacrifice for Kuvera), mharajbil> (sacrifice for the great Raja),
gaeihtm! (what is good for the cows), Añihtm! (what is good for the horses), (what is pleasant for
the cows), (what is kept for the cows (as grass)) »Vart. ctuwIR tdwaRwR-bil-iht-suo-ri]te>
2.1.36» § All these compounds are inTy for they are not resolved into their component parts.
AŠeg&hkae[e (in the corner of the house) §112§
1.3.3.A word in the fourth case will combine with bil, iht, suo, ri]t as second words, to form a ctuwIR-
tTpué;>, « A word ending in the fourth case-affix is compounded with what denotes that which is for
the purpose of what ends with the fourth case-affix and so too with the words AwR (on account of), bil
(a sacrifice), iht (salutary), suo (pleasure), ri]t (kept), and the compound is called tTpué;>. + The
words sup, supa are understood in this sūtra; and the whole sūtra qualifies these words. --»ctuwIR
tdwaRwR-bil-iht-suo-ri]te> 2.1.36» § e.g. ÉUte_y> bil> ÉUtbil> (an offering to the
beasts), gae_yae ihtm! gaeihtm! (good for the cows), gve + suom! gaesuom!
(comforting to the cow), gae_yae ri]tm! gaeri]tm! (preserved for the cows).

1.4. pÂmI-tTpué;>
1.4.1.A word in the fifth case will combine with Éy (fear), ÉIt (one who is afraid), ÉIit (fear), ÉI> (fear) as
second words to form pÂmI-tTpué;>, e.g. caeradœ Éym! caerÉym! (fear of thieves),
Vyaºadœ ÉIt> VyaºÉIt> (fear of tiger), v&kadœ ÉIt> v&kÉIt> (fear of wolf),
v&iíkadœ ÉI> v&iíkÉI> (fear of scorpion). « A word ending with the fifth case is optionally
compounded with the word Éy (fear) and the compound is tTpué;>. + The phrase sup! supa is
understood here, and the sūtra qualifies it. --» pÂmI Éyen 2.1.37»
1.4.2.Some words in the fifth case will combine with Apet, ApaeF (removed), mu´, pitt, ApÇSt
(scared away) as second words and form pÂmI-tTpué;>, « A word ending in the fifth case-affix is
compounded with the words Apet (gone away), Apaex (carried away), mu´ (freed), pitt (fallen),
ApÇSt (afraid of), when the event takes place in a gradual manner; and the compound is called
tTpué;>. + By using the word Alpr> (in gradual degree), is shown the limited range of this kind of
compounds. Not every ablative word can be so compounded. Hence there is no compounding at all of

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the following cases - àasadat! pitt> (fallen from the mansion), Éaejnadœ ApÇSt> (afraid of
eating). For here the fall etc. is violent & sudden, and not gradual & light. --»ApetapaeF-mu
´-pittapÇStErLpz> 2.1.38» e.g. suoadœ Apet> suoapet> (bereft of comfort), kLpnaya>
ApaeF> kLpnapaeF> (transcending imagination), tr¼adœ ApÇSt>
tr¼apÇSt> (fighting shy of the waves), SvgaRt! pitt> SvgRpitt (come down from the
heaven), c³adœ mu´> c³mu´> (saved from the wheel). § But there is no compounding of -
àasadat! pitt>, Éaejnadœ ApÇSt> (shrinking away from meals). §113§

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26.05.2005
1.5. ;óI-tTpué;> - A word in the sixth case will combine with a meaningfully connected word to form a ;óI-
tTpué;> compound. e.g. ra}> pé;> ra}pué;>, AwRSy gaErvm! AwRgaErvm!!,
k«:[Sy soa k«:[soa, dzrwSy puÇ> dzrwpuÇ>. « A word ending in the sixth case-affix is
compounded with a case-inflected word with which it is in construction; and the compound is tTpué;>. +
Vartika - When a word takes the genitive case because of its connection with a word ending in a k«t! -
àTyy; that word may be compounded with such a k«t! word. sūtra 2.3.65 states the conditions when a
k«t! - formed word governs the genitive case. »;óI 2.2.8»
1.6. sÝmI-tTpué;> - A word in the seventh case will combine with the following second words - zaE{f
(expert), Aix (pertaining), xUtR (crook), iktv (crook, cheat, fraudulent man), àvI[ (expert), pi{ft (expert),
k…zl (expert), inpu[ (expert), cpl (restless), isÏ (accomplished), zu:k (dry), pKv (cooked), bNx (bound)
- to form a sÝmI-tTpué;>, « A word ending with the seventh case-affix is compounded with the words
zaE{f (skilled), etc. and the compound is tTpué;>. + The word zaE{fE> in the sūtra being in the plural
number indicates a class of words beginning with the zaE{f. »sÝmI zaE{fE> 2.1.40» e.g. A]e;u +
zaE{f> A]zaE{f> (skilled in dice), A]e;u + iktv> A]iktv> (gamester in dice), A]e;u + xUtR
A]xUtR> (cunning in dice), vI[aya< + àvI[a> vI[aàvI[a>, vede + pi{ft> vedpi{ft>,
kaVye + k…zl kaVyk…zl>, kaVye + cpl kaVycpl>, zaôezu + inpu[> zaôinpu[>,
kaZya< + isÏ> kazIisÏ>, Aatpe + zu:k> Aatpzu:k>, SwaLya< + pKv> SwalIpKv>,
c³e + bNx> c³bNx>,
$ñr + Aix + sÝmI zaE{fE> 2.1.40 → $ñr + i' + Aix + φ → A;f]aizt'œGvl<kmaRl<pué;a-
=XyuÄrpdat! o> 5.4.7 (When Aix is the %Ärpd in a compound, then that compound takes a o àTyy,
after it) + $ñr + Aix + o (o! + A → #n! + A → #n! ) + jz!-zsae> iz> 7.1.20 $ñr + Aix + #n!
$ñraxIn (One who is under the power of God). « List of zaE{f words - 1.zaE{f. 2.xUtR. 3.iktv.
4.àvI[. 5.s<vIt. 7.ANtr (when meaning place) 8.Aix. 9. pqu or Aixpqu. 10. pi{ft. 11.k…zl. 12.cpl.
13.inpu[. 14.s<Vyaf. 15.ÉNy. 16.smIr. »

kmRxary smas> - smanixkr[> tTpué;> kmRxary>,

1.7. ivze;[-pUvRpd-kmRxary> - A word which is a ivze;[m! will combine with its ivze:y to form a
tTpué;> compound, called kmRxary>. e.g. nIlm! + %Tplm! nIlaeTplm! (a blue lotus), %Út> +
v&]> %Útv&]>, vIr> + pué;> vIrpué;>, prm + pué;> prmpué;>, %Äm> + pué;>
%Ämpué;>, sÝ> + \;y> sÝ;Ry>, « A case-inflected word denoting the qualifier (the Adjective),
is compounded diversely with a case-inflected word denoting the thing thereby qualified, (the Substantive)
the latter being in agreement (same case) with the former. + The 'discriminator' is called ivze;[ and the
'discriminated' is called ivze:y as nIlaeTpl< (a blue lotus), r´aeTpl< (a red lotus) --»ivze;[<
ivze:ye[ b÷lm! 2.1.57»
1.8. ivze;[-%Ärpd-kmRxary> - ivze;[ is the second word only when it is negative in its meaning. e.g.
vEyakr[> + osUic> vEyakr[osUic> (a bad grammarian), imma<sk> + ÊÊRêF>
imma<skÊÊRêF> (an unbelieving logician, an atheist). « Case inflected words expressing vileness are
compounded with case-inflected words, expressing contempt, and the resulting compound is tTpué;>.
»k…iTstain k…TsnE> 2.1.53»
Also when a ivze;[ is the second word only when it is positive in its meaning and denotes a jait. e.g.
pi{ft> àzst> pi{ftàka{fm!, « A case-inflected word denoting a jait (genus) is compounded with a
word denoting praise and the compound is tTpué;>. --»àz<sa-vcnEí 2.1.66»

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1.9. ivze;[aeÉy> kmRxary> e.g. k«tm! c tdœ Ak«tm! k«tak«tm!, Éu´m! AÉu´m! Éu´aÉu
´m!,
1.10.%pman-pUvRpd> kmRxary> - A word which stands for %pman will combine with the
characteristic that is compared and form a kmRxary>, e.g. k…summ! #v kaemlm! k…
sumkaemlm!, v¿ #v kQaerm! v¿kQaerm!, « Case-inflected words denoting objects of
comparison, are compounded with words denoting what is likened to them, by reason of the latter
possessing qualities in common with the former, and the compound is tTpué;>. + That by or to which a
thing is compared is %pman and the %pamey (the thing compared) is called smaNy (common).
--»%pmanain samaNy-vcnE> 2.1.55»
1.11.%pmanaeÄrpd> (%pmeypUvRpd>) kmRxary> - A word that is %pmey / %pimt (qualified)
by another word in comparison, in an exemplary manner is combined with that qualifying word to form a
kmRxary>, e.g. pué; is<h> #v pué;is<h>, pué; \;É> #v pué;;RÉ>, muo< pÒ! #v
muopÒ!, kip k…Ãr> kipk…Ãr>. « A case-inflected word denoting subject of comparison is
compounded with the words Vyaº etc., the latter being the standard of comparison, and in construction
with the former; and the compound is tTpué;> ; provided that any word expressing the common
characteristic (samaNy) as explained in 2.1.55, is not employed. + This is a modification of sūtra 2.1.57,
by which the objective would have stood first; by the present, the attribute stands second. As pué;ae=y<
Vyaº#v pué;Vyaº> (a person tiger i.e. in strength), pué;is<h. + The words Vyaº etc. are
Aak«itg[> i.e. this is a class of compound words, the fact of a word belonging to which, is known by its
form, a posterirori and is not discoverable by any consideration of its constituent parts a priori. The
following are such words - 1.Vyaº (tiger) 2.is<h (lion) 3.\} (bear) 4.\;É (bull) 5.cNdn (sandal) 6.v&k
(wolf) 7.v&; (bull) 8.vrah (boar, hog) 9.hiStn! (elephant) 10.té (tree) 11.k…Ãr (elephant) 12.éé (kind
of deer) 13.p&;t (the spotted antelope) 14.pu{rIk (lotus) 15.plaz (the Butea Frondosa tree) 16.iktv
(rouge, cheat) --»%pimt< VyaºaidiÉ> samaNyaàyaege 2.1.56»
1.12.Avxar[apUvRpd> kmRxary> - Again a ivze;[m! combines with a ivze:y but an emphasis is meant.
e.g. iv*a @v xnm! iv*axnm!, tpae @v xnm! tpaexnm!, gué @v dev> » A case
inflected word denoting the qualifier (the adjective), is compounded diversely with a case-inflected word
denoting the thing thereby qualified, (the substantive) the latter being in agreement (same case) with the
former; and the compound is tTpué;>. + The discriminator is called ivze;[ and the discriminated is called
ivze:y as nIlaeTpl< (a blue lotus), r´aeTpl< (a red lotus) »guédev>, ivze;[< ivze:ye[ b÷lm!
2.1.57»
1.13.sMÉavnapUvRpd> kmRxary> - Again a ivze;[ combines with a ivze:y. But the ivze;[ will be a
name. e.g. AyaeXya #it ngrI AyaeXyangrI, g¼a #it ndI g¼andI, » A case inflected word
denoting the qualifier (the adjective), is compounded diversely with a case-inflected word denoting the
thing thereby qualified, (the substantive) the latter being in agreement (same case) with the former; and the
compound is tTpué;>. + The discriminator is called ivze;[ and the discriminated is called ivze:y as
nIlaeTpl< (a blue lotus), r´aeTpl< (a red lotus) «guédev>, ivze;[< ivze:ye[ b÷lm! 2.1.57»
1.14.mXympdlaepI kmRxary> (%ÄrpdlaepI / zakpaiRvaid>) - e.g. zak> iày> ySy zakiày>,
zakiày> c AsaE paiwRv> zakiàypaiwRv> / zakpaiwRv>, devpUjk> äaü[>
deväaü[>, iÖ-Aixka> dz Öadz, iÖ-iv<zit dz Öaiv<zit>,
1.15.myUrVy<skaid> - e.g. myUr Vy<sk> myUrVy<sk> (Rougish Peacock), %dkœ Avakœ
%½vcm! (up & down), iniít< àictm! inZàcm! (well ascertained), naiSt ikÂn ySy s> AikÂn
(one who has nothing), naiSt k…tae Éy< ySy s> Ak…taeÉy> (one who has no fear). [This is an

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 irregular smas ]. « And the words myUr Vy<sk> etc. are tTpué;>. + These are irregularly formed
tTpué;> compounds. The force of the word c is allowable, we cannot form a compound like prm
myUrVy<sk. The following is a list of such compounds i.e.
1. myUrVy<sk 13. àeihvai[ja 30. (Aahrsena) 48. Éu®vasuiht 61. %¾ihStbm! or
2. DaÇ Vy<sk 14. @ihSvagta 31. Aahrvinta 49. àae{ypapIya VMb
3. kMbaejmu{f 15. ApeihSvagta 32. (Aahrvinta) n! AarVyatmarVyat
4. yvnmu{f 16. @ihiÖtIya 33. k«Ntivx][a 50. %TpTypakla en i³yasatTye
5. hSteg&ý or 17. ApeihiÖtIya 34. %ÏraeTs&ja or Vyak…la 62. AîI<tipbta
hStg&ý 18. àeihiÖtIya 35. %Ïravs&ja 51. inpTyraeih[I 63. pctÉ&¾ta
6. padeg&ý or 19. @ihkqa 36. %ÏÉivxma 52. in;[Zyama 64. oadtmaedta
padg&ý 20. Apeihkqa or 37. %Tpcinpca or 53. Apeihà"sa 65. oadtvmta
7. la¼Ule g&ý or Apaehkqa ivpca 54. @ihixsa 66. oadtcmta
la¼Ul g&ý 21. àeihkqa or 38. %Tptinpta 55. #hpÂmI 67. Aahrinvpa
8. pundaRy. àaehkqa 39. %½avcm! 56. #hiÖnIya. 68. Aahrini:kra
@hIfadyae=Nypd 22. Aahrkrqa 40. %½nIcm! jih kmR[a 69. Aavpini:kra
aweR as 23. àeihkdRma 41. Aacaepcm! b÷lmaÉI}![ye 70. %Tpcivpca
9. @fIf< vtRte 24. àaehkdRma 42. Aacprcm! ktaRr< caiÉdxait 71. iÉiNxlv[
10. @hIyv< 25. ivxmcUfa 43. noàcm! 57. jihjaef> 72. k«iNxic}[a
vtRte. 26. %ÏmcUfa 44. iníàcm! 58. jihjaefm! 73. pclv[
11. @ihvai[ja 27. %ÏrcUfa 45. Aik<cn 59. jihStMbm! 74. pcàkªqa .
(i³ya) 28. Aahr cela 46. õaTvakalk 60. (jihStMb>)
12. Apeihvai[ja 29. Aahr vsna 47. pITvaiSwrk
--»myUr-Vy<skadyí 2.1.72»

iÖgu>
1.16.tiÏtawRiÖgu> - A compound which has a number at its beginning. e.g. Öyae maÇae> ApTym!
ÖEmatur> (iÖ + 's! + mat& + A[! ), ;{[am! mat&[am! ApTym! ;{matur>, pÂ,
1.17.%ÄrpdiÖgu> - A compound which has an %Ärpd. e.g. p gav> xn< ySy s> pÂgvxn> (five
cows are the wealth of whom), p soay> iàya> ySy pÂiày>,
1.18.smahariÖgu> - e.g. pÂana, gva< smahar> pÂgvm!, iÇÉuvnm!, ctuyuRgm!, iÖrÇm!,
nvraÇm!, iÇlaekI, pÂvqI,

n|!-tTpué;> - e.g. n sNdeh AsNdeh (n + sNdeh + su), n %pliBx> AnupliBx> (n + φ + n +

%pliBx>) .
àaid tTpué;> inTysmasa> e.g. zaeÉn> pur;> supué;>, Êrcar> pué;> Ê:pué;>, àgt> AacayR>
àacayR>, àgt> iptamh>,
%ppd tTpué;> e.g. kraeit #it k« t&c! kÄaR, k…MÉ< (kmR) kraeit (k« + A[! + kar - k«dNt
àaitpidkm!) #it, k…MÉ + Am! + kar k…MÉkar,
31.05.2005
b÷ìIih> - ANypdàxan> (àaye[)
2. samanaixkr[ b֓Iih> - Two words in samnaixkr{ym! will combine to form a compound to represent a
word outside of the compound. And these words will connect to that word (that the compound qualifies) by an
oblique case (all cases other than the first case). e.g. àaÝ< - %dk< y< ¢amm! - àaÝaedk<, ¢amm!.

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 ^F> rw> yen s> %pùtpzu>,éÔ>. pittain p[aRin ySmat! s> pittp[R>,v&]>. pItm! AMbr<
ySy s> pItaMbr>. %Ï&t> puÇa> ySya> sa %Ï&taedna, SwalI. vIra> puÇa> yiSmn! s>
vIrpuÇk>, ¢am>. sūtra iÖtIya iïtatIt-pitt-gtaTySytàaÝapÚE> 2.2.24
iÇpd b÷ìIih> / b÷pd b÷ìIih>,
suòu sUúma> jqa> keza> ySy s> susUúmjqkez>,
Vyixkr[ b֓Iih> (mXympdlaepI smas>) - The following smas are not really Vyixkr[. The words shown as
struck out were dropped by people later. According to Panini, all these examples do not exist.
k{QeiSwt> (Alukœ smas) kal> ySy s>, pa[aE d{f> ySy s> d{fpai[>, pa[aE iSwt> d{f>
ySy s> pai[iSwt> d{f ySy s>, pa[aE c³< ySy s> c³pai[>, cNÔ maElaE ySy cNÔmaEil>,
sh (pUvRpd) b÷ìIih> e.g. puÇe[ sh vtRman> spuÇ>, kmR[a sh vtRman> skmRk>,
n|! tTpué;> - Aiv*man> puÇ> ySy s> ApuÇ>,
àaid b÷ìIih> - ingRta dya ySmat! indRy>,
Atdœgu[s<iv}an b÷ìIih> - icÇa> gav> ySy s> icÇgu> , devdÄ>.
tdœgu[s<iv}an b÷ìIih> - Will be used in the sūtra jNma*Sy yt> to prove that Brahman comes along with
creation. lMb> k[R> ySy s> lMbk[R>, y}dÄ>.

01.06.2005
AVyyIÉav> smas>
The compound becomes an AVyy. k«:[Sy smIpm! + (AVyy< iviÉi´-smIp-sm&iÏ-
Vy&Ï(waRÉavaTyyas<àit-zBd-àaÊÉaRv-pía*wanupUVyR-yaEgp*-sa†Zy-s<piÄ-sakLyaNtvcne;u
2.1.6) → k«:[ + 's! + %p k«:[ + %p %p + k«:[ + (AVyy s<}a / npu<skm!) → k«:[ + su~ (dropping
of su~ / Am! as smasaNt ). An AVyy will combine in specific senses with meaningfully connected words to
form an AVyyI-Éav compound. e.g. Aixhir W.r. to hir, smÔm! mÔa[a< sm&iÏ (the property of Madra
country), ÊyRvnm! yvnanam! Vy&iÏ> (the decline of Yavana), inmRi]km! mi]ka[am! AÉav> (the absence
of flies), ywa zi´ zi´< Anit³My (in keeping with one's capacity), Aa ihmalyat! Aaihmalym!,
mXyemhaÉartm! mhaÉartSymXye, « An AVyy (indeclinable) employed with the sense of an ivÉi´
(inflective-affix) or of near to, or prosperity, or diversity, or absence of the thing, or departure, or not now, or the
production, of some sound, or after, or according to, or order of arrangement, or simultaneousness, or likeness, or
possession, or totality, or termination, is invariably compounded with a word ending in a case-affix which is
connected with it in sense, and the compound so formed is called AVyyIÉab. + The words sup & supa are
understood in this sūtra. The word vcn should be read as connected with every one of the following phrases.
1. ivÉi´-vcn - as Aixiô kya vtRte (a story relating to a woman)
2. smIp-vcn - as %pk…MÉm! (near to the jar), %pmi[k< (near to the gem)
3. sm&iÏ-vcn - as smuÔ< (well or prosperous with the Madras), sumgx< (well with the Magadh)
4. Vy&iÏv-vcn - as ÊgRvaidk< (ill with the Gavadikas), dyRvn< (ill with the Yavanas)
5. AÉav-vcn - as inmRi}tkm! (free from flies), inmRzk< (free from mosquitoes)
6. ATyy-vcn - as inihRmm! (on the departure of the cold weather); in>zIt<
7. AsMàit-vcn - as AittEs&km! past - not now (the time of wearing quilts)
8. zBdàaÊÉaRv-vcn - as @it hir (the exclamation Hari), thus vE:[v[&he #it dir vtRte (in the house of
Vaishnava there is the cry of Hari Hari)
9. píaÖcn - as Anurw< padatm! (the infantry after the chariots)

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10. ywawR-vcn - The meaning of the word ywa is four-fold, viz. correspondence, severality or succession,
the not passing beyond something, likeness. Thus - 1.Anuê<pm! (in the corresponding manner)
2.àTywRm! (according to each or several object or signification) 3.ywazi´ (according to one's ability)
11. AanupUVyR-vcn - as AnuJyeó< àivzNtu ÉvNt> (let your honors enter in the order of seniority)
12. yaEgp*-vcn - as sc³<xeih (simultaneously with the wheel)
13. sa†Zy-vcn - as ssio (like a friend)
14. s<piÄ-vcn - as s]Çm! (as warriors fight)
15. sakLy-vcn - as st&[m! (even to the grass i.e. to the whole, not leaving even a scrap)
16. ANt-vcn - as sai¶ (as far as the chapter of fire i.e. the whole Veda)

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ÖNÖ smas>
When two or more words are just to be added with the sense of just addition, they combine to form a ÖNÖ smas.
All the words retain their importance. There are two kinds of ÖNÖ -
1. #tretr ÖNÖ> - Here all the words stand for themselves alone. The gender of the compound is the gender
of the last word. e.g. hir> c hr> c hirhraE, hir> c hr> c gué> c hirhrgurv>, ram-
lúm[-Ért-zÇu¸na>,.
2. smahar ÖNÖ> - Here the words are unified to give the sense of a single unit. Here the gender of the
compound is always neuter and singular. e.g. pai[ c padaE c @te;a< smhar> pai[padm! (a group
of hands & feet), puÇa> c paEÇa> c @te;a< smahar> puÇpaEm! (a group of children & grand
children).

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