Panini BAK

` sh na?vvtu, sh naE? Éun´…, sh vIy¡?
krvavhE,
tejiSv navxI?tmStu ma iv?iÖ;avhEš?,
` zaiNt/> zaiNt/> zaiNt?>.
(s> = he; h = indeed; naE = us two; Avtu = may protect; s> = he; h =verily; ; naE = us two; Éun´… = may nourish;
sh = (we two) together; vIyRm! krvavhE = may acquire the capacity (to understand & study the scriptures); AxItm!
= what is studied; tejiSv = (be) brilliant; naE = for us; AStu = let it be; ma iviÖ;avhE = may we not cavil at each
other)
May He protect us both (the teacher & the taught) together (by revealing knowledge). May He nourish
us both (by vouchsafing the results of knowledge). May we (both) acquire the capacity (to understand
the scriptures). May our study be brilliant (and invigorating). May we not cavil at each other.
Oh Lord, may I have peace of the three types of obstacles – those centered around me, those arising
from other living beings and those from natural forces.
yena]rsmaçaymixgMy mheñrat!, k«Tõm! Vyakr[< àae´< tSmE pai[nye nm>.
vaKykar< vréic< Éa:ykar< ptÃilm!, pai[in< sUÇkar< c à[tae=iSm muinÇym!.
` zaiNt/> zaiNt/> zaiNt?>.
(yen = by whom or by which, because, since; A]r = alphabet; smaçaym! = handing down by tradition or from
memory, collection or compilation of sacred texts, the sacred texts in general; AixgMy = to study, to be desirous of
studying or reading; mheñrat! = by Lord Maheshavara; k«Tõm! = absolutely complete; Vyakr[m! = grammar ; àae
´m! = spoken of, addressed; tSmE = that; pai[nye = that Panini; nm> = salutations; vaKykarm! = the author of
vaKysvRdœ ; vréicm! = a grammarian [also a poet , lexicographer, and writer on medicine], sometimes identified
with kaTyayn, [the reputed author of the vaitRka or supplementary rules of pai[nI] - He is placed, by some, among
the nine gems of the court of Vikramaditya, and by others, among the ornaments of the court of Bhoja - He was the
author of the àak«t! grammar called àak«t!-àkaz, and is said to be the first grammarian who reduced the various
dialects of àak«t! to a system pÂt!-kwa> ; Éa:ym! = commentary; ptÃilm! = a celebrated grammarian, author of
the mhaÉa:ym! , also a philosopher (the propounder of the Yoga philosophy); pai[inm! = that Panini; sUÇkarm! =
the composer of the sūtra (a short sentence or aphoristic rule, and any work or manual consisting of strings of such rules
hanging together like threads) - these sūtras form manuals of teaching in ritual, philosophy, grammar etc.); à[m! = to
bend or bow down before, make obeisance to, to cause a person to bow before; AiSm = I; muin> = a saint, sage, seer,
ascetic, monk, devotee, hermit; Çym! = a triad)
Unto pai[in, by whom, having understood the A]r and by the grace of Bhagvān, the entire Vyakr[<
zaôm! was told, my salutation unto pai[in
06.10.2004
An Introduction to Paëinian Grammar
AòXyayI (Aò = eight; AXyaya> = chapters; AòXyayI = that which has 8 chapters) is the book written by Paëini
which enumerates the rules of Sanskrit Grammar. Each AXyay> has 4 pada> (quarters or sections). Each pad> has a
number of sUÇai[ (sūtras). A sūtra is that which briefly states a fact clearly. There are approximately 3980 sūtras in the
AòXyayI,
The sūtras are numbered according to the following scheme -

Take an example - s<ihtayam! 6.1.72. Here -
- the number 6 represents the AXyay
- the number 1 represents the pad
- the number 72 represents the sūtra number
Each sūtra gives a definition, a rule, an interpretation etc. in the least amount of syllables. Paëini used many codes and
arrangements in order to keep the number the of sūtras to the least possible, to describe the Sanskrit language. It is said
"Reducing a sūtra by half a syllable causes happiness equal to having a grandson"
The first sūtra is v&iÏradEc 1.1.1. It is also a m<glcr[m! (prayer, an auspicious statement), meaning - "Let the
knowledge grow up to the point from which it cannot grow further, like A grows into Aa etc. (The grammatical meaning
is discussed later)
Paëini based his grammar on 14 initial sūtras called maheñrai[ sUÇai[, They are so called as they were given to
Paëini by the Lord
ma he ñrai [ sUÇ ai [
1 A # % [!
Simple vowels
2 \ ¤ kœ
All vowels
3 @ Aae 'œ
Dipthongs
4 @e AaE c!
5 h y r v qœ
Semi-vowels
6 l~ [!
7 | m ' [ n m! Nasals
8 H É |!
The 4th of all the class consonants
9 " F x ;!
10 j b g f d z! The 3rd of all the class consonants
11 o ) D Q w c q t v!
The 2nd & 1st of all the class consonants
12 k p y!
13 z ; s rœ
Sibilants
14 h lœ
#it maheñrai[ sUÇai[.
File : 8643436.doc Page # 3 of 82 Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 06:04 Hrs.

The maheñrai[ sUÇai[, also known as àTyahar sūtras are fourteen in number and they represent the alphabets in a
certain order
The final letters in all the above maheñrai[ sUÇai[ are consonants and Panini calls them #t! [that which goes
(away)] letters. They have been placed there for the formation of àTyahar (that which is compressed, abbreviations).
àTyaiÿyNte v[aR> yiSmn! s> àTyahar (àit Aa ù "|!) = that into which letters are compressed
#t! (Root # - II C P)= AnubNx = that which is added or indicatory letters or tag letters, which carry information and
after giving out their information they go away. In the maheñr sUÇ their purpose is to mark the end of a àTyahar,
The short A that is added to all the consonants in the maheñr sUÇ is to facilitate enunciation. hkaraid;u Akar>
%CDar[> - l"ukar's statement. It does not have the status of an #t! letter. The exception to this is the A~ which is
nasalised and attached to the lœ in the sūtra - l~[!, That nasalised A~ has the status of an #t! letter

07.10.2004
There are @kcTcairzt! (Forty-One) àTyhar by Panini. They are –
àTya
# # Letters of the àTyahar Σ
har
1 1 A[! A # % [! 3
2 2.1 Akœ A # % \ ¤ kœ 5 SvtÙ Svr simple vowels
3 2.2 #kœ # % \ ¤ kœ 4
4 2.3 %kœ % \ ¤ kœ 3
5 3 @'œ @ Aae 'œ 2
6 4.1 Ac! A # % \ ¤ @ Aae @e AaE c! 9 Svr all vowels
7 4.2 #c! # % \ ¤ @ Aae @e AaE c! 8
8 4.3 @c! @ Aae @e AaE c! 4 dipthongs
9 4.4 @ec! @e AaE c! 2
1 1
5 Aqœ A # % \ ¤ @ Aae @e AaE h y v r qœ
0 3
1 all vowels + semi-
11 6.1 A[! A # % \ ¤ @ Aae @e AaE h y v r l~ [!
4 vowels
1 1
6.2 #[! # % \ ¤ @ Aae @e AaE h y v r l~ [!
2 3
1 4
6.3 y[! y v r l~ [! all semi-vowels
3
1 1
7.1 Am! A # % \ ¤ @ Aae @e AaE h y v r l~ | m ' [ n m!
4 9
1 9
7.2 ym! y v r l~ | m ' [ n m!
5
1 3
7.3 'm! ' [ n m!
6
1 11
8 y|! y v r l~ \ m ' [ n H É |!
7
1 5
9.1 H;! H É " F x ;! IV of the class
8
1 4
9.2 É;! É " F x ;!
9
2 1 A # % \ ¤ @ Aae @e AaE h y v r l~ | m ' [ n H É 2 9 Svr + 20
Az!
0 0.1 " F x j b g f d z! 9 A"ae;
2 1 2
hz! h y v r l~ | m ' [ n H É " F x j b g f d z!
1 0.2 0
2 1 1
vz! v r l~ | m ' [ n H É " F x j b g f d z!
2 0.3 8
2 1 1
Hz! H É " F x j b g f d z! soft consonants
3 0.4 0
2 1 5
jz! j b g f d z!
4 0.5
2 1 4
bz! b g f d z!
5 0.6
2 6
11 Dv! D Q w c q t v!
6
2 1 y v r l~ | m ' [ n H É g F x j b g f d o ) D Q w c q 2 semi-vowels + all class
yy!
7 2.1 t k p y! 9 consonants
2 1 2
my! m ' [ n H É " F x j b g f d o ) D Q w c q t k p y!
8 2.2 4
2 1 2
Hy! H É " F x j b g f d o ) D Q w c q t k p y! I, II, III, IV of the class
9 2.3 0
3 1 1
oy! o ) D Q w c q t k p y! hard consonants
0 2.4 0
3 1 y v r l~ | m ' [ n H É " F x j b g f d o ) D Q w c q t 3
yrœ all consonants except h
1 3.1 k p z ; s rœ 2
3 1 2
Hrœ H É " F x j b g f d o ) D Q w c q t k p z ; s rœ
2 3.2 3
3 1 1 A"ae;
orœ o ) D Q w c q t k p z ; s rœ
3 3.3 3
2 1 8
crœ c q t k p z ; s rœ
4 3.4
3 1 3
zrœ z ; s rœ
5 3.5
3 1 A # % \ ¤ @ Aae @e AaE h y v r l~ | m ' [ n H É 4 9 + 33 = 42 all letters of the
Alœ
6 4.1 " F x j b g f d o ) D Q w c q t k p z ; s h lœ 2 v[Rmala alphabet
3 1 h y v r l~ | m ' [ n H É " F x j b g f d o ) D Q w c 3 all the class
hlœ VyÃn
7 4.2 q t k p z ; s h lœ 3 consonants
3 1 v r l~ | m ' [ n H É " F x j b g f d o ) D Q w c q t k 3
vlœ
8 4.3 p z ; s h lœ 2
3 1 r l~ | m ' [ n H É " F x j b g f d o ) D Q w c q t k p 3
rlœ
9 4.4 z ; s h lœ 1
4 1 2
Hlœ H É " F x j b g f d o ) D Q w c q t k p z ; s h lœ
0 4.5 4
4 1 4
zlœ z ; s h lœ
1 4.6
#it pai[in àTyahar.
The above 41 àTyahar are formed using the following sūtra -
@k< ÇIi[ puníEk< cTvayeRk< Çy< Çym!, @k< Öe ;qœ twEvEk< ctu> pÂ ;fev c. #it.
Note: Az! and orœ are used in ivsgR siNx
à Tyah ar – No t b y P ani ni
Aasnm! = Swanm! = Points of
Articulation
baý àyÆm! A mUxa
dNta
External Effort k{Q> talu> aeó R
>
throat palate aE roof of
teeth
lips mouth
Aa_yNtr
àTyahar àyÆm!
Internal Effort
Akœ ivv&tm!
A # % \ ¤
simple vowels complete opening
@c! ivv&tm!
@ @e Aae AaE
dipthongs complete opening
y[! -
$;TSp&òm!
ANtSwa> -- y v r l
slight contact
semi-vowels
|y! -
Sp&òm!
VyÃna> k… cu pu qu tu
complete contact
all class vowels
zlœ -
$;dœ-ivv&tm!
^:ma[> h z - ; s
slight opening
sibilants
The above is explained in the following sūtra -
Swan-àyÆ-yÆaí àa[aíeit buxeilma>, àTyahar-àkar[ mat&ka ivxya twa.

About Panini Sūtras –
 A Sūtra has to be ALpa]rm! (minimum number of words)
 A stands for Lord Shiva
 Panini has A A as the last Sūtra representing ' ` nm> izvay ' which is a m<glcr[m! (prayer)
 %pdez is everything that Panini said in the beginning i.e. maheñrai[ sUÇai[, AòaXyayI, xatu-paQ, %[aid-
paQ, g[-paQ, il¼anuzasn, àTyy (affix), Aadez (replacement), Aagm (augment) etc.
 All the sūtras are vaKy (sentences) made of words strung together, like beads in a garland, hence the rules given by
Paëini are called sūtra
 Each topic is called Aixkar
 Every word in the sutra is a pdm!, A fully formed word will end in a sup! or it'œ affix.
 There are no verbs in Panini Sūtras hence one may 'add' – Évit / ÉviNt / AiSt etc. for clarity
 There are six kinds of sūtras –
1. s<}a = definition i.e. it defines technical terms
2. pirÉa;a= key to interpretation i.e. it interprets how or where a particular terms or operation is used
3. ivix = statement or a general rule
4. inym = restrictive rule i.e. it restricts the operation of ivix
5. Aixkar = head or governing rule (defining topic, subject or section), which exerts a direction or governing
influence over other rules i.e. it marks the beginning of a particular section of sūtras
6. Aitdez = extended application by analogy i.e. it extends application of ivix
When there is a conflict between sūtras as to which one should apply, the following are the deciding criteria -
 prTvm!
 inTyTvm!
 ANtr¼Tvm!
 Apvad
08.10.2004 - 1100
Uses of ivÉi´ by Panini –
7. Anything ordained will be put in the àwm (First Case) e.g. Aadez> / àTyy> / Aagm> etc.
8. SwanI (what is to be replaced) will be put in the ;óI (Sixth Case)
9. A inimÄ (cause) that brings about a change (of replacement or augment) to the SwanI, if it is immediately
preceding the SwanI, it will be put in the pÂmI (Fifth Case). This will be understood as "when … precedes'.
tSmadœ #it %ÄrSy 1.1.67
10. A inimÄ (cause) that brings about a change (of replacement or augment) to the SwanI, if it is immediately
following the SwanI, it will be put in the sÝmI (Seventh Case). This will be understood as "when … follows'.
tiSmiÚit inidRòe pUvRSy 1.1.66
11. A inimÄ (cause) that brings about a change (of replacement or augment) to the SwanI, if it can be connected
to the SwanI on either side, it will be put in the t&tIya (Third Case). This will be understood as 'when … is
connected'
Some Abbreviations & Terms used in this document (effort has been made to keep the order of appearance as below) –
s sUÇm! The original aphorism from the AòaXyayI of pai[in, The number after the sūtra indicates the
AXyay, pad, sūtra-number, separated by a full-stop. The "S<number>" indicates the number as
U
per isÏaNt-kaEmudI
I Introduction Introduction to the topic or sūtra
A Anuv&iÄ Is that which comes down from the previous sūtra. This forms a part of the sūtra
p pdDed Is the breaking-up of words with their respective case & number
A ANvy> Is re-arranging the words to make a meaningful sentence
s smas> Are the compound word
Is the explanatory sentence of the sUÇm!, It is formed by expanding the terms contained in the
v v&iÄ of
sūtra. The original v&iÄ has been lost àwmav&iÄ> (in three volumes) is a simplified set of
& àwmav&iÄ>
v&iÄ written by äüdÄ ij}asu
T Translation Translation from Sanskrit to English – normally of the text stated in the preceding row
v
vaitRka The supplementary rules of pai[nI written by kaTyayn
a
S Summary The sūtra explained in brief
N Note Any special comment or point(s) that need special attention
V Vasu's Text The basic translation of the sūtra by ïIz cNÔ vsu
Vasu's Detailed
È The detailed explanation by ïIz cNÔ vsu
Explanation
N Note Important points to be noted
R Remarks Remarks - generally by Sumit
Category of the sūtra i.e. s<}a, ivix, pirÉa;a, Aixkar, inym, Aitdez, Or any other
I Information
information
Only 5 chapters of jyaidTy & 3 chapters of vamn v&iÄ have survived As these two scholars
k
kaizka v&iÄ stayed in kazI, and their v&iÄ accepted by the Pandits of Kashi, this combined work of theirs is
a
now known as kaizka v&iÄ
This book was written by É”aejI dIi]t explaining the meaning of the 'most important &
is isÏaNt kaEmuid
commonly used rules of pai[in, The number in the beginning of the v&iÄ is from
l"uisÏaNt Of vrdraja (disciple of nagaejI É”ajI) is an abridged version of isãNt kaEmuid and has
l
kaEmuid only approx. 1200 sūtras
% %dahr[m! The example(s) / sample usage of the sūtra
Mentions the words of the sūtra which are carried forward, also the sūtra number up to which
f carry forward
they are valid
Sample usage -
When # $ \ ¤ (#kœ) is followed by any dissimilar vowel of Aic (A # % \ ¤ @ Aae @e AaE) then y! , v! , rœ ,
lœ are the replacements. Therefore –
s
#kaey[ic 6.1.77 / S47
U
A s<ihtayam!,7,1, 6.1.72
p #k>,6,1, y[!,1,1, Aic,7,1,
A s<ihtayam!,7,1, #k>,6,1, y[!,1,1, Aic,7,1,
v s<ihtayam! iv;ye #k> Swane y[! Évit Aic pre
&
In the subject matter of siNx, y[! (y v r l) is the replacement of #kœ (# % \ ¤) when Ac! (A # % \ ¤ @ Aae
T
@e AaE) follows
The semi-vowels y v r l are the substitutes of the corresponding vowels - # % \ ¤ (long & short), when followed by
V
a vowel
This sūtra is rather too wide. It must be restricted by Ak> sv[eR dI"R> 6.1.101 viz. the following vowel must not
be of the same class as the preceding for the application of this rule. Thus –
dix + Ac → mXvc
ktR& + AwRm! → kÇRwRm!
htR& + AwRm! → hÇRwRm!
¤ + Aak«it → lak«it
Vārtika: This semi-vowel substitution of vowels takes place, when preceded by a prolated vowel, even to the
È
suppression of 6.1.101 requiring lengthening. Thus -
A¶a 3 + # #NÔm!! → A¶a 3 iyNÔm!
pqa 3 + % %dkm!! → pqa 3 vudkm!
A¶a 3 + # Aaza → A¶a 3 yaza
pqa 3 + % Aaza → pqa 3 vaza
Éae 3 + # #NÔm!! → Éae 3 ivNÔm!
The phrase 'when a vowel follows' exerts its influence up to sMàsar[a½ 6.1.108
Aic prt> #k> y[!-Aadez> Évit, dXÇ, mXvÇ, kÇRwRm!, hÇRwRm!, lak«it>. #k> Plut-pUvRSy
k
sv[R-dI"R-baxnaw¡ y[!-Aadez> v´Vy>. Éae3 # #NÔm!, Éae3 iyNÒ!, AcIit c Aym!-Aixkar>
a
'sMàsar[at! c 6.1.108' #it yavt!.
is 34 → gu[-v&iÏ-zBda_ya< yÇ gu[-v&iÏ ivxIyete tÇ '#k>' #it ;ó(Nt< pdmupitóte
I y[! siNx. ivix-sUÇ.
f Aic → 6.1.125
12.10.2004 - 1100
sUÇ v&iÏradEc! 1.1.1 / S16
Intro v&iÏ is a m'œlacr[m! (prayer) [ b&ih - v&ÏaE = äü[]
pd-
v&iÏ>,1,1, AadEc!,1,1,
Ded
Anuv
none as this is the first sūtra
&iÄ
ANvy
v&iÏ>,1,1, AadEc!,1,1,
>
smas
Aat! c = Aa½, @et! c = @e½ AadEc! , smaharÖNÖ-smas>, s<}asUÇm! #dm!
>
v&iÄ Aat! c @ec! v&iÏ-s<}> Syat!
Trans. Aa, @e and AaE are called by the name v&iÏ
ka v&iÏzBd> s<}aTven ivxIyte àTyekm!-AadEca< v[aRna< samaNyen tdœ-Éaivtanam!-
AÉaivtanam! c, tprkr[mEjw¡ tadip pr> tpr> @it, oqœvEkaid;u iÇmaÇ-ctumaRÇ-às¼-

inv&Äye, Aañlayn>, @eitkayn>, AaEpgv>, AaEpmNyv>, zalIy>, malIy>, v&iÏàdeza> -
'isic v&iÏ> prSmEpde;u 7.2.1' #it @vmady>.
is 16 → AadEc!c v&iÏs<}> Syat!
I v&iÏ> siNx. s<}a-sUÇ.
f v&iÏ> → 1.1.3
 %daÄ has no notation marks

 AnudaÄ is denoted with an under-score
 Svirt is denoted with a vertical line above
 The notation mark indicating nasalization is a crescent with a dot
Av[R> ÿSv dI"R Plut Nasalised
1 A Aa A3 A~ Aa~ A~3
2 A/ Aa/ A/3 A~/ Aa~/ A/~3
3 A? Aa? A?3 A~? Aa~? A~?3
 Hence A has 18 forms, and so do the other vowels

 Anudata & Svirta do not have importance in grammar as they are only accents / mannerisms of enunciation
 Most rules apply to ÿSv and dI"R Not Pluta
 Hence Pluta has different rules
t prk r[m!
tprkr[m! - Panini follows a rule of adding a t! (tkar) as a tag to the vowels to restrict the maÇa to what is mentioned.
This process is called tprkr[m!, He needs this because he has made an earlier rule that all the letters of the àTyahar -A
[! (A # % \ ¤ @ Aae @e AaE h y v r l), when mentioned as such stand for all their sv[R (homogenous, similar)
counterparts. Therefore, in order to refer to a vowel with a particular maÇa alone he uses this tprkr[m!
At! = tpr> Akar>, where -
• t> pr> ySy = tpr> = that which has a t! following it
• tat!> pr> = tpr> = that which follows a t!
Hence –
 At! means only A
 Aat! means only Aa
 A means the entire Av[R> i.e. A, Aa..... - all the 18 forms
 \ stands for \, § and ¤ (no dI"R of ¤)
23.10.2004 - 1100
s
Swane=Ntrtm> 1.1.50 /S39
U
A Swane,7,1, 1.1.49
p Swane,7,1, ANtrtm>,1,1,
A Swane,7,1, ANtrtm>,1,1,
svR #me=Ntra>, Aym! @;am! AitzynaNtr> = ANtrtm> = s†ztm>, Aitzayne tmibónaE 5.3.55 #it
s
tmp! àTyy
v
Swane àaPyma[am! ANtrtm> = s†ztm> Aadez> Évit
&
When there is an occasion of replacement of the SwanI with the Aadez (substitute / replacement) and there is more
than one option available, one should choose that Aadez which is closest to the SwanI. The closeness is determined
in the following order –
T 12. AaSy or Swanm! = the point of articulation
13. Aa_yNtr àyÆm! = internal effort
14. baý-àyÆm! = external effort
15. Any other thing should match
v
AaNty¡ ctuivRx< Évit - Swank«tm! , AwRk«tm! , gu[k«tm! , àma[k«t< c #it
&
When a common term is obtained as a substitute, the likest of its significates to that in the place of which it comes, is
V
the actual substitute
È This sūtra also lays down another rule of pirÉa;a. To explain this we must take an example. The gu[ of A, #, % &
\ is A, @ & Aae. There is nothing to specify what letter is the gu[ of what. It might be said that Aae is the gu[ of #
because the definitions as laid down up to so far, do not say anywhere that Aae is not the gu[ of #. So that when in a
word like ic we are told 'let there be gu[ of #' we do not know what specific gu[ is substituted, whether it is A, @ or
Aae. To clear this doubt, this sūtra declares that the likest of its significates is to be substituted. Now the nearest in
place to # is @ , both having their place of pronunciation, the palate. Similarly, Aae is the gu[ of %, because both
are labials.
There are four sorts of proximity of nearness –
16. Nearness in Swan (place) or i.e. palate, throat etc.
17. Nearness in AwR (meaning) such as singular terminations to be used after words used in the sense of
singular
18. Nearness in àma[ (quantity) such as a short vowel to replace a short vowel, a long vowel to replace a long
vowel
19. Nearness in gu[ (quality) such as aspirates to replace aspirates, sonants to replace sonants
Of all these approximates the first viz. the nearness in the organ of utterance has preference in the selection of
proper substitute
20. Thus in applying sūtra Ak> sv[eR dI"R> 6.1.101, "when a homogeneous vowel follows Akœ, the
corresponding long vowel is the substitute of both". We must have recourse to the present sūtra for finding
the proper vowel. Thus – d{f + A¢< d{fa¢<. Here the substitution of the long Aa, for the two short A's
is an example substitution by nearness of place, for both A and Aa are gutturals
21. A good example of substitution by the sense of the word is afforded by pdœ-dÚae-mas!-ùiÚzsn!-
yU;n!-dae;n!-yk|!DkÚudÚas|!DSàÉ⁢u 6.1.63 – "the words pdœ , dt! , ns! etc. are substitutes
when the case-affixes zs! [accusative (second case) - plural] etc. follows". Here, we know the substitutes,
but we do not know of what they are substitutes. We apply the maxim of AwRt> - "that only can become a
substitute which has the power to express the meaning of the original, i.e. a substitute takes the place of that
the meaning of which it is able to express". Thus, we find that pdœ is the substitute of padœ, dt! of dNt,

ns of naiska etc., which convey the same meaning and contain almost the same letters. Another example of
this is afforded by iôya> pu<vÑait-pu<SkadnU'œ-smanaixkr[e iôyampUr[I-iàyaid;u 6.3.34
by which feminine words in a compound are changed into masculine. Thus – vat[fI (fem.) + yuvit
vat{f(yuvit>
22. An example of prosodial substitution (àma[t>) is afforded by sūtra Adsae=sedaRÊ dae m> 8.2.80 –
"% is the substitute of what comes after the dœ of Ads! not ending in s! and in the room of dœ there is
s!". Thus - Am + SmE Amu:mE ; Am + _yam! Ama + _yam! (suip c 7.3.102) Am +
^_yam! AmU_yam!, Here, short % replaces the short A and the long % replaces the long Aa
23. An illustration of qualitative substitution is afforded by cjae> k… i"[!{ytae> 7.3.52 – "a letter of the
guttural is substituted for c! and j! when an affix having an indicatory "! follows". Applying the rule of
gu[t> we find that kœ which is an ALpàa[ and A"ae; letter replaces c! having the same quality, while j!
which is "ae; and ALpàa[ is replaced by the letter g! possessing similar quality. Thus –
24. pc! + "|! (suoaid_y> kt&R-vednayam! 3.1.18) pak>, Tyj! + "|! Tyag>, rÃ! + "|!
rag>,
25. Though the Anuv&iÄ of the word Swan was understood in this sūtra from the last, the repetition of this
word indicates the existence of the following pirÉa;a –
26. Whenever there exist several kinds of proximity between that for which something else shall be substituted,
and its possible substitutes, there the proximity as to the organ of speech is weightier than the rest, i.e. there
that only is substituted which is nearest as regards the organs of speech with which both are uttered.
27. Thus, in finding the gu[ substitutes of # and % out of the three gu[ letters A, @ , Aae, we find that A is a
proximate substitute having regard to prosodial measure, i.e. A, # and % have one mātrā; while having
regard to the proximity of the organ of utterance, we get @ and Aae ; the latter however prevails to the
exclusion of the first; as ceta, Staeta.
Why do we use the word 'likest' in the superlative degree?
Where there are many sorts of proximities, the likest must be taken. Thus vakœ + hsit vaG"sit. Here, by Hyae
hae=NytrSyam! 8.4.62 – "after a letter of the Hy! ( H É " F x j b g f d o ) D Q w c q t k p ) class, hœ is
changed into a letter homogeneous with the preceding" – hence hœ must be changed into a letter of the class kœ.
Out of the five letters of this class, 1. o! and hœ are both aspirates, but o! is hard, and hœ is soft 2. g! and hœ are
both soft, but g! is un-aspirate, and hœ is aspirate - hence these have to be rejected. The only letter which has the
nearest approach to hœ is ", which is both soft and aspirate. Similarly, in iÇòub!Ésit, the h has been changed into
É.
is 39 → às¼e sit s†ztm> Aadez> Syat!, "yÇ Anek ivxmaNty¡ tÇ Swant AaNty¡ blIy>" (p)
k Swane ÝaPyma[anam!-ANtrtm> Aadez> Évit s†ztm>, k…tí zVdSy AaNtyRm! ? SwanawR-gu[-
a àma[t>, Swant> Ak> sv[eR dI"R> 6.1.101 - d{fa¢m!, yUpa¢m!, Öyae> Akaryae> k{Qy> @v
dI"R> Aakr> Évit, AwRt> - vt{fI c AsaE yuvit> c vat{f(yuvit>, pu<vÑaven ANtrtm> pu<zBd>
AitidZyte, gu[ta> - pak>, Tyg>, rag>, cjae> k… i"[!{ytae> 7.3.52 #it ckraSy ALpàa[Sy A"ae;Sy
ta†z> @v kkar> Évit, jkarSy "ae;vt> ALpàa[Sy ta†z> @v gkar>, àma[t> - Amu:mE,
AmU_yam!, Adsae=sedaRÊ dae m> 8.2.80 #it ÿSvSy ÿSv>, dI"RSy dI"R>, Swane #it vtRmane
pun> Swane-¢h[< ikm! ? yÇ Anekm! AaNty¡ sMÉvit tÇ Swant> @v AaNtry¡ blIy> ywa Syat!,
ceta, Staeta, àma[t> Akar> gu[> àÝ>, tÇ Swant AaNtyaRdœ @karaEkaraE Évt>, tmB¢h[<
ikm! ? vag! "sit, iÇ;qub! Ésit, Hyae hae=NytrSyam! 8.4.62 #it hkarSy pUvRsv[eR i³yma[e
sae:ma[> sae:ma[ #it iÖtIya> àsá>, nadvt> nadvNt #it t&tIya>, tmB¢h[at! ye sae:ma[>
nadvNt> c te ÉviNt, ctuwRa>.
I pirÉa;a-sUÇ.
f --
26.10.2004 - 1100
s
ywas<Oym! Anudez> smanam! 1.3.10 /S128
U
A --
p ywas<Oym!,0,0, Anudez>,1,1, smanam!,6,3,
A ywas<Oym!,0,0, Anudez>,1,1, smanam!,6,3,
s s'œOyam! Anit³My ywas'œOym! - AVyyIÉav>
v
smanam! = sms'œOyanam! Anudez> = píat! kwnm! , ywas'œOym! = s'œOya³me[ Évit
&
This is another sūtra that tells how the replacements are made. If the number of the Aadez (replacements) and the
T
number of the SwanI are equal, then the replacement is made according to the order of enumeration
When a rule involves the case of equal numbers of substitutes and of things for which these are to be substituted their
V
mutual correspondence or assignment of each to each, is according to the order of enumeration
Thus sūtra niNd-¢ih-pcaid_yae Lyu-i[Nyc> 3.1.134 declares - "the affixes Lyu, i[in, Ac! are applied to niNd,
¢ih, pc! class of words". It means the affix Lyu is applied to the words of niNd class, the affix i[in to words of ¢ih
class, and Ac! to words of pc! class. The application must be respectively, according to order and not haphazard.
Similarly, in #kaey[ic 6.1.77 (if a vowel follows) in the place of # % \ ¤ there is y[! (y! rœ lœ v!). So also see
tUid-zlatur-vmRit-kªcvarfœ-Fkœ-D[!-F|!-yk> 4.3.94 where the four affixes - Fkœ-D[!-F|!-ykœ are
applied respectively to the words tUid-zlatur-vmRit-kªcvar; i.e. the first affix in the order of enumeration to the
È
first word, the second affix to the second word etc. As - taEdey>, zalturIy>, vamRtey>, kaEcvayR>,
Why do we say "of equal members" ? This rule will not apply if the number of substitutes and of things for which
these are to be substituted are unequal. As in sūtra l][eTw<ÉUtaOyan-Éag-vIpsasu àit-pyRnv> 1.4.90 for
here the words l][ etc. in the first part of the sūtra are four in number, while the words àit etc. are only three. That
sūtra must be read as thus - "The words àit, pir, Anu are kmRàvDnIy, whenever they indicate either l][ (a mark),
#ÄmÉUtaOyan (a statement of mere circumstance), Éag (division) or vIPsa (desire)"
% #kaey[ic 6.1.77, tUid-zlatur-vmRit-kªcvarfœ-Fkœ-D[!-F|!-yk> 4.3.94
128 sms<bNxI ivix> ywas'œOy< Syat!, iky! ý> - ik< ý> , ikv! þlyit - ik< þlyit, iklœ ’adyit -
is
ik< ’adyit,
s<Oya-zBden AÇ ³m> lúyte, yws<Oy< yw³mm! Anudez> Évit, AnuidZyte #it Anudez>,
píadœ %½ayRte #TywR>, smana< sms<Oyana< smpirpiQtanam!-1 %Îeiznam! Anudeizna<
c ywa³mm! %ÎeiziÉ> Anudeizn> s<bXyNte, tUid-zlatur-vmRit-kªcvarfœ-Fkœ-D[!-F|!-yk>
k 4.3.94, àwmat! àwm>, iÖtIyadœ iÖtIy #tyaid, taEdey>, zalaturIy>, vamRtey>, kaEcvayR>,
a samnam! #it ikm! ? l][eTw<ÉUtaOyan-Éag-vIpsasu àit-pyRnv> 1.4.90. l][ady> cTvar> AwaR>,
àtyadyôy>, sveR;a< svRÇ kmRàvcnIys<}a Évit, #h kSmadœ n Évit - vezaeyz AdeÉRgadœ
ylœ 4.4.131, o c 4.4.132 #it ? Svirten il¼en ywas<Oym! , yÇ ne:yte tÇ SvirtTv< àit}ayte,
Svirtenaixkar> 1.3.11 #it Svirt¢h[m! pUveR[ Aip s<bXyte.

I pirÉa;a-sUÇ.
f --
28.10.2004 - 1100
s
@cae=yvayav> 6.1.78 /S61
U
A s<ihtayam! ,7,1, 6.1.72 Aic,7,1, 6.1.77
p @c>,6,1, Ayvayav>,1,3,
A s<ihtayam! @c> Ayvayav> Aic
s Ay! c Av! c Aay! c Aav! c Ayvayav> - #tretrÖNÖ>
v @c> Swane, Ay! , Av! , Aay! , Aav! #Tyete Aadeza> ywas'œOym! Aic prt> ÉviNt, s<ihtaya<
& iv;ye
In the subject matter of siNx - @, Aae, @e, AaE are replaced by Ay!, Av!, Aay!, Aav! respectively
(ywas'Oym! = in the order of enumeration), when followed by any vowel
T
Here the number of SwanI is four. And the number of Aadez is also four. Therefore, it is easy to use the pirÉa;a-
sUÇ - ywas<Oym! Anudez> smanam! 1.3.10 to determine which Aadez will replace which SwanI
For the vowels @ , @e , Aae & AaE are respectively substituted by Ay! , Aay! , Av! & Aav! when a vowel
V
follows
Thus - ce + Anm! cyvnm!, lae + Anm! lvnm!, cE + Akœ caykœ, laE + Ak> lavk>,
È
See also – kyete, Vyeyte, Vyavé[iÏ
% cynm!, lvnm!, cayk>, lavk>,
k @c> Swane Aic prt> Ay! Aav! Aay! Aav! #Tyete Aadeza> ywas<Oy< ÉviNt, cynm!, lvnm!,
a cayk>, lavk>, kyete, yyete, vayavvé[iÏ.
I ivix-sUÇ. Ayav siNx.
f @c> → 6.1.83
s
Aadœgu[> 6.1.87 /S69
U
A s<ihtayam!,7,1, 6.1.72 Aic,7,1, 6.1.77 @k>,1,1, 6.1.84 pUvRpryae>,6,2, 6.1.84
p Aat!,5,1, gu[>,1,1,
A s<ihtayam!,7,1, Aat!,5,1, Aic,7,1, pUvRpryae>,6,2, @k>,1,1, gu[>,1,1,
v
s<ihtaya< iv;ye Av[[aRt! (Aic) pre pUvRpryae> (Swane) @k>-gu[>-Aadez> Évit
&
In the matter of siNx, when Av[R precedes and Ac! (any vowel) follows, the preceding and the following are
T
together replaced by a single gu[ letter
The gu[ is the single substitute of the final A or Aa of a preceding word and a simple vowel of the succeeding vowels
V
(A or Aa + a vowel = gu[)
È The word Aic is understood here. For the vowel which follows a A or Aa and for the A or Aa which precedes a
vowel, in the room of both these preceding and succeeding vowels, there is the single substitute gu[, Thus –
tv + #dm! → tvedm!, oqœva + #NÔ> → oqœveNÔ>, mala+ #NÔ> → maleNÔ>, tv + $hte →
tvehte, oqœva + $hte → oqœvehte, tv + %dkm! → tvaedkm!, oqœva + %dkm! → oqœvaedkm!,
tv + \Zy> → tvZyR>, oqœva + \zy> → oqœvzyR>, tv + ¤kar> → tvLkar>, oqœva + ¤kar> →
oqœvLkar>,
By analogy of %r[! r~pr> 1.1.51, the gu[ substitute of ¤ being A is always followed by ¤, as that of \ is followed
by rœ, This universal rule is limited by the sūtra – v&iÏreic 6.1.88.
% %peNÔ>, rmez>, g¼aedkm!,
Aic #it AnuvtRte, AvaRt! pr> y> Ac!, Aic c pUvR y> Av[R>, tyae> pUvRpryae> Av[R-Acae>
k Swane @k> gu[> Aadez> Évit, tvedm!, oqœveNÔ>, maleNÔ>, tvehte, oqœvehte, tvaedkm!,
a oqœvaedkm!, tvZyR>, oqœvzyR>, tvLkar>, oqœvLkar>, ¤karSy Swane y> A[! tSy
lprTvim:yte.
69 → Av[aRt! Aic pre pUvRpryae> @k> gu[> Aadez> Syat! s<ihtayam!,
is
%peNÔ>, rmez>, g¼aedkm!,
I ivix-sUÇ.
f --
14.12.2004 & 15.12.2004 - 1100

pdm!
Only a pdm! can be used in a sentence
pdm! are of two types – suiÝ'Nt< pdm! 1.4.14
What is sup! ? What is it'œ ?
sup! = Declensional affixes (total 21 it'Nt< pdm! = Personal terminations (total 18)
affixes)
àaitpidkm! (nominal base) + sup! → xatu (root) + it'œ → it'Ntm! pdm! (finite form of the verb)
subNtm! pdm!
The process of deriving a it'Ntm! pdm! from a xatu is called the process
of conjugation
s
suiÝ'Ntm! pdm! 1.4.14 /S29
U
A --
p suiÝ'Ntm!,1,1, pdm!,1,1,
s sup œ c it'œ c suiÝ'aE, #tretr ÖNÖ>, sup!-it'aE ANte ySy tt! suiÝ'Ntm! , b˜ÏIih>
v
subNt< it'Nt< c zBdêp< pds<}< Évit
&
A word (a meaningful collection of letters) that ends in a sup! or it'œ is called a pdm! = "word" or grammatically a
T
"word"
v
sup!-it'œ #it àTyahar¢h[m!
&

sup! stands for the group of 21 declension affixes mentioned in the sūtra su - AaE - js! - Am! - AaEqœ -
zs! - qa - _yam! - iÉs! - 'e - _yam! - _ys! - 'is - _yam! - _ys! -'s! - Aaes! - Aam! - i' - Aaes! - sup!
T 4.1.2
it'œ stands for the group of 18 personal terminations enumerated in the sutra itp! - ts! - iH - isp! - ws! - w -
imp! - vs! - ms! - t - Aatam! - H - was!- Aawam! - Xvm! - #qœ- vih - mih'œ 3.4.78
V That which ends in sup! (Case-affix) 4.1.2; or in 3.4.78 (tense-affix), is called a pd (inflected word)
The sup! (Case-affixes) are those by which nouns are decline; and it'œ (tense-affixes) by which verbs are
conjugated. They have already been given before. Thus –
äaü[ + js! → äaü[ (the Brahmans cook)
It might be asked by a caviler why the word ANt has been used in the sūtra, for by the rule of tdNt given in sūtra
yen ivixStdNtSy 1.1.72 a rule relating to sup! will mean and include also that which ended with a sup! –Affix.
È To this we reply, that the very fact that the word ANt is used in this sūtra, indicates by }apk (implication) that the
tdNt rule of sūtra yen ivixStdNtSy 1.1.72 does not apply to s<}a (definition) made with regard to affixes. Thus
trp! & tmp! are called " by the sūtra trp!-tmpaE "> 1.1.22. The tdNt-ivix will not apply here; words ending
with these affixes will not be called ", Thus äüi[tra will not be called ", for had it been so called, the long $ will be
shortened in gaErI äüi[tra, In short, "an affix when employed in a rule which teaches the meaning of a technical
term (s<}a) does not denote a word-form ending with the affix."
% äaü[a>,1,3, pQiNt,3,1,. [äaü[a> = äaü[ + js! (sup!)] [pQiNt = pQœ + AiNt (it'œ)]
is 29 → subNt< it'Nt< c pds<}< Syat!
suiÝ'-#it àTyahar¢h[m!, subNt< it'Nt< c zBdêp< pds<}< Évit, äaü[a> pQiNt-1, pds<}ayam!
k
ANt¢h[m! ANyÇ s<}a-ivxaE àTyye ¢h[e tdNt-ivxe> àit;exawRm! (pir0 27), gaErI äaüi[tr,
a
pdàdeza> - pdSy 8.1.16, pdat! 8.1.17 #it @vmady>.
I ivix-sUÇ.
f pdm! → 1.4.17
su p!
su - AaE - js! - Am! - AaEqœ - zs! - qa - _yam! - iÉs! - 'e - _yam! - _ys! - 'is - _yam! - _ys! -'s! -
Aaes! - Aam! - i' - Aaes! - sup! 4.1.2
Case # Case Name Questions (Answers) ivÉi´ S D P
I Nominative who (the doer) ktaR ne su AaE js!
whom, what (object/result of an action) Am AaEq
II Accusative kmR kae zs!
! œ
by / with what (action is done) _yam
III Instrumental kr[m! se, ke Öara qa iÉs!
!
to, for (given, purpose) _yam
IV Dative sMàdanm! ke ilye, kae 'e _ys!
!
the origin from, out of, due to _yam
V Ablative Apadanm! se 'is _ys!
!
Aa
VI Genitive who's (relationship) sMbNxm! ka, ke, kI 's! Aaes!
m!
s
VII Locative where (in, on), (place of action) Aixkr[m! me<, pr i' Aaes!
up!
i t' œ
itp! - ts! - iH - isp! - ws! - w - imp! - vs! - ms! - t - Aatam! - H - was! - Aawam! - Xvm! - #qœ- vih -
mih'œ 3.4.78
àwm pué;> mXym pué;> %Äm pué;>
(Third Person) (Second Person) (First Person) 3.4.78
S D P S D P S D P
itp! ts! iH isp! ws! w imp! vs! ms! prSmEpdm!
AaTmnepdm
t Aatam! H was! Aawam! Xvm! #qœ vih mih'œ
!
itp! - ts! - iH - isp! - ws! - w - imp! - vs! - ms! - t - Aatam! - H - was! - Aawam! - Xvm! -
sU
#qœ- vih - mih'œ 3.4.78 /S2154
A lSy,6,1,3.4.77 xatae>,5,1,3.1.91 àTyy>,1,1,3.1.1 pr>,1,1, c,0,0,3.1.2
xatae>,5,1, lSy (=lkarSy) (Swane) itp!-ts!-iH-isp!-ws!-w-imp!-vs!-ms!-t-Aatam!-H-was!-
v&
Aawam!-Xvm!-#qœ-vih-mih'œ ,1,1,
#Tyete Aòadza> Aadeza> ÉviNt
T These 18 affixes, the itp! ...mih'œ are placed immediately following the root, in place of the lkar
v& tÇ nv Aadeza> prSmEpidna< xatUnam! , nv c AaTmnepidna< xatUnam!
Among those the first 9 are added to prSmEpdI roots and the other 9 are added to AaTmnepdI roots. (Refer
T
notes on àk«it / ivk«it affixes)
The following are the substitutes of ' l ' – itp!-ts!-iH-isp!-ws!-w-imp!-vs!-ms!-t-Aatam!-H-was!-
V
Aawam!-Xvm!-#qœ-vih-mih'œ
These are the well-known conjugational affixes, also called personal endings/terminations and are ordained
generally after all the ten tenses (lkara>). But as a matter of fact, they undergo various additions and
alterations in the different tenses. Some of these changes have already been mentioned in luq> àwmSy fa-
raE-rs> 2.4.85, SytasI ¤-luqae> 3.1.33 etc. Others will be mentioned hereafter. It is only in the present
È
tense or lqœ that the affixes as above given, may be applied to the root, in some cases, without alteration.
The pkar in itp!, isp! and imp! is for the sake of accent (AnudaÄaE sup!-iptaE 3.1.4); the qkar in the
#qœ is for distinguishing it in the sūtra #qae=t! 3.4.106; and the 'kar in mih'œ for forming the àTyahar
it'œ which is the general name of the above 18 conjugational or personal affixes. Stripped off their #t! letters,
the following table shows the conjugational affixes as added under various tenses.
lkar prSmEpd AaTmnepd
lqœ S D P S D P
III it ts! AiNt te Aate ANte
II is ws! w se Aawe Xve
I im vs! ms! @ vhe mhe
l'œ S D P S D P
III t tam! An! t Aatam! ANt
II s! tm! t was! Aawam! Xvm!
I As! v m v vih mih
ivixil'
S D P S D P
œ
III $t! $tam! $yu> $y $vih $mih
II $> $tm! $t $was $yawam! $Xvm!
I $ym! $v $m $t $yatam! $rn!
laeqœ S D P S D P
III tu tam! ANtu tas! Aatas! ANtas!
II ih tm! t Sv Aawas! Xvm!
I Aain Aav Aam @e AavhE AamhE
ilqœ S D P S D P
III A Atus! %s! @ Aate #re
II w Awus! A se Aawe Xve
I A v m @ vhe mhe
luqœ S D P S D P
III ta taraE tars! ta taraE tars!
II tais taSws! taSw tase tasawe taXve
I taiSm taSvs! taSms! tahe taSvhe taSmhe
l&qœ S D P S D P
III Syit Syts! SyiNt Syte Syete SyNte
II Syis Syws! Svw Syse Svwe SyXve
I Svaim Syavs! Syams! Sye Syavhe Syamhe
lu'œ S D P S D P
III sIt! Stam! sus! St satas! st
II sIs! Stm! St Swas! sawas! Xvs!
I sm Sv Sm is Svih Smih
AazIilR
S D P S D P
'œ
III yat! yaStas! yasus! sIó sIyaStas! sIrn!
II yas! yaStm! yaSt sIóas! sIyaSwam! sIXvm!
I yasm! yaSv yaSm sIy svih sImih
l&'œ S D P S D P
III Syt! Sytam! Syn! Syt Syetas! SyNt
II Sys! Sytm! Syt Sywas! Syewas! SyXvm!
I Sym! Syav Syam Sye Syavih Syamih
is 2154 → @te=òadz ladeza> Syu>
lSy itvady> Aadeza> ÉviNt, itp!-isp!-impa< pkar> SvrawR>, #qòkar> - #qae=t! 3.4.106
#it ivze;[awR>, itbaidiÉ> Aadez> tuLyTvadœ n dezivXywR>, mhI'> 'kar> it'œ #it
ka àTyahar-¢h[awR>, pcit, pct>, pciNt, pcis, pcw>, pcw, pcaime, pcav>, pcam>, pcte,
pcete, pcNte, pcse, pcewe, pcXve, pce, pcavhe, pcamhe, @vm! ANye;u Aip lkare;u
%dahayRm!.
I pirÉa;a-sUÇ.
f --

16.12.2004 - 1100
s
ÉUvady> xatv> 1.3.1 /S18
U
I xaryit #it xatu>, That which supports (the language). It is the basic unit from which words are formed
A --
p ÉUvady>,1,3, xatv>,1,3,
A ÉUvady>,1,3, xatv>,1,3,
s ÉU c va> c ÉUvaE, taE Aaid,1,2, ySy ÉUvaid>, te - dNÖgÉR-b˜ÏIih>
v
' ÉU ' #it @vmady>, 'va' #it @v<àkarka> i³yavcna>, zBda>, xatu-s<}ka> ÉviNt
&
The words (meaningful collection of letters) such as ÉU , va etc., that denote an action (listed in the xatu paQ) are
T
called by the name xatu
V The words beginning with ÉU (to become), and denoting action, are called xatu (verbal roots)
This defines the word xatu or root. The list of Sanskrit verbs begins with the root ÉU (to be). Sanskrit grammarians
have divided all verbs into ten classes, according to certain modifications which their roots undergo before certain
terminations. They are –
ÉU , Adœ , ˜ , idv! , su , tudœ , éÏ! , tn! , i³ , curœ .
There are nearly two thousand verbs, and they are conjugated in two forms, some taking the prSmEpdI terminations
only, the others the AaTmnepdI terminations and some both. The third chapter deals with mostly with rules
È
determining the nature of the verbal root, whether it is prSmEpid or AaTmnepid or both (%Éypid ). A verb
expresses action. The word xatu is a word coined by older grammarians than Panini and they employed the term in
denoting a word expressing action. Here also, therefore, the word xatu means a word which expresses action.
The va in the sūtra is for the sake of auspiciousness; for the regular siNx of ÉU + Aaid is _vaid and not ÉUvaid ;
while Dr. Ballantyne considers that va is a separate root: he translates the sūtra thus – "Let the verbal roots ÉU va
and the like be called xatu"
ÉU> #Tyevmady> zBda> i³yavcna> xatu-s<}ka> ÉviNt, ÉU-Évit, @x - 2Xte, SpxR - SpxRte,
xatuzBd> pUvaRcayR-s<}a, te c i³yavcnana< s<}a< k«tvNt>, tidh Aip pUvaRcayR-
k s<}aïy[at!, i³yavcnanam! @v ÉUvadIna< xatu-s<}a ivxIyte,
a ÉuvadIna< vkarae=y< m¼lawR> àyuJyte,
Éuvae vawR> vdNtIit _vwaR va vady> Sm&ta>.
xatu-àdeza> - xatae> 3.1.91 #Tyevmady>.
I s<}a-sUÇ. xatu> = Root (Primitive & Derived)
R see sna*Nta> xatv> 3.1.32
f xatv> 1.3.93
s
sna*Nta> xatv> 3.1.32 / S2304
U
A --
p sna*Nta>,1,3, xatv>,1,3,
A sna*Nta> xatv>
s sn! Aaid> ye;a< te sandy> b˜ÏIih>, sndy> ANte ye;a< te sn*Nta> b˜ÏIih>

v
sna*Nta> smudaya> xatus<}ka> ÉviNt
&
The first àTyy in this group is sn!, The "collection of letters" that end in any one of these snaid-àTyys is called
sna*Nt> and is given the name xatu, That is, it becomes a derived root, which is also called àTyyaNt-xatu,
snaid is a group of affixes enumerated from sūtras pu;aid-*uta*!¤idt> prSmepde;u 3.1.55 to Aayady
AaxRxatuke va 3.1.31
The snaid àTyy are enumerated as follows, along with the sūtra numbers -
1. sn! 3.1.5-3.1.7
2. Kyc! 3.1.8
3. kaMyc! 3.1.9
4. Ky'œ 3.1.11
T
5. Ky;! 3.1.13
6. i['œ 3.1.20
7. i[c! 3.1.21
8. y'œ 3.1.22
9. i[c! 3.1.25
10. ykœ 3.1.27
11. Aay 3.1.28
12. $y'œ 3.1.29
13. i['œ 3.1.30
V All the words ending with the affixes sn! and others are called xatu
This extends the sphere of xatu (roots) already defined in ÉUvady> xatv> 1.3.1. These roots may be called
derivative roots. They are separate independent roots and have all the functions of a root, as taking tense-affixes etc.
È
as shown in the above examples. Thus ickI;aR (to wish to do), kair (to cause to do), cei³y (to do repeatedly) are
separate roots and not the same as k« (to do) and thus take zp! etc.
% ickI;Rit, puÇIyit, puÇkaMyit
sn! Aaid> ye;a< te snady>, snady> ANte ye;a< te sna*Nta>, sn*Nta> smudaya> xatu-
k
s<}ka> ÉviNt, àTyy-¢h[-pirÉa;a (pir0 23) @v pd-s<}ayam! ANtvcnen il¼en àiti;Ïa (pir0 27) stI
a
punirhaNtvcnen àitàsUyte, ickI;Rit, puÇIyit, puÇkaMyit
I s<}a-sUÇ. (Derived / Secondary Roots)
R see ÉUvady> xatv> 1.3.1
f --
s
àTyy> 3.1.1 / S180
U
A --
p àTyy>,1,1,
A àTyy>
s --
v
#t> A¢e Aa pÂmaXyay - pirsmaÝe>,5,1, #it s<]aTven Aixi³yte
&

Starting from here 3.1.1 up to the end of the fifth chapter i.e. 5.4.160, whatever is ordained - that is called by the name
T
àTyy>
k àk«it-%ppd-%paix-ivkar-Aagman! vjRiyTva àTyy-s<}a Évit
An Affix – This is a sūtra intended solely to regulate the sense of others. From this place forward up to the end of the
fifth chapter i.e.5.4.160, whatsoever we shall treat of, will get the name of àTyy (affix), except the àk«it (base) (such
as gup!, itj!, ikt! etc. in gup!-itj!-ikÑ(> sn! 3.1.5 are bases, the affix being sn!), the '%ppda' (dependent
V word) - (such as StMb, zk«t in StMb-zk«taeirn! 3.2.24 are %ppda), the %paix (attribute), the special cause
& that occasions changes (such as pzu in hrte†R-nawyae> pzaE 3.2.25 is an %paix); in the sutra StMb-
È zk«taeirn! 3.2.24, the word hrit is a àk«it v&iÄ and naw are %pxa - pzu is an %paix, the affix being #n!,
the substitute and the augment. Such as the affixes sVyt!, tVy, AnIyrœ taught in tVyÄVyanIyr> 3.1.96, as
ktRVym!, kr[Iym!
incomplete
% kÄRVym!, kr[Iym!
Aixkar> Aym!, àTyy-zBd> s<}aTven Aixi³yte, Aa pÂmaXyay-pirsmaÝe> yaint ^XvRm!
k
Anu³im:yam>, àTyy-s<}a> te veidtVya>, àk«it-%ppd-%paix-ivkar-Aagman! vjRiyTva, vúyit -
a
tVyÄVyanIyr> 3.1.96, kÄRVym!, kr[Iym!, àTyy-àdeza> - àTyylaepe àTyyl][m! 1.1.62 #Tyevmady>.
I Aixkar-sUÇ.
f àTyy> → 5.4.160
s
prí 3.1.2 / S181
U
A àTyy>,1,1, 3.1.1
p pr>,1,1, c,0,0,
A àTyy> pr> c
s --
v
ySy àTyy-s<}a ivihta, prí Évit - #it s<}aNven Aixkar> veidtVy> Aa pÂmaXyay,5,1, pirsmaÝe>
&
That which is given the name àTyy, will always be added after something. This rule applies from here up to the end
T
of the fifth chapter i.e. 5.4.160
k
xatae> v àaitpidkadœ va pr> Évit (àTyy>)
a
T The àTyy is placed immediately following a xatu or a àaitpidkm!
And Subsequent. – This is also an Aixkar (regulating) sūtra and is understood in all subsequent sūtras; or it might
also be called a pirÉa;a or interpreting sūtra. That is called an affix comes after, or is placed after, the dhātu (root) or
V
the àaitpidk (crude form); as ktRVym!
&
The force of the word c 'and' in this sūtra is to indicate that the affixes here treated of, are to be place after a root etc.;
È
not so, however, the affixed not in this chapter. These, later, such as %[aid affixes, may sometimes be placed in the
beginning of in the middle of a word
% kÄRVym!, tEiÄrIym!,
k Aym! Aip Aixkar> yaegeyaege %pitóte, pirÉa;a va, prí s Évit xatae> va àaitpidkadœ va y>
a àTyy-s<}a, kÄRVym!, tEiÄrIym!, ckar> punrSy @v smu½yawR>, ten %[aid;u prTv< n

ivkLPyte.
I pirÉa;a-sUÇ.
f prí → 5.1.160
17.12.2004 - 1100
A¼
s
ySmat! àTyyivix> tdaid àTyye A¼m! 1.4.13 /S199
U
p ySmat!,5,1, àTyyivix>,1,1, tdaid,1,1, àTyye,7,1, A¼m!,1,1,
A - to be done later -
s àTyySy ivix> - àTyyivix> ;óItTpué;>, tSy Aaid> tdaid> tdaidraidyRSy tt! tdaid b˜ÏIih>
v ySmat! (xataevaR àaitpidkaÖa ) àTyyivix> = àTyyae> ivxIyte, tdaidzBdêpSy àTyye
& prtae=¼s<}a Évit
T Whenever a àTyy is ordained, whatever (collection of letters) that precedes that àTyy is called the A¼ for that àTyy
After whatsoever there is an affix enjoined, whether verbal root or crude-form, that which begins therewith in the
V
form in which it appears when the affix follows it, is called an A¼ (Inflective base)
È The words of this sūtra require some explanation. ySmat! after whatsoever; àTyy-ivix> compound of àTyy-
ivix> compound of àTyy meaning an affix and ivix>, a percept 1.S. a rule enjoying an affix ; tdaid, i.e. that
which begins therewith; àTyye 7.S. = in a àTyy follows (1.1) is called a base.
After whatsoever there is an affix enjoined, whether it be a xatu (verbal root) or a nominal base (àaitpidk), the
word form having that as its beginning, is called a A¼, with regard to the affix that follows. The word ySmat! is
used in the sūtra to point out the thing named, as A¼. The word 'base' is thus a relative term with regard to its affix.
Thus – k« + ta ktaR (he will do), ù + ta htaR (he will do). kir:yit, hir:yit. Here, because the root k« and ù
get the name A¼, they undergo gu[ (savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84) similarly because %pgu etc. get the
name A¼, their vowel undergoes v&iÏ in AaEpgv> etc.
The words k«, ù are A¼ with regard to the affix Aa etc. %pgu + A[! AaEpgv>, kapqv>. Here %pgu and
kpqu are A¼ with regard to A[!
Similarly k« + Sy + v> kir:y + v> kir:yav>, Here the whole word form kir:y is regarded as A¼ and as
such the short A is lengthened by Atae dI"aeR yi| 7.3.101 ; because though the affix va> is enjoined after the
word k« the form which begins with k« i.e. kir:y will also be called A¼ when the affix is to be added. The word
tdaid, therefore, has been used in the sūtra to make the definition of A¼ applicable to the forms which a word may
assume after taking the intermediate affixes alike Sy etc. or num! before the final affixes. Thus k…{f + num! + #
k…{fn! + # k…{fain (npu<skSy Hlc> 7.1.72 & svRnamSwane cas<buÏaE 6.4.8). k…{f + num!
+# k…{fn! + # k…{fain (bowls). Here the whole form k…{fn! is called A¼ and as such it lengthens its
vowel before the case-affix $ by 6.4.8.
Why have we used the word àTyy ? Without it the rule would have run thus – "After whatever there is anything
enjoined etc., is called A¼ ". Then in ôI + #yit ôyit. Here siNx of vowels is enjoined between $ + # $, Here,
if ôI was an A¼, then its last vowel would have been replaced by 6.4.77, the form being iôiyyit.
Why have we used the word ivix ? Has we omitted it the rule would have run thus – "After whatsoever there is an
affix, whether root or àaitpidk is A¼ ". Thus in dix Axuna, though the word dix is not enjoined by any rule; and
the word dix is not called an A¼. Had it been so called, then the # of dix should have been elided by the sūtra

6.4.148
The word àTyy has been repeated twice in this sūtra in order to show that when an affix is elided, the term A¼ will
not apply to what stood before it. Thus in the compound word iôyE + AweR ô(weR (for the sake of the woman).
Here in forming the tTpué; compound the Dative Case (IV Case – sMàdanm!) – Affix after the word iô has been
elided, for as a general rule case-affixes are elided in forming compounds. If the word ôI after its affix had been
elided, still retained its old designation of A¼, the ôI + AweR would have been iôyweR, the #y'œ augment being
added by the rule 6.4.77.
ÉU + itp! - ÉU is the A¼ for itp!
ÉU + zp! + itp! - ÉU is the A¼ for zp!, (ÉU + zp!) is the A¼ for itp!,
%
curœ + i[c! + zp! + itp! - curœ is the A¼ for i[c!, (curœ + i[c!) is the A¼ for zp! , (curœ + i[c! + zp!) is
the A¼ for itp!,
ySmat! àTyy> ivxIyte xatae> va àaitpidkat! va tdaid zBdêp< àTyye prt> A¼s<}< Évit, ktaR,
htaR, kir:yit, hir:yit, Akir:yt!, Aaepgv>, kapqv>, ySmat! #it s<i]indeRzawRm!, tdaid #it
k s<bNxat!, àTyy¢h[m! ikm! ? Nyivzt, Vy³I[It, 'neivRz> 1.3.17' #it %psgaRt! ivix> AiSt, tdade>
a A¼-s<}a Syt!, ivix¢h[m! ikm! ? àTyy-prTvmaÇe ma ÉUt!, ôI #ytI. Tdaid vcnm!
SyaidnumwRm!. kir:yav>, kir:yam>, k…{fain, pun> àTyy¢h[< ikmwRm! ? luÝàTyye ma Éut,
(ïI) ï!ywRm!, æ!vwRm!, A¼àdeza> - A¼Sy 6.4.1 #it @vamady>.
f --
lkar (No Panini Sutra for this)

A lkar (lœ) is a àTyy representing ktaR, kmR or Éav-AwR of the action that is added to a root and Panini codes these
lkar into 10+1 modes of conjugation of a root. He uses the vowels added to the lkar as #t! letters to denote the
different modes and uses two consonants – qœ & 'œ to divide these lkar into two groups – iqt! lkara> and i't!
lkara> to facilitate his method of deriving the ivk«it-it'œ affixes to denote the different modes. The lkar are -
iqt! lkara>
1 Present Tense vÄRman-kal> l~qœ
Past tense not witnessed by the
2 Remote Past Perfect Tense prae] ÉUtkal> il~qœ
speaker
Periphrastic Future / An*tn Éiv:yt!-
3 l~uqœ
First Future Tense kal>
General / Second / Simple Future
4 Éiv:yt!-kal> l&~qœ
Tense
le
5 Vedic Subjunctive Tense
~qœ
lae
6 Imperative Mood Aa}awR>
~qœ
i't! lkara>
7 Imperfect Past Tense An*tn ÉUtkal> l~'œ Past Tense - not of today

ivixil'
8.a Potential Mood ivXywR>
œ
il'œ
8. AazIilR
Benedictive Mood
b 'œ
samaNy
9 Simple Past Tense l~u'œ General past tense
ÉUtkal>
Conditional Past Mood
10 General / Second / Simple Future l&~'œ
Tense
it¼Ntàyaega>
The three types of it¼Ntàyaega> are –
 ktRir-àyaeg> - The lkar> denotes the ktaR - agent of an action
 kmRi[-àyaeg>- The lkar denotes the kmR – object of the action
 Éave-àyaeg> - The lkar denotes the abstract sense of the root
20.12.2004 - 1100
s
l> kmRi[ c Éave c AkmRke_y> 3.4.69 /S2152
U
A kÄRir,7,1, (3.4.67), xatae>,5,1, 3.1.91
p l>,1,3, kmRi[,7,1, c,0,0, Éave c,0,0, AkmRke_y>,5,3,
l> ktRir c kmRi[ c (skmRke_y>) xatae>
A
l> ktRir c kmRi[ c (AkmRke_y>) xatae>
v l> = lkara> skRmke_yae xatu_y> kmRi[ karke ÉviNt ckarat! ktRir c, AkmRke_yae xatu_yae
& Éave ÉviNt ckarat! ktRir c.
lkar can be added to roots denoting ktaR & kmR in the case of skmRk roots And ktaR & Éav in the case of
AkmRk roots – i.e. –
T  All roots will have ktRir-àyaeg
 skmRk roots will have kmRi[-àyaeg
 AkmRk roots will have Éave-àyaeg
v
iÖíkar¢h[aÊÉyÇ 'ktRir' #it sMbXyte, AkmRk¢h[at! skmRka Aip xatv Aai]Ýa ÉviNt
&
The tense-affixes called l are used in denoting the object and the agent and after intransitive verbs, they denote the
V
action as well as the agent
È The term lœ means the ten affixes known as lqœ, ilqœ etc. is the common element of them all and these affixes
when stripped of all indicatory letters, leave behind only the letter lœ which is thus common name for them all. The
l> in the sūtra, is the nominative plural of lœ, By the word c in the sūtra, we draw in the word ktaR or 'agent' from
the sūtra ÉVgeyàvnIyaepSwanIyjNyaPlaVyapaTya va 3.4.68 into this. The force of these tense-affixes, when
placed after transitive verbs is to denote the object and the agent; and when placed after intransitive verbs, is to
denote either 'action' (Éav) or it may denote the 'agent'. The verb –
1. Denotes the action; to be or to do, generally; or to be or to do, in a particular manner

2. In the active voice the affix marks the agent
3. in the passive voice of a transitive verb, it marks the object
4. in the passive form of an intransitive verb, the action itself
Thus gMyte ¢amen devdÄen (the village is gone to by Devadatta). Here – te of gMyte denotes the object and
is in passive construction. gCDit ¢amm devdÄ> (Devadatta goes to the village). Here the affix it of gCDit
denotes the agent and the sentence is in active construction. The verb gm! being a transitive verb, can take both the
active and passive constructions or to use the Sanskrit technical phraseology, the tense affixes, after transitive verbs,
denote the agent and the object. They can never denote Éav or action after transitive verbs i.e. transitive verbs cannot
be used impersonally. Let us now give examples of Intransitive verbs – AaSyte devdÄen (it is seated by
Devadatta). The word AaSyte here denotes merely Éav or 'action'. In other words, we may call this an impersonal
construction. AaSyte devdÄ (Devadatta sits) – here the verb AaSyte denotes the agent or is in the active voice.
Professor Bohtlingk translates the sūtra thus – "A finite verb expresses the agent as well as the object; but the
Intransitive verbs denote, in addition to that, the Impersonal idea of the action". The word Éav means action
considered to be abstract.
skmRke_y> kmRi[ - pQ(te iv*a äaü[en
ktRir - pQit iv*a< äaü[>
%
AkmRke_y> Éave - AaSyte devdÄen, hSyte devdÄen
ktRir - AaSte devdÄ>, hsit devdÄ>
l> #it %Ts&ò-AnubNx< samaNy< g&ýte, àwma-b˜vcnaNt< c @tt!, lkara> kmRi[ karke ÉviNt,
k
ckart! ktRir c, AkmRke_y> xatu_y> Éave ÉviNt, pun> ckarat! ktRir c, gMyte ¢am> devdÄen,
a
gCDit ¢m< devdÄ>, AkmRke_y> - AaSyte devdÄen, AaSte devdÄ>, skmRke_y> Éave n ÉviNt.
f --
s
xatae> 3.1.91 /S2829
U
A àTyy>,1,1, 3.1.1. pr>,1,1, c,0,0, 3.1.2
p xatae>,5,1,
v
Aa t&tIyXyay pirsmaÝe> xatae> #it Aixkar> veidVy>
&
From here, up to the end of the third chapter i.e. 3.4.117, the Aixkar of xatae> is present. It means – àTyy-
Aixkar starts from 3.1.1 and that a àTyy is placed after something (prí 3.1.2). Connecting àTyy 3.1.1 and prí 3.1.2
T
with xatae> 3.1.91, the meaning is – All àTyy are enumerated from 3.1.91 till the end of the third chapter i.e.
3.4.117, will be placed immediately after the root
This is an Aixkar-sUÇ. All the verbal affixes are broadly divided into two parts – k«t! and k«Ty! affixes, which
V
will be described later
This is an Aixkar sūtra. All the verbal affixes are broadly divided into two parts – k«t! and k«Ty! affixes, which
È
will be described later
% --
k xatae> #it Aym! Aixkar> veidtVy>, Aa t&tIyaXyay-pirsmaÝe> yidt ^XvRm! - Anu³im:yam>
a xatae> #Tyevy< tdœ veidtVym!, vúyit - tVyÄVyanIyr> 3.1.96 #it, kmRVym!, kr[Iym!, xatu-
¢h[m! AnwRkm! , y'œ-ivxaE xaTvixkarat!, k«dœ-%ppd-s<}aw¡ tihR, AiSm! xaTvixkare te ywa

Syatam! , ma ÉUtam! #it, AaxRxatuk-s<}aw¡ c iÖtIy< xatu-¢h[< ktRVym!, xatae> #Tyevm!
ivihtSy ywa Syat!, #h ma ÉUt! - lU_ya< lUiÉ> #it.
f xatae> → 3.4.117
s
t'anaE AaTmnepdm! 1.4.100 /S2156
U
p t'anaE,1,2, AaTmnepdm!,1,1,
s t'œ c Aaní t'anaE #tretryaegÖNÖ>
v
t'œ-AanaE AaTmnepds<}km! Évt>
&
The àTyahar - t'œ which is the second part of it'œ AND the àTyy that ends in 'Aan' are called by the name
T
AaTmnepdm!
v
pUveR[ sUÇe[ prSmEpds<}aya< àaÝayanaTmnepd< ivxIyte
&
T <to be done later>
The nine affixes comprised under the àTyhar t'œ and the two ending in Aan (zanc! & kanc! vide sūtra 3.2.106),
which are substitutes of l are called AaTmnepd, The following are AaTmnepd affixes –
V S D P
&
III Person t Aatam! H
È
II Person was! Aawam! Xvm!
I Person #qœ vih mih'œ
it'œ → prSmEpdm!
t'œ → AaTmnepdm!
N
zt& ,Kvsu → prSmEpdm!
zanc! ,kanc! → AaTmnepdm!
% t, Aatam!, H, was!, Aawam!, Xvm!, #qœ, vih, mih'œ, Aan> = zanc! , kanc!
t'œ-#it àTyahar> nvana< vcnanam!, Aan #it zanc!-kancae> ¢h[m!, pUveR[ prSmEpd-
k s<}aya< àÝaya< t'anyae> AaTmnepd-s<}a ivxIyte, t, Aatam!, H, was!, Aawam!, Xvm!, #qœ,
a vih, mih'œ, Aan> oLvip - zanc!-kancaE, l> #Tyev - ktIh in¹an>, AaTmnepd-àdeza> -
AnudaÄi't AaTmnepdm! 1.3.12 #Tyevmady>.
f --
24.12.2004 - 1100
s
it'ôIi[ ÇIi[ àwm-mXym-%Äm> 1.4.101 /S2160
U
p it'>,6,1, ÇIi[,1,3, ÇIi[,1,3, àwm-mXym-%Äm>,1,3,
s àwmí mXymí %Ämí àwmmXymaeÄma>, #tretryaegÖNÖ>
v
it',6,1, Aòadz-àTyya> ÇIi[ ÇIi[ ywa³m< àwm-mXym-%Äm-s<}ka> ÉviNt
&
T Of the 18 àTyahar - it'œ, each set of three get the name of àwm pué;> (Third Person), mXym pué;> (Second

Person) and %Äm pué;> (First Person)
The three triads in both the sets – prSmEpd and AaTmnepd, of conjugational affixes (comprised under the
V general name it'œ, a àTyahar formed of the first and last of them viz. itp! & mih'œ), are called in order, Lowest
(III Person), Middle (II Person), Highest (I Person)
Of the 18 conjugational affixes, 9 are prSmEpd & 9 are AaTmnepd . Each of these two classes is subdivided into
three classes according to person
àwm pué;> mXym pué;> %Äm pué;>
È sūtra 3.4.78 (Third Person) (Second Person) (First Person)
@k iÖ b˜ @k iÖ b˜ @k iÖ b˜
prSmEpdm! itp! ts! iH isp! ws! w imp! vs! ms!
AaTmnepdm! t Aatam! H was! Aawam! Xvm! #qœ vih mih'œ
itp! , ts! , iH #it àwm> pué;>, isp! , ws! , w #it mXym>, imp! , vs! , ms! #it %Äm>, twa @v
%
AaTmnepde;u
it'> Aòadz àTyya>, nv prSmEpd-s<}ka> nv AaTmnepd-s<}ka>, tÇ prSmEpde;u Çyiôka>
ywa³m< àwm-mXym-%Äm-s<}a> ÉviNt, AaTmnepde;u Aip Çyiôka> àwm-mXym-%Äm-
k
s<}a> ÉviNt, itp! , ts! , iH #it àwm>, isp! , ws! , w #it mXym>, imp! , vs! , ms! #it %Äm>,
a
AaTmenepde;u - t, Aatam! , H #it àwm>, was! ,Aawam! ,Xvm! #it mXym>, #qœ, vih, mih'œ
#it %Äm>, àwmmXymaeÄm-àdeza> - ze;e àwm> 1.4.108 #Tyevmady>,
f it' ÇIi[ → 1.4.104
s
tain @kvcn-iÖvcn-b˜vcnain @kz> 1.4.102 S2161
U
p tain,1,3, @kvcn-iÖvcn-b˜vcnain,1,3, @kz>,0,0.
A tain,1,3, = (it'>,6,1, ÇIi[,1,3, ÇIi[,1,3, ) @kvcn-iÖvcn-b˜vcnain @kz>
s @kvcn< c iÖvcn< c b˜vcn< ceit @kvcn-iÖvcn-b˜vcnain, #tretryaegÖNÖ>
v
tain,1,3,=(it'>,6,1, ÇIi[,1,3, ÇIi[,1,3,) @kz> = @kEk< pd< ³me[ @kvcn-iÖvcn-b˜vcn-s<}kain ÉviNt
&
Of them in each triplet, each àTyy is called Singular, Dual and Plural, respectively, in that order
@k< vúm œ zIl< ASy #it @kvcnm! – that which denotes ONE (object)
T
iÖ vúm œ zIl< ASy #it iÖ vcnm! – that which denotes TWO (objects)
b˜ vúm œ zIl< ASy #it b˜ vcnm! – that which denotes MANY (objects)
These three triads of conjugational affixes, which have received the name of Lowest etc. are called (as regard the three
V expressions in each triad) severally "the expression for one" @kvcnm! (singular), "the expression for two" iÖ
vcnm! (dual), and "the expression for many" b˜ vcnm! (plural)
Of the six triads thus formed, each is divided according to number into three classes viz. @kvcnm! (singular), iÖ
È
vcnm! (dual) and b˜ vcnm! (plural)
% itp! - @kvcnm!, ts! - iÖvcnm!, iH - b˜vcnm!, @vm! A¢e Aip
k tain @kvcn-iÖvcn-b˜vcn-s<}ain ÉviNt, @kz> @kEk< pdm!, itp! #it @kvcnm!, ts! #it iÖvcnm!,
a iH #it b˜vcnm!, @v< svRÇ @kvcn-iÖvcn-b˜vcn-àdeza> - b˜;u b˜vcnm! 1.4.21 #Tyevmady>,
f tain @kvcn-iÖvcn-b÷vcnain @kz> → 1.4.103

s
yu:m*uppde smanaixkr[e SwainNyip mXym> 1.4.105 /S2162
U
p yu:mid,7,1, %ppde,7,1, smanaixkr[e,7,1, Swainin,7,1, Aip,0,0, mXym>,1,1,
v
y:mid zBde %ppde smanaixkr[e sit Swainin AàyuJymane Aip mXym pé;> Évit
&
When the pronoun yu:mdœ (you), is related to the verb and is in smanaixkr{ym! with the verb, mXym pué;
T
(àTyy) is used, even if the pronoun 'you' is not mentioned
When the pronoun yu:mdœ (you), understood, and also when the same expressed, is the attendant word in
V
agreement with the verb, then there is the verbal termination called the middle (II person - mXym)
This defines the II Person of conjugation affixes. As Tv< pcis (thou cookest) or pcis ; yuva< pcw> or pcw>
È
(you two are cooking); yUy< pcw or pcw (you cook)
àyuJymane Aip → Tv<,2,1, pcis,2,1,, yuva<,2,2, pcw>,2,2,, yUy<,2,3, pcw,2,3,,
%
AàyuJymane Aip → pcis,2,1, pcw>,2,2, pcw,2,3,
lSy 3.4.77, #it Aixk«Ty samaNyen itbady> ivihta>, te;am! Ay< pué;inym> i³yte, y:mid %ppde
k sit Vyvihte c AVyvihte sit smanaixkr[e smaniÉxeye tuLykarke Swainin àuJymane Aip
a AàyuJymane Aip mXym-pué;> Évit, Tv< pcis, yuva< pcw>, yUy< pcw, AàuJymane Aip - pcis,
pcw> , pcw.
f %ppde smanaixkr[e Swainin Aip → 1.4.108 yu:mid mXym> → 1.4.106
25.12.2004
s
ASm*uÄm> 1.4.107 /S2164
U
p ASmid,7,1, %Äm>,1,1,
A %Smid %ppde,7,1, smanaixkr[e,7,1, (sit) Swainin,7,1, (AàyuJymane Aip) %Äm>
v
%Smid %ppde smanaiÉxeye sit àyuJymane Aip %Äm> pué;> Évit
&
When the pronoun ASmdœ "I", is related to the verb and the verb denotes it, %Äm pué;> (àTyy) (first person) is
T
used, even if the pronoun 'I' is not expressly mentioned
When the pronoun ASmdœ (I), understood and also when expressed, is the attendant word in agreement with the
V
verb, then there is the verbal termination called the Highest or I Person.
È This is clear. As Ah< pcaim (I cook) or merely pcaim, Aava< pcav> or merely pcav>.
Ah<,2,1, pcaim,2,1,, Aava<,2,2, pcav>,2,2,, vy<,2,3, pcam>,2,3,
%
AàyuJymane Aip pcaim,2,1, pcv>,2,2, pcam>,2,3,
k %Äm-pué;> inyMyte, ASmid-%ppde smanaiÉxeye àyuJymane Aip AàyuJymane Aip %Äm-
a pué;> Évit, Ah< pcaim, Aava< pcav>, vy< pcam>, AàyuJymane Aip → pcaim, pcv>, pcam>.
f --
s
ze;e àwm> 1.4.108 /S2165
U
A ze;e %ppde,7,1, smanaixkr[e,7,1, (sit) Swainin,7,1, Aip àwm>
v mXym-%Äm-iv;yat! ANy> ze;> yÇ ze; [(what remains), here means – other than the pronouns "You" and "I"]
& yu:md-ASmdaE smanaixkr[e %ppde n St>, tiSmn! ze;-iv;ye àwm-pué; Évit
When any other word (noun or pronoun), other than the pronouns "You" and "I" are denoted (by the verb), then the
T
àwm-pué;> (third person), is used
In other cases, viz. where 'thou' or 'I' are not the attendant words in agreement with the verb, there is the verbal
V
termination called the Lowest – III Person
È As pcit (he cooks), pct> (they two cook), pciNt (they cook)
% pcait,3,1, pcw>,3,2, pciNt>,3,3,
k ze;> #it mXym-%Äm-iv;yat! ANy> %Cyte, yÇ yu:md-ASmdI smanaixkr[e %ppde n St>, tÇ
a ze;e àwm-pué;> Évit, pcait, pcw>, pciNt>.
f --
28.12.2004 - 1100
s
it'œ-izt! savRxatukm! 3.4.113 / S2166
U
A xatae>,5,1, 3.1.91 àTyy>,1,1, 3.1.1 pr>,1,1, c,0,0, 3.1.2 xatae>,5,1, 3.1.22
p it'œ-izt!,1,1, savRxatukm! 1,1,
z! #t! ySy s izt! , b˜ÏIih>

s
it'œ c izt! c it'œ-izt! smaharae ÖNÖ>
v
[ " xatae> " #it s<zBdnen ] xatae> pra> ivhita>, it'> izt> c àTyya> savRxatuk-s<}ka> ÉviNt
&
The àTyy of it'œ and those that have zkar as #t! letter (i.e. izt!-àTyy) that are ordained to come immediately
T
after a xatu are called by the name savRxatukm!
àTyy should be added immediately after a xatu
is
That àTyy should be ordained by using the word xatae> (i.e. xatae should be explicitly uttered)
All personal endings itp! - ts! - iH - isp! - ws! - w - imp! - vs! - ms! - t - Aatam! - H - was!- Aawam!
V
- Xvm! - #qœ- vih - mih'œ 3.4.78 and affixes with an indicatory zkar are called savRxatuk
Of course, this applies to the affixes which have been already treated before, viz. the affixes which relate to verbal
È
roots and not to tiÏt affixes etc. Thus, Svipit, raeidit, pcman>, yjnam>, ilqœ, AazIilR'œ are exceptions
% Évit, nyit, Svipit, raeidit, pvman> yjman>
k it'> izt> c àTyya> savRxatuk-s<}ka> ÉviNt, Évit, nyit, Svipit, raeidit, pvman> yjman>,
a savRxatuk-àdeza> - savRxatuke ykœ 3.1.67 #Tyevmady>.
f --
s
AaxRxatuk< ze;> 3.4.114 /S2187
U
A xatae>,5,1,3.1.91 àTyy>,1,1,3.1.1 pr>,1,1, c>,0,0,3.1.2 xatae>,5,1,3.1.22
v ["xatae>" #it s<zBdnen] xatae>,5,1, pra> ivhita> ze;a> (it'œ-izt!-vijRta>) àTyya>
& savRxatuk>-s<}ka> ÉviNt
All àTyy other than it'œ and those that have zkar as #t! letter (i.e. izt!-àTyy) that are ordained to come
T
immediately after a xatu are called by the name AaxRxatukm!
V The remainder, i.e. the affixes other than it'œ and those with an indicatory zkar subjoined to a verbal root are called
AaxRxatuk
Thus the affixes t&, tuc!, tVym! etc. are AaxRxatuk affixes as in the words – livta, livtum!, livtVym!. Here
the augment #qœ is added because of these affixes being called AaxRxatuk by AaxRxatukSyefœ vlade>
7.2.35
The word xatae> whose Anuv&iÄ began with the sūtra - xatae> 3.1.91, is understood here also. So that the
affixes in relation to the verbal roots get the name of savRxatuk and AaxRxatuk ; the affixes applied to nouns do
not get these names. Thus the case-affix _yas! when added to the noun lU , is not called an AaxRxatuk affix, and
therefore we have lU_yas!, lUiÉ> etc. Had these affixes been AaxRxatuk, they would have caused the gu[ of the
È
base savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84. Similarly, the affixes Tv< and ta in the words v&]Tv< and v&]ta are
not AaxRxatuk affixes. Had they been so, there would have been the insertion of the augment #qœ -
AaxRxatukSyefœ vlade> 7.2.35
Similarly in sūtra guiÝiJkdœ_y> sn! 3.1.5 the affix sn! is used without changing the sense after the roots gup!,
itj! and ikt!, But as this affix is added without the enunciation of the word xatae> as it is in the sūtra xatae>
kmR[> smankt&RkaidCDaya< va 3.1.7 this sn! is not called AaxRxatuk and does not take the augment
#qœ as juguPste
% livta, livtum!, livtVym!
k it'œ izt> c vjRiyTva ANy> àTyy ze;> xatu-s<zBdnen iviht> AaxRxatuk-s<}> Évit, livta,
a livtum!, livtVym!, xatae> #Tyev - v&]Tvm! , v&]taiSt, lU_yam! , lUiÉ>, juguPste.
f
# Sūtra
3.1.1 àTyy>
3.1.2 prí>
3.1.3 Aa*udaÄí
sn
3.1.5 gup œ-itj œ-ikÑ(> sn!
!
Non-AaxRxatuk
sn
3.1.6 man!-bx-dan!-zan!_yae dI"Ría_yasSy snaid-àTyy
!
- give rise to new roots
3.1.7 xatae> kmR[> smanktR&kaidCDaya< va
namxatuk
mu{f-imï-ðú[-lv[-Ït-vô-hl-kl-k«t-tUSte_yae
3.1.21 & Miscellaneous
i[c!
3.1.22 xataerekacae hlade> i³ya-smiÉhare y'œ
AaxRxatuk savRxatuk-AaxRxatuk
3.1.31 Ayady AaxRxatuke va
except k«t!
3.1.90 k…i;-rÁjae> àaca< Zyn! prSmEpd< c
3.1.91
All k«t! except
to
it'œ
3.4.117
Rules –
 àTyy is added immediately after the root
 That àTyy should be ordained by using the word xatae>

29.12.2004 - 1100
s
lSy 3.4.77 /S2153
U
p lSy,6,1,
v #t> A¢e Aa t&tIyaXyay pirsmaÝe> vúyma[ain kayaRi[ lkarSy @v Swane ÉviNt #it Aixkar>
& veidtVy>
This is an Aixkar sūtra, Starting from here, it extends up to the end of the third chapter – 3.4.117
This means that all the operations mentioned from here, take place in the place of lkar alone, for e.g. – the next sūtra
ordains the 18 it'œ àTyy and they are the replacements of lkar, Therefore, they are called ladeza>, The it'œ
T
àTyy mentioned in the sutra 3.4.78 are the àk«it àTyy (primary affixes). Those mentioned in the following sutras
are modifications of these àk«it àTyy giving rise to ivk«it àTyy (modified / secondary) affixes, meant for each for
the 10 lkara>
V In the place of l will be substituted the affixes which we shall announce hereafter
This sūtra consists of one word lSy meaning of ' l '. It is an Aixkar sūtra. The word lSy is the genitive singular of l,
the A in l being for the sake of pronunciation. The l means the ten affixes –
lqœ (Present), ilqœ (Perfect), luqœ (First Future), l&qœ (Second Future), laeqœ (Imperative), leqœ (Vedic
Subjunctive), l'œ (Imperfect), il'œ (Potential and Benedictive), lu'œ (Aorist), l&' (Conditional)
È
Six of these tenses have indicatory qœ and four have indicatory 'œ
Prof. Bohtlingk translates sūtra thus – "In the following sūtras the word lSy should be supplied to complete the sense,
i.e. the phrase 'in the place of all those endings which are known as the personal endings of various tenses and moods,
and are known in their totality as 'l'
lSy #it Aym! Aixkar>, Akar> %½ar[awR>, lkar-maÇ< SwainTven Aixi³yte, yitt ^XvRm!
Anu³im:yam>, lSy #Tyev< tdœ veidtVym!, ikm! c #d< lSy #it ? dz lkara> AnugNxivizòa>
k ivihta> AwRivze;e kalivze;e c, te;a< ivze;kr-AnubNxan! %Ts&Jy yt! samaNy< tdœ g&hyte, ;qœ
a iqt>, cTvar> i't>, A]r-smaçayvd-AnupUVyaR kWyNte, lqœ, ilqœ, luqœ, ¤qœ, leqœ, laeqœ, l'œ,
il'œ, lu'œ, ¤'œ #it, Aw lkar-maÇSy ¢h[< kSmadœ n Évit - lunait cUfal> #it ? xatu Aixkar>
AnuvtRte, kÇady> c ivze;ka>.
f lSy → 3.4.117
30.12.2004 - 1100
<<<<<<<<<<derivation of ÉU to be done>>>>>>>>>>
s
vtRmane lqœ 3.2.123 /S2151
U
p vtRmane,7,1, lqœ,1,1,
A xatae> 3.1.91 àTyy>,1,1, 3.1.1 pr>,1,1, c,0,0, 3.1.2
v
vÄRmane AweR vtRmanadœ xatae> lqœ àTyy prí Évit, pr> c Évit
&
The àTyy - lqœ is added immediately after the root, when the root is (to be conjugated) in the sense of the present
T
tense
V The affix lqœ comes after a verb when denoting a present action
È The word vtRman means that which is begun and which has not yet come to an end. The action denoted by a verb in

the present tense is yet continuing and has not stopped. As pcit (he is cooking); pQit (he is reading). So also
whatever is constant, regular, uniform, is represented by the Present Indefinite. As itóiNt pvRta> (the mountains
stand); öbiNt nda> (the rivers flow)
% pcit, Évit, pQit
k àarBx> ApirsmaÝ> c vtRman>, tiSmn! vtRmane AweR vtRmanat! xatae> lqœ àTyy Évit, pcit,
a pQit.
f vtRmane → 3.3.1
31.12.2004
s
Ade'œ-gu[> 1.1.2 /S17
U
p Ade'œ,1,1, gu[>,1,1, (Ade'œ = At œ+ @'œ)
s At! c = A½ , @'œ c = Ade'œ , smaharÖNÖsmas>
v
A, @ , Aae #Tyete;a< v[aRna< gu[s<}a Évit
&
T The letters A, @, Aae are called by the name gu[
Each of the letters A, @, Aae whether radical or secondary is called a gu[ letter; as the initial vowels in the
V following - AaiÄR (he moves); @it (he comes); Aaeoit (he goes). Here the initial vowels of the roots \, #, %o!
& have undergone gu[ and changed into Arœ, @, Aae respectively, before the third person singular termination it
È The term gu[ occurs in sūtras like imdeguR[> 7.3.82 – "Let there be gu[ substitute for the #kœ of the root
imdœ (to melt)"
ceta, neta, Staeta, ktaR, htaR, tirta, Éivta
% jyit, nyit, pciNt, pQiNt
pce, yje, deveNÔ>, sUyaeRdy>, mhi;R>
gu[-zBd> s<}aTven ivxIyte àTyekm! Ade'a< v[aRna< samaNyen tÑaivtanam! AtÑaivtana<
k
c, tprkr[< tu #h svaRwRm!, tirta, ceta, Staeta, pciNt, yjiNt, Ah< pce, gup-àdeza> -
a
imdeguR[> 7.3.82 #Tyevmady>.
f gu[> → 1.1.3
The following is a pirÉa;a sUÇ connected to gu[-substitution

s
#kae gu[v&ÏI 1.1.3 /S34
U
A v&iÏ>,1,1, 1.1.1 gu[>,1,1, 1.1.2
p #k>,6,1, gu[-v&iÏ,1,2,
s gu[í v&iÏí = gu[v&ÏI, #tretryaegÖNÖsmas>
v 'v&iÏ> Syat! ', 'gu[> Syat!' #it gu[v&iÏ-zBda_ya< yÇ gu[v&iÏ,1,2, tÇ '#k>',6,1, #it ;ó(Nt< pd<
& %piSwt< ÔòVym!, tÇ gu[v&ÏI #k>,6,1, Swane Évt> #TywR>
Whenever gu[ & v&ÏI are ordained with a specific mention of the words gu[ & v&ÏI by saying "let there be gu[",
T "let there be v&ÏI" then, there in that sūtra a word in the sixth case, #k> presents itself. That is, the sixth case being
Swan-;óI, the gu[ & v&ÏI substitutions ordained will take place only in place of #kœ-#k>,6,1, (Swane).

This is a pirÉa;a sūtra i.e. an interpretation sūtra. Therefore, the example for this sūtra will be another sūtra. This
pirÉa;a sūtra applies in those situations where a specific mention of the SwanI is not made. for e.g. – in the sūtra
N -savRxatuk-AaxRxatukayae> 7.3.84 and pugNtSy-l"UpxSy c 7.3.86 specific mention of the SwanI is not
made, thereby this pirÉa;a, the #k> in the sixth will present itself and provide the SwanI, Whereas, when directly
SwanI is mentioned, this pirÉa;a will not work
In the absence of any special rule, whenever gu[ or v&iÏ, it is to be understood to come in the room of the #kœ
V
(#,%,\,¤) vowels only, of that expression
È This is a pirÉa;a sūtra and is useful in determining the original letters in the place of which the substitute gu[ and
v&iÏ letters will come. The present rule will apply where there is the specification of no other particular rule.
The sūtra savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84 declares – "when a savRxatuk or AaxRxatuk affix follows there
is gu[ of the base". Here the SwanI (the original expression) which is to undergo gu[ substitution, is not specified,
and to complete the sense the word #k> must be read into the sūtra. The rule then being "when a savRxatuk or an
AaxRxatuk affix follows there is gu[ of the #kœ vowels of the base". The gu[ of # or $ is @ ; of % or ^ is
Aae ; of \ or § is Arœ ; of ¤ is Alœ ; and their v&iÏ is @e, AaE, Aarœ, Aalœ respectively. Thus - nI + Ait
nyit (he leads)
Therefore, wherever in any rule in this grammar, gu[ or v&iÏ is ordained by employing the terms gu[ or v&iÏ, there
the word #ka> in the genitive (VI - sMbNx) case, meaning "in the place of #kœ ", is to be supplied to complete
the meaning.
The word #kœ is thus understood in the following rules, and is there qualified by the term A¼ (base) –
imdeguR[> 7.3.82, m&jev&RiÏ> 7.2.114, pugNtl"UpxSy 7.3.86, 7.4.11, 7.4.16, 6.4.156
In the following sūtras the term #kœ is understood and qualifies the word A¼ (base) – 7.3.83,
savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84.
The word #kœ has been used in the sūtra to show that the long Aa, @c! or dipthongs and hlœ consonants are not
to take gu[ or v&iÏ by this rule, so in the following examples – yanm! (a carriage), Glyait (he feels aversion),
%iMÉta (confined).
Here Glayit is formed by adding the affix itp! – III Person Singular termination with the class a affix zp!, to the root
GlE as - GlE + zp! + itp! GlE + A + it . At this stage, sūtra - savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84 would require
the gu[ substitution of the vowel of the base before the savRxatuk termination A ; the gu[ substitute of @e being
@ , there would be Gle + Ait Glyit . But this is wrong, the letter @e, being not included in the àTyahar #kœ,
is not effected by the sūtra - savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84 and there is no gu[ substitution in this case.
Similarly there is no change in the long Aa of yanm! . Thus ya + Lyuqœ (Lyuqœ c 3.3.115) yanm!
(yuvaraenakaE 7.1.1). Here, had there been gu[ by sūtra savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84, the Aa of ya,
would have been changed into A, and the form would have been ynm! which is wrong. But it is not so, as Aa is not
an #kœ vowel. So also %MÉ! + #ta %iMÉta. Here, there is no gu[ substitution in the place of the consonant
Ékar
The repetition of the words gu[ and v&iÏ in this sūtra, (though by Anuv&iÄ or the supplying of a word from the
previous sūtra these words followed from the two preceding sūtras) is for the purpose of indicating that, this is a
restrictive rule applicable only there, where gu[ or v&iÏ has been ordained by the employment of the words gu[ or
v&iÏ. Therefore, it is not so in the following cases – *aE (sky), pNwa (way), s> (he), #mm! (this). *aE is the
nominative (I case - ktaR) singular of the base idv! . It is formed by rule 7.1.84, which declares that "in the
nominative singular the letter AaE takes the place of idv! ". Here the letter AaE is no doubt a v&iÏ letter, but as this
substitution is not enjoined by the enunciation of the term v&iÏ, AaE does not take the place of the vowel # of idv!,
but it replaces the final v! . Thus - id + AaE + s! *aE
Similarly, rule 7.1.85 declares that of the word piwn!, Aa is the substitute. The Aa is a v&iÏ letter no doubt, but not
being enunciated by the term v&iÏ, it takes the place of n! of piwn! and not of # . Thus we have pNwa>, the n
being added by wae Nw> 7.1.87
Similarly, s> from tdœ, which is formed by TydadIna> 7.2.102 "short A is the substitute of Tydœ etc.". Here
Akar takes the place of dkar, Thus we have tkar, which is changed again into skar by tdae> s>
savnNTyyae> 7.2.106
% me*it, ceta, ktaR, jyit, maiòR, AlavIt!
pirÉa;a @y< Swain-inymawaR, Ainym-às¼e inym> ivxIyte, v&iÏ-gu[aE Svs<}ya iz:yamai[k>
@v Swane veidtVyaE-1, vúyit - savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84 A¼Sy gu[> #it, s> #k> @v
Swane veidtVy>, trit, nyit, Évit, v&iÏ> oLvip - Aka;IRt!, Ahar;IRt!, AcE;It!, AnE;It!, AlavIt!,
AStavIt!, yÇ-2 gu[-v&ÏI> Svs<}ya ivxIyete tÇ #k> #it @tdœ %piSwtm! ÔòVym!, ik< k«t< Évit
k
? iÖtIya ;óI àaÊÉaRVyte, imidm&ij-pugNt-l"UpxiCDR†izi]à]uÔe;u A¼en #kœ ivze:yte, juis
a
savRxatukaid-gu[ei:vka¼< ivze:yte, me*it-3, AibÉyu>, #k> #it ikm! ? AaTsNXy]rVyÃnan< ma
ÉUt! - yanm!, Glayit, %iMÉta, pun>-gu[-v&iÏ-¢h[< Svs<}ya ivxane inymawRm!, #h ma ÉUt! -
*aE>, pNwa>, s>, #mm! #it.
1 - Évt> #it veidtVym! - #it paQaNtrm!. 2 - yÇ - #it n savRiÇk. 3 - me*te - #it àaiyk> AppaQ>.
f #kae gu[v&ÏI → 1.1.6
s
savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84 /S2168
U
A A¼Sy,6,1, 6.4.1, gu[>,1,1, 7.3.82 #k>,6,1,
p savRxatuk-AaxRxatukyae>,7,2,
p savRxatuk-AaxRxatukyae> (ANtSy)
s savRxatukÂ AaxRxatukÂ savRxatuk-AaxRxatuke, tyae> < < < #tretrÖNÖ>
A #k> A¼Sy (= #gNtSy = A¼Sy → tdNtivix>) gu[> savRxatuk-AaxRxatukyae>,7,2,
v
savRxatuk-AaxRxatukyae> àTyye prt> #gNtSy A¼Sy (ANtSy) gu[> Évit
&
When a savRxatuk or a AaxRxatuk àTyy follows, the final letter (#kœ - # % \ ¤) of an #gNt-A¼ [an A¼
T
which ends with an #kœ (# % \ ¤) letter] is replaced/substituted with a gu[
The gu[ is substituted for the final #kœ vowel of a stem before the affixes called savRxatuk and AaxRxatuk
V
(3.4.113 etc.).
As trit, nyit, Évit, ktR&, cet&, Staet&.
Why savRxatuk and AaxRxatuk affixes only ? Observe Ai¶Tvm! and Ai¶kamyit. For had the sūtra been si'
then the rule would have applied to affixes like sn! kaMyc etc. which go to form Denominative verbs. s'œ includes
È
all affixes beginning with sn! and ending with mih'œ, If the sūtra had been àTyye, then the rule would have
applied to affixes Tvm! etc. To exclude these cases, the two words savRxatuk & AaxRxatuk are used. For
exceptions see ;óI Swaneyaega 1.1.49, iK'it c 1.1.5, dxIvevIqam! 1.1.6
ÉU + itp! ktRirzp! 3.1.68 ÉU + zp! + itp! → savRxatuk-AaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84 Éae + zp! + itp!
%
(here ÉU is a #gNt-A¼ and zp! is a savRxatuk àTyy)
k savRxatuke AaxRxatuke c àTyye prt> #gNtSy A¼Sy gu[> Évit, trit, nyit, Évit, AaxRxatuke -

ktaR, ceta, Staeta, savRxatuk-AaxRxatukyae> #it ikm! ? Ai¶Tvm!, Ai¶kaMyit, yid> ih àTyye
a
s'Iit vaeCyet, #h Aip Syat!.
f savRxatukaxRxatukyae> → 7.3.86
03.01.2005 - 1100
s
pugNtSyl"UpxSy c 7.3.86 /S2189
U
A savRxatukaxRxatukyae>,7,2,7.3.84 A¼Sy,6,1, 6.4.1, gu[>,1,1, 7.3.82 #k>,6,1,
p pugNtSy-l"UpxSy,7,2, c,0,0,
A pugNtSy (A¼Sy) c l"UpxSy A¼Sy,6,1, #k>,6,1, savRxatuk-AaxRxatukyae>,7,2,
puik ANt> pugNt>, sÝmItTpé;>, lXvI casaE %pxa c l"Upxa, kmRxarytTpué;>, pugNtí l"Upxa c
s
pugNtl"Upxm! , tSy smaharÖNÖ>
v
pugNtSy A¼Sy, l"UpxSy c (A¼Sy) #k> (Swane) savRxatuke c AaxRxatuke c prt> gu[> Évit
&
The #kœ (# % \ ¤) of an A¼ that is pugNt or that is l"UpxSy is replaced by a gu[ letter when a savRxatuk
or AaxRxatuk àTyy follows
T l"u = a short letter. %pxa = penultimate letter
An A¼ that has a l"u-%pxa is called a l"Upx> A¼ (l"u-%pxa ySy s> #it l"Upx> = that which has a short
letter at the penultimate position)
gu[ is substituted before a savRxatuk and an AaxRxatuk affix, for the #kœ vowels of the Causative stems
V which take the augment pkar (AaitRÿIVlIrI²UyIúmaYyata< pug! [aE 7.3.36) and for the short penultimate
vowel of a root which ends in a single consonant
È As hlepyit, ÿepyit, ²aepyit, Éednm!, Dednm!, ÉeÄa, DeÄa
Of course the vowel should be l"u (light), before the addition of the affix; the heaviness caused by the addition of the
affix, will not prevent gu[, Thus iÉdœ + t&, though dœ + t& → Ä& causes the # to become heavy, that will not
prevent gu[ for ivXype]< l"u ¢h[m!
O → If this be so, why the forms k…i{ft&, ˜i{ft& are not incorrect, for in them also the vowel is l"u (the roots are
k…fœ & ˜fœ ), and the augment n! is added afterwards by a v&iÏ rule ?
R → The augment n! is added to the root, and becomes %pdeizvt! (#idtae num! xatae> 7.1.58)
O → If so, how do you cause v&iÏ in rÃ! , as in rag> with "|! ; as rÃ! + "|! rj! + "|! (the |! being dropped by
"i| c Éavkr[yae> 6.4.27) for it is after the elision of |! , that the A of rj! becomes penultimate and can admit of
v&iÏ by At %pxaya> 7.2.116 ?
R → The exceptional forms Syd> from SyNdœ + "|! and ïw from ïNw! + "|! mentioned in Sydae jve 6.4.28 &
AvaedExaEÒàïwihmïwa> 6.4.29 teach by implication that roots of this form take v&iÏ as a general rule
O → If the ivXype] maxim is not of universal application; though by A‘aepae=n> 6.4.134, the A of An! etc is
elided in É stems like rajn! thus ra}a; yet the A should not be elided if you be consistent, in An'œ augment added
by AiSwdixsKWyú[amn'œ %daÄ> 7.1.75 to dix, AiSw etc. In fact, you could not get the forms d×a,
skœWna etc. Moreover though there can be the lengthening of the penultimate in samn!-samain (before z affix
in nominative plural), yet not in the case of k…{fain from k…{f for here n! is added by another rule –
npu<skSy Hlc> 7.1.72. If you say, the maxim is not of universal application, then there can be no gu[ of $ in
iÉdœ to form ÉeÄ&
R → The gu[ takes place in forms like ÉeÄ& etc., because the prohibition of the following rule na_yStSyaic ipit
savRxatuke 7.3.87, with regard to the affixes beginning with a vowel, proves by implication that before affixes
beginning with a consonant, as t&, the gu[ also takes place
O → The prohibition in the case of vowel beginning affixes for the sake of l'œ to form Anenekœ, This is derived
from inijrœ (juhaeTyaid - III C), in the Imperfect, as A + inj! + zp!ðu + itp! then reduplication (ðaE 6.1.10)
then gu[ of the reduplicate (inja< Çya[a< gu[> ðaE 7.4.75), then itp! which had become t! in the Imperfect is
elided by hL'(aB_yae dI"aRt! suitSyp&´< hlœ 6.1.68. Thus Ainj! + ðu + t! → A + ininj! + t! (ðaE 6.1.10)
A neinj! + t! (inja< Çya[a< gu[> ðaE 7.4.75) → A nein|! (6.1.98) → Annkœ. The elided tkar produces its
effect, the gu[ by pugNtl"UpxSy 7.3.86. This is why Ac! is taken in sūtra - na_yStSyaic ipit savRxatuke
7.3.87 viz. Ajaid affixes do not cause gu[, the hlaid affixes like t! cause gu[. You cannot therefore say that Aic in
na_yStSyaic ipit savRxatuke 7.3.87 is }apk
R → The sūtra Çis-g&ix-x&i;-i]pe> ²… 3.2.140 teaches the addition of nu to As etc. as g×u> ; if this nu had
not tended to cause the gu[ of the penultimate vowels of these roots, what was the necessity of making this affix a
ikt! ? Similarly, hlNta½ 1.2.10 teaches that sn! (desiderative) is ikt! after roots ending in consonants. These rules
show that words like Ét etc. get gu[ , and the final consonant of the root plus the initial consonant of the affix, does
not make the root vowel heavy
O → The ikt! of sn! is for the sake of the elision of the nasal in ixPsit, xaPsit (Ainidta hl %pxaya iK'it 6.4.24)
R → Let it be so. Still the ikt! of ²… is enough for us
The '%pxa (short)' must be the vowels of the #kœ àTyahar, Therefore, in iÉnaÄ, the penultimate is short A of
îm! and it does not take gu[. In fact, the word penultimate qualifies the word #kœ understood. Others explain it by
saying that pugNt is to be analysed by puikANt "in the vicinity of @". The word ANt means smIp, and means the
#kœ vowel in the proximity of pukœ, The word l"Upxa should be analysed as lXvI and is a kmRxayR
compound, and means "a short or light penultimate". The word pugNtl"Upx is a smahar ÖNÖ>
1 l"UpxSy A¼ -
bux! + zp! + itp! -savRxatuk-AaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84 → Éae + zp! + itp!
%
(here bux! is a %pxa and zp! is a savRxatuk àTyy)
2 pugNt A¼ - <<<the example to be discussed later>>>
pugNtSy A¼Sy l"UpxSy c savRxatuk-AaxRxatukyae> gu[> Évit, pugNtSy - Vlepyit, ÿepyit,
²aepyit, l"UpxSy - Éednm!, Dednm!, ÉeÄa, DeÄa, àTyy-Aade> A¼-AvyvSy c hlaeranNtyeR sit
l"Upx-gu[> n VyavTyRte #it }aiptm! @tt! ²usnae> ikTkr[en, Çisg&ixx&i;i]pe> ²u> 3.2.140,
hlNta½ 1.2.10 #it,
k s<yaege gurs<}aya< gu[ae ÉeÄunR isXyit, ivXye]> l"aeíasaE kw< k…i{fnR Ê:yit. 1.
a xataenuRm> kw< rÃe> SyiNdïNWyaeinRpatnat!, An'œlaepizdI"RTve-1 ivXype]e n isXyt>. 2.
A_ytSy ydahaic l'wR> tTk«t< Évet, ²usnaeyRt! k«t< ikÅv< }apk< Sya‘"aeguR[e-2. 3.
%pxa c AÇ #kœ-@v g&ýte, tt> iÉniÄ #it gu[> n Évit, Ape puik ANt> pugNt>, l¸vI %pxa
l"Upxa, pugNtí l"Upxa c pugNt-l"Upxm! #it sUÇaw¡ v[RyiNt.
1 - An‘aepizdI"RTve - #it paQaNtrm!. 2 - #d< kairkaÇy< Nyask«ta n VyaOyatm!
f pugNtSy-l"UpxSy → 7.3.87
04.01.2005 & 05.01.2005 - 1100

s iK'it c 1.1.5 /S2217

U
A n,0,0, 1.1.4, #kae,6,1, gu[-v&ÏI,1,2,
p iK'it,7,1, c,0,0,
A pugNtSy (A¼Sy) c l"UpxSy A¼Sy,6,1, #k>,6,1, savRxatuk-AaxRxatukyae>,7,2,
s iK'it [(g! + kœ + 'œ) #t!,7,1, → g! + kœ + 'œ iK'it (=when a igt! or a ikt! follows)
v
igt!-ikt!-i't!-inimÄke #k> Swane wi g[v&ÏI àaßut> te n Évt>
&
The gu[ and v&iÏ substitutions that are ordained to come in place of #kœ when caused by a igt! or a ikt! or a i't!
T àTyy will not take place. This means that whenever a gu[ or a v&iÏ substitution is mandated, in place of #kœ, with
the pirÉa;a #kaegu[v&ÏI being active they will not take place if the àTyy that follows is a ikt! or a i't!
V That which otherwise would have caused gu[ or v&iÏ, does not do so, when it has an indicatory kœ, g! or 'œ
È Thus the past participle terminations ´ and ´vtu are AaxRxatuk affixes, which would, by the general rule
savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84, have caused gu[, but as their indicatory letter kœ is #t! , the real
terminations being, t and tvt!, they do not cause gu[. Therefore, when these terminations are added to a root, the
#kœ of the root does not undergo any gu[. Thus with the root ic (to collect) ict> or ictvan!, ïU> (to hear),
ïutvan!, ÉI (to fear), ÉIt>, ÉItvan!
Similarly the terminations Kyp!, keilm, Kvsu, kanc!, ®va, iń! etc. are all ikt! terminations, the indicatory
letters of all being kœ – the real affixes being y, @ilm!, vs! etc. Before these the root does not undergo gu[. Thus
we have from É& (to bear) – É&Ty, from iÉdœ (to pierce) iÉdeilm
The terms ikt! etc. of this sūtra are in the locative (VII case – Aixkr[m!). The force or this case termination her is
that of inimÄ (cause), i.e. the gu[ or v&iÏ which would otherwise have been caused, does not take place, if an affix
is ikt!, igt! or i't! . Thus all AaxRxatuk and savRxatuk affix zp! (A) in the following – ÉU + zp! + itp!
Éae + A + it Évit (he is). Similarly savRxatuk and AaxRxatuk affixes cause the gu[ substitution of the short
penultimate #kœ of the inflective base (ja¢ae=ivic{[iL'Tsu 7.3.85). Thus – bux! + zp! + itp! baexit
The general force of the locative case in the sūtra is to cause the operation directed, on the expression preceding it
(tiSmiÚit inidRòe pUvRSy 1.1.66). If the force of the locative case in the present sūtra were also that as
explained in tiSmiÚit inidRòe pUvRSy 1.1.66 then the interpretation would be this – "An affix having an
indicatory kœ or g! or 'œ, would not cause gu[ substitution of the vowel #kœ, immediately preceding it. The case
of the penultimate short #kœ will not be covered by it. Then though the rule may apply to ic + ´ ict> (collected),
it would not apply to iÉdœ + ´ ; there would be nothing to bar the gu[ substitution of the penultimate # of iÉdœ,
V This, however, is prevented by explaining the locative as one of "occasion" and thus iÉdœ ´ iÉÚ (broken)
È Similarly from the root ij we have the word ij:[u (victorious), in which the affix g!õu has an #t! – g! . Thus ij +
g!õ ij:[u (victorious) (3.2.139), so also Swanu> (durable)
Similarly, the affix A'œ is a i't! affix, the real suffix being A – the 'œ is an #t! . Therefore when A'œ is added to a
root, there is no gu[ or v&iÏ . Thus we have from ivdœ (to know) ivd>
Similarly, vide sūtra – savRxatukm!-Aipt! 1.2.4, all the savRxatuk affixes that are not marked by an #t! , are
treated as i't! . Thus the II Person Singular termination is i't!, and we have icnut (they two collect). Similarly,
icNviNt (they collect), m&j! + ´ m&ò (cleansed), m&jiNt (they cleanse)
The phrase 'when indicated by the term #kœ " is understood in this sūtra. The prohibition, therefore applies to #kœ
vowels only, and not to all vowels in general. Thus by sūtra - kmei[R'œ 3.1.30, the root km! (to desire), takes the
affix i['œ ; of this affix the letters [! & 'œ are #t!, and the real affix is # . The force of [! is to cause v&iÏ (At>

%pxaya> 7.2.116). The #t! does not prevent such v&iÏ, as the letter A of km! is not included in #kœ . Thus we
have kaim + Ate kame + Ate kamyte (he desires).
According to the wish of the author of the Mahābhāshya, the verb m&j! optionally takes v&iÏ before ikt! or i't!
affixes beginning with a vowel. As pirm&jiNt or pirma¾RiNt (they rub). Here in this sūtra there is prohibition of
the gu[ of the penultimate #kœ also
The #t! ''œ' of the verbal tense affixes i.e. l'œ, il'œ, lu'œ, l&'œ, is an exception to this rule of i't! . This is an
inference deduced from 3.4.104 which declares "when the sense is that of benediction, then the augment yasuqœ of
il'œ is as if it were distinguished by an #t! 'k'. There would have been no necessity of making yasuqœ a ikt! if
il'œ were a i't!, but the very fact of making yasuqœ a ikt! indicates by implication or is }apk that the final 'œ of
l'œ, il'œ, lu'œ, l&'œ does not make these tense affixes i't! . Thus in l'œ (imperfect tense) we have Aicnvm! (he
collected)
% Of a i't! àTyy -
% Of a ikt! àTyy -
% Of a i't! àTyy (' - as an #t! letter)
k
a
f --
sU savRxatukmipt! 1.2.4 /S2234

A i't!,1,1, 1.2.1
p savRxatukm!,1,1, Aipt!,1,1,
s p! #t! ySy ipt! b˜ÏIih>
T That which has a p! as an #t! letter is a ipt!
s n ipt! → Aipt! n|!-tTpué;>
T That which is not a ipt!
v& Aipt! savRxatuk< i'dœvt! Évit
T A savRxatuk àTyy that does not have a p! as an #t! letter is considered to be a i't!
È A savRxatuk (3.4.113) àTyy that does not have a p! as an #t! letter is considered to be a i't!
f Aipt! → 1.2.5
06.01.2005
s
A¼Sy 6.4.1 /S200
U
v
Aixkar> Aym! Aa sÝmaXyay pir smaÝe>
&
T This is an Aixkar sUÇ that extends up to the end of the seventh chapter (i.e.7.4.97).
v
yan! #t!> ^XvRm! Anu³im:yam> 'A¼Sy' #Tyev< tdœ DeidtVym!
&
Whatever rules that we would enumerate from here all those have to be understood as mandated as A¼Sy,6,1, (of the
T
A¼,1,1,)
f A¼Sy → 7.4.97
s
Alae=NTyaTpUvR> %pxa 1.1.65 /S249
U
Al>,5,1, ANTyat!,5,1, pUvR>,1,1, %pxa,1,1,
A ANTyat! Al> pUvR> %pxa
v
ANTyat! Al> pUvR> y> %pxas<}k> Évit
&
T The letter that precedes the final letter is called %pxa (penultimate)
The letter immediately preceding the last letter of a word is called the penultimate
È This defines %pxa or penultimate. Thus in the words pc!, iÉdœ, bux!, v&t! the letters A,#,%,\ are %pxa. The
word %pxa occurs in the sūtra - At> %pxaya> 7.2.116
%
xaTvadaE v[Rsmudaye ANyat! Al> pUvR y> v[R> s> Al @v %pxa-s<}> Évit, pc!, pQœ -
k
Akar>, Édœ, iDdœ - #kar>, bux!, yux! - %kar>, v&t! , v&x! - \kar>, Al> #it ikm! ? izò>,
a
izòvan!, smudayat! pUvRSy ma Éut!, %pxaàdeza> At> %pxaya> 7.2.116 #it @vmady>.
f
s
ÿSv< l"u 1.4.10 /S31
U
v maiÇkSy (@kmaiÇkSy) ÿsv< s<}a k«ta (refer ^kal> Ac! ÿSvdI"RPlut 1.2.27) tSy Anen l"us<}a
& ivxIyte
k
ÿSv A]r< l"us<}< Évit
a
The vowel that has one unit of pronunciation was called ÿSv in the sūtra 1.2.27; now that same ÿSv is called l"u by
T
this sūtra. Therefore, this sūtra says 'a ÿSv vowel is called l"u'
The short vowel is called l"u ("light")
This defines the word l"u, A ÿSv vowel which has already been defined in ^kalae=JH!rSvdI"Plut> 1.2.27, is
V under certain circumstances called l"u ; thus the # of iÉdœ (to break), is l"u, and by being l"u, it undergoes gu[
È before the affix ta + Aa, as ÉeÄa (he will break), by virtue of the sūtra pugNtl"UpxSy c 7.3.86, which declares
that a l"u penultimate vowel undergoes gu[ before a savRxatuk or an AaxRxatuk affix. So also DeÄa, AcIkrt!
and AjIhrt!
%
k maiÇkSy ÿSv-s<}a k«ta, tSy Anen l"u-s<}a ivxIyte, ÿSv A]r< l"us<}< Évit, ÉeÄa, DeÄa,
a AcIkrt!, AjIhrt!, l"uàdeza> - pugNtl"UpxSy c 7.3.86 #it @vmady>
f --
vagwaRivv sMp&áE vagwRàitpÄye, jgt> iptraE vNde pavRtI prmeñraE.

1 pad 2 pad
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
va g wa iv v s Mp áE va g wR à it p Ä ye
R &
3 pad 4 pad
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Nd
j g t ip t raE v pa vR tI p r me ñ raE
e
Note: All shaded cells are the gué the rest are l"u.
ðaeke ;ó< gé< }ey< svRÇ pÂm> l"u>, iÖctu:padyae ÿSv< sÝm< dI"Rm! ANyyae>.
Every pad has –
- Six gué
- 6th is the gué
- 5th is l"u
- 7th is ÿSv in the 2nd and 4th pad
- all rest are dI"R
07.01.2005 - 1100
s
^kalae=JH!rSvdI"Plut> 1.2.27 /S4
U
A Ac>,6,1, c,0,0,1.2.28
s %> c, ^> c, %>3 c #it v>,1,3, = #tertr ÖNÖ>
v
% ^ %3 #Tyekal> y> Ac! s> ywas<Oy< ÿSv-dI"R-Plut-s<}k> Évit
&
The vowels which have the time of enunciation equal to that of % ^ %3 are said to be ÿSv (short - having 1
T
maÇa), dI"R (long- having 2 maÇa), Plut (prolated - having 3 maÇa)
k pirÉa;a #ym!, SwaininymawaR, ÿSv-dI"R-Pluta> Svs<}ya iz:yma[a> Ac> @v Swane
a ;eidtVya>
This is a pirÉa;a sUÇ meant for determining the SwanI, When ÿSv-dI"R-Plut are ordained by using these
T
names, one should understand that they will be substitutes in place of vowels only. <will be discussed in detail later>
A vowel whose time is that of short %, long ^ and the prolated %, is called, respectively, ÿSv (short), dI"R
(long),Pluta (prolated)
The % having one mäträ or measure is short, having two measures is long, having three measures is Pluta . This
sūtra defines three kinds of vowels according to their mäträ. The letter ^ has been taken to illustrate the sūtra. The
phrase ÿSv-dI"R-Pluta is a ÖNÖ compound, in the singular, and is exhibited in the masculine gender, contrary to
V
the general rule 2.4.17
È
The word kal means measure of time required for pronouncing a vowel
As dix (curd), mxu (honey) – here # and % are short. k…marI, gaErI – here $ is long. devdÄa3 ANvas
(Devadatta!) – here A is Pluta or prolated
These words are used in the following sūtras – ÿSvae npu<ske àaitpidkSy 1.2.47,
Ak«TsavRxatukyaedIR"> 7.4.25, vaKySy qe> Plut %daÄ> 8.2.82
%
k ^ #it Çya[am! Aym! maiÇkiÖmaiÇkiÇmaiÇka[a< àiðò-indeRz>, ÿSv-dI"R-Plut> #it
a ÖNÖEkvdœ-Éave pu~i‘¼indeRz>, % ^ ^3 #it @vm!-kal> Ac! ywa³m< ÿSv-dI"R-Plut> #it

@vm! s<} Évit, %kal ÿSv-dix, mxu, ^kal> dI"R> - k…marI, gaErI, ^3 kal> Plut> - devdÄ3 AÇ
Nvis, kal¢h[m! pirma[awRm!, dI"R-Plutyae> ÿSv-s<}a ma ÉUt! - AalUy, àlUy, ÿSvSy ipit k«it
tukœ 6.1.71 #it tu'œ n Évit, Ac!-¢h[m! s<yaegat! smuday-inv&ÅywRm!, àtúy, àrúy, ÿSv-Aaïy>
tu'œ ma ÉUt!, itt-%CDÇm!, dI"aRt! 6.1.75 pdaNtadœ va 6.1.76 #it ivÉa;a tu'œ ma ÉUt!, ÿSv-
dI"R-Plut-àdeza> - ÿSvae npu<ske àaitpidkSy 1.2.47, Ak«TsavRxatukyaedIR"> 7.4.25, vaKySy
qe> Plut %daÄ> 8.2.82.
f ÿSv-dI"R-Plut → 1.2.28 Ac! → 1.2.31
10.01.2005
s
s<yaege gué 1.4.11 /S32
U
p s<yaege,p-7,1, gué,1,1,
A ÿSvm!,1,1,
A ÿSv< s<yaege gué
v
s<yaege prt> ÿSv< A]r< gués<}k< Évit
&
T When a s<yaege follows, a short vowel is considered to be gué (both heavy or long)
When a conjunct consonant follows, a short vowel is termed gué (heavy)
A ÿSv vowel however is not to be called 'light' when it is followed by a conjunct consonant. As the # of iz]a
V
(learning) is a heavy vowel. Thus iz]a is derived from iz] + A (guraeí hl> 3.3.103 – let the affix A come after that
È
verb which has a heavy vowel and ends in a consonant when the word to be formed is feminine). So also k…{fa and
iÉ]a
%
k ÿSvm! #it vtRte, pUveR[ l"u-s<}aya> àaÝaya< gué-s<}a ivxIyte, s<yaege prt> ÿSvm! A]rm!
a gué-s<}< Évit, k…{fa, ˜{fa, iz]a, iÉ]a, guéàdeza> - guraeí hl> 3.3.103 #it @vmady>.
f gué → 1.4.12
sU
dI"¡ c 1.4.12 /S33
Ç
A
gué 1.4.11
nu
A
dI"¡ c gué
n!
v
dI"¡ c A]r< gués<}k< Évit
&
T The long vowel is also called gué
And a long vowel is also called gué (heavy)
This is clear – the Anuv&iÄ of the word conjunct is not understood in this sūtra. As # of $ha<c³e (he
V
endeavored), $]a<c³e (he saw). Here the letter $ is guru and because of its being called gué, the sūtra - #jadeí
È
guémtae=n&CD> 3.1.36 is applied in forming the perfect tense by the addition of the augment Aam!, Thus all
long vowels and short vowels followed by conjunct consonants are gué (heavy). All other short vowels are l"u
f --
s
hlae=nNtra> s<yaeg 1.1.7 /S30
U
p hl>,1,3, AnNtra>,1,3, s<yaeg,1,1,
s n iv*te AnNtr< ye;a< te AnNtra>
T Those that have nothing separating them
v
iÉÚjatIyE AiJÉ> AVyvihta> iðòae½airta> hl> s<yaegs<}a Évit
&
The consonants that are enunciated close together without being separated by vowels (which belong to a different
T
category of sounds) are called by the name "s<yaeg"
k
smuday s<}I
a
All of them, together, get the name (i.e. s<yaeg). Therefore, the name s<yaeg will apply to a group of two or
T more consonants coming together like –
ANt (2 consonants), #NÔ (3 consonants), ka:{yRm! (4 consonants), kaTSNyRm! (5 consonants)
Consonants un-separated by a vowel are called conjunct consonants
This defines the word s<yaeg. The sūtra consists of three words – hl>- the plural of the àTyhar hlœ, denoting
all the consonants, AnNtr> means "without any separation of space" and s<yaeg> which is the word defined and
means "conjunct consonants". So that the sūtra means, conjunct consonants are those consonants between which
there is no heterogeneous separating vowel and which are pronounced jointly, such as Š in the word k…Š…q>
(cock). The word s<yaeg applies to the whole of the conjunct consonants jointly and not to them separately. The
V plural number shows that the conjunction may be of two or more consonants
È Why do we say 'consonant' ? If two vowels come together they will not be called s<yaeg . Thus itt%CDÇ< (a
sieve umbrella) – the two vowels A and % have come together un-separated by any consonant; yet they are not called
s<yaeg, otherwise the final % would have been rejected by the sūtra - s<yaegaNtSy laep> 8.2.23 "there is a
elision of the final of that pada which ends in a s<yaeg letter"
Why do we say 'un-separated by a vowel' ? If consonants separated by a vowel were also called s<yaeg, then in the
sentence pcit pnsm!, the syllable sm! would be called s<yaeg and by the sūtra - Skae> s<yaega*aerNte
c 8.2.29, the initial s would be elided
f --
savRxatuk-AaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84
pugNt-l"UpxSy c 7.3.86
SwainymawaR pirÉa;a #kaegu[v&iÏ> 1.1.3
iK'it c 1.1.5
gu[in;ex sUÇ (negates gu[)
savRxatukm! Aipt! (i't!) 1.2.4
11.01.2005
g[ivkr[m! for different conjugations –
Introduction -
 zp! is the %TsgR àTyy for all the roots and it is ordained to come immediately after a root when a ktRir
savRxatuk àTyy follows (a root).
 All other àTyy which become the g[ivkr[m! of the other conjugations are Apvad for zp!.
 Thus, it is seen that these g[ivkr[m! that account for conjugation ional differences effect only savRxatuk lkar
and that too only in ktRir àTyy.
 When an AaxRxatuk àTyy follows there are no conjugational differences.
Conj
Approx.
. Sanskrit Name Root àTyy pai[in sUÇ
# of Roots
#
I _vaidg[> ÉU zp! ktRir zp! 3.1.68 1200
Ad
II Adaidg[> zp! * Ad_yStat! 7.1.4
œ
juhaeTyaid
III ˜ zp! * juhaeTyaid_y> 2.4.75
g[>
IV idvaidg[> idv! Zyn! idvaid_y> Zyn! 3.1.69 50
V Svaidg[> su îu Svaid_y> îu 3.1.73
t
VI tudaidg[> ud z tudaid_y> z> 3.1.77 50
œ
VII éxaidg[> éx! îm! éxaid_y> îm! 3.1.78
tnaeTyaidg[
VII tn! % tnaidk«Á_y> %> 3.1.79
>
IX ³(aidg[> ³I îa ³(aid_y> îa 3.1.81
sTyap - paz - êp< - vI[a - tUl - ðaek - sena - laem -
X curaidg[> cur zp! 450
Tvc - vmR - v[R - cU[R - cur - Aaid_y> i[c! 3.1.25
Note: * will be dropped later
s
ktRir zp! 3.1.68 /S2167
U
A xatae>,5,1,(3.1.22) àTyy>,1,1,(3.1.1) pr>,1,1, c,0,0,(3.1.2) savRxatuke,p-7,1,(3.1.67)
p ktRir,7,1, zp!,1,1,
A xatae>,5,1, ktRir,7,1, savRxatuke,p-7,1, zp!,1,1, àTyy>,1,1, pr>,1,1, c,0,0,
v
ktR&vaicin savRxatuke prt> xatae> zp! àTyy> Évit.
&
When a savRxatuk àTyy denoting the ktaR (agent) follows a root, the àTyy zp! is ordained to come
T
immediately after the root.
V The affix zp! comes immediately after a root, when a savRxatuk follows, signifying the agent.
È In active voice zp! is employed in the conjugational tenses. This affix which is technically called ivkr[ comes after
roots of the ÉU class and after compound roots formed by sn! etc. (sna*Nta> xatv> 3.1.32). The #t! 'z'makes it
a savRxatuk affix vide sūtra - it'œ-izt œ savRxatukm! 3.4.113, the p! indicates that the vowel has AnudaÄ
accent (3.1.4). As ÉU + zp! + itp! ÉU + A + it Évit (savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84). So also pcit.
kt&Rvaicin savRxatuk prt> xatae> zp! àTyy Évit, pkar> SvawR>, zkar> savRxatuk-s<}awR>-
k 1
, pcit.
a 1 - ywaNyas< paQ>
% - to be inserted -
f ktRir → 3.1.88
s
idvaid_y> Zyn! 3.1.69 /S2505
U
A xatae>,5,1,3.1.22 àTyy>,1,1, 3.1.1 pr>,1,1, c,0,0, 3.1.2 savRxatuke,p-7,1, 3.1.67
p idvaid_y>,5,3, Zyn!,1,1,
A idvaid_y>,5,3, xatae>,5,1, (xatu_y>,5,3,) ktRir,7,1, savRxatuke,p-7,1, Zyn!,1,1, àTyy>,1,1, pr>,1,1, c,0,0,
v
idvaid_y> xatu_y> Zyn! àTyy> Évit ktRir savRxatuke prt>.
&
After the roots of the idvaidg[> (IV Conjugation), Zyn! àTyy comes immediately after the root when ktRir
T
savRxatuk-àTyy follows.
The affix Zyn! comes after a root of the idvaid class, when savRxatuk affix denoting the agent follows.
V This debars zp!, The servile n of Zyn! is for the sake of accent (6.1.197) showing that the %daÇ accent falls on the
È radical verb and not on the affix and the #t! – z makes the affix savRxatuk ; as idv! + Zyn! + itp! dIv! + y +
it (7.2.77) dIVyit ; so also sIVyit . The idvaid verbs belong to the Fourth Conjugation.
k idv! #it @vm!-Aaid_yae> xatu_yy> Zyn! àTyyae Évit, zpae=pvad>, nkar> SvarawR>, zkar>
a savRxatukawR>, dIVyit, sIVyit.
% - to be inserted -
f Zyn! → 3.1.72
II In II Conjugation the zp! comes and then is dropped by lukœ.

In III Conjugation the zp! comes and then is dropped by ðuu, And because ðu – elision there is
III
reduplication.
éxaid_y> îm! 3.1.78
VII
[xatae>,5,1,3.1.22 àTyy>,1,1,3.1.1 pr>,1,1, c,0,0,3.1.2 savRxatuke,p-7,1,3.1.67]
éxaid_y> îm! 3.1.79
VIII
[xatae>,5,1,(3.1.22) àTyy>,1,1,(3.1.1) pr>,1,1, c,0,(3.1.2) savRxatuke,p-7,1,(3.1.67)]
³(aid_y> îa,3.1.81
IX
[xatae>,5,1,(3.1.22) àTyy>,1,1,(3.1.1) pr>,1,1, c,0,(3.1.2) savRxatuke,p-7,1,(3.1.67)]
s
tudaid_y> z> 3.1.77 /S2534
U
A xatae>,5,1, 3.1.22 àTyy>,1,1, 3.1.1 pr>,1,1, c,0,0, 3.1.2 savRxatuke,p-7,1, 3.1.67
p tudaid_y>,5,3, z>,1,1,
A tudaid_y>,5,3, xatae>,5,1, (xatu_y>,5,3,) z>,1,1, àTyy>,1,1, pr>,1,1, ktRir,7,1, savRxatuke,p-7,1.
v
tudœ-Vywne #Tyevmaid_y> xatu_y> z> àTyy> Évit ktR&vaicin savRxatuke prt>.
&
T The àTyy 'z' comes immediately after the roots of the VI Conjugation when a ktRir savRxatuk-àTyy follows.
The affix 'z' is employed after the roots of the tudaid class (VI Conjugation) in denoting the agent when a
V savRxatuk-àTyy follows.
È This debars zp! . The #t! - z makes this affix a savRxatuk affix. As tud + z + it tud + A + it
(savRxatukm!-Aipt! 1.2.4) tudit (savRxatukm!-Aipt! 1.2.4) (he pains or torments).
% tudit, nudit, -- to be derived later --
f --
zp!
Zyn! – IV îu IX Conj.
Conj.
I Conj., II Conj., III Conj., All derived Roots, including X Conjugation
% VIII
îu – V Conj. Conj.
z VI Conj. îm! VII Conj.
17.01.2005
s
v&iÏradEc 1.1.1 /S16
U
p v&iÏ,1,1, radEc,1,1,
A v&iÏ,1,1, radEc,1,1,
s Aan! c @ec! c (refers to @e AaE) = AadEc + su  AadEc!.
v
Aa @e AaE @te;a< v[aRna< v&iÏs<}a Syat!.
&
T Aa @e AaE are called by the name v&iÏ.
N v&iÏ is an Apvad for gu[, i|t! or i[t! i.e. a savRxatuk or AaxRxatuk àTyy will cause v&iÏ of the final vowel.
V Aa, @e, Aae are called v&iÏ .
È This defines the word v&iÏ . The letters Aa, @e, Aae are v&iÏ letters. The sūtra consists of three words - v&iÏ, At!
and @ec! . Aat! means the long Aa, the final t! being #t! only and is for the sake of the àTyhar - @ec!, and the
àTyhar - @ec! means the letters @e and AaE .
The #t! – t! in Aat! serves the purpose of showing that the very form Aa having two mātrās or prosodial measure,
is to be taken. This t! also joins with the succeeding vowels @e and AaE by the sūtra – tprStTkalSy 1.1.70 or that
"which preceds or succeeds t! ", and indicates that these vowels must be taken as having two maÇa only, though
they may be the result of the combination of vowels whose aggregate maÇa may be more than two. A short vowel
has one rule of siNx or euphonic conjunction of letters Aa + Aa Aa, as mha + Aazy> mhazy> . Here ha
has two maÇa and not four. So also in odEfk – vowel @e the resultant of has only two, not four maÇa.
Thus the initial vowels in the following secondary derivative nouns are v&iÏ forms of their primitive vowels. Aa¼
(bodily) from A¼ (body), @eiCDk (optional) from #CDa (option), AaEpgv (the son of Upagu) from the word
%pgu (a sage called Upagu). Similarly, in zalIy (belonging to the house) – the Aa is radical and is also called v&iÏ .
The word v&iÏ occurs in sūtrās like – 7.2.1 "let the final #kœ of the base get v&iÏ substitute before the affix of the
prSmEpd ".
s
Acae iÁ[it 7.2.115 /S254
U
A Ac>,6,1, iÁ[it,7,1, v&iÏ>,1,1, A¼Sy,6,1,
A Ac> = A¼ = AjNTySy = ANTySy v&iÏ> iÁ[it.
s |í [í Á[aE, Á[aE #taE ySy iÁ[t!,----- tiSmn! iÁ[it.
v
AjNtSy A¼Sy (ANtSy) v&iÏ> Évit i|it i[it c àTyye prt>.
&
T The final vowel of an A¼ ending in a vowel is replaced by a v&iÏ letter when a i|t! or a i[t! àTyy follows.
In the sūtra - m&jev&RiÏ> 7.2.114, Acae iÁ[it 7.2.115 & 7.2.116 Panini did not mention savRxatuk-
N AaxRxatukyae> because it is understood in the context, when we are considering a àTyy that immediately
follows a root. Any àTyy that immediately follows a root has to be either savRxatuk or AaxRxatuk, by default
Before the affixes having an #t! - |! or [!, v&iÏ is substituted for the end-vowel of a stem
V Thus @kSt{fulincay>, 3.3.20 ÔaEzUpRin:pavaE, kar> and har> (with x|!); gaE, gavaE, gav>,
È soayaE, soay> where the case-endings are i[t! by 7.1.90, 92. jEÇm!, yaEÇm! with the %[aid ò+[! from ij &
yu . CyaEÆ> with Æ[! and means strength. It is an obsolete Vedic word
18.01.2005
In the following example –
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
6,1 = 6,1 = 6,1 6,1 = 6,1 1,1 = 1,1,

sItaya
ramSy dzrwpuÇSy lúm[a¢jSy ÉayaR> puÇ> lv>
>
1, 2, & 3 are in samanaixkr{ym!
3 & 4 are in vEwixkr{ym!
s
At> %pxaya> 7.2.116 /S2282
U
A v&iÏ,1,1, A¼Sy,6,1, iÁ[it,7,1,
A A¼Sy,6,1, %pxaya>,6,1, At> v&iÏ iÁ[it.

v
A¼Sy %pxaya AkarySy v&iÏ> Évit i|it i[te àTyye prt>.
&
T The short A which is the %pxa of an A¼ takes v&iÏ substitution when a i|t! or a i[t! àTyy follows
Ddœ i[c!  At> %pxaya> 7.2.116 Dadœ + i[c!
%
Daid + it  @cae=yvyav> 6.1.78 Dadyit
Comparative Table
gu[ sUÇ v&iÏ sUÇ
savRxatuk-AaxRxatukyae> A¼Sy gu[> (#k>)
Ac> = A¼Sy iÁ[it v&iÏ>
1  A¼Sy (ANtSy) gu[> savRxatuk-
AjNtSy = A¼Sy != ANtSy v&iÏ> iÁ[it.
AaxRxatukyae>.
pugNtSy, l"UpxSy c A¼Sy gu[> (#k>) At> %pxaya A¼Sy v&iÏ> iÁ[it,
2
 pugNtSy, A¼Sy, l"UpxSy c A¼Sy != #k> gu[>.  A¼Sy != %pxaya = At> v&iÏ> iÁ[it.
Note- The pirÉa;a sūtra - #kaegupv&iÏ,1.1.3 will not apply to the v&iÏ sūtra - Acae iÁ[it 7.2.115 & At>
%pxaya> 7.2.116 because here the SwanI is specifically mentioned as Ac> in Acae iÁ[it 7.2.115 & At>
%pxaya> 7.2.116. Therefore, any vowel at the end of an A¼ will take v&iÏ and of course, the short A at the %pxa
position will also take v&iÏ when a i|t! or a i[t! àTyy follows
On the other hand, this pirÉ;a (1.1.3) applies to the two gu[ sūtras – savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84 and
pugNtl"UpxSy 7.3.86 because the SwanI is not specifically mentioned in them. As a result only #kœ vowels will
take gu[ substitution by these sūtra
21.01.2005
s
sTyap-paz-êp<-vI[a-tUl-ðaek-sena-laem-Tvc-vmR-v[R-cU[R-cur-Aaid_y> i[c! 3.1.25 /S2563
U
A xatae> àTyy> prí>
A curaid_y>,5,3, xatae>,5,1, (xatu_y>,5,3,) i[c!,1,1, = àTyy>,1,1, = pr>,1,1, c,0,0,
v
sTyap ---cU[R #Tyete_y> zBde_y> curid_ya> c xatu_y> i[c! àTyy Évit.
&
The àTyy i[c! is called immediately after the words sTyap--- and also immediately after the roots of the curaidg[
T
(X Conjugation). [This is a AinimÄm rule. Hence, it is a very strong rule]
V The àTyy i[c! is called immediately after the words sTyap--- and also immediately after the roots of the curaidg[
È (X Conjugation). [This is a AinimÄm rule. Hence, it is a very strong rule]
Aé[ + #|! (male child)  Aaéi[> (mal)e child of Aé[.
% This i[c! which is a SvaweR àTyy i.e. it has no additional meaning to add to the meaning of àk«it (the words
sTyap---cU[R and the roots of curaidg[,)
24.01.2005
s
sna*Nta> xatv> 3.1.32 /S2304
U

p sna*Nta>,1,3, xatv>,1,3,
s sn! Aaid> ye;a< te snady> , b˜ÏIih>,
T sn! is at the beginning of which.
s sn! ANta> ye;a< te sna*Nta>, b˜ÏIih> (b˜ÏIih>)
v
sna*Nta> smudaya> xatus<}ka> ÉviNt,
&
T The words (collection of letters) that have (any one or more of) the snaidàTyy at the end are called xatu.
These roots are called as derived roots or secondary roots or àTyyaNt roots against the primitive roots listed in the
N
xatupaQ in 10 g[.
All the words ending with the affixes sn! and others are called xatu.
This extends the sphere of xatu (roots) already defined in the sūtra – ÉUvady> xatv> 1.3.1 . These roots may be
V
called derivative roots. They are separate independent roots and have all the functions of a root, as taking tense-
È
affixes etc. as show before. Thus ickI;aR (to wish to do), kair (to cause to do), cei³y (to do repeatedly) are separate
roots and not he same as k« (to do) and thus take zp! etc.
Derivation of g¨ to know. X Conjugation AaTmnepd  he knows, present tense, ktRiràyaeg
%
-- to be inserted --
Derivation of g¨ to know. X Conjugation AaTmnepd  he knows, present tense, ktRiràyaeg

sTyap-paz-êp-vI[a-tUl-ðaek-sena-laem-Tvc-vmR-v[R-cU[R-curaid_yae i[c!,
 g¨ is an #gNt A¼, Therefore, gu[ is possible by savRxatuk-AaxRxatukyae>
→ g¨ 7.3.84 3.1.25
 Being a i[t! i[c! can cause v&iÏ of the final vowel. But v&iÏ being Apvad will over-
rule gu[.
+ g¨+i[c! Acae iÁ[it 7.2.115
+ gar+i[c! sna*Nta> xatv> 3.1.32
+ - + lSy> 3.4.77
itbady> (this short form is used for – itp!-ts!-iH-isp!-ws!-w-imp!-vs!-ms!-t-
→ + 3.4.78
Aatam!-H-was!-Aawam!-Xvm!-#qœ-vih-mih'œ)
→ gair+te + ktRir zp! 3.1.68
→ gair+te + savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84
gair+A+
→ + @cae=yvyav> 6.1.78
te
isÏm!. garyte
]lœ to wash, to clean he washes, he cleans

sTyap-paz-êp-vI[a-tUl-ðaek-sena-laem-Tvc-vmR-v[R-cU[R-
 ]lœ + 3.1.25
curaid_yae i[c!,
 ]lœ+i[c! + sna*Nta> xatv> 3.1.32
 ]lœ+i[c! +lœ + vtRmane lqœ 3.2.123
 ]lœ+i[c! +lqœ + lSy 3.4.77
itp!-ts!-iH-isp!-ws!-w-imp!-vs!-ms!-t-Aatam!-H-was!-Aawam!-
+ 3.4.78
Xvm!-#qœ-vih-mih'œ
 ]lœ+i[c! +itp! + ktRir zp! 3.1.68
]ail+i[c! +zp!
 + At> %pxaya> 7.2.116
+itp!
 ]ail+zp! +itp! + savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84
 ]ale+A+it + @cae=yvyav> 6.1.78
isÏm!. ]alyit
curœ to steal, X Conj. ⇒ he steals

sTyap-paz-êp-vI[a-tUl-ðaek-sena-laem-Tvc-vmR-v[R-cU[R-
 curœ + 3.1.25
curaid_yae i[c!,
 curœ+i[c! + sna*Nta> xatv> 3.1.32
 curœ+i[c! +lœ + vtRmane lqœ 3.2.123
curœ+i[c!
 + lSy 3.4.77
+lqœ
itp!-ts!-iH-isp!-ws!-w-imp!-vs!-ms!-t-Aatam!-H-was!-Aawam!-
+ 3.4.78
Xvm!-#qœ-vih-mih'œ
 curœ+i[c! +itp! + ktRir zp! 3.1.68
caeirœ+i[c!+zp
 + pugNtSy-l"UpxSy c 7.3.86
! +itp!
 caerœ+A+it + savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84
 caerœ+A+it + @cae=yvyav> 6.1.78
isÏm!. caeryit
kw! to tell ⇒ he tells

sTyap-paz-êp-vI[a-tUl-ðaek-sena-laem-Tvc-vmR-v[R-cU[R-curaid_yae
 kw! + 3.1.25
i[c!,
 kw!+i[c! + sna*Nta> xatv> 3.1.32
kw!+i[c!
 + vtRmane lqœ 3.2.123
+lœ
kw!+i[c!
 + lSy 3.4.77
+lqœ
itp!-ts!-iH-isp!-ws!-w-imp!-vs!-ms!-t-Aatam!-H-was!-Aawam!-Xvm!-
+ 3.4.78
#qœ-vih-mih'œ
kw!+i[c!
 + ktRir zp! 3.1.68
+itp!
kw!+i[c!+z
 + Atae laep> 6.4.48
p! +itp!

*
+ Ac> priSmn! pUvRivxaE> 1.1.57
*
kiw+zp!
 + savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84
+itp!
 kwe+A+it + @cae=yvyav> 6.1.78
isÏm!. kwyit
This is a pirÉa;a sUÇ talking about SwainvdœÉav> (detailed discussion later).
This says that when an Ajadez (Aadez in place of an Ac!) if brought about by the
inimÄ, something that immediately follows is 'as though' reversed, when another
operation is to be done by the same inimÄ at a place prior to the Ajadez, In the above
example, the Ajadez is the 'dropping of the "A" ' and the inimÄ is i[c! which is
immediately following the 'A'. Here the 'A' that was dropped in the Ajadez. It was
*
Note brought about by the inimÄ - i[c!, which is immediately following. Now when the
*
At> %pxaya> 7.2.116 tries to operate, this i[c! is trying to cause an operation that is
prior to the place of Ajadez. At this point, for the time of the operation, the Ajadez is
as though reversed. Therefore, At> %pxaya> 7.2.116 finds w! as %pxa and cannot
act.
k w! (A)* + i[c! + zp! + itp!
* brought back by Ac> priSmn! pUvRivxaE> 1.1.57
31.01.2005
Some pirÉa;a sūtras -
s
;óI Swaneyaega 1.1.49 /S38
U
p ;óI,1,1, Swaneyaega,1,1,
s Swane yaegae=Sya> sey< Swaneyaega , b˜ÏIih>, AÇ inpatnat! sÝMya Alug Évit.
v
AiSmn! zaôe Ainytyaega (=AinytsMbNxa) ;óI Swaneyaega mNtVya.
&
In this zaô any ;óI ivÉi´ (sixth case) that is not connected to any other specific thing connected to the Swanm!
T (Éave àyaeg) = às¼ = situation i.e. the SwanI in the context of replacement. And this is what is known as
Paninian sixth case = Swane ;óI even though (to be very accurate), it should be referred as 'Swaneyaega ;óI '.
V That which it is intended should be most affected by the act of the agent is called the object or kmR,
È That which is especially desired by the agent to be accomplished by the action is called kmR. As kq< kraeit (he
makes the mat), ¢am< gCDit (he goes to the village). Why do we say 'desired by the agent' ? Observe ma;e:v ñ<
b<xait (he ties the horse in the gram field). Here gram is no doubt most desired buy the horse, but as horse is not the
agent of the verb the word ma; takes the locative case. Why do we use the word 'most' ? Observe pysaEdn< Éu'œ
é (he eats the food along with the milk). Here, milk is no doubt desired by the agent, but not bring the principal
object desired, takes the Instrumental Case (III Case – kr[m! ).
Though the word kmR was understood in this sūtra by Anuv&iÄ from the previous sūtra, the repetition of this word
here is to indicate that the Anuv&iÄ of the word Axar does not extend to this sūtra, because as we do not take
Anuv&iÄ of the word kmR into this sūtra, we do not take the Anuv&iÄ of any word of the previous sūtra into this.

Had we taken the Anuv&iÄ of the word kmR from the last sūtra, then we could use the Accusative Case (II Case -
kmR) in those limited instances, where the word is capable of taking the Locative Case (VII Case – Aixkr[m!) also,
but not in other cases. Thus while we could very well say geh< àivzit (he enters the house), we could not say
Aaedn< pcit (he cooks the food), sú< ipbit (he drinks saktu). By repeating the word kmR in this sūtra, such
examples become valid everywhere. The kmR-kark takes the second case affix.
In the sUÇ - #k>,6,1, y[,1,1, Aic,7,1.
 The first case on y[! indicates that y[! is the Aadez
 The seventh case on the Ac! indicates that the Ac! which immediately follows is the inimÄ = cause for
% replacement to take place.
 The sixth case on #kœ is not specifically connected to the other words in any other sMbNx and is therefore, an
AinytsMbNx ;óI, And is therefore not connected to the às¼ of replacements as the SwanI which is also
indicated by the seventh case of Ac!.
Anuv&iÄ & smas to be discussed later
f Swane → 1.1.50
s
Swane=Ntrtm> 1.1.50 /S39
U
A Swane 1.1.49
p Swane,7,1, ANtrtm>,1,1,
svR #me=Ntra>, Ayme;amitzynaNtr> = ANtrtm> = s†ztm>, Aitzayne tmibónaE (5.3.55) #it
s
tmp! àTyy.
v
Swane àPyma[anamNtrtm> s†ztm Aadezae Évit.
&
When there is an occasion of replacement of the SwanI with the Aadez (substitute) and there is more than one
option available, one should choose that Aadez which is closest to the SwanI. The closeness is determined in the
following order –
T  AaSy or Swanm œ= the point of articulation
 A_yNtr àyÆm œ = internal effort
 baý-àyÆm! = external effort
 Any other thing should match
If that which is not intended to be most affected by the act becomes however similarly connected with the action it
also is called kmR .
V
That which is not desired by the agent is AnIiPst or object of aversion. Thus iv;a É]yit (he eats poison), caEran!
È
pZyit (he sees the thieves). ¢amm! gCDn! v&]mUla NyuspRit (going to the village, he plucks the roots of the
trees)
f --
s
tiSmiÚit inidRòe pUvRSy 1.1.66 /S40
U
p tiSmn!,7,1, #it,0,0, inidRòe,7,1, pUvRSy,6,1,

v
tiSmiÚit = sÝMya ivÉ®ya inidRòe sit pUvRSyEv kay¡ Évit
&
When any rule is stated using the seventh case, then the operation will take place on 'that which is immediately
T
preceding' to what is stated. This is known as the Paninian Seventh Case or prsÝmI
is sÝmIindeRzen ivxIyman< kay¡ v[aRNter[ AVyvihtSy pUvRSy baeXym!
f inidRòe 1.1.67
02.02.2005
s
tSmaidTyuÄrSy 1.1.67 /S41
U
A inidRòe 1.1.66
p tSmat!,5,1, #it,0,0, %ÄrSy,6,1,
v
pÂMya ivÉ®ya inidRòe sTyuÄrSyEv kay¡ Évit
&
When any rule is stated using the inimÄ (cause), that is causing the change in the fifth case, then the operation will
T
take place on 'that which is immediately follows'
is pÂmIindeRzen ³yma[< kay¡ v[aRNter[ AVyvihtSy prSy }eym!
An operation caused by the exhibition of a term in the ablative or fifth case (Apadanm!), is to be understood to
enjoin the substitution of something in the room that which immediately follows the word denoted by the term
This sūtra explains the force of words in the ablative case when employed in these sūtras. As the locative case refers
to a preceding word, so the ablative refers to a succeeding word
Thus sūtra 8.4.61 declares that "after %dœ of Swa and StÉ, the substitute is a letter belonging to the class of the
V prior". Thus %dœ + Swanm! . Here the word %d is exhibited in the original sūtra in the ablative case, and in the
È present sūtra it means that a dental letter w! must be substituted in the place of Swan and by sūtra - Aade> prSy
1.1.54 ANte, this dental takes the place of s! ; we have %dœ + Swanm! %Tw-wanm! . Similarly, in the sūtra
– 8.2.18 ("a word ending in a conjugational affix, when following after a word ending in a non-conjugational affix
becomes AnudaÄ "). Here the word Ait[> is exhibited in the ablative case, therefore, the operation directed by this
sūtra, namely, the substitution of AnudaÄ accent, must take place in the word that follows. Thus – Aae/dn< p?cit,
but not so in pcTyaednim?it .
AasIn>, ÖIpm!, ANtrIpm!,
%
- derivations later -
f --
To summarize the above few rules –

 SwanI will be in the sixth case
 The inimÄ that brings about the change will be in the seventh case. That is, if the inimÄ is in the seventh case, then
the operation will be done on that which immediately precedes
 The inimÄ that brings about the change, being in the position that is immediately prior to the inimÄ, is put in the
fifth case. That is, if the inimÄ is in the fifth case, the operation will be done on that which immediately follows
 That which is ordained i.e. an Aadez or Aagm or anything else will be in the first case

Rules for Replacement
s
Alae=NTySy 1.1.52 /S42
U
A ;óI 1.1.49
p Al>,6,1, ANTySy>,6,1,
v ;óIinidRòSy y Aadez %Cyte sae=NTySyal> Swane Évit
& s> ANTySy Al> veidtVy>
Whenever an Aadez (replacement), is told to be replacing a SwanI that is mentioned in the sixth case, it will
T
replace the final letter of that SwanI
*aE, s>, pÂgaei[>
%
- derivations later -
The substitute takes the place of only the final letter (of that which is denoted by a term exhibited in the genitive or
sixth case (sMbNx)
V The rule of substitution by nearness of place applies to the last letter of the word which is exhibited in the genitive
È case and not to all its letters. Thus by sūtra TydadIna> 7.2.102, it is declared "in the place of Tydœ etc. there is A
". It does not mean that the whole word Tydœ is to be replaced by A, though at first sight it may appear to man so;
but it means, by virtue of the present explanatory sūtra, that the last letter of Sydœ viz. dœ is to be replaced by A
k ;óI-inidRòSy y> %Cyte Aadez> s> ANtySy Al> Swane veidtVy>, #dœ gae{ya> 1.2.50 -
a pÂgaei[>, dzgaei[>.
f Al> → 1.1.54, ANTySy> → 1.1.53
03.02.2005
s
Anekalœ-izt!-svRSy 1.1.55 /S45
U
A ;óI 1.1.49
p Anekalœ-izt!,1,1, svRSy,6,1,
s n @k = Anek> = n|! tTpé;>
T not one = many
s Anek> Alœ ySy s> =b˜ÏIih>
T That which has more than one letter = Anekalœ
s z #t! ySy =izt!-b˜ÏIih>
T That which has z as an #t! letter
s Anekalœ c izt! c, ÖNÖ>
T That which has more than one letter and has z as an #t! letter
v Anekalœ izt! c y> Aadez> s> svRSy ;óIinidRòSy Swane Évit
& s> ANTySy Al> veidtVy>
An Aadez (replacement), which is –
 Anekalœ (that has more than one letter) AND
T
 izt! (that which has z as an #t! letter)
replaces the entire SwanI that is mentioned in the sixth case.
v
Alae=NTySy 1.1.52 #it sUÇSy Apvad #dm!
&
T This sūtra is negation (exception) of the Alae=NTySy 1.1.52
A substitute consisting of more than one letter, and a substitute having an #t! - z take the place of the whole of the
original expression exhibited in the sixth case
This sūtra is an exception the sūtra - Alae=NTySy 1.1.52 by which it was declared that an Aadez or substitute
replaces only the last letter. This sūtra on the contrary enjoins that an Aadez consisting of more than one letter
replaces the whole expression in the genitive case, and not only the last letter. Even where an Adez consists of a
single letter, but if it has a z as an #t! letter, it replaces the whole word
Thus, there is a sūtra – 2.4.53 which means "in place of äU let there be vc!". Here the Aadez – vc! consists of
V three letters (more than one) and therefore, it replaces the whole word äU and not only the last letter ^ . That is to say
È in forming certain tenses the verb äU is replaces by vc! . Thus the future tense of äU is vá (he will speak)
So also there is a sūtra – 5.3.3 by states "in the place of #dm! there is #z! ". Here the Aadez - # is an Aadez
having the z! as its #t! letter, and though it consists of only one letter, it replaces the whole word #dm!, and not
only its last letter m!
Of course, it must be understood that the phrase "consisting of more than one letter" applies to the actual substitute,
and not to the substitute with its #t! letters, the latter being for the purposes of counting regarded as mere surplusages
and not to be taken into account. To see whether an affix Anekalœ or not, the #t! letters must not be counted; and
the affix must be stripped of all its #t! letters
%
k Anekalœ y> Aadez> izc! c, s> svRSy ;óI-inidRòSy Swane Évit, ASte> ÉU> 2.4.52 - Éivta,
a Éivtum!, ÉivtVym!, izt! oLvip jz!-zsae> iz> 7.1.20 - k…{fain itóiNt, k…{fain pZy.
is 45 → Spòm!, .........
f - -- -
s
i'½ 1.1.53 /S43
U
A Alae,6,1, ANTySy,6,1, 1.1.52, ;óI,1,1, 1.1.49
p i't!,1,1, c,0,0,
A i't!,1,1, c,0,0, ;óIinidRòSy,6,1, ANTySy,6,1, = Al>,6,1,
s 'œ H ySy = i't! b˜ÏIih>,
v Anekalœ izt! c y> Aadez> s> svRSy ;óIinidRòSy Swane Évit.
& s> ANTySy Al> veidtVy>.
An Aadez (replacement), that is a i't! (replaces even if it is more than one letter) replaces only the final letter of the
T
SwanI which is mentioned in the sixth case
v
Anekalœ-izt!-svRSy 1.1.55 #it cúyit, tSy Aym! purStadœ Apvad>
&
T He is going to say Anekalœ-izt!-svRSy 1.1.55 later. This sūtra is 'prior negation' (exception) of that sūtra
v
AwaRt! Anekalip sn! i'dœ-Aadez> ANTySy Al> Swane Évit n tu svRSy
&
T An Aadez that is a i't! replaces only the final letter of the SwanI even though it has more than one letter. It does not

replace the entire SwanI
And the substitute which has an #t! – ' (even though it consists of more than one letter) takes the place of the final
letter only of the original expression
This sūtra is an exception by anticipation to sūtra – Anekalœ-izt!-svRSy 1.1.55 . By that all substitutes, consisting
of more than one letter, replace the whole word
V Thus in forming the ÖNÖ compound of mat& and ipt& there is a sūtra– Aan'œ \tae ÖNÖe 6.3.25 which states
È "in the place of words ending in \ there is substitution of An'œ in forming ÖNÖ ". Now the substitute Aan'œ is a
i't! substitute, and therefore it applies to the last letter of the word and not to the whole word, viz. the \ of mat& is
only changed into Aa and not the whole word; and we have the compound mataiptraE, so also haetapaetaraE .
There is an exception, however, 'œ, yet replaces the whole expressions tu and ih and not only their finals. As Jivtat!
(he may live Or may you live), instead of jIvtu (may he live) or jIv (live thou).
% ceta, neta, mataiptraE, haetapaetaraE,
i'½ y> Aadez>, s> Anekalœ Aip Alae=NtSy Swane Évit, Aan'œ \tae ÖNÖe 6.3.25 -
k
haetapaetaraE, mataiptraE, tati' i'Tkr[Sy gu[-v&iÏ-àit;exawRTvat! svaRdezStat'œ Évit, jIvtadœ
a
Évan!, jIvtat! Tvm!.
f --
04.02.2005
s
Aade> prSy 1.1.54 /S44
U
A Al>,6,1, 1.1.52 ;óI,1,1, 1.1.49
p Aade>,6,1, prSy,6,1,
s 'œ H ySy =i't! b˜ÏIih>,
A i't!,1,1, c,0,0, ;óIinidRòSy,6,1, ANTySy,6,1, =Al>,6,1,
v
prSy %Cyman< kay¡ tSy Aade> Al> iz:yte i'½ 1.1.53 tSmaidTyuÄrSy 1.1.67
&
This sūtra is integrally connected to the tSmadœ #it %ÄrSy 1.1.67 - whenever a SwanI is determined using this
T 1.1.67 (either by this alone or along with ;óI indeRz) the operation ordained will take place on that which follows
immediately. At that time this sūtra will make the Aadez replace the first letter of that SwanI
v
Alae=NTySy #it sUÇSy ApvadsUÇm! #dm!
&
T This sūtra is an exception to the sūtra Alae=NTySy 1.1.52
V That which is enjoined to come in the room of what follows is to be understood as coming in the room only of the first
È letter thereof
When any operation is to be made in a word following another, such operation is to be made in the initial letter of
such subsequent word. To give an illustration – there is a sūtra - Ö(NtépsgeR_yae=p $t! 6.3.97 which states "in
the place of Ap! used after the words iÖ and ANtr and the particles called %psgR there is $". This may be stated in
other words as – "in the place of Ap! there is $ when Ap! follows iÖ or ANtr". Now it is clear that $ is not to
replace all the letters of Ap! but only one. But this sūtra makes an exception, viz. where an operation is directed to be
made in a word, simply by reasons of its being placed after another word; such change is to be made in the beginning
of such second word. Therefore, the $ replaces the A of Ap! and we have iÖ + Ap! ÖIp (an island) (the final A is

added by sūtra– 5.4.74) ANtrIp (promontory). So also in the sūtra – $das> 7.2.83 – "long $ is the substitute of An
when the latter comes after the root Aas ". Here also the $ replaces the initial A of Aas
How can we find when an operation is to be performed on a subsequent word ? When the previous word is exhibited
in the Ablative Case (V Case) ... – the details in sūtra - tSmadœ #it %ÄrSy 1.1.67
k prSy kay¡ iz:yma[m! Aade> Al> àTyetVym!, Kv c prSy kay¡ iz:yte ? yÇ pÂmI-indeRz>, tdœ ywa
a - $das> 7.2.83 - AasIn> yjte, Ö(NtépsgeR_yae=p $t! 6.3.97 - ÖIpm!, ANtrIpm!, àtIpm!, smIpm!.
% e.g. for Alae=NTySy 1.1.52
f --
Example 1 for Alae=NTySy 1.1.52 -
s
Atae dI"aeR yi| 7.3.101 /S2170
U
A savRxatuke 7.3.84 A¼Sy 6.4.1
p At>,6,1, dI"R>,1,1, yi|,7,1,
A At> = A¼Sy (AdNtSy A¼Sy) yi| savRxatuke dI"R,
The A¼ ending in an Akar is replaced by a dI"R when a savRxatuk àTyy beginning with a y|! (y v r l) letter
T
follows
The long Aa is substituted for the final Akar of a Tense-Stem before a savRxatuk àTyy beginning with v! or m!
(literally a consonant of the y|! àTyahar). As pcaim, pcam>, púyav>, púyam>
Why for the 'A' only ? Observe icnuv>, icnum>
Why before y|! consonant (semi-vowels, nasals and H & É only) ? Observe pct>, pcw>
Why a savRxatuk ? Observe A¼ana, kezv>
V
Some read the Anuv&iÄ of it'œ in this sūtra from 7.3.88 so that the lengthening takes place only before personal
È
terminations. According to them before Kvsu there is no lengthening, as Évvan!
The word Évvan! is thus formed. To ÉU is added Kvsu, the comes zp!, treating Kvsu as a savRxatuk under
3.4.117; there duplication of the root ending in zp! is prevented, because the word xatu is used in 6.1.8 which
ordains reduplication of a root only, and not of a root plus a ivkr[ like the form Év (É + zp!). Those who do not read
the Anuv&iÄ or it'œ in this sūtra, but only of the word savRxatuke, they explain the form as a Vedic anomaly
ÉU + imp! ÉU + zp! + imp! ÉU (AdNt A¼ is SwanI) + imp! (y|aid àTyy) Atae dI"aeR yi| 7.3.101 +
%
Alae=NTySy 1.1.52 Év! + A (to be replaced by Aa)+ im Évaim
f At> 7.3.104 dI"aeR yi| → 7.3.102
04.02.2005
Example 2 for Alae=NTySy 1.1.52
s
ASteÉUR> 2.4.52 /S2470
U
A AaxRxatuke,7,1, 7.3.84
p ASte>,6,1, ÉU>,1,1,
T The root ÉU will replace the root As! when a AaxRxatuk àTyy follows
V ÉU is the substitute of the verb As! (to be) when a AaxRxatuk àTyy is to be applied
È Éivta (he will be), Éivtum! (he will be), ÉivtVym! (must be) – Now the Perfect tense affixes are also
AaxRxatuk affixes (3.4.115). The Perfect of As! is therefore the same as that of ÉU , viz. bÉUv etc. There is,
however, an important exception to this rule, viz. when As! is employed as an auxiliary verb in forming Periphrastic

Perfect of other verbs. In that case, As! forms its Perfect tense regularly, Aas, Aastu>, Aasu> etc. This apparent
breach of the present sūtra is explained by taking the term k«|! in 3.1.40 as àTyahar including k«, ÉU and As! and
if As! could not form its Perfect in the regular way, its inclusion in this àTyahar would be useless; hence we
conclude that as an auxiliary verb, As! forms its Perfect regularly
f At> 7.3.104 dI"aeR yi| → 7.3.102
% ÉU he will be – ¤qœ - III Person Singular, Future
ÉU + itp! + SytasI ¤-luqae> 3.1.33
Éae+Sy ASte> ÉU>
 + 2.4.52
+itp!+#qœ . As! - SwanI . Sy AaxRxatuk-àTyy.
Éae+#Sy
 + #kaey[ic 6.1.77
+itp!
 Év+#Syit + Aadez-àTyyyae> 8.3.59
isÏm!. Éiv:yit.
% vn vnanI - I Case Plural (here As! is replaced by izp!)
vn + js! + jz!-zsae> iz> 7.1.20
+ npu<ska½ 7.1.19
nu~m! augment.
 vn+iz +
.iz - svRnam Swanm! .
 vn+n!+iz + %pxa-dI"R of the A¼
 vnan!+# iz being a izt! replaces the As! totally
isÏm!. vnain.
% ic to collect Case Plural (here As! is replaced by izp!) – Example for i'½
ic + t&c! + savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84
\t!-%zns!-puéd<sa>-Anehsa<,6,3, c,0,0, (A¼Sy,6,1, An'œ,1,1, saE,7,1,
AsMbuÏaE,7,1,)
cet& + su~ + When a \karNt A¼ and the A¼- %zns!, puéd<sa>, Anehs! are 7.1.94
followed by su~ (nominative singular), the A¼ gets an Aadez of
An~'œ (An!) .
+ i'½ 1.1.53
 cet!+An!!+su + %pxa-dI"R of the A¼
 cetan!!+su + sulaep>
+ nlaep> àaitpidkaNtSy 8.2.7
isÏm!. ceta.
08.02.2005 - 1100
s
Aade> prSy 1.1.54 /S44
U
A Al>,6,1, 1.1.52 ;óI,1,1, 1.1.49
p Aade>,6,1, prSy,6,1,

A i't!,1,1, c,0,0, ;óIinidRòSy,6,1, ANTySy,6,1, =Al>,6,1,
v
prSy %Cyman< kay¡ tSy Aade> Al> iz:yte i'½ 1.1.53 tSmaidTyuÄrSy 1.1.67
&
This sūtra is integrally connected to the tSmadœ #it %ÄrSy 1.1.67 - whenever a SwanI is determined using this
T 1.1.67 (either by this alone or along with ;óI indeRz) the operation ordained will take place on that which follows
immediately. At that time this sūtra will make the Aadez replace the first letter of that SwanI
v
Alae=NTySy #it sUÇSy ApvadsUÇm! #dm!
&
T This sūtra is an exception to the sūtra Alae=NTySy 1.1.52
That which is enjoined to come in the room of what follows is to be understood as coming in the room only of the first
letter thereof
When any operation is to be made in a word following another, such operation is to be made in the initial letter of such
subsequent word. To give an illustration – there is a rule – Ö(NtépsgeR_yae=p $t! 6.3.97 which states "in the
place of Ap! used after the words iÖ and ANtrœ and the particles called %psgR there is $". This rule may be stated
in other words as – "in the place of Ap! there is $ when Ap! follows iÖ or ANtrœ . Now it is clear that $ is not to
V
have been the last letter of Ap!, but this sūtra makes an exception, viz. where an operation is directed to be made in a
È
word, simply by reason of its being placed after another word; such change is to be made in the beginning of such
second word. Therefore, the $ replaces the A of Ap! and we have – iÖ + Ap! ÖIp (an island) – the final A is added
by 5.4.74), ANtrIp (promontory). So also in the sūtra - $das> 7.2.83 "long $ is the substitute of An when the latter
comes after the root Aas! ". Thus Aas! + An Aas! + $n AasIn>. Here also the $ replaces the initial A of An
How can we find when an operation is to be performed on a subsequent word ? When the previous word is exhibited
in the fifth or Ablative Case – see sūtra - tSmadœ #it %ÄrSy 1.1.67
f - -- -
% e.g. for Alae=NTySy 1.1.52
----- the above sutra is to be reviewed as the notes were not very clear
09.02.2005 & 10.02.2005
s
%r[! r~pr> 1.1.51 /S70
U
p %>,6,1, A[!,1,1, r~pr>,1,1,
A Swane,7,1, 1.1.49
%>,6,1, Swane,7,1, A[!,1,1, = r~pr>,1,1,
A
%>,6,1, Swane,7,1, y> A[!,1,1, Évit s> r~pr>,1,1, @v Évit
s r> prae> ySmat! s rpr> b˜ÏIih>
v
\v[RSy Swane A[! ( A # % ) àJyman @v rprae Évit
&
N  Since \ & ¤ are the odd ones out of the vowels as they have a small consonant component (hl ivÉi´) with a major
O vowel component AJÉi´ (division). The hl ivÉi´ of \v[R is rœ and the hl ivÉi´ of ¤ is lœ
T  \ & ¤ are sv[R to each other

 The Akar attached to lœ in the sūtra l~[! is a Anunaisk and therefore, is an #t! letter. And r~ in the sūtra is a
E
àTyahar
Whenever a \v[R - \,§,¤ - is replaced by an A[!- A,#,% - that replacement even as it replaces the SwanI, is r~pr>
T
- i.e. it has a rœ or a lœ following it, as the case may be
When a letter of A[!- àTyahar comes as a substitute for \ it is always followed by a rœ
This sūtra consists of three words viz. %> which is the genitive singular of \ and means literally "of \ "; the second
word is A[!, a àTyahar denoting A, #, % both long and short; the third word is a rpr> which qualifies A[! and
means 'having a rœ after'
This sūtra is useful in fixing the proper substitutes of \, Thus, there are only three gu[ vowels – A, @, Aae. Of these
what is the proper gu[ for \ ? By application of the rule of 'nearness of place' we see that A is the nearest substitute. So
that A is the gu[ of \ ; and further by this rule, this A must have a rœ after it. Thus though technically speaking A is
the gu[ of \, the actual substitute is Arœ . Thus k« + Ait kÄaR ; similarly htaR
So also when \ is replaced by # vide sūtra §t #dœ xatae> 7.1.100, this substitute # must be followed by rœ . As
V k« + Ait ik + rœ + Ait ikrit (he scatters); similarly igrit (he swallows)
È So also when \ is replaced by %, vide sūtra - 4.1.115 this % must be followed by rœ . As iÖ + mat& + A[!
ÖEmatur (son of two mothers)
This rœ to be added only when \ is replaced by A, # or % (A[! vowels), and not when it is replaced by any other
letter.
Thus by suxaturk'œ c 4.1.97 "the \ of the word suxat& is replaced by Akœ (technically Ak'œ) when the affix
#|! is added". Thus suxat& + #|! suxat! + Akœ + # saExatik (a descendent of Sudhātri). Here the
substitute of \, that is to say, the syllable Akœ is not followed by rœ.
The rœ in the text has been taken by some to be a àTyahar formed by the letter rœ and A of l[!, In that case the
sūtra would mean that A[! substitutes of \ & ¤ are followed by r & l, respectively. Thus gu[ of \ = Arœ and of ¤ =
Alœ.
k % Swane A[! àsJyman @v rprae veidtVy>, ktaR, htaR, ikrit, igrit, ÖEmatur>, ÇEmatur>, %> #it
a ikm! ? oeym!, geym!, A[!-¢h[m! ikm! ? suxaturk'œ c 4.1.97 - saExatik>.
f - -- -
% s& to go
s& + itp!! + savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84
srœ+A+itp! + %r[! r~pr> 1.1.51
êpisÏm!. srit
% „p!
„& + itp!! + savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84
kLp!+zp!+itp! + %r[! r~pr> 1.1.51
êpisÏm!. kLpte 
% g¨ to speak – following examples to be checked again
g¨& + itp!! + savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84
gare+A +te + @cae=yvayav> 6.1.78
êpisÏm!. garyte
% s¨ to go

s¨& + itp!! + savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84
sare+A +te + @cae=yvayav> 6.1.78
êpisÏm!. srit
% t¨ to swim
t¨& + itp!! + savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84
tare+A+te + @cae=yvayav> 6.1.78
êpisÏm!. trit
10.02.2005
Throat Guttural k{Q(>
Palate Palatal talVy>
Roof of the Mouth Cerebral mUxRNy>
Teeth Dental dNty>
Lips Labial Aaeó(>
k, o, g, ", '.
c, D, j, H, |.
Hard & Soft Mutes
Sp&òa> VyÃna> q, Q, f, F, [.
(The 25 class consonants)
t, w, d, x, n.
p, ), b, É, m.
$;TSp&ò ANtSwa>
Semi-vowels y, r, l, v.
>
$;iÖv&t> ^:ma[> Sibilants ;, z, s.
ivv&t> Vowels A, Aa, #, $, \, §, ¤, %, ^.
s<v&t> Short** A
** This A is s<v&t> only for enunciation but for all grammatical purposes it is taken as ivv&t>.
11.02.2005
ivsgR is a product of rœ or hœ.
Qualities àTyahar s<}a
Akœ - SvtÙ Svr
1 %daÄ, AnudaÄ, Svirt Ac! A # % \ ¤ @ Aae @e AaE
@c! - siNx Svr
2 s<var, nad, "ae; hz! h y v r l~ | m ' [ n H É g F x j b g f d soft consonants
3 ivvar, ñas, A"ae; orœ o ) D Q w c q k p z ; s hard consonants
ALpàa[ - mhaàa[ -
19 14
H;
y[! y v r l~ HÉgFx
!
|
|m'[n o o)DQw
m!

zl
jz! jbgfd z;sh
œ
cy
cqtkp
!
Qualities
or these are flat sounds - A"ae; - which resonate in the 8 sinuses (nasal ivvar, ñas,
hard consonants
œ etc…) A"ae;
hz s<var, nad,
soft consonants these resonate - "ae; - lesser than the hard consonants
! "ae;
s
tuLyaSyàyÆ< sv[Rm! 1.1.9 /S10
U
p tuLyaSyàyÆ<,1,1, sv[Rm!,1,1,
AaSye àyÆ> AaSyàyÆ> , sÝmItTpué;>, tuLy AaSyàyÆae ySy (yen sh), tt! tuLyaSyàyÆ<,
s
b˜ÏIih>, AaSye Év< AaSym!
k
tuLy zBd> s†zpyaRy>
a
T The word tuLya – here means – it is similar
k
AaSye Évm! = AaSym! taLvaidSwanm!
a
AaSya – here refers to the oral cavity and these points of articulation are present in the oral cavity and are therefore
T
called AaSym! too
k
àyÆ< = àyÆ> = Sp&òtaidv[Rgu[>
a
T àyÆ< = àyÆ> = Sp&òtaidv[Rgu[> = the internal efforts of the sounds such as Sp&òta etc.
AaSye àyÆ> AaSyàyÆ> sÝmItTpué;>, tuLy AaSyàyÆae ySy (yen sh), tt! tuLyaSyàyÆ< ,
s
b˜ÏIih>
v
tuLye AaSye àyÆae ye;a< te v[aR> prSpr< sv[Rs<}aka ÉviNt
&
In the AaSym! (at the articular surface) when one v[R (sound) has the same internal effort as that of another, it is
T
said to be sv[R (homogenous) with that other
is 10 → talvaid Swanm! Aa_yNtràyÆ> c #Tyedœ Öy< ySy yen tuLy< tt! imw> sv[Rs<] Syat!
When one letter has the two factors –
1. The AaSym! (point of articulation) And
T
2. Aa_yNtr àyÆm! (the internal effort)
similar to another letter, then these letters are said to be sv[R with each other
is 10 → A-k…-˜-ivsjRnIyana< k{Q>
T Av[R-kvgR-hkar and ivsgR – all have k{Q as AaSym!
is 10 → #-c-y-zana< talu
T $v[R-cvgR-ykar and zkar – all have talu as AaSym!
is 10 → \-qu-r-;[a< mUxaR
T \vgR-qvgR-re) and ;kar – all have mUxaR as AaSym!
is 10 → ¤-tu-l-sana< dNta>
T ¤vgR-qvgR-lkar-skar and skar – all have dNta> as AaSym!
is 10 → %-pu-%pXmanIyana< AaeóaE
T %v[R-pvgR-%pXmanIy – all have AaeóaE as AaSym!
is 10 → |m'[nana< naiska c
T The nasals i.e. the second of the class have the nose too as AaSym! along with their primary AaSym!
is 10 → @t! -@etae> k{Qtalu
T @ & @e – have k{Q & talu as their AaSym!
is 10 → Aaet! - AaEtae> k{Qaeóm!
T Aae & AaE – have k{Q & AaeóaE as their AaSym!
is 10 → vkarSy dNtaeóm!
T vkar has dNt & Aaeó (only lower lip) as its AaSym!
È Those whose place of utterance and effort are equal are called sv[R or homogenous letters.
This defines the word sv[R or homogenous letter. The sūtra consists of four words - tuLy (equal or similar), AaSy
(mouth or place of pronunciation), àyÆ (effort), sv[Rm! (words of the same class).
The AaSy or places or portions of the mouth by contact with which various sounds are formed are chiefly the
following – 1. k{Q – Throat 2. talu – Palate 3. mUxaR – Head 4. dNta> – Teeth 5. AaEóaE – Lips 6. naiska
– Nose.
The àyÆ (quality or effort) is of two sorts primarily, - Aa_yaNtr (internal) and baý (external).
Aa_yaNtr (internal) is again sub-divided into five parts –
1. sp&òm! (complete contact of the organs). The twenty-five letters from k to m belong to this class. In
pronouncing these there is a complete contact of the root of the tongue with the various places, such as throat,
palate, dome of the palate, teeth and lip
2. $;Tsp&òm! (slight contact). The letters y, r, l, v belong to this class of contacts. "In pronouncing these semi-
vowels the two organs, the active and the passive, which are necessary for the production of all consonantal
noises, are not allowed to touch each other, but only to approach"
3. ivv&tm! (complete opening). The vowels belong to this class
4. $;dœ ivv&tm! (slight opening). The letters z, ;, s, h belong to this class. Some however place the vowels and
z etc into one group and call them ivv&t
5. s<v&tm! (contracted). In actual use, the organ in the enunciation of the short A is contracted but it is
considered to be open only, as in the case of the other vowels, when the vowel A is in the state of taking part in
some operation of grammar
The Aa_yaNtr àyÆ is the mode of articulation preparatory to the utterance of the sound, the baý àyÆ, is the
mode of articulation at the close of the utterance of the sound.
The division of letters according to Aa_yaNtr àyÆ has been already given. By that we get – 1. SpzR – mute
letters. 2. ANtSw –intermediate SpzR (mute letters) & ^:ma[> (semi-vowels or liquid letters). 3. Svr – vowels or
ivv&t letters. 4. ^:ma[> – sibilants or flatus letters
The first division of letters according to baý àyÆ gives us 1. A"ae; - Surds – also called ñas letters. 2. "ae; -
Sonants – also called nad letters

The second division of letters according to baý àyÆ is into –
1. mhaàa[ - Aspirated. 2. ALpàa[ - Un-aspirated.
The vowel A has 18 forms. The acute A (%daÄ), grave A (AnudaÄ), circumflexed A (Svirt). Each one of these
three may be Anunaisk (nasalised) or inrnunaisk (not nasalised). Then lastly everyone of these six may be short,
long or prolated.
3 Thus - A? Aa? A?3 A~? Aa~? A~?3
Similarly, the letters #, % & \ also have 18 forms each. The letter ¤ has no long form; it has therefore 12
modifications. The dipthongs have no short forms, they have therefore only 12 forms. The ANtSw or semi-vowels
with the exception of r have two forms each viz. nasalised & un-nasalised. The semi-vowels have no homogeneous
letters corresponding to them. All letters of a vgR (class) are homogeneous to each other.
Thus then the sv[R (homogeneous) letters must satisfy two conditions before they could be called sv[R, First, their
place of AaSy (pronunciation) must be the same. Secondly their àyÆ (effort/quality) must be equal. If one condition
be present and the other be absent, there can be no sv[R-hood. Thus c & z are both palatals, their AaSy or place of
pronunciation being talu (palate), but still they are not sv[R because their àyÆ is different, the àyÆ of c being
Sp&ò and that of z being ivv&t
Similarly, k & c though their àyÆ is the same i.e. Sp&ò, yet their AaSy being different, one being guttural and the
other palatal, are not sv[R
There is an exception to this rule in the case of \ & ¤, which though having different AaSy are still called sv[R by
virtue of the vaitRka> of kaTyayn – "the homogeneousness of \ & ¤, one with another, should be stated". Thus
haet& + ¤kar> haet¨kar> ; here \ & ¤ have been coalesced into the long § by rules of siNx, on the
assumption that they are sv[R letters
The word sv[R occurs in sūtras like 6.1.101
Why do we say "the place of pronunciation" ? So that there may not be homogeneous relationship between kcq & p
whose àyÆ is the same but whose AaSy is different. What is the harm if we make them sv[R ? Then in words like
tÝaR & tÝRum!, the p would be elided, if it be held homogeneous with t vide 8.4.65 – "there is optional elision of
Hrœ, preceded by a consonant, when a homogeneous Hrœ follows"
Why do we say "effort" ? That there may be no homogeneity between # and the palatals, and y & z, whose organ of
pronunciation is the same, but whose àyÆ is different. What harm if it be so ? Then in Aéz!Cyaetit, the z would be
elided before c by the sūtra Hrae Hir sv[eR 8.4.65
k
a
f tuLyaSyàyÆ< sv[Rm! → 1.1.10
15.02.2005
some facts about the language -
Book Author Description
AòaXyayI pai[in mUlm! sUÇ
kaTyayn
mhaÉa:ym! ptÃil
qIka

zBdkaEStuÉ almost like Éa:ym! of AòaXyayI
àaEFmnaerm literal meaning – that which pleases intelligent people
a literal meaning – that which pleases the children
É”aejI
balmnaerma literal meaning – that which truth
dIi]t>
tÅvbaeixnI
isãNt
kaEmuid
l"u
zBdeNxuzeor
b&ht! nagaejI
These three books are based on ài³ya
zBdeNxuzeor É”ajI
prml"u
zBdeNxuzeor
l"uisãNt vrdraja an abridged version of - isãNt kaEmuid - this has only 1200 aphorisms (vrdraja was
kaEmuid a disciple of nagaejI É”ajI)
yÆae iÖxa - Effort is of Two Types – Internal & External –

l Aa*> pÂxa - Sp&ò-$;TSp&ò-#;dœivv&t-ivv&t-s<v&t Éedat!,
is Aa*> ctuxaR - Sp&ò-$;TSp&ò-s<v&t Éedat!,
Note: All the grammarians prior to Varadraja, author of l"u isãNt kaEmuid considered that there were only 4
T internal efforts. They did not have #;dœivv&t in their list. Therefore, all the vowels other than Akar and ^:ma[>
were considered to be ivv&t,
21.02.2005
orœ o)DQwcqkpz;s
ivvar-ñas-A"ae;a> ivsgR >
(hard consonants) ijþamUlIy
%pXmanIy
s<var-nad-"ae;a>
(soft consonants)
is vgaR[a< àwm-t&tIy-pÂma> yrlvaí ALpàa[a>, ANye (vgaR[a< iÖtIy ctuwaR> hkarí) mhaàa[a>
The first, third & fifth of the class consonants and the semi-vowels are ALpàa[a
T
The second & fourth of the class consonants and hkar are mhaàa[a
is y*ip baýàyÆa> sv[Rs<}ayam! Anupyuá> twaip AaNtrtmprI]ayam! %pyaeúyNte #it baeXym!
Even though the external effort is not a point to be considered in determining sv[RTvm! (homogeneity) it is used in
T
the analysis of closeness by the aphorism – Swane=Ntrtm> 1.1.50
10.02.2005
s hil c 8.2.77 /S354
U
A rœvae>,6,2, %pxaya>,6,1, dI"R,1,1, #k>,6,1, 8.2.76 xatae>,6,1, 8.2.64
p %>,6,1, A[!,1,1, r~pr>,1,1,
A rœvae>,6,2, = xatae>,6,1, (re)vkaraNt-xatae>) %pxaya>,6,1, = #k>,6,1, dI"R>,1,1, hil,7,1,
s --
v
hil c prt> re)-vkaraNtSy xatae> %pxaya> #k> dI"R> Évit
&
The #kœ which is %pxa (penultimate) of a dhātu that ends in a rœ or v! is replaced by the dI"R when a hlœ
T
follows (this xatu)
V Of a root ending in rœ or v! , the penultimate # or % is lengthened, before a consonantal beginning affix.
Thus, AaStI[Rm!, ivStI[Rm!, ivzI[Rm!, AvgU[Rm! all ending in rœ, So also - dIVyit, sIVyit ending in v!
The phrase "of the root", is understood here also. Therefore, not here dIVyit and ctuyRit, which are derived from the
È nouns - idv & ctur i.e. idvimCDit idVyit, ctur #CDit ctuyRit
The phrase #k> "of the vowels # or %" is understood here also. Therefore not here, SmyRte, ÉVym!
This rule applies to cases which are not final in a pd: but to cases where rœ or v! are in the middle of a pd or word
hil c prt> re)-vkaraNtSy xataeépxaya #kae dI"aeR Évit, AaStI[Rm!, ivStI[Rm!, ivzI[Rm!,
k
AvgU[Rm!, vkaraNtSy- dIVyit, sIVyit, xataeirTyev - idvimCDit idVyit, ctur #CDit cutyRit, #k
a
#Tyev -- SmyRte, ÉVym!, ApdaNtawaeR=ymarMÉ>.
re)aNtSy - AaStI[Rm!, ivStI[Rm!, ivzI[Rm!, AvgU[Rm!
%
vkaraNtSy - dIVyit, sIVyit
f hil → 8.2.78
s
%pxaya< c 8.2.78 /S2265
U
A hil,7,1, 8.2.77 rœvae>,6,2, %pxaya>,6,1, dI"R,1,1, #k>,6,1, 8.2.76 xatae>,6,1, 8.2.64
p %pxayam!,7,1, c,0,0,
xatae>,6,1, (re)vkaraNt-xatae>) rœvae>,6,2,= %pxaya>,6,1, hil,7,1, (tyae> rœvae>,7,2,) =
A
%pxayam!,7,1, = #k>,6,1, dI"R>,1,1,
s --
v
hil prt> yaE xatae> %pxa-ÉUtaE re)-vkaraE tyae> %pxaya> #k> dI"R Évit
&
When hlœ follows a re)œ or a vkar which is %pxa of a root, the #kœ that immediately precedes the %pxa-
T
ÉUt-re) or a vkar (i.e. which is %pxa to the %pxa-ÉUt-re) or a vkar) is replaced by dI"R
The short # or % of a root is lengthened when the verb has re) or vkar as its penultimate letter, and is followed by a
V
consonant
È The Anuv&iÄ is current. The root must end in a consonant and must have a re) or vkar as preceding such
consonant, for the application of this rule. Thus -
øDaR - øiDRta. mUDaR - mUiDRta. tUvIR - tUivRta. xUvIR - xUivRta
The re) or vkar must be followed by a consonant. Therefore, not here: as icir, ijir are having roots having a re)
which, however, is followed by a vowel. Therefore, we have icir[aeit, ijir[aeit
Q → Why there is not lengthening in iryRtu>, iryuR>, ivVytu>, ivVyu>, Perfect forms derived from the roots
- ir (gtaE) and vI (gtaE) etc. Here the # of the A_yas required lengthening and it would not be shortened as it is
AisÏ
A → The y[! substitute of # here by @rnekacae=s<yaeg-pUvRSy 6.4.82 is treated as Swainvt! to #, and
therefore, the re) or vkar is considered as not to be followed by a consonant, and hence there is no lengthening.
Another reason is that the y[! substitute is taught in A¼aixkar - @rnekacae=s<yaeg-pUvRSy 6.4.82 and
depends upon the affix, and is consequently bihr¼, with regard to this rule of lengthening which is ANtr¼, Hence,
y[adez> is considered as AisÏ. Therefore, re) and vkar are not followed by a consonant (for ykar is not
considered as such for the above reasons)
Similarly in ctuiyRt& formed with t&c! affix from the Denominative (Kyc!) root ctuyR, Here #qœ is added
before t&c! as ctuyR + # + t& and then A is elided, ctuyR! + # + t&, Here the elision of A is a bihr¼ process
and therefore re) is not here really penultimate and so there is no lengthening of the vowel
In àitdIëa (Instrumental Singular) there is lengthening by hil c 8.2.77 to the root àit-idv! is added kinn! by %[aid
1.156, and we have àitidvn!, To this added qa (Instrumental affix), as àitidvn! + Aa, and A is elided by
A‘aepae=n> 6.4.134, and we get àitdIvna, The lengthening takes place here, the elision of A is not considered as
Swainvt! , and so vkar becomes penultimate. In fact, here we apply the maxim that a laep substitute of a vowel is
not to be considered as Swainvt! when a rule of lengthening is to be applied (see n pdaNt iÖvRcn-vre-ylaep-
Svr-sv[aRnuSvar-dI"R-jz!-civRix;u 1.1.58)
Q → Well, let it not be Swainvt! but the elision by A‘aepae=n> 6.4.134 depends upon a case-affix, and is bihr¼
and therefore AisÏ for the purposes of this rule which is ANtr¼ and so therefore, there would be no lengthening ?
A → The maxim of AisÏ< bihr¼mNtr¼ should not be applied here because it is not AinTy rule
The word ijiÏ is formed by the %[aid affix i³n! added to the root j¨ (ijrœ), the re) being changed to vkar (%[aid
5.49). So also - ikir> & igir> are formed by the %[aid affix ik added to k¨ and g¨ (%[aid 4.143). The genitive
dual of which is ikyaeR> & igyaeR>, There is no lengthening ijiÏ, ikyaeR> & igyaeR>, on the maxim that
the %[aid formed words are primitive words and not derivate; and so the rule of etymological changes do not apply
to them (%[adyae=VyuTpÚain àaitpidkain)
k
a
% ˜DaR - øiDRta. muDaR - mUiDRta. %vIR - îvRta. xuvIR - xUivRta
f --
18.05.2005
smasnm! smas>
 putting together nicely
 compounding process (Éave)
 a word that is put together nicely (kmRi[)
 the possibility of combining two words into one is called samWyRm! . Only when such a samWyRm! is there,
can a smas be formed
 Only when the words are meaningfully connected together, such a samWyRm! arises
 Compounds are formed, generally, by combing two subNtm! pdm! – which results in a smas which is a
àaitpidkm! and to which a sup!-àTyy is added resulting in a subNtpdm! e.g. ram> dzrwSy* puÇ>*
these two words have a meaningful connection of - father-son relationship (jNy-jnk sMbNx) expressed by the sixth
case. This connection can be compounded according to the rules of compounding
 the words are broken down to their àaitpidkm! and affixes. e.g. ram> dzrw-'s! puÇ-su
 the intermediate affixes are eliminated and only sup! affixes of the last àaitpidkm! is added e.g. ram> dzrw-
puÇ-su
 all vowel siNx rules are applicable e.g. ram> dzrw-puÇ-su. ram> dzrwpuÇ-su. ram> dzrwpuÇ>
there is a sixth case in this, hence it is called ;óI tTpué;>
 pUvRpdm! = the word which comes first in a smas. %Ärpdm! = the word which comes second in a smas.
There are rules which govern which word will be pUvRpdm! & %Ärpdm! in a smas
s
%pdeze=jnunaisk #t! 1.3.2 /S3
U
p %pdeze,7,1, Ac!,1,1, Anunaisk>,1,1, #t!,1,1,
v
%pdeze yae=nunaiskae=c! tSy #t! s<}a Évit
&
T An Anunaisk vowel (nasalised vowel) seen in the %pdez is called by the name #t!
Aw kae=ym! %pdezae nam ? What is %pdez ?
Whatever is enunciated at the beginning i.e. maheñrai[ sUÇai[, AòaXyayI, xatu-paQ, %[aid-paQ, g[-paQ,
is
il¼anuzasn, àTyy (affix), Aadez (replacement), Aagm (augment) etc.
àTyy izvsUÇai[ Aadez AagmaStwa, xatupaQae g[e paQ> %pdeza> àkIitRta>
The nasalised vowels are #t! in %pdez (original enunciation)
Anunaisk or nasalised vowels are #t! when occurring in technical words. Thus in iKvn!, ivdœ, ivc! the
Anunaisk # is #t!, The original sūtra contains the word %pdez which we have translated as a technical term.
%pdez literally means instruction or the first mentioning of a thing either in sUÇpaQ or xatupaQ or g[paQ
From this sūtra up to 1.3.9, there is a description of servile or indicatory letters called #t!, "In pai[nI's grammar
there is no visible sign of the nasality of a vowel – hence we can know a vowel to be nasalised only from pai[nI's
explicitly asserting that it is so, or from our finding that he treats it in such a way that we must conclude he regarded
È
as nasal". An %pdez is defined as signifying an original enunciation, i.e. to say, an àTyy (affix) or an Aagm
(augment) or a xatu (verbal root), or in short, any form of expression which occurs only in technical treatises of
grammar and which is not a word ready for use, but one of the supposed original elements of a word. Thus in a root
@x (to increase), the final A is indicatory, the real root is @x!, So also the final A of SpÏR is an #t!
If the word is not an %pdez, then the nasal vowel is not #t!, As Aæ Aa~ Ap>, A word may be an %pdez and
nasal, but if it is not a vowel, it need not be #t! as the affix minn! in sūtra– minNKvinBvinpí 3.2.74. It is only the
nasal vowel of an %pdez that becomes #t!, and not all vowels. The word #t! occurs in sūtras 5.2.16 etc.
%
%pidZyte Anen #it %pdez> zaô-vaKyain, sUÇpaQ> iolpaQ> c, tÇ y> Ac! Anunaisk> s> #t!
k s<} Évit, @x, SpÏR, àit}anunaisKya> pai[nIya> (Vya0 p0 121), %pdez> #it ikm! ? Aæ Aa~
a Ap> (\Gved> zakls<ihta 5.48.1) Ac! #it ikm! ? Aatae minNKvinBvinpí 3.2.74 , Anunaisk> #it
ikm! ? svRSy Ac> ma ÉUt!, #Tàdeza> - Aaidtí 7.2.16, #Tyevmady>.
f %pdez #t! → 1.3.8
28.02.2005
#t! = that which goes away. #t! in a %pdez –

1. Nasalised vowel . 2. The final consonant
It has detailed earlier about àTyahar and their usage in the mheñr sUÇ, The final consonants in the maheñr sUÇ
are called #t! (indicatory or tag letters) which serve a purpose and are dropped after that. A àTyahar is formed by
starting with a non-#t! letter and ends with an #t! letter and is then the abbreviation represents the first letter and all the
non-#t! letters in between. Panini has a sūtra – hlNTym! 1.3.3 which states that all the final consonants in the %pdez
are #t! letter. In that he uses the àTyahar – hlœ from the maheñr sUÇ , he need to define the #t! letters. This sūtra
defining the #t! letters uses the àTyahar, which cannot be formed without defining the #t! letter. Therefore, there
seems to be a defect of ANyaeNy-Aaïy, The way to avoid this ANyaeNy-Aaïy is to interpret the sūtra – hlNTym!
1.3.3 is in two ways –
s
hlNTym! 1.3.3 /S1
U
A %pdeze,7,1, 1.3.2 #t!,1,1, 1.3.2
hlœ,1,1, ANTym!,1,1,
p
ANte ÉvmNTy< idgaidTvat! 4.3.54 yt! àTyy
hSy lœ hlœ , ;óItTpué;>, hlœ c hlœ c = sêpa[am! #it Anen 1.2.64 @kze;>, jait ivv]ayam!
s
@kvcn< c, Anya rITya hlœ àTyahar> in:p*te
v %pdeaze ANTym! hlœ #t!s<}k< Évit
& %pdeze - maheñr-sUÇe;u - hil #it sUÇe
T In the %pdez the final consonant will be an #t! letter
is --
V In the %pdez , the final consonant of roots etc. is #t!
All the final consonants of roots, affixes etc are indicatory. As in the àTyahar sūtras A # % [! - here [! is #t!, \ ¤
È kœ - here kœ is #t!, @ Aae 'œ - here 'œ is #t!, @ AaE c! - here c! is #t! , It is only in %pdez that the
final consonant is #t! . Not therefore in Ai¶icÄ! or saemsut! which are complete words
% A # % [! #it [karSy, \ ¤ kœ #it kkarSy,
%pdez> #it vtRte ANte Évm! ANTym!, xaTvade> smudaySy ydœ ANTy< hlœ, tdœ #t! s<}<
Évit, A # % [! - nkar>, \ ¤ kœ - kkar>, @ Aae 'œ - 'kar>, @e AaE c! - ckar>, %pdez> #Tyev -
k
Ai¶ict!, saemsut!, hSy lœ hl/! #it-1 iÖtIym! AÇ hlœ¢h[< tÙe[ %paÄ< ÔòVym!, ten àTyahar -
a
paQe hlœ-#TyÇ lkarSy #t! s<}a i³yte, twa c sit hlNTym! #TyÇ àTyahare n #tretr-Aaïydaez>
Évit.
I s<}a-sUÇ.
f hlNTym! → 1.3.4

09.02.2006
s
vahœ ^Qœ 6.4.132 /S329
U
A sMàsar[m!,1,1 6.4.131 ÉSy,6,1, 6.4.129 A¼Sy 6.4.1
p vahœ,6,1, ^Qœ,1,1,
vahœ A¼Sy ÉSy ^Qœ → sMàsar[m!,
A
vahœ ANTySy A¼Sy ÉSy ^Qœ #it sMàsar[m!,
s --
v
vahœ #Tyyevm! ANTySy A¼Sy ÉSy ^Qœ #Tyett! sMàsar[< Évit
&
T The É-A¼ that ends in vah takes the sMàsar[m! ^Qœ
V The vkar in vahœ is vocalized to ^ (^Qœ) when the compound stem is É
The word vahœ is a i{v formed stem by vhí 3.2.64. It can never stand alone, but, must be preceded by an %ppd:
hence he have used the word "compound". Thus - àóaEh>, àóaEha, àóaEhe, idTyaEh>, idTyaEha,
idTyaEhe,
By sMàsar[a½ 6.1.108 ^ + Aa (of va) = ^; and then àó + ^h → àóaE; the v&iÏ being substituted by
@TyexTyUQœsu 6.1.89. This form could have been evolved by simple sMàsar[ thus: àó + vhœ + zs! àó +
È
^ + As! (sMàsar[a½ 6.1.108) àó + Aaehœ + As! (the affix i{v - vhí 3.2.64, will produce gu[) → àóaEh>
(v&iÏreic 6.1.88). In fact i{v is never added to vhœ (vhí 3.2.64) unless the preceding member ends in A and that A
+ Aae of va will always produce AaE. The making of this special sMàsar[ in ^Qœ, indicates the existence of
following maxim - AisÏ< bihr¼m! ANtr¼e; and the sMàsar[ being a bihr¼ operation, is considered as AisÏ for
the purposes of gu[ which is an ANtr¼ operation: therefore, we can never get the form Aaeh.
vah #TyemaNtSy ÉSy ^Qœ #Tyett! s<àsar[< Évit, àóaEh>, àóaEha, àóaEhe, idTyaEh>,
idTyaEha, idTyaEhe, '@TyexTyUQœsu 6.1.89' #it v&iÏ>, Aw imwRmUQœ i³yte, s<àsar[< @v
k
k«te gu[e c 'v&iÏreic 6.1.88' #it v&ÏaE sTya< isÏ< êp< Évit àóaEh #it, AnkaraNte c %ppde
a
vhei{vRnR ËZyte ? }apanawRm!, @tj! }apyit ÉvTye;a pirÉa;a -- 'AisÏ< bihr'œmNtr¼e (pir0 50)'
#it, tSya< ih sTya< bihr¼Sy s<àsar[SyaisÏTvadœ ANtr¼ae gu[ae n Syat!.
% àóaEh>, àóaEha, idTyaEh>, idTyaEha, idTyaEhe,
f --
28.02.2006
s
H;StwaexaeR=x> 8.2.40 /S2280
U
A --
p H;>,5,1, twae>,6,2, x>,1,1, Ax>,5,1,
A Ax>,5,1, H;>,5,1, twae>,6,2, x>,1,1,
s twae> #TywR> #tretrÖNÖ>
v
H;> %Äryae> tkar-wkaryae> Swane xkar Aadez Évit, fuxa|! #it @t< xatu< vjRiyTva
&
The tkar or wkar which is immediately preceded by a H;! (H É " F x) letter is replaced by xkar except when the
T
xatu - fuxa|! (xa) precedes

V x is substituted by t or w coming after H É " F x or w but not after the root xa (dx)
Thus from lÉ! we have lBxa, lBxum!, lBxVym!, AlBx, AlBxa>
The É! of lÉ! is changed to b! by Hla< jz! Hiz 8.4.53
From Êhœ -- daeGxa, daeGxum!, daeGxVym!, AÊgx, AÊGxa>. The h is changed to x by 8.2.32 and then it
is changed to g by Hla< jz! Hiz 8.4.53
È From ilhœ - leFa, leFum!, leFVym!, AlIF, AlIFac>. In leFœx& etc the hœ is changed to F by 8.2.31 and x
changed to F by òuna òu> 8.4.41, before which the preceding the F is elided by 8.3.13
From bux - baeÏa, baeÏum!, baeÏVym!, AbuÏ, AbuÏa>. For the x or bux! there is substituted dœ by Hla<
jz! Hiz 8.4.53
Why do we say "but not after the root xa" ? Observe - xÄ>, xTw>.
fulÉ;! - lBxa, lBxum!, lBxVym!, AlBx, AlBxa>.
Êh - daeGxa, daeGxum!, daeGxVym!, AÊgx, AÊGxa>.
%
ilh - leFa, leFum!, leFVym!, AlIF, AlIFa>.
bux - baeÏa, baeÏum!, baeÏVym!, AbuÏ, AbuÏa>.
H; %Äryae> tkar-wkaryae> Swane xakr Aadez> Évit, dxait< vjRiyTva, lBxa, lBxum!, lBxVym!,
k
AlBx, AlBxa>, Êh - daeGxa, daeGxum!, daeGxVym!, AÊgx, AÊGxa>, ilh - leFa, leFum!, leFVym!,
a
AlIF, AlIFa>, bux - baeÏa, baeÏum!, baeÏVym!, AbuÏ, AbuÏa>, Ax #it ikm! ? xÄ> xTw>.
f -- no carry forward --
s
Fae Fe laep> 8.3.13 /S2335
U
A s<ihtayam!,7,1, 8.2.108
p Fae,6,1, Fe,7,1, laep>,1,1,
A Fae Fe laep> s<ihtayam!0
s --
v
Fkare prt> FkarSy laep> Évit s<ihtaya< iv;ye
&
T The Fkar which is followed by Fkar is dropped
V There is elision of Fœ when Fœ follows
È Though this sūtra is read in the division of grammar which is governed by pdaixkar , yet this elision takes place
only then when the F is not at the end of a pd, Thus lIF from ilhœ + t, The h is changed to F by 8.2.31 and the t is
first changed to xby 8.2.40 and then to F by òuna òu> 8.4.41. Thus ilFœ + F, The first Fœ is elided by this sūtra.
Similarly, mIFm!, %pgUFm!, The change of x into F by òuna òu> 8.4.41 should be considered as valid and isÏ
for the purposes of this rule, otherwise this rule will find no scope
O: It will find scope before that F which is primary, as in ñilFœ + FaEkte, where F of FaEkte is primary
R: No. Here, the first F will be changed to fœ by jz! rule (Hla< jzae=Nte 8.2.39) and so there will be no occasion
to elide it. The form will be ñilfœ FaEkte, Nor is this F laep> rule an Apvad to jZTv rule, because it has its
scope in lIF etc. For the jz! rule depends upon one pd, and is ANtr¼ or being prior to this laep is AisÏ with regard
to it. Therefore, jZTv will take place first. Moreover in ilF + F there is similarity of sounds (ïuitk«tm!
AanNtyRm!); though there may be not be theoritical similarity (zaôk«tm! AanNtyRm!) when the change of x
into F by òuna òu> 8.4.41, is considered AisÏ But this theoritical dissimilarity will be removed by the express text

of the present sūtra. But in ñilfœ FaEkte there is neither similarity of sound (ïuitk«tm! AanNtyRm!) between
fœ and Fœ, nor similarity by any technical rule; therefore F laep has no scope here. It is bihr¼ as well as
subsequent to jz! rule (Hla< jzae=Nte 8.2.39); and therefore, doubly AisÏ; and consequently it does not debar the
jz! rule. So when Fœ is changed to fœ by jz! rule (Hla< jzae=Nte 8.2.39) in ñilfœ, then there remains no sort of
AaNtyR - neither of ïuit nor of zaô
% lIFm!, %pgUFm!.
FkarSy Fkare laep> Évit, sTyip pdaixkare tSy-As<Évat!-ApdaNtSy FkarSy Ay< laep> iv}ayte,
lIFm!, mIFm!-1, %pgUFm!, òuTvSyaÇ isÏTvm! Aaïyadœ ÔòVym!, ñilfœ FaEkt #TyÇ tu jZTve k«te
kayIR-2 naiSt #it laep-AÉav>, n c Flaep> jZTv Apvad> iv}atu< zKyte, tSy ih lIFaid> iv;y>
k
s<Évit, tÇ ih ïuitk«tm! AanNtyRm! AiSt, zaôk«t< tu ydœ AnaNty¡-3 òuTvSy AisÏTven àaÝm!, tt!
a
tu sUÇkr[-samWyaRdœ baXyte, ñilfœ FaEkte #TyÇ tu n ïuitk«tm! AanNtyRm! , n zaôk«tm! #it
Aiv;y> Ay< FlaepSy.
1 -mIFm! #it naiSt muiÔte;u. 2 - kayRm! - #it AppaQ> muiÔte;u. 3 - yda n AnNtyRm! #it hE0, Ç - yda - tt! - n s<vdete,
f laep> → 8.3.14
01.03.2006 - 1100
s
F+laepe pUvRSy dI"aeR=[> 6.3.111 /S174
U
A --
p F+laepe,7,1, pUvRSy,6,1, dI"R>,1,1, A[>,6,1,
A F+laepe pUvRSy A[> dI"R>
s Fkarí re)í F+aE tyae> laep> yiSmn! sh F+laep> tiSmn! ÖNdgÉRb˜ÏIih>
v
F+laepe pUvRSy A[> dI"aeR> Évit
&
The A[! (A # %) that precedes the dropped Fœ or rœ in the zBdsmUh that has a laep of a Fœ or rœ is replaced
T
by dI"R>
V When Fœ or rœ is elided, for the preceding A # % a corresponding long vowel is substituted
Thus - lIFm!, mIFm!, %pgUFm!, rlaepe - nIrœ + r´m! nIr´m!, Ai¶rœ + rw> → A¶Irw>, #NËrw>,
r´< vas>, àata raj³y>, puna r´m! vas>.
È
For elision of Fœ see Fae Fe laep> 8.3.13 and for the elision of rœ see 8.3.14. But Aav&Fm! , the \ is not
lengthened because it is not included in the àTyahar - A[! which is formed with the [! of A # % [!
Flaepe - lIFm!, mIFm!, %pgUFm!, mUF>.
%
rlaepe - nIr´m!, A¶Irw>, #NËrw>, r´< vas>, àata raj³y>, puna r´m! vas>
Fkar-re)yae> laep> yiSmn! s> F+laep>, tÇ pUvRSy A[> dI"R> Éit, lIFm!, mIFm!, %pgUFm!,
k
mUF>, rlaepe - nIr´m!, A¶I rw>, #NË rw>, puna r´< vas>, àata raj³y>, pUvR¢h[m! AnuÄrpde
a
Aip pUvRmaÇSy dI"aRwRm!, A[> #it ikm! ? AatUFm! , AavUFm!.
f F+laepe → 6.3.112 pUvRSy 6.3.112 dI"R> → 6.4.18 A[> 6.4.2
s
;Fae> k> is 8.2.41 /S295
U
A --

p ;Fae>,6,2, k>,1,1, is,7,1,
A --
s ;í Fí ;FaE tyae> #tretrÖNÖ>
v
;kar-Fkaryae> Swane kkar-Aadez> Évit skare prt>
&
T The ;kar or Fkar which are immediately followed by a skar are replaced by a kkar
V k is substituted for ; or F before s
Thus for ; of iv;! we have ivveúyit, Aveúyt!, iviv]it. For F of ilhœ (ilF 8.2.31) we have - leúyit, Aleúyt!,
ilil]it
È
For the s of the affix Sy etc. is substituted ; by Aadez-àTyyyae> 8.3.59
Why do we say "before s" ? Observe - piniò, leiF
;karSy - ip;! - peúyit, Apeúyt!, ipip]it
%
FkarSy - ilh - leúyit, Aleúyt!, ilil]it
k ;kar-Fkaryae> kkar-Aadez> Évit skare prt>, ;karSy -- ip;! -- peúyit, Apeúyt!, ipip]it, FkarSy - ilh
a - leúyit, Aleúyt!, ilil]it, is #it ikm! ? ipniò, leiF.
f --
01.03.2006 - 1530
s
@i' prêpm! 6.1.94 /S78
U
%psgaRt!,5,1, 6.1.91 xataE,7,1, 6.1.91 Aat! 6.1.87 @k>,1,1, 6.1.84 pUvRpryae>,6,2, 6.1.84 s<ihtayam!,7,1,
A
6.1.72
p @i',7,1, prêpm!,1,1,
Aat!-%psgaRt! , @i' xatae> prt> Av[aRNtat! %psgaRt! @'adaE xataE prt> pUvRpryae>
A
prêpm! @k> s<ihtayam!
s --
v
Av[aRNtadœ %psgaRdœ @'adaE xataE prt> pUvRpryae> Swane prêpm! @k> Aadez> Évit
&
When a %psgR ending in Av[R precedes and a xatu beginning with @'œ (@ Aae) follows the preceding and the
T
following are replaced by a single replacement of the following
V For the A or Aa of the preposition @ or Aae of a verbal root, the second vowel is the single substitute
È The words Aat! , %psgaRÏataE are understood here. In an %psgR ending in A or Aa followed by a root
beginning with @ or Aae coalesce and the single-substitute is the form of the second vowel (prêp). This debars
v&iÏ taught in v&iÏreic 6.1.88 Thus %pleyit, àelyit., %pae;it, àae;it. Some read into this sūtra the option
allowed by va suPyaipzle> 6.1.92, according to them the pr-êp substitution is optional in the case of
Denominative roots. Thus %pefkiyit or %pEfkiyit, %paednIyit or %paEdnIyit.
Vārtika: The pr-êp substitution takes place in the case of zkNxu> etc. As zk + ANxu zkNxu>, k…l + Aqa
k…lqa, sIm + ANt> sImNt> (hair), when not referring to hair, the form is sImNt>
Vārtika: The pr-êp substitution takes place when @v follows a word, and the sense is not that of 'appointment'. Thus
#h + @v #hev, A* + @v A*Ev. When the sense is that of inyaeg¸ the v&iÏ takes place: as #hEv Év.
Vārtika: The pr-êp substitution takes place optionally when Aaetu & Aaeò are compounded with another word, as

SwUl Aaetu> SwUlaEtu> or SwUlaetu> so also ibMbaEóI or ibMbaeóI, When not a compound, the
v&iÏ is cumpulsory; as itó devdÄaEó< pZy (stay Devadatta, see the lip)
Vārtika: In the Vedas, the pr-êp substitution takes place when @mn etc. follows. Thus Apa< Tva @mn!
Apa< Tvemn!, So also Apa< Tva AaeÒn! Apa<TvaeÒn!
%p + @lyit → %pleyit, àelyit.
%
%p + Aae;it → %pae;it, àae;it.
AaidTyev, %psgaRdœ xataE #it c, Av[aRNtat!-%psgaRt!-@'adaE xataE pUvRpryae> prêpm!
@kadez> Évit, v&iÏreic 6.1.88 #it ASy Apvad>, %pelyit, àelyit, %pae;it, àae;it, va suPyaipzle>
6.1.92 #it AnuvtRyiNt, tt! c vaKyÉeden suBxataE ivkLp< kraeit, %pefkIyit, %pEfkIyit,
%paednIyit, %paEdnIyit. zkNXvaid;u prpUp< v´Vym!. zk ANxu> zkNxu>, k…l Aqa klqa.
k
sImNt> keze;u. sIçn> ANt> sImNt>, ANyÇ sImaNt>. @ve c Ainyaege prêp< v´Vym!. #h @v
a
#hev, A* @v A*ev, Ainyaeg> #it ikm! ? #hEv Év, maNyÇ ga>. AaeTv-Aaeóyae> smase va
prêp< v´Vym!. SwUl Aaetu> SwUlaEtu>, SwUlaetu>, ibMbaEóI, ibMbaeóI, smas #it ikm! ? itó
devdÄ Aaeó< pZy. @mÚaid;u DNdis prêp< v´Vym!. Apa< Tva @mn! , Apa<? Tve?mn! (mE0
s<0 2.7.18), Apa< Tva AaeÒn! , Apa<? Tvae?Òn! (mE0 s<0 2.7.18).
f --
following sūtra is incomplete

s
@TyexTyUQœsu 6.1.89 //S73
U
A v&iÏreic 6.1.88 Aat! 6.1.87 @k>,1,1, 6.1.84 pUvRpryae>,6,2, 6.1.84 s<ihtayam!,7,1, 6.1.72
p @it-@xit-^Qsu,7,3,
Aat!,5,1, @it>,1,1, (@TyetSy,6,1,) @ic,7,1, ( 1),
A @xit> ,1,1,
^Qœ ,1,1,
(@Tyetyae> ,6,2,
) Aic ,7,1,
( 2),
@k> ,1,1,
v&iÏ> ,1,1,
s<ihtayam! ,7,1,
s @tí @xí ^Qœ c @TyexTyUQ> te;u #tretrÖNÖ>

v AvaRt! pra y #[! gtaE #TyetSy @c! , @x v&ÏaE ^Qœ @Tyetyaeí yae=c! , @te;u c pUvaeR
& yae=v[RStyae> pUvRpryaerv[aRcae> Swane v&iÏ> @k> Aadez> Évit, s<ihtayam! iv;ye
v
AvaRt! pra y #[! gtaE #TyetSy @c! , @x v&ÏaE ^Qœ @Tyetyaeí y> Ac!
&
1. That @c! which belongs to the root #[! - gtaE, which follows an Av[R and -
T
2. That Ac! which belongs to the root @x! - v&ÏaE or ^Qœ
v @te;u c pUvR> y> Av[R> (ref. 2 above) tyae> (ref. 1 & 2 above) pUvRpryae>,6,2, Av[R-
& Acae>,6,2, Swane v&iÏ> @k> Aadez> Évit, s<ihtayam! iv;ye
When these follow the Av[R that immediately precedes these, in place of these two i.e. Av[R and Ac! , which are
T
pUvR and pr, v&iÏ is the single replacement in a siNx situation
When an Av[R precedes and an Ac! of @it and an Ac! of @xit (@x - v&ÏaE) and ^Qœ follows, the preceding
S
and the following are together replaced by a single replacement of v&iÏ , in a siNx situation
The v&iÏ is the single substitute for the A or Aa & @ of @it (root #) and @xit (root @x), and for A or Aa & ^ of
V
^Qœ (the substitute of va in vahœ by vahœ ^Qœ 6.4.132)
È The whole of the last sūtra and Aat! are understood here. The @c! of the last sūtra qualifies the root # in @it i.e.

when the root # assumes the form @ by internal changes, then applies this v&iÏ rule. The @c! does not qualify the
root @x! as that root always has an initial dipthong, nor does @c! qualify ^Qœ for ^ is not a dipthong. Thus %p +
@it %pEit, %p + @i; %pEi;, %pEim,, %p + @xte %pExte, àExte,, àó + ^h àóaeha. In the
last example, gu[ was the substitute required by Aadœ gu[> 6.1.87 the present sūtra ordains v&iÏ instead. In the
case of @it & @xit the v&iÏ was debarred by @i' prêpm 6.1.94, this sūtra makes an exception to that rule. The
present sūtra is an exception to @i' prêpm 6.1.94 and not to Aaema'aeí 6.1.95 because the maxim is
purStadpvada AnNtran! ivxIn! baxNtenaeÄran! (Apvad that precede the rule which teach operations that
have to be suppressed by the Apvad operations, supercede only those rules that stand nearest to them, not the
subsequent rules). Therefore, the form AvEih is wrong. So also %p + #t> %pEt>, for here the root # has not
assumed the form @, therefore the rule does not apply. The word @it qualifies the root #
Vārtika: The v&iÏ is the single substitute when A] is followed by îhnI as A]aEih[I sna
Vārtika: The v&iÏ is the single substitute when Sv is followed by $r or $ir[ thus SvrEm!, SvrE[I. The word $r is
formed by the affix "|! added to $r - gtaE (8C) SvenaiÉàawe[ $r[< = SvErm the compounding takes place by
kt&R-kr[e k«ta b˜lm! 2.1.32. Another form is SvrE = SvenaÉàaye[er te gCDit with the affix i[in
(suPyjataE i[inStaCDILye 3.2.78)
Vārtika: The v&iÏ is the single substitute when à is followed by ^h, ^F,îF, @;, @:y as àaEh>, àaEF,
àaEiF>, àE;>, àE:y>. The word @; is derived from th adding the affix "|!; and the word @:y is derived from
the same roots by adding Vyt! . This vārtika ordains v&iÏ, while @i' prêpm 6.1.94 would have caused prêp>.
While the roots $;! (to glean) and $;! (to go, to injure, to show) (Mahā.Bhā. 115 & 642), from $;> and $:y> with
the above affixes; and with à, their forms will be àe;> and àe:y>
Vārtika: The v&iÏ is the single substitute when word ending in A is followed by \t and forms an instrumental
tTpué;> compound: as suoen \t> → suoatR>, Ê>oen \t> Ê>oatR>; but suoen #t> suoet>
Why in instrumental ? Observer prmtR>
Why compound ? See suoentR>
Vārtika: The v&iÏ is the single substitute when the word \[! follows the following: à, vTstr, kMbl, vsn. As
àa[Rm! (principal debt), vTstra[Rm! (the debt of a steer), kMbla[Rm! (debt of a blanket), vsna[Rm! (debt of a
cloth)
Vārtika: So also when the words \[ and dz are followed by \[> - as \[a[Rm! (a debt incurred to pay off prior debt)
and dza[Rm! (name of a river & of a country)
% %pEit, %pEi;, %pEim, %pExte, àExte, àaóaEh>, àóaeha, àóaEhe
k v&iÏreic #it vtRte, Aaidit c, tdœ @tdœ @c-¢h[m! @terev ivze;[m!, n pun> @xte>, AVyiÉcardœ
a ^Qí As<Évat!, #[! gtaE (Adaidg[> 38) #TyetiSmn! xataE @ic - @x v&ÏaE (_vaidg[> 2)
#TyetiSmn! îQ c pUv¡ ydœ Av[Rm!, ttí pr> y> Ac!, tyae> pUvRpryae> Av[R-Acae> Swane
v&iÏ> @kadez> Évit, %pEit, %pEi;, %pEim, %pExte, àExte, àaóaEh>, àóaeha, àóaEhe, îQ
Aadœgu[-Apvadae v&iÏ> ivxIyte, @Tyexyae> tu @i' prêp-Apvad>, Aaema'aeí 6.1.95 #Tyett! tu
prêp< n baXyte - yen n AàaÝe y> ivix> Aar_yte s> tSy baxk> Évit, (pirÉa;a-pirÉa;eNÊzeorSwa
57) #it , purStadœ Apvad> AnNtran! ivxIn! baxNte0 (pirÉa;a-pirÉa;eNÊzeorSwa 59) #it va, ten
#h n Évit - %p> Aa> #t> %pet #it, @ic #Tyev - %p> #t> %pet>. A]eaËihNya< v&iÏ> v
´Vya>. A]aEih[I. SvacIreir{yae> v&iÏ> v´Vya-1. SvErm!, SvEir[I. àËFaeF(e;E:ye;u-2 v&iÏ> v´Vya.
àaEF>, àaEiF>, àE;>, àE:y>. \te c t&tIya-smase Av[aRdœ v&iÏ> v´Vya. suoen \t> suoatR>,
Ê>oen \t> Ê>oatR>, \t> #it ikm! ? suoen #t> suoet>, t&tIya #it ikm! ? prmtR>, smas> #it
ikm! ? suoentR>. àvTstrkMblvsnanam&[e v&iÏ v´Vya. ààa[Rm!, vTstr - vTstra[Rm!, kMbl -
kMbla[Rm!, vsn - vsna[Rm!, \[dza_ya< v&iÏ> v´Vya. \[a[Rm!, dza[Rm!.
f --
02.03.2006 1530
s
idv %t! 6.1.131 /S337
U
pdaNtadit 6.1.109
A
The word pd is brought here by frog-leap
p idv>,6,1, %t!,1,1,
A idv> pdSy (ANTySy) %t!
s --
v
idv> pdSy %karadezae Évit, idv @it àaitpidk< g&ýte, n xatu>
&
The final letter of idv! when it is a pd is replaced by %kar
T Here the word idv! , in the sūtra, does not refer to the root idvu - ³Ifayam! , but the àaitpidk idv! which is
ANyuTpÚ (naturally occuring)
For the final of the nominal-stem idv! there is the substitution of %kar, when it is a pd (suiÝ'Ntm! pdm! 1.4.14
V
etc.)
The portion pd is to be read into this sūtra from @'> pdaNtadit 6.1.109. The word idv! is here a nominal-stem
and not a verbal root. Thus - idiv kamae ySy = *ukam>, *uman!, ivml*u idnm!, *u_yam!, *uiÉ>
We have said here that idv! is here a àaitpidk and not a xatu, for as a xatu it ought to have a servile letter
AnubNx and should have read as idvu, In the case of its being used as a verb, there takes place the substitution of
È long ^ for vkar by CD!vae> zUfnunaiske c 6.4.19. In that case we shall have A]*U_yam!, A]*UiÉ>. The
%t! with a short tkar shows that short % is meant, and debars ^Qœ (CD!vae> zUfnunaiske c 6.4.19). In the
case of ^Q substitution the forms will be - *U_yam!, *&UiÉ>. The ^Qœ also comes because it is taught in a
subsequent sūtra
Why do we say "when it is a pd" ? Observe - idvaE, idv>
% idiv kamae ySy s *ukam>, *uman!, ivml*u idnm!, *u_yam!, *uiÉ>
@'> pdaNtadit 6.1.109 #Tyt> pd-¢h[m! AnuvtRte, idv> #it àaitpidk< g&ýte n xatu>,
sanubNxkTvat!, idv> pdSy %kar-Aadez> Évit, idiv kam> ySy *ukam>, *uman!, ivml*u idnm!,
k
*u_yam!, *uiÉ>, inrnnvNxk-¢h[at! (pirÉa;a-pirÉa;eNÊzeorSwa 81) #h n Évit - A]*U_yam!,
a
A]*UiÉ> #it, tprkar[m! ^Q> inv&Äyw¡ *u_yam!, *uiÉ> #it, Atr ih prTvat! ^Qœ àaßaein, pdSy
#it ikm! ? idvaE, idv>.
f --
s
cturnfuhaermudaÄ> 7.1.98 /S331
U
A svRnamSwane,7,1, 7.1.86 A¼Sy,6,1, 6.4.1
p cturnfuhae>,6,2, Aam!,1,1, %daÄ>,1,1,
A cturnfuhae> A¼Sy Aam! %daÄ> svRnamSwane
s ctuí Anfœva~í cturnfuhaE tyae> #tretrÖNÖ>

v
cturœ Anufhœ #Tyetyae> svRnamSwane prt Aam! Aagmae Évit, s c %daÄ>
&
T The A¼ - cturœ and Anfuh get an Aagm - Aam! which is %daÄ> when a svRnam-Swan affix follows
V cturœ and Anfuhœ get the acutely accented augment Aa (Aam!) after the %kar in the strong cases
Thus - cTvair>, Anfœvan!, AnfœvahaE, Anfœvah>, Anfœvahm!, The rule applies to compounds ending
with cTvarœ and Anfhœ , as iàycTvarœ, iàycTvaraE, iàycTvar>, iàyanfœvan!, iàyanfœvahaE,
È iàyanfœvah>
Vārtika: In the case of Anufhœ there is option in the feminine, as a AnfufI or AnfœvahI, This would be so,
because it occurs in gaEraid class 4.1.41
% cTvar>?, Anfœvan!, AnfœvaÎaE?, Anfœvah?>, Anfœvah?m!, AnfœvahaE?
cturœ Anufhœ #Tyetyae> svRnamSwane prt Aam! Aagmae Évit, s c %daÄ>, cTvar>
k Anfœvan! , AnfœvahaE, Anfvah>, Anfœvahm!, tdNtivix> Atre:yte, iàycTva>, iàycTvaraE,
a iàycTvar>, iàynfœvan!, iàyanfœvahaE, iàyanfœvah>. Anfuh> iôya< va #it v´Vym!. AnfuhI¸
Anfœvaih, gaEraidpaQat! isÏm!.
f cturnfuhae> → 7.1.99
03.03.2006 1530
s
:[aNta ;qœ 1.1.24 //S369
U
A s<Oya,1,1, 1.1.23
p :[aNta,1,1, ;qœ,1,1,
A :[aNta,1,1, s<Oya,1,1,;qœ,1,1,
s ;í ní → :[aE, :[aE ANte ySya> sa :[aNta, ÖNÖgÉaeR b˜ÏIih>
v
;karaNta nkaraNta c ya s<Oya sa ;qœ-s<i}ka Évit
&
The numbers that end in a ;kar or a nkar are called by the name ;qœ
T
The following numbers are called ;qœ - cturœ, pÂn!,;;!, sÝn!, Aòn!, nvn!, dzn!
V The s<Oyas having ;kar or nkar as their final are callled ;qœ
This sūtra defines the term ;qœwhich is a subdivision of the larger group - s<Oya. Those s<Oyas which end in
;kar or nkar are called ;qœ. The word s<Oya is understood in this sūtra, because the word :[aNta is in the
feminine gender, showing that it qualifies s<Oya which is also feminine
The numerals that end in ;kar or nkar are six, viz. pÂn! (five), ;;! (six), sÝn! (seven), Aòn! (eight), nvn! (nine),
dzn! (ten)
È It is one of the pecularities of ;qœ words that they lose their nominative & accusative plural terminations ;fœ_yae
lukœ 7.1.22. Thus - ;qœ itóiNt, ;qœ pZy
The word ANt in the sūtra shows that the letters ;kar & nkar must be AaEpdeizk i.e. must belong to the words as
originally enunciated and not added afterwards as affix etc. Thus ztain (hundreds), shöai[ (thousands), Aòanam!
(of eights) the nkar is not radical, but an augment, and therefore they are not ;qœ and the nominative & accusative
plural terminations are not elided as ztan! + # ztain etc.
;karaNta - ;qœ itóiNt, ;qœ pZy,
%
nkaraNta - pÂ, sÝ, nv, dz,

StrIil¼-indeRzat! s<Oya #it s<bXyte, ;karaNta nkaraNta c ya s<Oya sa ;qœ-s<}a Évit,
k ;karaNta tavt! - ;qœ itóiNt, ;qœ pZy, nkaraNta - pÂ,sÝ, nvn!, dz, ANt¢h[m! AaEpdeizkarwRm!,
a ten #h n Évit - ztain, shöai[, Aònam! #TyÇ nuqœ (;fœctu_yRí 7.1.55) Évit, ;qœ-àdeza> -
;fœ_yae lukœ 7.1.22 #Tyevmady>.
I s<}a-sUÇ.
f ;qœ → 1.1.25
s
;fœ_yae lukœ 7.1.22 /S261/////////////////////////////////
U
A jZzsae>,6,2, 7.1.20 A¼Sy,6,1,→,5,3, 6.4.1
p ;fœ_y>,5,3, lukœ,1,1,
A ;fœ_yae A¼e_y> jZzsae> lukœ
s --
v
;qœs<}ke_y> %Äryae> jZzsae> lug! Évit
&
T The àTyys - js! and zs! are dropped after the A¼s called by the name ;qœ
V The nominative & accusative plural terminations are elided after the numerals called ;qœ (:[aNta ;qœ 1.1.24)
As ;qœ itóiNt, ;qœ pZy, pÂ, sÝ, nv, dz. The rule applies even to the compounds ending with ;;! words as -
prm;qœ, %Äm;qœ, but the ;;! should be the principal; if it is only a secondary member of the compound, the rule
È
will not apply: as iày;;>, iàypÂan>
For the elision of nkar see nlaep> àaitpidkaNtSy 8.2.7
% ;qœ,1,1, itóiNt, ;qœ,2,1, pZy, pÂ, sÝ, nv, dz
;qœs<}ke_y> %Äryae> jZzsae> lug! Évit, ;qœ itóiNt, ;qœ pZy, pÂ, sÝ, nv, dz, ;qœ-àxanat!
k
tdNtadœ Aip Évit, pr prm;qœ-1, %Äm;qœ, yÇ tUPsjRn< ;qœ tt> n Évit - iày;;>, iàypÂan> #it,
a 1 prm;qœ - #it naiSt hEddrabad-s<skr[m! - kaizkaya>
I ivix-sUÇ.
f lukœ → 7.1.23
s
;fœctu_yRí 7.1.55 ////////////////////S338
U
A nuqœ,1,1, 7.1.54 Aaim,7,1,→ ,6,1, 7.1.52 A¼Sy,6,1,→,5,3, 6.4.1
p ;fœctu_yR>,5,3, c,0,0,
A ;fœctu_yR>,5,3, A¼e_y> nuqœ Aam>,6,1,
s ;qœ c cTvarí ;qcTvar>, te_y> - #tretrÖNÖ>
v
;qœ-s<}ke_y> ctu>zBdat! c %ÄrSy Aam> nuqœ Aagm> Évit
&
T The àTyy - Aam! ,6,3, which comes after the A¼ called ;qœ and the A¼ cturœ, gets a nuqœ (n!) augment
V The augment nkar is added before the genitive plural ending Aam! after the numerals called ;;! and after cturœ
È As ;{[am!, pÂanam!, (naepxaya> 6.4.7), sÝnam!, nvanam!, dznam!, ctu[aRm!, A numeral ending in
re) is not ;;! , hence the specific mention of cturœ
This rule applies to compounds ending with these numerals, when these latter are the principal member, as
prm;{[am!, prmp<canam!, prmctu[aRm!, but iày;;am!, iàypÂam!, iàycturam! where the numerals
are secondary (%psjRn)
% ;{[am!, pÂanam!, sÝnam!, nvanam!, dznam!, ctu[aRm!
;qœs<}ke_y> ctu>zBdat! c %ÄrSy Aam> nuqœ Aagm> Évit, ;{[am!, pÂanam!, sÝnam!,
nvanam!, dznam!, ctu[aRm!, re)aNtaya> s<Oyaya> ;qœ-s<}a n ivihta, - ;fœ_yae lukœ 7.1.22
k
#it lug! ma Éut!, b˜vcnindeRzat! AÇ s<OyaàxanSy ¢h[< Évit, prm;{[am!, prmsÝnam!,
a
prmctu[aRm!, %psjRnI-Éutaya> tu s<Oyaya> n Évit, iày;;am!, iàypÁC|am!-1, iàycturam! #it .
1 - iàypÂam! - #it AppaQ hEddrabad-s<skr[m! - kaizkaya>
I ivix-sUÇ.
f --
07.03.2006 - 1100 - also done on 31.01.2006 - 1530

s
dadexaRtae"R> 8.2.32 /S325
U
A h>,6,1, 8.2.31 Hil,7,1, 8.2.26 ANte,7,1, c,0,0, 8.2.29 pdSy,6,1, 8.1.16
p dade>,6,1, xatae>,6,1, ">,1,1,
A dade> = xatae> h> "> Hil pdSy ANte c
s dkar AaidyRSy s daid>, tSy < < < b˜ÏIih>
v
dkarade> xatae> hrkarSy Swane "kar-Aadez> Évit, Hil prt> pdaNte c
&
The hkar of a dhātu that begins with a dkar is replaced by xkar when a Hlœ follows or it is at the end of a pd
T
Note : This is an Apvad to haeF> 8.2.31
V Of a root beginning with dkar, the "kar is the substitute of hkar before a Hlœ letter or when final in a pd
È -- incomplete --
% Êh - daeGxa, daeGxum!, daeGxVym!, pdaNte - kaóxkœ, gaexukœ
dkarade> xatae> hkarSy "kar-Aadez> Évit Hil prt> pdaNte c, dGxa, dGxum!, dGxVym!,
kaóxkœ, daeGxa, daeGxum!, daeGxVym!, gaexukœ, dade> #it ikm! ? leFa, leFum!, leFVym!,
gufilqœ, xatae> #it daidsmanaixkr[m! @tdœ n, ik< tihR ? tiÖze;[m! Avyv;ó(Ntm! - xatae>
k
Avyv> y> daid> zBd> tdyvSy hkarSy #it, ik< k«t< Évit ? AxaeigTyÇaip "kar> isÏ Évit, kw<
a
daeGxa, daeGxum! #it ? Vypdeizvdœ Éavat! (pirÉa;a - pirÉa;eNÊzeorSwa 30), Awva xatUpdeze
y> daid> #Tyev< iv}ayte, twa c damilhm! #CDit damilýit, damilýte> iKvp! àTyy>
damilifTyÇaip n Évit,
I
f
09.03.2006 - 1100
s
AnudaÄaepdez-vnit-tnaeTyadInamnunaisklaepae Hil iK'it 6.4.37 //S2428
U
A A¼Sy,6,1, 6.4.1
p AnudaÄaepdez-vnit-tnaeTyadInam!,6,3, Anunaisk,6,1,→ 0 laep>,7,1, Hil,7,1, iK'it,7,1,
A AnudaÄaepdez-vnit-tnaeTyadInam! AnunaiskSy ↔ A¼Sy laep> Hil iK'it
→ AnudaÄaepdez-vnit-tnaeTyadInam! = A¼anam! (ANTySy) A¼Sy laep> HladaE iK'it
AnudaÄí te %pdezaí AnudaÄaepdeza>, kmRxary>, tnaeitraidyeR;a< te tnaeTydy>, b˜ÏIih>,
s vnití tnaeTyadyí AnudaÄaepdezvnittnaeTydy> te;a<, < < < #tretrÖNÖ>, iK'it #TyÇ pUvRvt!
smasae }ey>
v AnudaÄaepdez-vnit-tnaeTyadInam! Anunaisk ANtana< vnte> tnaeTyadIna< c A¼ana< HladaE
& iK'it àTyye prt> AnunaiskSy laep> Évit
The final nasal of the A¼ - 1. that end in a nasal, 2. of those roots that mentioned with an AnudaÄ in the xatupaQ,
3.of the root vn! (1C), 4. of the roots beginning with tnu (i.e. 8C); is dropped when a àTyy beginnig with Hlœ ,
which is iK't! follows
OR
T
The nasal of the following is dropped when a Hlaid iK'it àTyy follows in the cases listed below -
1. Roots having AnudaÄ-Svr in the xatupaQ
2. The Roots are - vn! / vnu of the first conjugation
3. Roots are of the eighth conjugation
The final nasal of those roots which in the xatupaQ have an unaccented root-vowel, as well as of vn and tn etc., is
V elided before an affix beginning with a consonant (except a semi-vowel or nasal), when these have an indicatory kœ
or 'œ
Thus - ymu gives us yTva (with Tva), yt> (with ´), ytvan! (with ´vtu), yit> (with iń!), Similarly, rmu gives
us rTva, rt>, rtvan! , rit>, ym!, rm!, nm!, gm!, hn!, mn! which end in a nasal are to be considered as
unaccented roots, though taught as accented in the xatupaQ, So also of vn! i.e. vit> with iń!; with ić! the nasal
is not elided as viNt ; 6.4.39; and beofer Hlaid affixes - v, retains nkar as all those affixes take the augment #qœ,
The tnaid roots belong to the eight class. Thus tt>, ttvan!, The tnaid are roots are ten are in number - tn!,
sn!, ][!, i][!, \[!, t&[!, "&[!, vn!, mn!, k«|!, Of these sn! takes long Aa also sn> iíc
laepíaSyaNytrSyam! 6.4.45. ][! - ]t>, ]tvan!, \[! - \t>, \tvan!, t&[! - t&t>, t&tvan!, "&[! - "&t>,
"&tvan!, vn! - vt>, vtvan!, mn! - mt>, mtvan!,
Why do we say 'before i't! affix' ? Observe - Att, Atwa>, (il'œiscavaTmnepde;u 1.2.11. These affixes are
È i't!). So also not in zaNt>, zaNtvan!, taNt>, taNtvan!, daNt>, daNtvan! , not being AnudaÄ in
xatupaQ, If the root does not end in a nasal, the rule does not apply, as in pKv>, pKvvan!, If the affix does not
being with a Hlœ consonant, the rule does not apply: as gMyte, rMyte, If the affix is not ikt! or i't! the rule does
not apply, as yNta, yNtVym!,
Why do we say 'AnudaÄ by %pdez>' ? So that the rule may apply to gm! root as git> but not to zm! as
zaNt>, zaNtvan!, For git> is formed by iń! affix and is accented with %daÄ on the first, but it is a secondary
%daÄ and not of %pdez or xatupaQ, and does not prevent of elision of mkar or gm!, Similarly, zm! is %daÄ
%pdez though in zaNt it has become AnudaÄ, The former though taught in the xatupaQ as %daÄ has been
specifically mentioned above AnudaÄ, and zm! is taught as %daÄ in the xatupaQ and nowhere else taught as
AnudaÄ
AnudaÄ-%pdezanam! - ym! - yTva, yt>, ytvan!, yit>. rmu - rTva, rt>, rtvan!, rit>. vnte> - vit>
%
tnaeTyidnam! - tt>, ttvan!. ][u - ]t>, ]tvan!. \[u - \t>, \tvan!. i'it - Att, Atwa>
k AnudaÄ-%pdezanam! Anunaisk-ANtnam!-1 A¼ana< vnte>-tnaeTyidnam! c laep>-2 Évit HladaE
a iK'it àTyye prt>, ymu - yTva, yt>, ytvan!, yit>, rmu - rTva, rt>, rtvan!, rit>, AnudaÄaepdeza>
AnunaiskaNta> yimrimnimgimhinmNyTy>, vnit - vit>, iń> êpm! #tt!, iíc tu - n iíc dI"Rí

6.4.39 #it Évit, ANyÇ HladaE #qa ÉivtVym!, tnaeTyady> - tt>, ttvan!, snaete> AaTv< vúyit -
jnsnona< sÁHlae> 6.4.42, ][u - ]t>, ]tvan!. \[u - \t>, \tvan!. t&[! - t&t>, t&tvan!, "&[! - "&t>,
"&tvan!, vn! - vt>, vtvan!, mn! - mt>, mtvan!, i'it - Att, Atwa>, AnudaÄaepdez-vnit-
tnaeTyadInam! #it ikm! ? zaNt>, zaNtvan!, taNt>, taNtvan!, daNt>, daNtvan!, AnunaiskSy #it
ikm! ? pKv>, pKvvan!, Hlœ #it ikm! ? gMyte, rMyte, iK'it #it ikm! ? yNta, yNtVym!, %pdez-
¢h[m! ikm! ? #h c wya Syat! - git>, #h c ma ÉUt! - zaNt> zaNtvan! #it.
I
f AnudaÄaepdez-vnit-tnaeTyadInam! → Anunaisk laep> → 6.4.40
12.03.2006 - 1100
s
hae hNteiÁ[RÚe;u 7.3.54 //S358
U
A k…,1,1, 7.3.52 A¼Sy,6,1, 6.4.1
p h>,6,1 hNte>,6,1, iÁ[Úe;u,7,3,
1, hNte> → A¼Sy h> k… i|it i[it
A
2, hNte> → h> k… ne
s |í [í Á[aE, Á[aE #taE ye;a< te iÁ[t>, ÖNÖgÉRb˜ÏIih>, iÁ[tí ní iÁ[Úa>, te;u #tretrÖNÖ>
v
hNte> hkarSy Swane kvgR Aadez> Évit, i|it i[it àTyye prt> nkare c
&
The hkar of the root hn! is replaced by kvgR when a -
1. i|t! àTyy follows
T 2. i[t! àTyy follows
3. nkar follows
the hkar of the hn! immediately
V A guttural is substituted for the hkar in hn! before an affix having an indicatory |kar or [kar and before nkar
As "atyit with i[c! , "itka> with {vulœ , saxu" isn! with #|! , "at"atm! with [mulœ , "at> with "|! , ¹iNt,
¹Ntum! and A¹n! before mkar, Why do we specify hkar ? Otherwise the substitute would replace the final letter.
Why 'of hn!' ? Observe - àhar>, àhark>, [kar & |kar qualify the affixes, and nkar means the nkar of hn!
which becomes joined with hkar when the intermediate hkar is dropped. This nkar comes in immediate contact
with hkar because it is heard in pronouncing, and in writing. If the elided Akar be considered as SwanIvt! then
È
hkar can never be followed by nkar for there will exist the intervention of this letter A, by virtue of the special text
of this sūtra, such an elided A should not be considered as an intervention. And if |, [, n be all considered as
qualifying the hkar of hn! , still on the maxim yen naVyvxan< ten Vyvihte=ip vcnàama{yat! therefore
[kar or |kar are considered to come after hkar, though a portion of the root intervenes. But not so here.,
hnnimCDit hnnIyit, add {vul to this demonitative root, and we have hnnayk>
% i|it - "atae vtRte. i[it - "atyit, "atk>, saxu"atI, "at<"atm!. nkare - ¹iNt, ¹Ntu, A¹n!
k hNte> hkarSy kvgR Aadez> Évit, i|it i[it àTyye prt> nkare c, "atyit, "atk>, saxu"atI, "at<"atm,
a "atae vtRte, nkare - ¹iNt, ¹Ntu, A¹n!, h #it ikm! ? Alae=NtSy ma ÉUt!, hNte> #it ikm! ? àhar>,
àhark>, iÁ[TàTyy hNte> ivze;[m!, nkar> hkarSy - nkare AnNtrSy hiNt-hkarSy #it, tt! canNty¡
s<inpat-k«tm!-1 AaïIyte, SwanIvdœ-Éavzaôk«t< tu ydœ AnanNty¡ tdœ Aiv"atkm! , vcn-
samWyaRt!, y*it svER> @v iÁ[ÚE> hiNt-hkar> iviz:yte twaip ' yen naVyvxan< ten Vyvihte=ip

vcnàama{yat! (VyafIypirÉa;a 46)' #it iÁ[it xatu-Avyven Vyvihte Aip sit Évit, #h tu n Évit -
hnnimCDit, hnnIyit, hnnIyte{vuRlœ hnnIyk> #it.
1 - At> pUv¡ muiÔte;u - ïuitk«tm! - #it paQ AnavZyk>, siÚpatk«tm! #it ïuitk«tm! #TywR> - #it NyaspdmÃyaeRVyaROyatTvat!,
I
f h> → 7.3.56 hNte> → 7.3.56 yen naVyvxan< ten Vyvihte=ip vcnàama{yat!
s
gmhnjnon"sa< laep> iK'Tyni' 6.4.98 //S2363
U
A Aic,7,1, -0-0--- %pxaya,6,1, 6.4.89 A¼Sy,6,1, 6.4.1
p
A
s
v
&
T
The root vowel of gm! , hn! , jn! , on! and "s! is elided before an affix beginning with a vowel, when it has an
V
indicatory kœ or 'œ; but not before the Aorist affix A'œ
È
%
k
a
I
f

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` sh na?vvtu, sh naE? Éun´…, sh vIy¡?

The sūtras are numbered according to the following scheme -

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 %daÄ has no notation marks

2 A/ Aa/ A/3 A~/ Aa~/ A/~3

3 A? Aa? A?3 A~? Aa~? A~?3

 Hence A has 18 forms, and so do the other vowels

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14.12.2004 & 15.12.2004 - 1100

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lkar (No Panini Sutra for this)

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z! #t! ySy s izt! , b˜ÏIih>

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The following is a pirÉa;a sUÇ connected to gu[-substitution

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f #kae gu[v&ÏI → 1.1.6

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04.01.2005 & 05.01.2005 - 1100

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sU savRxatukmipt! 1.2.4 /S2234

vagwaRivv sMp&´aE vagwRàitpÄye, jgt> iptraE vNde pavRtI prmeñraE.

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II In II Conjugation the zp! comes and then is dropped by lukœ.

z VI Conj. îm! VII Conj.

6,1 = 6,1 = 6,1 6,1 = 6,1 1,1 = 1,1,

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Derivation of g¨ to know. X Conjugation AaTmnepd  he knows, present tense, ktRiràyaeg

]lœ to wash, to clean he washes, he cleans

curœ to steal, X Conj. ⇒ he steals

kw! to tell ⇒ he tells

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To summarize the above few rules –

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09.02.2005 & 10.02.2005

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yÆae iÖxa - Effort is of Two Types – Internal & External –