Differential Calculus d (c ) = 0

cosh

( x ) =1 /

( x 2 1)
2

x n = nx n 1 sin x = cos x cos x = sin x tan x = sec 2 x cot x = cos ec 2 x

tanh coth

1 1

( x ) =1 /(1 x ) ( x) = 1 /(1 x 2 )
1

cosh

xdx =sinh x +c

or (e x +e x ) / 2

dx
2 2

sec h 1 ( x ) = /( x (1 x 2 ) 1 co ech s
n

cos

ec 2 xdx =cos ecx +c

2 1

( x) = /( x ( x + ) 1 1 Integral Calculus
2

x dx =( x / n +1) +c log dx =(1 / x) +c log x =1 / x e e dx = +c ex = ex e dx =e +c sin( h) x = cos( h ) x cos( h) x = sin( h ) x e xdx =(e / a ) +c 2 tan( h) x = sec ( h) x sin xdx =cos x +c cot( h) x = cos ec 2 ( h) x cos xdx =sin x +c sec( h) x = sec( h) x. tan( h) x cos ec ( h) x = cos ec ( h) x. cot( h) x sec xdx =tan x +c sin ( x ) =1 / (1 x ) cos ec xdx =cot x +c cos ( x ) = / (1 x ) 1 sec x. tan xdx =sec x +c tan ( x ) =1 / (1 + x ) cos ecx . cot xdx =cos ecx
sec x = sec x. tan x cos ecx = cos ecx. cot x
n+ 1 x x

dx / (1 + x ) =sin x +c dx / (1 x ) =cos x +c 2 1 dx /(1 + x ) =tan x +c

2 1

dx /(1 + x
2

) =cot

x +c

ax

dx /( x x 1) =sec x +c dx /( x x 1) =cos ec x dx /( x +1) =sinh x +c

1 2 1

= log | x + x 2 + a 2 | a2 + x2 x or sinh 1 ( ), x = a tan a dx 1 x a 2 x 2 =sin ( a ) + c

x a x = a sec dx

=cosh

x ( ), a

x 2 a 2 ) dx =
1

or log | x + x

x 2 +1 | +c
1

dx /(

x 2 1) =cosh
2

x +c

x x 2 a 2 a2 cosh 2 2 2 2 a + x )dx =

x ( ) +c a

or lo | x + x g

x 1 | +c

dx 1 x a x 2 a 2 = 2a log x + a
+c

a2 x x a2 +x2 sinh 1 ( ) + +c 2 a 2 2 2 a x )dx = a2 sinh 2

1

cot sec

( x) = / 1

1 +x )
2

( x ) =1 /( x ( x 2 1) ) ( x ) =1 / (1 + x 2 )

sinh
or

xdx =cosh x + c

cos ec 1 ( x ) = /( x ( x 2 1) ) 1 sinh
1

e x e x 2
Maclaurins series:

or log | x + x 2 a 2 | dx 1 a +x (a 2 x 2 ) = 2a log a x dx 1 x 1 (a 2 + x 2 ) = a tan a

x x a2 x2 ( )+ +c a 2

Conditions for f(z) to be analytic

1.The 4 partial derivatives 2.

U x , U y , V x .V y
are continuous.

exist.

If

z 0 is the origin,then

U x , U y , V x .V y

3.CR equation satisfies at every point in the arc.

Harmonic function

Isolated singularity If f(z) has no other singularity in in the neighbourhood of Z 0 ,it is isolated singularity Removable singularity

Laplace equation in 2 dimensions; Step1

2 =

2 2 + 2 =0 x 2 y

f ( z) = f ( z0 ) +

u Step2: v = dv = ( y dx + u x dx )
Milne Thomson Method Unit V Cauchy Theorem: Let f(z) be an analytic function defined at all points inside and on a simple closed curve,C then,

f ' ( z0 ) (z z0 ) + 1! f ' ' ( z0 ) f n z0 ( z z 0 ) 2 + ... ( z z0 ) n 2! n! n =0

f ( z ) = [u x ( z ,0) i y ( z ,0)]

Taylors series: Let f(z) be an analytic inside a circle,C with center at Z 0 .Then f(z) can be represented as a power series

z z 0 as shown below

If the principle part of the f(z) at Z = Z 0 ,in the Laurents series has no terms. Essential singularity This is one where Laurents series has infinite number of terms. Poles If the principle part of the Laurents series has a finite number of terms,then its is poles. Residues: It is the co-efficient of

f ( z )dz
c

f ( z) = f ( z0 ) +

=0

Cauchy Integral Formula: Let f(z) be an function which is analytic inside and on a simple closed curve,C,then

f ' ( z0 ) (z z0 ) + 1! f ' ' ( z0 ) f n z0 ( z z 0 ) 2 + ... ( z z0 ) n 2! n! n =0

1 /( z z 0 ) in the Laurents series expansion of f(z) at Z 0

Result 1: If f ( z ) = g ( z ) /( z z 0 ) then Re s[ f ( z ); z 0 ] = g ( z 0 ) Result 2: If f ( z ) = h( z ) / k ( z ) where

Laurents series:

f ( z0 ) =

1 2i

f ( z ) dz ( z z0 ) c

f ( z ) = bn ( z z 0 ) n + a n ( z z 0 ) n
n =1 n =0

Cauchy Residue Theorem: Let f(z) be an function which is analytic inside and on a simple closed curve,C,except for a finite number of singular points,then

were

h( z 0 ) 0; k ( z 0 ) = 0
then

bn =

1 f ( z) ( z 0 ) n+i d 2i c

Re s[ f ( z ); z 0 ] =

h( z 0 ) k ' ( z0 )

f ( z ) = 2i Re s( f ( z ); zi )
c i =1

1 f ( ) an = ( z 0 ) n+1 d 2i c2
(1 + z ) 1 (1 z ) 1 (1 + z ) 2 (1 z ) 2 = 1 z + z 2 z 3 + ...... z |< 1 | 2 3 = 1 + z + z z + ...... z |< 1 | 2 3 = 1 2 z + 3 z 4 z + ...... z |< 1 | = 1 + 2 z + 3 z 2 + 4 z 3 + ...... z |< 1 |

Result 3: Let z 0 be a pole order m>1 &

= 2 i(s u m o f_ a l _l r e s i d)u e s _

f ( z ) = g ( z ) /( z z 0 ) m

Re s[ f ( z ); z 0 ] =

g m +1 ( z 0 ) ( m 1)!

Trigonometry Negative Angle

sin( x) = sin x ; cos( x) = cos x tan( x ) = tan( x )

tan 3 A =

Product to sum

3 tan A tan 3 A 1 3 tan 2 A

Pythagorean

Sum & Difference of Angles

sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1 ; 1 + tan 2 x = sec 2 x ; 1 + cot 2 x = cos ec 2 x .

sin( A + B ) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B sin( A B ) = sin A cos B cos A sin B cos( A + B ) = cos A cos B sin A sin B cos( A B ) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

Sum and Difference of functions

sin A cos B = 1 / 2[sin( A + B ) + sin( A B )] cos A cos B = 1 / 2[cos( A + B ) + cos( A B )] sin A sin B = 1 / 2[cos( A B ) cos( A + B )] tan A + tan B tan A tan B = cot A + cot B

Double Angle

tan A + tan B 1 tan A tan B tan A tan B tan( A B) = 1 + tan A tan B tan( A + B ) = tan( A / 2) 1 + tan 2 ( A / 2)

sin A = 2

1 tan 2 ( A / 2) 1 + tan 2 ( A / 2) sin 2 A = 2 sin A cos A cos 2 A = 1 2 sin 2 A ; cos 2 A sin 2 A ; 2 cos 2 A 1 cos A = 2

1 1 ( A + B). cos ( A + B )] 2 2 1 1 sin A sin B = 2[sin ( A B). cos ( A + B )] 2 2 1 1 cos A + cos B = 2[cos ( A + B). cos ( A B )] 2 2 1 1 cos A cos B = 2[sin ( A + B). sin ( A B)] 2 2 sin( A + B) tan A + tan B = cos A cos B sin( A B ) tan A tan B = cos A cos B sin A + sin B = 2[sin
Logarithms

log c c =1 ; log c c P = P ; log c (a.b) = log c a + log c b log c (a / b) = log c a log c b log c a = log c b a = b

2 tan A tan 2 A = 1 tan 2 A sin 3 A = 3 sin A 4 sin 3 A cos 3 A = 4 cos 3 A 3 cos A

log a x m = m log a x

Eulers Theorem on Homogeneous function If u=u(x,y) is a homogeneous function of degree n,then,

x.

Total differential Coefficient If u=f(x,y),where x=g(t) & y=f(t),then

u u + y. = nu x x

du f x f y = . + . dt x t y t

Implicit Function If an implicit function f(x,y)=0;then

dy / f x = dx / f y

Taylors series Expansion The expansion of f(x,y) about the point (a,b) is

f ( x, y ) = f ( a , b ) +

[ h.

f ( x, y ) +k . f ( x, y )] ( x =a ; y =b ) + x y

1 2 2 [h 2 . f ( x, y ) +k 2 . f ( x, y ) + 2! 2 x 2 y 2h . k 2 f ( x, y )] ( x =a ; y =b ) x y