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1. a = 3 + 2i, b = ! 1 + 4i and c = 2 ! 5i
(a) a b = (3 + 2i)(- 1 + 4i) = - 3 + 12i - 2i + 8i2
= - 3 + 12i - 2i + 8(- 1)
= - 3 + 12i - 2i - 8 = (- 3 - 8) + (12 - 2)i
= - 11 + 10 i.
(b)
c
2 - 5i
(2 - 5i)(3 - 2i)
=
=
a
3 + 2i
(3 + 2i)(3 - 2i)
=
6 - 4i - 15i + 10i2
9 - 6i + 6i - 4i2
6 - 4i - 15i - 10
(6 - 10) + (- 4 - 15)i
=
9 - 6i + 6i + 4
9+4
- 4 - 19i
4 19
= - - i.
13
13 13
(c) c =
2 2 + (- 5)2 =
4 + 25 =
29.
= (2 + 3) + (5 - 12)i
= 5 - 7i
= Im[3 + 2i - 2 + 8i]
= Im[(3 - 2) + (2 + 8)i] = Im[1 + 10i]
= 10 .
( " 3! %
" 3! % +
2. (a) 5 e 3 i / 4 = 5 * cos $ ' + isin $ ' # 4 &,
) # 4&
!%
!%+
( "
(
"
" !%
" !% +
= 5 * cos $ ! - ' + isin $ ! - ' - = 5 *- cos $ ' + isin $ ' #
# 4&
# 4&,
4&
4&,
) #
)
1 $
! 1
= 5 #+i
2 &%
" 2
= -
5
5
5 2
5 2
5 2 5 2
+
i = +
i = +
i.
2
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
4 + 12 =
tan! =
!
-2 3
=
-2
(- 2)2 + (- 2 3)2 =
16 = 4.
3
" = arctan 3 =
#
4#
or
.
3
3
Im(z)
4+4!3
-2
Re(z)
4"
is the correct angle.
3
4
3
- 23
! w 4 = 4e i(4"/3 + 2k")
! w =
4e
2 e i("/3 + k"/2) .
Choose k = 0, 1, 2, 3 to give :
k = 0 : w0 =
2e i(!/3 + 0) =
2e i ( /3) .
k = 1 : w1 =
2e i(!/3 + !/2) =
k = 2 : w2 =
2e i(!/3 + 2!/2) =
2e i(! /3 + !) =
k = 3 : w3 =
2e i(!/3 + 3! /2) =
2e i(2!/6 + 9!/6) =
2e i(2! /6 + 3! /6) =
2e i( / 3) , 2e i (5/ 6) ,
! w =
2e i(4 / 3) ,
2e i(5 / 6) .
2e i(4 / 3) .
2e i(11 / 6) .
2e i (11/ 6)
Alternate solution.
From part (b) w 4 = - 2 - 2 3 i = 4e 4 ! i/3
! w 4 = 4e i(4"/3 + 2k")
! w =
4e
2 e i("/3 + k"/2) .
Choose k = - 1, 0, 1, 2 to give :
k = - 1 : w- 1 =
2e i(!/3 - ! /2) =
k = 0 : w0 =
2e i(!/3 + 0) =
k = 1 : w1 =
2e i(!/3 + !/2) =
k = 2 : w2 =
2e i(!/3 + 2!/2) =
! w =
2e- i(/ 6) ,
2e i(2!/6 - 3!/6) =
2e- i(/ 6) .
2e i ( /3) .
2e i(2! /6 + 3! /6) =
2e i(! /3 + !) =
2e i ( /3) , 2e i(5/ 6) ,
2e i(5 / 6) .
2e i(4 / 3) .
2e i (4 /3)
(d)
!e
cos 3x dx =
!e
Re "# e i3x $% dx
% Re !" e
x i3x #
% Re !" e
(1 + 3i)x #
$ dx =
% Re !" e
x + i3x #
$ dx
(1 + 3i)x
dx
$ dx = Re % e
! 1
$
= Re #
e(1 + 3i)x + C &
" 1 + 3i
%
! 1
$
= Re #
e x e i3x + C &
" 1 + 3i
%
$
&
&%
ex
(cos 3x + 3 sin3x) + Re(C)
10
3.
(a)
! (x + 5)e
3x
dx
Integration by parts
Let u = x + 5 and
dv
= e 3x
dx
du
1
= 1 and v = " e 3x dx = e 3x .
dx
3
" (x + 5)e
3x
1
1 3x
dx = (x + 5) e 3x - #
% e dx
$3
3
=
1
1
(x + 5)e 3x - ! e 3x dx
3
3
1
1 !1
$
(x + 5)e 3x - # e 3x & + C
3
3"3
%
1
1
(x + 5)e 3x - e 3x + C
3
9
" 3x + 7
(b) $ 2
dx
# x + 3x ! 4
3x + 7
x 2 + 3x - 4
Partial fractions
3x + 7
A
B
=
+
(x - 1)(x + 4)
x-1
x+4
=
A(x + 4) + B(x - 1)
(x - 1)(x + 4)
3x + 7
x 2 + 3x - 4
2
1
+
.
x-1
x+4
6
!
(c) # 2
dx
" x + 8x + 20
6
6
"
"
! $ 2
dx = $
dx.
# x + 8x + 20
# (x + 4)2 + 4
du
= 1 ! du = dx.
dx
6
1
"
" 6
"
! $
dx = $ 2
du = 6$ 2
du
2
#u +4
# u + 22
# (x + 4) + 4
u$
!1
= 6 # arctan & + C
2%
"2
= 3 arc tan
x+4
+ C.
2
Alternate solution
Note that x 2 + 8x + 20 = (x + 4)2 + 4.
6
6
"
"
! $ 2
dx = $
dx.
# x + 8x + 20
# (x + 4)2 + 4
let x + 4 = 2 tan ! "
dx
= 2sec2! " dx = 2sec2! d!
d!
" 2sec 2 % d%
6
"
! $
dx = 6$
=
2
# (x + 4)2 + 4
# (2 tan%) + 4
" 2sec2! d!
= 6$
=
$ 4 tan2 ! + 1
#
6
= " d! = 3! + C
2
x+4
= 3 arc tan
+ C.
2
" 2sec2% d%
6$
# 4 tan2 % + 4
" 2sec2! d!
6$
# 4sec 2 !
4. (a) w(t) = volume of water (in litres) in the pool at time t (in minutes).
Rate of change of the volume of water in the pool
= rate at which water is flowing into the pool
rate at which water is flowing out of the pool
Rate at which water is flowing into the pool = 25 l/min.
Rate at which water is flowing out of the pool
= rate at which water is flowing out of the hole
+ rate at which water is flowing out of the crack
= kw2 + bw, where k and b are constants.
!
dw
= 25 - kw 2 - bw .
dt
! w(0) = 40 .
!
dw
= 25 - kw 2 - bw
dt
dy
2x + 5x 4
=
(b)
dx
y3
" (2x + 5x
"y
1 4
y = x2 + x5 + C
4
dy =
y(0) = 2
with
with w(0) = 40
separable equation
) dx
! y 4 = 4x 2 + 4x 5 + 4C
! y = 4x 2 + 4x 5 + 4C
1/4
! 2 = 4 " 0 2 + 4 " 0 5 + 4C
1/4
! 2 = (4C)1/4
! 2 4 = 4C
"
16 = 4C
! y = 4x 2 + 4x 5 + 16
1/ 4
(c) x
dy
+ y = x3
dx
1.
2.
I(x) =
!1
# dx
e" x
= e ln x = x .
3.
4.
dy
1
+ x y = x " x2
dx
x
! x
dy
+ y = x3 .
dx
Rewrite LHS as
d
[ I(x)y ] .
dx
d
( xy ) = x 3 .
dx
d
dy
!
( xy ) = x + y $%
"check that
dx
dx
#
&
5.
! xy =
"x
! xy =
1 4
x +C
4
dx
1 4
x +C
4
! y =
x
! y =
1 3 C
x + .
4
x
5. (a) y!! - y! - 2y = 0
Let y = e kx
dy
d2y
and
Substituting y,
into the above d.e. to find k gives
dx
dx 2
k 2 e kx - ke kx - 2e kx = 0
! k2 - k - 2 = 0
(k
- k - 2 e kx = 0
as ekx " 0.
! (k - 2)(k + 1) = 0
! k = - 1, 2
! y = Ae- x + Be 2x .
with y(0) = 3 ,
y!(0) = 8
2.
Guess y P , which is a solution to the original d.e. and find y!P and y!!P .
Let y P = D cos 2x + E sin 2x .
Substitute for y P , y!P and y!!P back into the original d.e. to determine the
unknown constants D and E.
! - 4D cos 2x - 4E sin 2x - (- 2Dsin 2x + 2E cos 2x ) - 2 ( D cos 2x + E sin 2x )
= - 20 cos 2x
! - 4D cos 2x - 4E sin 2x + 2Dsin 2x - 2E cos 2x - 2D cos 2x - 2E sin 2x
= - 20 cos 2x
! y P = 3 cos 2x + sin2x .
4.
But we have been given the initial conditions y(0) = 3, y!(0) = 8 which
will allow us to find values for A and B.
If y = Ae- x + Be 2x + 3cos 2x + sin 2x
then y! = - Ae- x + 2Be 2x - 6 sin 2x + 2 cos 2x
! y(0) = 3 " 3 = Ae0 + Be 0 + 3cos 0 + sin 0
! 3 = A+B+3+0 ! A+B = 0
! y"(0) = 8 # 8 = - Ae0 + 2Be 0 - 6 sin 0 + 2 cos 0
! 8 = - A + 2B - 0 + 2
! - A + 2B = 6
Alternatively
A + B = 0 ! A = - B and substitute this into - A + 2B = 6
! B + 2B = 6 " 3B = 6 " B = 2
but A = - B
! A = - 2.
! y = - 2 e- x + 2 e 2x + 3 cos 2x + sin 2x .
10
!3
6. P = ## 0
#" 4
- 2$
1 &&
- 1 &%
and
P is a (3 ! 2) matrix
!4
Q = #
"1
- 2$
.
1 &%
Q is a (2 ! 2) matrix
same
QP is (2 ! 2)(3 ! 2) matrix
not same
P2 is (3 ! 2)(3 ! 2) matrix
not same
! 3 - 2$
!4 - 2$
PQ = ## 0
1 && #
1
1 &%
#" 4 - 1 &% "
" 3 ! 4 + (- 2)1
= $$ 0 ! 4 + 1 ! 1
$# 4 ! 4 + (- 1)1
!10
= ## 1
#"15
3(- 2) + (- 2)1%
"12 - 2
'
0(- 2) + 1 ! 1 ' = $$ 0 + 1
$#16 - 1
4(- 2) + (- 1)1'&
- 8$
1 && .
- 9 &%
11
- 6 - 2%
0 + 1 ''
- 8 - 1 '&
! 3$
(b) If # & is an eigenvector of the matrix Q then
"1 %
! 3$
! 3$
Q# & = k # &
"1 %
"1 %
! 3$
!4
Q# & = #
"1 %
"1
where k is a constant.
- 2 $ ! 3$
1 &% #"1 &%
" 4 ! 3 + (- 2)1%
"12 - 2 %
= $
= $
'
'
# 1! 3 + 1!1 &
# 3 + 1&
!10 $
! 3$
= # & ' k# &
"4%
"1 %
" 3%
" 3%
! Q$ ' ( k $ '
#1 &
#1 &
"3 %
! $ ' is NOT an eigenvector
#1 &
! det(Q - "I) = 0
!
4-"
-2
1-"
= 0
! (" - 2)(" - 3) = 0
! " = 2, 3 are the eigenvalues
For the eigenvector corresponding to each eigenvalue, find u such that
!
(Q - !I)u = 0
!
!
- 2 & #u &
#4 - "
#0 &
!%
= % (
(
%
(
1 - " ' $v'
$ 1
$0 '
12
for ! = 2
!2
#1
"
- 2 $ !u $
!0 $
= # &
&
#
&
- 1% " v %
"0 %
! 2u - 2v = 0
u- v = 0
!
u- v = 0
u = v
"u %
"u %
"1%
! $ ' = $ ' = $ 'u
#v&
#u &
#1&
#1 &
! for " = 2, the eigenvector is % (
$1 '
for ! = 3
!1
#1
"
- 2 $ !u $
!0 $
= # &
&
#
&
- 2 % "v%
"0 %
! u - 2v = 0
u - 2v = 0
!
u - 2v = 0
u = 2v
"u %
" 2v %
"2 %
! $ ' = $ ' = $ 'v
#v&
#v&
#1 &
#2 &
! for " = 3, the eigenvector is % ( .
$1 '
13
(d)
5y
2z
= -5
(1)
3x
14y
3z
= -8
(2)
4x
18y
3z
= - 8.
(3)
5y
+ 2z
-5
(1)
(2) 3(1) !
3z
(2a)
(3) 4(1) !
2y
5z
12
(3a)
5y
+ 2z
-5
(1)
3z
(2a)
(3b)
y
2(2a) (3a) !
(3b) ! z = - 2
(2a) ! y - 3(- 2) = 7 ! y + 6 = 7 ! y = 1
(1) ! x - 5(1) + 2(- 2) = - 5 ! x - 5 - 4 = - 5
! x - 9 = - 5 ! x = 4.
! x = 4, y = 1, z = - 2.
14
!1
7. G = ## 1
#" 2
- 1$
1 &&
1 &%
4
3
6
1 4
-1
(a) det G = 1 3
2 6
= 1
3 1
6 1
1
- 4
1 1
2 1
- 1
2 6
4y - z
3y + z
2x
6y + z
0.
- 1$ ! x $
!0 $
&
#
&
1& # y & = ## 0 &&
#" 0 &%
1&% #" z &%
or Gx = 0
!
!
! either det G = 0 or x = 0
! !
But from part(a), det G ! 0 " x = 0
! !
! x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 is the only solution.
.
15
!1 4
#
#1 3
#" 2 6
(d)
!1
#
R1 - R2 # 0
2R1 - R3 #" 0
- 1 1 0 0 $ R1
1 0 1 0 && R2
1 0 0 1 &% R3
-11
-2 1
-1
-32
!1 4
#
#0 1
2R2a - R3a #" 0 0
!1 4
#
#0 1
- R3b #" 0 0
-11
-2 1
-10
-2 1
-1
10
R1a - 4R2b ! 1 0 0 - 3
#
#0 1 0 1
#" 0 0 1 0
! G
-1
"- 3
= $$ 1
$# 0
- 10
3
2
0 0 $ R1
- 1 0 && R2a
- 2 1 &% R3b
-11
R1 + R3c ! 1 4 0 1 2
#
R2a + 2R3c # 0 1 0 1 3
#" 0 0 1 0 2
0 $ R1
0 && R2a
- 1&% R3a
0 $ R1
0 && R2a
- 1&% R3c
- 1 $ R1a
- 2 && R2b
- 1 &% R3c
- 10
3
2
7 $ R1b
- 2 && R2b
- 1 &% R3c
7%
- 2 '' .
- 1 '&
16
(e)
4y - z
-1
3y + z
2x
6y + z
3.
- 1$ ! x $
! - 1$
&
#
&
1& # y & = ## 2 &&
#" 3 &%
1&% #" z &%
! Gx = b
!
!
-1
! G Gx = G- 1b
!
!
-1
! Ix = G b
!
!
-1
! x = G b
!
!
"x %
" - 3 - 10
$
'
! $ y ' = $$ 1
3
2
#$ z &'
#$ 0
7 % " - 1%
- 2 '' $$ 2 ''
- 1 '& $# 3 '&
! x = 4, y = - 1, z = 1 .
17
8. (a) 20 socks - 2 white socks, 6 black socks, 8 red socks, 4 green socks.
(i) P(black or white) = P(black) + P(white) =
6
2
8
2
.
+
=
=
20
20
20
5
4
3
1 3
3
.
!
=
!
=
20 19
5 19
95
8
2
2
8
2 2
2 2
4
4
8
!
+
!
=
!
+ !
=
+
=
20 19
20 19
5 19
5 19
95
95
95
3
92
.
=
95
95
18
binomial distribution
p = 0.2
(i) Here p = 0.2, N = 10, r = 3 and use binomial tables provided
P(3 with red hair) = 0.201.
(ii) Here p = 0.2, N = 10 and use binomial tables provided
P(at most 2 with red hair)
= P(0 with red hair) + P(1 with red hair) + P(2 with red hair)
= P(r = 0) + P(r = 1) + P(r = 2)
= 0.107 + 0.268 + 0.302 = 0.677.
(iii) mean number of children with red hair = Np = 10 ! 0.2 = 2 .
variance = Npq = 10 ! 0.2 ! (1 - 0.2) = 10 ! 0.2 ! 0.8 = 1.6 .
(b) P(none of 12 children have red hair) = P(a child does not have red hair)12
12
= [1 - 0.2 ]
12
19
= (0.8)12 .
(c)
Let X = number on dogs.
(x i
- x)
X = xi
P( X = x i )
x i P( X = x i )
xi - x
0.3
0 ! 0.3 = 0
0 1 = -1
(-1)2
0.5
1 ! 0.5 = 0.5
11=0
0.1
2 ! 0.1 = 0.2
21=1
0.1
3 ! 0.1 = 0.3
31=2
( 0 )2 = 0
(1)2 = 1
( 2 )2 = 4
=1
(x i
- x ) P( X = x i )
2
1 ! 0.3 = 0.3
0 ! 0.5 = 0
1 ! 0.1 = 0.1
4 ! 0.1 = 0.4
variance
= sum of this column
= 0.8
mean = x
= sum of this
column
= 1.
20