Power Electronics For Smart Grids

POWER ELECTRONICS for SMART GRIDS
A. Del Pizzo
Dept. of Electrical Engineering University of Naples Federico II
One Day Workshop SAE-NA -- Istituto Motori CNR - Napoli, November 8, 2010
1/28
Outline
Preliminary considerations Objectives of Smart Grids
Basic power electronics elements

Power electronics apparatuses
One Day Workshop SAE-NA -- Istituto Motori CNR - Napoli, November 8, 2010
2/28
Load complexity
Preliminary considerations
In the last decades the energy demand is continuosly increasing (both in industrialized and in
emerging countries) and electrical loads are becoming more and more sophisticated.
[20,300 terawatt-hours today to 33,000 terawatt-hours by 2030 in the world] Electrical drives and power electronics apparatuses for energy conversion are widely used; as a consequence, big problems of power quality occur on the modern distribution grids.
One Day Workshop SAE-NA - Istituto Motori CNR, Napoli - - Power Electronics for Smart Grids- - A. Del Pizzo 3/28
Grid complexity due to Distributed Generation
Preliminary considerations
In addition to the increased requirements and needs of end-users, the Distributed Generation (DG) has introduced very high levels of complexity in grid operation and management [even if well-accepted by the market] Together with : - Power quality - Efficiency of energy management a real problem is the Stability of networks having prevalent Distributed Generation architecture, especially when renewable energy sources are used.
One preliminary question is:

Todays Grids Are they stupid or passive? Answer: Today, some intelligence levels are already implemented.
For example, ENEL considers its network the largest smart-grid currently active in the world
Automatic Meter Management Telegestore is operating on about 32 Million of Customers Network automation - HV and MV network remotely operated.
Tomorrows Grids Will they besmart or active?
- More than 100.000 MV substations remote controlled

- Automatic procedures for fault clearing
Asset Management Cartographic census of network assets Database of network events Optimization of network investments based on a risk analysis.
We are going towards
smarter grids
(in a progressive way)
Expected transition:
unidirectional energy flow, from central source to the distributed end-users Hierarchical power systems
Shift from todays to tomorrows power grids
two-way power flow of

distributed generation
Smart Grid
(future structure)
Traditional structure
Shift from todays to tomorrows power grids
The Smart Grid is not a thing, not an object but it is an idea, a vision. Nevertheless, the Smart Grids could represent a revolution with respect to the traditional concept of a power system. This revolution will be made through a gradual transformation towards a more intelligent, more effective and environmentally sensitive network to provide for our future needs. The active management of power electrical networks needs large investments
of Governements in Research and Development Projects,

in order to accelerate the grid transformation process.
Smart-Grids European Technology Platform

(sponsored by the European Commission) is now the European effort in that direction.
Main feautures (and requirements) of a Smart Grid

(the future electric network)
Capacity:
the demand for electrical energy has to be satisfied.
Accessibility: the Renewable Energy Sources should have access to the Grid. Reliability: Efficiency: high quality electricity must be always available; no interruptions must occur. production, transportation and consumption of electricity must be efficient; efficiency is necessary in order to reduce gas emission (CO2) and to obtain lower costs.
Sustainability:Low-carbon energy-sources must be integrated into the system. Flexibility: it is necessary in order to meet the new consumers requirements, (e.g., their active participation in the electric energy generation or the fast and easy recharging procedure for road electrical vehicles).
An optimal smart grid should be able to:

accept any kind of generation source; deliver power of any quality on demand; diagnose itself; heal itself through intelligent use of redundancies.
Traditional Systems
Centralized power generation
Smart Grids
Centralized and distributed power generation Intermittent renewable power generation One-directional power flow Multi-directional power flow Generation follows load Loads follows generation Operation based on historical experience Operation based on real-time data Full and efficient grid accessibility Limited grid accessibility for new producers Consumers participate in the market
MICROGRIDs
A microgrid comprise medium- and/or low-voltage distribution systems with distributed energy sources, storage devices and controllable loads.
They can operate either if connected to the main power network or if isolated
(islanded) in a controlled and coordinated way. Frequently we refer to a selfsufficient interconnection of distributed generation, residential and industrial load in a low-voltage network without a persistent connection
to a larger grid.
Protection is a key challenge of Microgrids. When a fault occurs on the grid, the microgrid should be isolated from the main utility
as quickly as possible to protect the microgrid loads.

The creation of ad hoc microgrids by islanding pockets of a larger network has the potential to stop cascading outages while critical loads are online. There is a project, supported by EU (More Microgrids), finalized to identify and address the challenges of proliferation of microgrids in Europe.
TECHNOLOGIES used in SMART GRIDS

In order to fulfill the above listed requirements, a suitable automation system is needed. It should be intelligent enough to correctly take into account generation profiles that may change
with the weather and the time (like wind or photovoltaic generation).
The result is a continuously changing distribution of power flow and direction, instead of the relatively stable, unidirectional power flow of a today distribution network. All these functions require many different technologies at the same time:
very effective Sensors and Transducers together with Metering Systems in general; fast and reliable Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs); Power Conversion Systems able to rapidly and efficaciously adapt the values of voltage/current/power/energy according to the requests (these systems include electric generators, energy storage units, static power electronic converters)
Power Electronics Apparatuses for filtering and for the operations devoted to maintain prefixed levels of power quality.
Power Electronics
Power Conversion Systems for Smart Grids

electric generators energy storage units
static power electronic converters
Power Electronics
Electric Generators
Traditional electromechanical rotating generators:
Synchronous machines (alternators) with excitated rotor; magnetically isotropy or salient pole, depending on the rotor speed Induction (Asynchronous) machines with squirrel-cage rotor, mainly operating on grids of prevalent power, with impressed voltage
In the last year the attention has been mainly devoted to:
Double-fed Induction (Asynchronous) machines with wound rotor, for medium-power wind generators
Permanent Magnet (PM) synchronous generators for wind generators of small power and of very high power, for microcombined heat and power units [micro CHP], for UPS (Uninterruptible Power Systems)
Power Electronics
Electric Generators
Main Advantages of PM Synchronous Generators:
High power density (kW/kg and kW/m3)

Absence of ring-brush contacts (they are brushless) Possibility to be operated as Direct Drive (no-gear) or to maintain good performance at low speed High efficiency
Main drawbacks:
No variability of rotor exciting field Constructive problems to fix the magnets on the rotor Cost Temperature at rated operations (demagnetization can occur)
Power Electronics
Magnetic configurations of PM Synchronous Generators:
The magnets can be mounted either externally or internally to the rotor (correspondently, we have the Surface mounted PM generators or Interior PM Generators)
S N
The stator is mainly three-phase with low and/or high pole-pair number, as requested by the specific application In some cases the stator can be multi-phase; for small power (few kW), the stator can be single-phase
The topology can be Radial flux (most part of solutions) or Axial flux
AVVOLGIMENTI DISCO ROTORICO
N S
ALBERO
S N
MAGNETI NUCLEO STATORICO
Power Electronics
Energy Storage Units

Main components:
Batteries High-Speed Flying Wheels
SuperCapacitors
Further needed components:
Power electronic converters to drive and control the storage unit (e.g. a DC-DC bi-directional converter for connect he battery to a dc-link).
Power Electronics
Static Power Electronic Converters
Power switching devices Basic Converter Topologies Main power electronic apparatuses for smart grids
alternata
continua
continua
alternata
alternata
alternata
continua
continua
Power Electronics
Static Power Electronic Converters

Power switching devices
MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor) for low voltage, low power (until some tens of kW) 100V/200A or 500 V/20A
N-Channel - MOSFET D Drain N
Gate
D +
D +
Collettore
IGBT
Gate
Collettore
Gate
P
G
Isolante
G vGS
vDS S (b)
G vGS S (c)
vDS
G vGE
Emettitore
vCE
G vGE
vCE
S (a)
Source
Emettitore
IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) for a wide range of power (some kW until some MW); until 4.5 kV
GCT (Gate Commutated Turn-off Thyristor) or IGCT (Integrated Gate Commutated Thyristor) for high voltage, high power (several MW), 5kA, 10 kV.
alternata
Basic Converter Topologies

DC-DC Conversion

i1
alternata
continua
continua
Power Electronics
alternata
Usually the dc-dc converters are called chopper i

T D
v2
2
i1
alternata
continua
continua
Chopper step-down (buck) Chopper step-up (boost)
v1
Load
D T L C
v2
i2
Load
Chopper buck-boost
v1
With respect to the energy-flow, Choppers can be uni-directional (one quadrant) or bidirectional (four-quadrant) Application fields of choppers: Connecting a supercap to a d.c.-bus; Connecting a battery to a d.c.-bus; Connecting a fuel-cell to a d.c.-bus at a fixed voltage; Connecting a PhotoVoltaic plant to a d.c.-bus at impressed voltage; Connecting a stabilized d.c.-bus to the output of a rectifier placed on the armature of a synchronous generator in wind plants; Supplying d.c.-motors at variable speeds; All the connections of two lines in d.c., even when one (input or output)voltage has to be constant;
Power Electronics

DC-AC Conversion

alternata

T3 D2
continua
continua
Usually the d.c.-a.c. converters are called inverter
alternata
alternata alternata continua continua Today, the most part of inverters are VSI (Voltage Source Inverter); CSI-Current Source Inverters are not frequently used.
PWM (Pulse Wide Modulation) Inverters are practically always used, instead of the sixstep inverters with rectangular voltages; frequently PWM-VSI inverters are three-phase. + K
T1 A D1 B T 1' D 1' H T 2' D 2' C T 3' D 3' T2 D3 i1 i2 i3
With respect to the energy-flow, Inverters are intrinsically bi-directional

Application fields of inverters: Connecting a d.c.-bus to an a.c. grid (e.g. in P.V. plants, or in Wind plants, ); Supplying a.c.-motors at variable speed (induction motors, synchronous motors, brushless motors);
Power Electronics

DC-AC Conversion
alternata
continua
continua
in the last years sometimes inverters are multi-phase (nph>3); this configuration can be used either
alternata
for supplying multi-phase loads, or to supply different three/single-phase loads at reduced losses, alternata alternata continua continua or to improve reliability when this is very important;
moreover, there are many multi-level inverters, i.e. inverters with more than 2 voltage levels; these configurations have been introduced especially for the cases where requested voltage and/or power are over the limits of the switching devices available on the market
now multi-level inverters are used also to improve energy performance in terms of reduction of ripples in currents and voltage, with the aim to improve some important power-quality indexes; some multilevel topologies are also fault-tolerant, i.e. able to improve reliability of the conversion unit, because in case of fault they continue to supply the load, even if at reduced power there are many different topologies of multilevel inverters; the diode-clamped ones are now the most common; the cascaded H-bridge appear to be more interesting for control the power quality
Power Electronics

DC-AC Conversion
Multilevel topologies of PWM-VSI Inverters
V1 = E C1 V A1 A
TA1 C1 Db V O C2 TA2' TA2 A Db' TA1' B C
V2 = E
C2
V A2 V AO
C m-1 Vm-1 = E
V A(m-1)
Diode-Clamped
VA1 0 VA2 0 VA3 0 VA4 0 VA0 4E 0 -4E T T/2 T/2 T
Cascaded H-Bridge
T/2
T/2 T/2
T T
Power Electronics

AC-DC Conversion
Ls
T1 T2 T3
alternata
A direct a.c./d.c. converter is generally called rectifier; it can be not controlled (using only
diodes); partially-controlled (diodes+thyristors) or totally-controlled (all thyristors).
Ls
alternata
continua
contin
Ia
M
T1 Va
T2
T3 V
Ia M
alternata
contin
Va
~
T4 T5 T6
The a.c./d.c. conversion can be made also in two stages, using a not-controlled rectified followed in cascade by a chopper in order to vary the output voltage level.
Instead of traditional rectifiers, now we can use also the Voltage Source Rectifier (VSR) which is composed by controlled switching devices (e.g. IGBT); the structure is equal to the one of an inverter (VSI, for this reason it is not shown here), but the power flow is in opposite sense. They are also called Active Front End (AFE).
These VSRs have not only the basic function of conversion a.c./d.c., but they can have additional features: they are able to keep constant the voltage on the capacitors in the dc-link, to ensure a power-factor very close to 1, to sensibly reduce the harmonic content of the currents; frequently these active front-ends have multi-level topology. The VSRs are more economical used in a range of medium-low power (until some hundreds of kW)
Power Electronics

AC-AC Conversion
alternata
continua
cont
alternata
alternata
cont
Usually the a.c./a.c. conversion is made in two (or more) stages in cascade; i.e. an a.c./d.c.
conversion followed by a d.c./a.c. one.
raddrizzatore controllato
+ -
=
C
V.S.I. 6 - step
(a)
raddrizzatore a diodi
chopper
+ -
=
C
V.S.I. 6 - step
(b)
a) Convertitore diretto (monostadio)
In the last years there is a growing interest for Matrix converters, which are a.c./a.c. frequenza fissa frequenza variabile converters of direct type, because they carry out the conversion in only one step; they have the advantage that can avoid the passage in d.c., especially important when the environmental Convertitore a matrice conditions are dangerousCicloconvertitore for capacitors.
b) Convertitore indiretto (pluristadio)
Power Electronics

Filtering and Power Quality improvement
Together with classical passive filters (capacitor banks or reactors), we can use active filters
which are based on the use of power electronic converters together with inductors and/or ~ = capacitors. raddrizzatore + V.S.I. M controllato C 6 - step (a)
-
Active filters can be placed in series or in parallel to the line.
In a.c. grids the FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) increase the capacity of the grid, ~ = + = V.S.I. raddrizzatore C improve quality indexes and improve stability.a diodi M chopper (b) 6 - step
a) Convertitore diretto (monostadio) STATCOM (Static Compensators of reactive power).
frequenza fissa
~ Static Compensators of reactive power (SVC Static VAR Compensator); they are based on the
presence of Li-ion batteries that can dinamically storage the energy. Cicloconvertitore Convertitore a matrice
frequenza variabile
Voltage and VAR Optimized control (VVO) is performed by apparatuses which includes transformers with proper tap changers (in order to regulate the voltage) and compensators of reactive power; the control algorithms implemented in the microcontroller try the optimum value of voltage that can be combined with the VAR data.
b) Convertitore indiretto (pluristadio)
Power Electronics

TCR
L CF T1 T2 T1
TSC
AT
Lc T2 C
MT
VSC Voltage Source Converter
C
Thyristor Controlled Reactor Thyristor Switched Capacitor
Fig. 6- Schema di principio di uno Statcom
Lc
Lc
LF CF
LF CF
Fig. 7- Schema unifilare di uno Statcom a 3 livelli
TSC
TSC
TCR
Fig. 3 - StatVar combinato con filtri LC.
2-level STATCOM
Power Electronics
Fig. 11 SSSR Static Synchronous Series Compensator
Fig. 11 DVR Dynamic Voltage Restorer
Fig. 12 UPFC Unified Power Flow Controller
Fig. 13 IPFC Interline Power Flow Controller
Power Electronics
Power Electronic Transformer in Medium Frequency

MV Rectifier-Inverter
H-Bridge - 1stmodule
MV Rectifier-Inverter
H-Bridge 1st module
LV Inverter
is1
(a)
LV Inverter
(b)
vdc,1
i p1
PV
v p1 vdc,2
ip2
vs1
H-Bridge - 10th module H-Bridge - 1st module
vdc,1
MF
Transformer PV
GRID
H-Bridge -10th module H-Bridge - 1st module
vp2
vs 2 is 2
GRID
PV
iL1 RL LL vL1
iL 2
vdc,2
O
PV
iL1 RL LL vL1
vp
vL 2 vL 3
vs
iL 2
iL 3
vL 2 vL 3
vdc,3
i p3 v p 3
iL 3
vs 3
H-Bridge - 10th module H-Bridge - 1st module
PV
vdc,3
H-Bridge - 10th module
PV
H-Bridge 1st module
MF Transformers
is 3
H-Bridge - 10th module
H-Bridge 10th module
LV Inverter
MF Transformer MV Rectifier C1 MV Inverter
PV
vdc,1
H-B1
vp,1
ip
GRID
iL1 RL LL
NPC
threephase
vL1 vL 2 vL 3
vp
vs
NPC
singlephase CNs
iL 2
iL 3
PV
vdc,N
H-BN
vp,N
Fig. 3. Schematic representation of a PET with a N-level inverter on LV side (cascaded H-bridge) and a N-level NPC converter on MV side.

Power Electronics For Smart Grids

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POWER ELECTRONICS for SMART GRIDS

Basic power electronics elements

Grid complexity due to Distributed Generation

One preliminary question is:

Tomorrows Grids Will they besmart or active?

- More than 100.000 MV substations remote controlled

We are going towards

Shift from todays to tomorrows power grids

two-way power flow of

Shift from todays to tomorrows power grids

of Governements in Research and Development Projects,

Smart-Grids European Technology Platform

Main feautures (and requirements) of a Smart Grid

the demand for electrical energy has to be satisfied.

An optimal smart grid should be able to:

as quickly as possible to protect the microgrid loads.

TECHNOLOGIES used in SMART GRIDS

Power Conversion Systems for Smart Grids

static power electronic converters

High power density (kW/kg and kW/m3)

Magnetic configurations of PM Synchronous Generators:

MAGNETI NUCLEO STATORICO

Energy Storage Units

Batteries High-Speed Flying Wheels

Further needed components:

Static Power Electronic Converters

Static Power Electronic Converters

Basic Converter Topologies

Usually the dc-dc converters are called chopper i

Chopper step-down (buck) Chopper step-up (boost)

Basic Converter Topologies

Usually the d.c.-a.c. converters are called inverter

With respect to the energy-flow, Inverters are intrinsically bi-directional

Basic Converter Topologies

Basic Converter Topologies

TA1 C1 Db V O C2 TA2' TA2 A Db' TA1' B C

VA1 0 VA2 0 VA3 0 VA4 0 VA0 4E 0 -4E T T/2 T/2 T

Basic Converter Topologies

Basic Converter Topologies

a) Convertitore diretto (monostadio)

b) Convertitore indiretto (pluristadio)

Basic Converter Topologies

Active filters can be placed in series or in parallel to the line.

Filtering and Power Quality improvement

VSC Voltage Source Converter

Fig. 7- Schema unifilare di uno Statcom a 3 livelli

Fig. 3 - StatVar combinato con filtri LC.

Filtering and Power Quality improvement

Fig. 11 SSSR Static Synchronous Series Compensator

Fig. 11 DVR Dynamic Voltage Restorer

Fig. 12 UPFC Unified Power Flow Controller

Fig. 13 IPFC Interline Power Flow Controller

Power Electronic Transformer in Medium Frequency

H-Bridge 1st module

H-Bridge - 10th module

H-Bridge 10th module

MF Transformer MV Rectifier C1 MV Inverter

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