1.

Introduction

1.1 Title & Objectives

Title: - A study on Indian gooseberry (Amla/Emblica officinalis) cultivation and value chain aspects in India Objectives: 1. To understand the aspects related with cultivation of Amla in various parts of India 2. To understand the value chain related aspects of Amla in India

1.2 Indian Horticulture:

Horticultural crops form a significant part of total agricultural produce in the country comprising of fruits, vegetables, root and tuber crops, flowers, ornamental plants, medicinal and aromatic plants, spices, condiments, plantation crops and mushrooms and have become key drivers of economic development in many of the states in the country. They contribute 29.5 per cent to Agriculture GDP (Economic Survey 2007-08). This calls for technology-led development. Horticultural crops play a unique role in Indias economy by improving the income of the rural people.

Production Trend in India

Fruits and vegetables are fastest growing sectors within horticulture. India produces around 111.77 million MTs of vegetables and 57.73 million MTs of fruits (NHB), which respectively accounts for nearly 11.90% and 10.90% of the countrys share in the world production of vegetables and fruits. India ranks second in world in both categories. From the year 2000 onwards one can clearly observe that production has been constantly increasing for this sector and during 2000-2007 the production of vegetables is the highest followed by fruits. Fruits and vegetables combined form the major contributor to the total horticulture production. Fruits show a constant linear increase in production.

1.3 Amla in India

Amla (Emblica officinalis) or Indian gooseberry is indigenous to Indian sub-continent. India ranks first in the world in area and production of this crop. Apart from India naturally

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growing trees are found in different parts of the world like Sri Lanka, Cuba, Puerto Rico, USA (Hawai & Florida), Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, China, Malaysia, Bhutan, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, Trinidad, Panama and Japan. The figures were not available. It is a minor subtropical deciduous tree indigenous to Indian sub-continent. It can be grown successfully in dry and neglected regions owing to its hardy nature, suitability to various kinds of wasteland. A mature Amla tree can tolerate freezing as well as temperature 460 C.

1.3.1

Botanical Classification

Phyllanthus emblica (syn. Emblica officinalis), the Indian gooseberry, is a deciduous tree of the Phyllanthaceae family. Kingdom: Division: (Unranked): (Unranked): Order: Family: Tribe: Sub tribe: Genus: Species: Binomial name: Plantae Angiosperms Eudicots Rosids Malpighiales Phyllanthaceae Phyllantheae Flueggeinae Phyllanthus P. emblica Phyllanthus emblica L.
Source: - www.amalarut.com

Common Names (Vernacular Names) Country English Hindi Common/Vernacular Aonla, Embelic myrobalan, Indian gooseberry Amlaki, Amla, Anola, Anuli, Anvula, Anvurah, Anwera, Aungra, Aunra,

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Daula, Amliki Gujarati Telgu Tamil Urdu Panjabi Bengali Malayalam Kashmiri Arabian Assamese Cambodian Canarese Chinese French Oriya Indonesian Java Laos Malaysian Persian Nepalese Netherlands Philippines Sanskrit Ambala, Ambri, Amla, Graue myrobalance Amalakamu, Amalaki, Nelli, Usirika, Usirikaya, Usri Amalagam, Andakoram, Indul, Katu Nelli, Nelliki, Nellimar, Tani, Tanttri Anwala Amla, Ambal, Ambli, Ambul, Amlophal, Amla Amaro, Ambolati, Amla, Amlaki, Amulati, Aunlah, Amalakam, Nelikka, Nelli, Nellimaram Amla, Amla, Embali Ambliy, Amlaj Sohmyrlain, Amalaki, Amuluki, Kam lam, Kam lam Ko, Nagop Amalaka, Chattu, Dadi, Dhanya, Nelli, Sudhe An mo le, Ganlanshu, Yeowkandianganlan, Yougan Myrobalan embolic, Phylontha emblic, Emblique officinale, Groseillier de Ceylan Amla, Amlaki, Anala, Anda, Khondana, Onola Malaka, Kimalaka, Kemloko Kemloko Khaam Poomz, Ma-kham-pom Asam Melaka, Boa malaca, Laka, Melaka Amelah, Amuleh Amla Kembaka mylobalanen baum Nelli Adhiphala, Akara, Amalaka, Amalki, Amalakam, Amlika, Amaraphala, Amirta, Amritphala, Bahuphali, Dhatri, Dhatriphala, Jatiphala, Kamu,

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Karshaphala, Kayashta, Pancharasa, Rochani, Shanta, Shiva, Shriphala, Sriphalam, Tishya, (Table No: - 1 Showing Common name & vernacular name of amla) Amla is a very rich source of Vitamin C. Its ascorbic acid content ranges from 1100 to 1700 mg per 100 grams which is said to be the second highest among all the fruits, next only to the Barbados cherry (Malpighia glabra). The fruit, because of its high acidity and astringent taste, is not palatable for direct consumption, but its excellent and therapeutic values offer enormous potentiality for processing

1.4 Importance of Amla

The Indian market can be divided into two categories. One that covers raw material needed by the industries and direct consumption for household remedies, while second category that comprises ready to use finished medicines, health supplements etc. The study reveals that there is a growing demand for raw stock which primarily comprises Amla which comprises over 75 percent of the raw materials employed in Ayurvedic medicines. In India Amla used in the various product preparation as per its value and demand in following sectors, It is demanded for AYUSH (Ayurvedic Unani Siddha Homeopathy) industry AYUSH industry engaged in formulation of ayurvedic products prepared from Amla such as a) Chaywanprash b) Hair oil c) Triphala churn d) Shampoo It is extensively used as amla processed food industry which used raw amla for making of value added products. Like preserves, squash, juice, dried flakes

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1.4.1

Health benefits & Medicinal properties of Amla

Indian gooseberry is a wonder herb and one of the precious gifts of nature to man. It contributes towards health and longevity. Amla fruit is sour and astringent in primary taste, with sweet, bitter and pungent secondary tastes, and is cooling in action. It is light and dry. The following are its major health benefits of Amla It is very helpful in skin diseases
1) It promotes glow on skin and delays wrinkles or loosening of skin 2) It stimulates hair follicles thus promoting hair growth and also improves texture of the

hair
3) It prevents premature graying of hairs and dandruff 4) It act as natural hair conditioner and provides good nourishment and also helps in

normalizing blood supply

5) It acts as an effective natural cure for indigestion, acidity, constipation, gastric troubles,

and flatulence
6)

It is helpful in improving liver function

7) It helps in lowering cholesterol and blood sugar level 8) It has very good results in chronic cough, child hood and allergic asthma and tuberculosis 9) It provides nourishment to the nerves and is helpful in paralytic conditions 10) 11) 12) 13)

It also works as brain tonic and helps to alertness and memory It also acts as anti-inflammatory agent thereby suppresses pain and swelling It finds great application in improving eyesight It also improves general health weakness and makes our bodys immune system

strong therefore help to fight diseases

1.4.2

Amla for cure of ailments

1) Amla being rich in fiber regulates the bowel action and keeps constipation at bay. Juice of

amla taken with 250 mg extract provides an effective remedy for hemorrhoids
2) For promoting hair growth and prevent premature graying of hair one can use amla rich

oils and shampoos

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3) Deficiency of Vitamin C makes a person lethargic, susceptible to infections, rheumatic

pains and intestinal disorders. Consuming amla removes this lethargic feeling and makes one vibrant and upbeat
4) According to a research low vitamin C levels puts a person at risk of developing

gallbladder disorders. Taking amla saves one from gallbladder infections

5) In children low vitamin C levels leads to disturbed growth and fragile disorders. For a

person with low vitamin C level healing of wounds and fractures is a slow process. For quick healing, one can consume amla
6) Amla also works wonder with pregnant and lactating mothers 7) It also reduces the incidence of cancer of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract 8) It provides protection against pollution 9)

Amla is natures best antioxidant. Food rich in antioxidants combat free radicals naturally and without any side effects

1.4.3
1)

Healing options of Amla

Respiratory disorders

Indian gooseberry is beneficial in the treatment of respiratory disorders. It is especially valuable in tuberculosis of the lungs asthma and bronchitis 2) Diabetes This herb, due to its high vitamin C content, is effective in controlling diabetes. A tablespoon of its juice mixed with a cup of bitter gourd juice, taken daily for two months will stimulate the pancreas and enables to secrete insulin, thus reducing the blood sugar in the diabetes. Diet restrictions should be strictly observed while taking this medicine. It will also prevent eye complication in diabetes 3) Heart disorder Indian gooseberry is considered an effective remedy for heart disease. It tones up the functions of all the organs of the body and builds up health by destroying the heterogeneous or harmful and disease causes elements. It also renews energy.

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4) Eye disorder The juice of Indian Gooseberry with honey is useful in preserving eyesight. It is beneficial in the treatment of conjunctivitis and glaucoma. It reduces intracular tension in a remarkable manner. A cup of juice mixed with honey can be taken twice daily for this condition. 5) Rheumatism To treat rheumatism a teaspoon of the powder of the dry fruit mixed with 2 teaspoons of Jaggary can be taken twice daily for a month. 6) Ageing Indian gooseberry has revitalizing effects, as it contains an element which is very valuable in preventing ageing and in maintaining strength in old age .It improves body resistance and protect the body against infection. It strengthens the heart, hair and different gland in the body.

7) Hair tonic Indian gooseberry is an accepted hair tonic in traditional recipes for enriching hair growth and pigmentation. Amla oil has a long history of use as an aid for improving the health of hair and scalp. The fruit, cut into pieces is dried preferably in the shade. These pieces are boiled in coconut oil till the solid matter becomes charges. This darkish oil is excellent in preventing graying. The water in which dried amla pieces are soaked overnight is also nourishing to hair and can be used for the last rinse while washing the hair. In fact, it is one of the worlds oldest, natural hair conditioners. The dried fruit is a detergent and is used as a shampoo. Customarily, a small amount of Amla oil is applied to the hair after washing. This not only brings forth a rich, natural shine and soft texture, but also helps rejuvenate hair that is dull and damaged.

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2.

Indian production scenario

Indian gooseberry is indigenous to Indian sub-continent. India ranks first in the world in area and production of this crop. The area under amla has been expanding last couple of decades.

2.1
SI No. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Amla Cultivation States in India

State Uttar Pradesh Gujarat. Rajasthan. Maharashtra. District Pratagarh, Rai Bareli, Varanasi, Jaunpur, Sultanpur, Kanpur, Fatehpur, Agra, Mathura Surenhanagar,Bhavnagar,Jamnagar,Bhuj,Savarkantha Jaipur, Alwar Ahmednagar, Solapur, Satara,Nashik

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5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Haryana Andhra Pradesh Himachal Pradesh Karnataka Madhya

Bewal, Gurgaon Anantpur. Palampur, Bilaspur, Hamirpur Bilgiri Rangan hills in Mysore Dewas, Hoshangabad, Shivani, Tikamgarh, Betul, Chindwara,

Pradesh Shivapurkala, Panna, Rewa, Satna Tamil Nadu Tirunelveli, Thoothukudi, Sivagangai, Coimbatore, Salem, Dindugal Chhattisgarh East Sarguja, Manendragarh, South Surguja, Bastar, Dhamtari, Kabirdham, Bijapur, Kanker, Sukma, Khairagarh, East Raipur ,Durg ,Mahasamundra, Bilaspur

(Table No.:- 2 Showing Amla cultivation states in India)

2.2

Production Area, Production, and Productivity

In early 1980 Area(ha) Production(tonnes) 3000 45000 (Table No.:- 3Showing in early 1980s area of production, productivity)

In year 1999 2000 it has expanded 15 times more than as compare to year 1980 SI No. State Area Production Productivity (000 Ha.) (000 MT) (MT/Ha.) 1 Uttar Pradesh 15.75 63.00 4.0 2 Gujarat 10.05 12.00 1.5 3 Rajasthan 5.00 6.00 1.2 4 Maharashtra 4.00 5.60 1.4 5 Haryana 0.60 3.10 5.2 6 Mizoram 0.07 0.20 2.9 7 Tamil Nadu 5.50 8.25 1.5 8 Andhra Pradesh 3.00 4.50 1.5 9 Karnataka 1.80 2.70 1.5 10 Bihar 1.35 2.00 1.5 11 Others 2.50 3.75 1.5 TOTAL 49.62 111.10 (Table No.:- 4 Showing In 1999-2000 area of production, productivity) (Source: Market Study of Amla (UPLDC-Nov.2002)) Projected area, production and yield of Amla in India from 2002-2003 to 2011-20012 Year Area(ha) Production(tonnes) Productivity(Kg/ha)
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2002 -2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011 2011-2012

52,942 188,064 3,552 54,424 196,354 3,608 55,948 204,876 3,662 57,515 213,636 3,766 59,125 222,642 3,766 60,781 231,993 3,817 62,483 241,606 3,867 64,232 251,488 3,915 66,031 261,488 3,963 67,879 272,089 4,008 (Table No.:- 5 Showing projected area of production & productivity)

(Source: - Market Study Amla (UPLDC-Nov.2002))

3. Ecological requirement and Cultivation Practices

3.1 Climate

It is found growing in different states up to elevation of 1,500 meters from sea level. It is sub-tropical fruit but can be cultivated successfully in tropical climate as well. The plant is not very much influenced either by hot wind or frost. A mature Amla tree can tolerate freezing as well as high temperature of 46. Fruits remain dormant through summer without any growth thus makes it highly suitable crop for arid zone

3.2

Rain fall

Amla Grows equally well under both dry and humid condition. It is noted for being able to thrive in regions too dry for most other fruit crop. It can be grown in areas where mean annual rainfall ranges from 700-2200mm.The species can tolerate 2-8 month of dry period. Although amla is native to humid tropical climate, it is hard tree and withstand drought very well. However, amla seedlings do not tolerate severe drought and frost.

3.3

Light

Amla is photosensitive species and initiate floral buds at a day length between12 and 13.5 hours warm season.

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3.4

Altitude

Amla has been reported to grow from sea level to 1800 m, although it is commonly found only up to 1300m in Sri Lanka

3.5

Soil

Grows well in sandy loam to clay soils, It has great tolerance to salinity and solidity and cultivated in pH range of 6.0 to 8.0 successfully. However production shall be highly benefitted in deep and fertile soils.

3.6

Varieties of Amla:

The most popular cultivable varieties of amla are Banarasi, NA 7, Krishna, Kanchan, Chakaiya, and BSR 1. Kanchan, Krishna, Narendra Amla- 6, Narendra Amla -7 and Narendra Amla 10.These varieties were identified at Narendra Dev. University of Agriculture And Technology, Faizabad, released for commercial cultivation.

Source: - agritech.tnau.ac.in
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3.6.1 Description of commercially grown varieties There were traditional three main varieties of Amla namely Banarasi, Francis, Chakaiya. These varieties had their own merits and demerits. Considering limitations of these varieties, following varieties were identified at Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology, Faizabad and released for commercial cultivation :- Kanchan, Krishna, Narendra Amla- 6, Narendra Amla -7 and Narendra Amla 10
Sl. No. 1 Kanchan (NA-4) . It is seedling selection from Chakaiya. Fruit is medium sized with higher fiber content, preferred by industry for pulp extraction and manufacture of various products. It has a mid-season maturity (mid Nov.-mid Dec.) It is suitable for 2 Krishna (NA-5) . candy & jam It is a seedling selection from Banarasi. The fruits are large, triangular, and conical: skin is smooth, whitish green to apricot yellow with red spot on exposed portion. Flesh is pinkish green, less fibrous and highly astringent. It is a early 3 Narendra Amla-6 . 4 Narendra Amla-7 . 5 Narendra Amla-10 . maturing variety (mid Oct.-mid Nov.) This is a selection from Chakaiya cultivar. Fruits are most attractive and shining, medium to large size, flattened and very low fiber content. It has a mid-season maturity (mid Nov.-mid Dec.) It is a seedling selection from Francis. Fruits are of medium to large size with conical apex. Fiber content is little higher than NA-6.It is a mid- season Variety. This is a chance seedling selection from cultivar Banarasi. Fruits are attractive, medium to large in size and flattened round in shape; skin is rough, yellowish green with pink tinge. Flesh is whitish green, Fiber content is higher. It is an early maturity variety. It is used for drying Variety Characteristics

(Table No: - 6 Showing description of commercial grown variety)

3.7 Propagation and Rootstock:

Amla has are raised through seeds as well as inarching. However, there is prolonged juvenility and wide variability in seedlings. On the other hand only limited number of scion shoots is available for inarching owing to upright tree habit.
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It can also be propagated through patch/ modified ring budding in north India during midMay to September with 60-100%sucess. Besides, Veneer grafting also has successfully been attempted. Considering the efficiency and requirement of single bud, budding is an ideal method of propagation. Six months to one year-old seedlings obtained from ordinary seedlings amla trees are being used as rootstock. Mature amla fruits are collected during January-February and their seeds are extracted after drying. Seeds are sown in raised beds April onwards and these are transplanted in separate bed for subsequent budding.

3.8 Planting 3.8.1 Source of Planting material and varieties:

The quality planting material for area expansion programme is being arranged/procured primarily from Govt. nurseries of the department and in case of deficit, it is being arranged from Central Institute of Sub-tropical Horticulture Institute, RehmanKhera, Lucknow, 1. 2.
3.

State Farm Corporation, Govt. of India, State Agriculture Universities, CIMAP (Central Institute of Medicinal And Aromatic Plant Board) and other

public sector organizations/institutions. 4. At times the quality planting material is also procured from the private sector nurseries as per norms/standards fixed by Govt. of India. Selection of varieties: 1) After the intensive screening of the research papers on Selection of Amla Varieties it is proposed that 3 numbers of NA -7 variety , one Banarasi and one desi variety sampling can be provided to each families for better pollination and yield of Amla fruits 2) It is proposed to plant desi and grafted varieties in 40: 60.

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Amla Graft

3.8.2

Planting Method

Grafted or budded amla plants are planted 7-10 m apart during JulyAugust or February. Pits of 1-1.25 m size are dug 2 months prior to planting In each pit 3-4 baskets of well rotten farmyard manure and 1 kg neem cake or 500 g bone meal are mixed with soil and filled. In sodic soils, 5-8 kg gypsum along with 20kg sand is incorporated. Filled pits are irrigated thoroughly if there is no rain. Hedge row planting is also being tried keeping linetoline distance of 8m, while plant-to-plant distance is reduced to 4-5m. Under adverse soil conditions, it is advisable to grow the seedlings directly in the field pits or raise these in suitable containers and transplant at permanent site, and perform budding (in situ) subsequently. Amla scion shoots can be safely stored for 5-7 days with ample success. Since self-incompatibility appears to be a problem with amla varieties, 2 varieties in alternate rows need to be planted.

High density planting

Black polythene mulch

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Dry Grass Mulching

3.9

Training and Pruning

Amla plant should be encouraged to develop a medium headed tree. The main branches should be allowed to appear at a height of 0.75-1m above the ground level. Plants should be trained to modified central leader system. Two to four branches with wide crotch angle, appearing in the opposite directions should be encouraged in early years. The unwanted branches in are pinched off during March-April. In the subsequent years, 4-6 branches should be allowed to develop. Regular pruning of a bearing Amla tree is not required. As per growth habit, shedding of all determinate shoots encourages new growth in coming season. However, dead, infested, broken, weak or overlapping branches should be removed regularly.

3.10 Manuring and Fertilization

The dose of manures and fertilizers depends upon soil fertility, age of plant and production. However, nitrogen application increased the sex ratio, initial fruit set, fruit retention and yield, TSS and Vitamin C content of fruit. Potassium increased fruit retention and quality. Sharma and Dhandar suggested increasing the dose every year in the same proportion up to the age 10 years. Half of the fertilizer should be given after fruit set and the balance, 4 month. Age of tree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nitrogen (gm.) 100 200 300 400 500 600 Phosphorus (gm.) 50 100 150 200 250 300
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Potassium (gm.) 100 200 300 400 500 600

FYM(Kg) 10 20 30 40 50 60

7 8 9 10

700 800 900 1000

350 400 450 500

700 800 900 1000

70 80 90 100

(Table No.: - 7 Showing manuring & fertilizer) In sodic soil, 100g each of boron, zinc sulphate and copper sulphate should also be incorporated along with fertilizer as per the tree age and vigour. Besides, two sprays of micronutrient (August/ September), viz. B, Zn, Cu (0.4 per cent) along with hydrated lime is helpful in reducing fruit drop, improving fruit quality and reduction in fruit necrosis particularly in Francis.

3.11 Irrigation:
Established amla orchards in general do not require irrigation particularly in normal soils. No irrigation is required during rainy and winter season. However, irrigation at 15-20 days interval is desirable in dry summer particularly during early years of orchard establishment under wasteland conditions. Brackish water should not be used for irrigation. In the bearing plantation, first irrigation should be given just after manure and fertilizer application (January/ February).

Drip Irrigation

Irrigation should be avoided during flowering (mid-March-mid April) period. Irrigation at 10-15 days intervals should be given particularly in the salt affected soils. Drip irrigation is appropriate which can save water upto 40-45%.

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3.12 Pest and Disease Management 3.12.1 Pests

1) Gall Caterpillar (Betonra Stytophora Swinhoe) Young caterpillars bore into the apical portion of the shoot during rainy season and make tunnel. Due to this, damaged region bulges abruptly into a gall. Due to this, apical growth is checked, side shoot develop below the gall and subsequent growth is hampered. Attacks during monsoon on onset of new growth Control Cut the infected apices and give a prophylectic spray of systemic insecticide like rogor 0.03%.

2) Leaf rolling caterpillar: (Garcillaria acidula): The caterpillar rolls the leaf and feed inside reducing photosynthetic capacity of leaves and subsequent leaf shedding. Control Spray 0.08% Malathion or 0.04% Mono crotophos

3) Bark Eating Caterpillar (Inderbela Tetranois): It damages stem and branches of grown up trees by eating bark Control Affected portion should be cleared of Fras and a few drops of kerosene should be applied in holes to keep this in control.

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4) Bark eating caterpillar It makes tunnels inside the bark and feeds there. As a result, the shoots become hollow and often break due to strong winds. It attacks in April at initiation of new growth after dormancy. Control Plug the holes by injecting kerosene oil. Spray 0.05% Endosulfan. Plug the holes with mud after cleaning.

3.12.2 Diseases

1) Ring rust (Ravenella emblica Syd.)

Ring rust appears as circular or semi-circular reddish solitary or gregarious spots on leaves from August. Infection on fruit follows Control Spray of 0.2% Dithane, Z-78, First spray is given in the first week of September and second after 15 days.

2) Fruit Rot Water soak lesion on fruit surface develops and enlarges in size followed by development of colonies of pathogen. Incidence of the disease is more during fruit maturity and during storage and transportation. Control Fruits showing initial symptoms should be harvested and treated with 0.1 0.5 % borax or NaCl. During storage and transportation, infected fruits should be separated.
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3.12.3 Physiological disorders

1)

Internal Fruit Necrosis

It starts with browning of innermost part the mesocarpic tissues at the time of endocarp hardening in the second and third week of September. Caused by deficiency of boron. Control Spray of 0.6% Borax thrice in the month of September and October at about 10-15 days interval

3.13

Harvesting & Yield The change in seed colour from creamy white to brown is indicative of fruit maturity. Fully developed fruits, which show sign of maturity, are harvested. This helps in size gain of remaining fruit. Delay in harvesting results in heavy dropping of fruits particularly in varieties like Banarasi and Francis. It also adversely affects the following years bearing. Individual fruits are plucked by climbing on tree with the help of pegged bamboo or ladder. Harvesting should be done in early or in the late hours. Yield Yield varies greatly in Amla varieties. Banarasi is a shy bearer, Francis and NA-6, are average bearer while Kanchan and NA-7, are prolific bearer. Mature 5 year plant gives 1520 kg /plant but after it gives 40 -50 kg/ plant, thus giving 15 to 20 tones production per hectare of area.

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SI. No. 1 2 3 4

Variety

Average yield/plant at age of 5 to 15 year

Average yield/plant fully matured 80kg/plant per year 60kg/plant per year 65kg/plant per year 80kg/plant per year

Banarasi Francis NA-6

20kg/plant per year 18kg/plant per year 15kg/plant per year

Kanchan 15kg/plant per year (NA-4)

NA 7

20kg/plant per year

75kg/plant per year

(Table No.: - 8 Showing yield of commercial grown variety)

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Cost of Cultivation
Planting material: Budded plants Spacing: 7m X 7m , No. of plants/acre: 80 (Cost in Rs.) Sr. Items of Expenditure Years I II III IV No. 1 2 3 Land preparation 500 Digging of pits of (80 Digs 600 Wage Rate 200/Day) Planting material incl. 2400 transportation cost. Grafted plant @30/plant 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total (Rs.) 500 600 2400

Planting & staking 500 Manures & Fertilizers & 2000 Application(FYM, NPK) 6 Irrigation 600 7 Plant protection chemicals & 600 application 8 Orchard management 400 9 Harvesting / Packing(Gunny 0 Bags 15 /bag) Total Cost(Rs.) 7600 (Table No.: -9 Showing cost of cultivation ,) B.

4 5

0 1500 1200 700 1000 0 4500

0 1500 1500 600 1200 0 4800

0 2000 1500 750 1200 720 5750

500 7000 4800 2650 3800 720 23050

Yield and Income In Rs.

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1 2 3

4(Yield20-30kg/plant) Yield kg/acre+ 2400 Intercropping Gross Income @ 16400 Rs. 6 per kg Net Income(Rs.) -7250

5(Yield80-90kg/plant) 7200 43200 35450

(Table No.: - 10 Showing yield and income in Rs.) Considering the economic life of Amla, a regular income of Rs. 30000-35000 per annum will be available from fifth year onward

5. Supply Chain of Amla

The supply chain often is very long with as many as five or seven marketing stages involving primary collector at village level or producers, commission agents, processors, wholesaler, retailer and finally reaches consumer. Farmers take their produce after harvesting to market or local trader comes to the farmer and takes produce. Local traders bear all cost of harvesting and packaging or processors also take produce from farmer before purchasing from farmer there is buy back intervention between farmer and processors. In this process price is decided before the harvest. Processors assist farmers for cultivation of Amla. Few farmers who have more lands also directly trade amla. These farmers take the produce to nearer state markets. Packaging of produce is done in 40-50 kg gunny bags. Majority of the producers cultivate amla in their own farms. Amla also produced in forest areas. This is wild varieties of amla and this forest produce called as non-timber forest produce and this forest amla content highest amount of vitamin c as compare to commercial grown varieties

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Flowchart showing Supply Chain

FARMER

Farmer Processed Commission agent

Commission agent

Processor Commission agent

Consumer

E.g. Amla candy, chutney, murabba, pickle, squash, juice Powder, laddoo etc.

Wholesaler

Consumer

E.g. Chavanprash, Hair oil, Shampoo, Amla c tablets, Churan etc.

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Retailer

Profit Distribution Among Stakeholders in Supply Chain Of Amla:In The Supply Chain of Amla value realized by every stakeholder is given below the table Stakeholder Farmer Commission Agent Processor Wholesaler Retailer Customer Value realized/kg (Rs.) 10 22 Cost incurred (Rs.) 8.5 12.5 Profit(Rs.) 1.5 8.5

58 30 40 160

50 20 8.5

8 10 8.5

(Table No. : - 11 Showing profit distribution among every stakeholder) (Source:- www.icuc-iwmi.org Dec-2006)

( Graph No.:- 1 Showing profit distribution among the stakeholder) (Source:- www.icuc-iwmi.org Dec-2006)

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6 Post-Harvest Management
Tropical fruits are now considered as an important item of commerce as they have gained enormous market potential. Post-harvest losses of fruits and vegetables are more serious in developing countries than those in well-developed countries. The total losses from harvest to the consumer point are as high as 30-40%, which is worth thousands of corer of rupees. About 10-15% of fresh fruits and vegetables shrivel and stale, lowering their; market value and consumer acceptability. Minimizing these losses can increase their supply. Improper handling and storage cause physical damages due to tissue breakdown. Mechanical losses include bruising, cracking cuts, microbial spoilage by fungi and bacteria, whereas physiological losses include transpiration, pigments, organic acids and flavor. Post-harvest handling is very important for Amla to maintain quality, nutritional value. Due to its astringent taste many people do not like direct consumption of fruit so amla fruit has immense scope for processing. It require quality fruit, so proper post-harvest handling essential for processing of amla Post- harvest management activities start immediately after harvesting of fruits at proper maturity level. This also includes number of activities such as minimal or primary processing at field level i.e., removing field heat, sorting, grading and packaging for transportation, secondary processing for value addition and finally packaging and marketing. Post-harvest management of fruits depends on number of factors such as cultivation and production practices adopted, quantity and quality of fruits obtained after harvesting, size of farm and orchard, expected return and value addition nearby if any, etc. Production practices have a tremendous effect on the quality of fruits at harvest and on post harvest quality and shelf life of products. In addition, environmental factors such as soil type, temperature, relative humidity, air flow rate, frost and rainy weather also affect the storage life and quality. The harvest and post- harvest management of Amla fruits includes proper maturity indices, washing (removing field heat), sorting and grading, pretreatment or other minimal processing techniques, packaging, storage, transportation and marketing.

6.1

Determination of Maturity Indices

Harvesting crops at the proper maturity allows handlers to begin their work with the best possible quality produce. Fruits harvested too early may lack flavor and may not ripen
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7. Value added products

Amla products: An over view Amla fruits are normally used to make preserve. A preserve is made from fully matured Amla fruits by cooking it whole or in the form of large pieces in heavy sugar syrup, till it becomes tender and transparent. Freshly made preserve is wholesome and have an attractive appearance. When stored for a long period, natural colour and flavour deteriorate on account of oxidative changes. They should therefore, be made only during the season unless there are adequate facilities to store the fruits so that they are available in the off season as well. Although Amla preserve is quite popular, no proper attention has yet been given for preparation of other products like jam, squash, candy, toffee, barfi, laddoo, and preserved pulp of Amla fruits. Candy is an intermediate moisture food which is prepared after shade drying of drained fruits impregnated with cane sugar or glucose. Like other fruits, Amla can also be processed into good quality pulp. This can be used as base material for preparations of different products i.e., squash syrup, jam and nectar. Thus, there is an overriding need to develop and popularize several other value added products of Amla in view of the increase in the production. Availability of different products of Amla in the market will also be served different categories of the consumers to select the Amla product of their own choice. This in turn will benefit not only consumer, but also Amla growers and processors by ensuring better economic returns. Various studies suggests that many types of value added products of Amla can be prepared and a great potential exist for better utilization of Amla than against its present limited use in the form of preserve, chavanprash and Triphala. However, more attempts are needed to standardize the procedures for preparation of various new value added products and to assess the suitability of Amla cultivars for preparation of these products. Also removal of astringency from Amla fruits is important step prior to the preparation of various value added products. At present different ingredients or chemicals such as salt, alum and lime are used to remove the astringency in Amla However; very little information is available with regard to their comparative effectiveness in the removal of astringency from different Amla cultivars.
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7.1

Variety Selection for product development:-

Processed products of good quality can be made only from good quality raw material hence varietal selection is one of the important factors which affect the quality of fruit products. Variety Product Krishna, Kanchan Candy, Jam Banarasi Drying, Chakaiya Pickle, Chutney, Syrup, Squash Na-9, Na-6 Candy (Table No.: - 19 Showing varietal selection for product development)

7.1.1

Physico-Chemical

Composition

of

Amla

Varieties
Physical Composition Varieties NA-6 NA-7 NA-10 Kanchan Chakaiya Cd at 5 % Average Fruit Weight(g) 41.40 42.90 44.84 30.92 35.82 4.26 Pulp(%) 94.27 92.97 93.57 92.36 93.61 0.97 Fiber(%) 0.87 1.33 1.30 1.40 1.93 0.51 Seed(%) 4.86 5.70 5.13 6.24 43.46 0.96

(Table No.: - 20 showing physical composition) Chemical Composition

Varieties NA-6 NA-7 NA-10 Kanchan Chakaiya CD at 5% TSS (%) 11.12 10.96 10.14 10.86 9.44 1.04 Acidity (%) 1.80 1.95 1.82 1.72 2.26 0.52 Ascorbic acid(mg100g-1) 641.27 733.63 626.82 603.64 655.64 86.38 Phenol(mg100g-1) 172.76 185.10 188.93 189.97 179.35 12.76

(Table No.: - 21 Showing chemical composition)

7.2

Amla Product list & Ingredients

These are the products are made from Amla having very much nutritional value.

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Products Amla candy Sugar

Ingredient Amla Fruit Cardamom

Nutrition content Per 100g Vitamin C:-180mg Carbohydrate:-78% Protein:-0.6% Fat:-Nil

Amla Juice

Amla Fruit

Per 100 ml Vitamin C:-1100mg Calcium:- 30mg Iron:-0.7mg Vitamin C:-172mg Carbohydrates:-75.4% Protein:- 0.6% Energy:-295 Cal Ginger, Vitamin C:-120mg Protein:-0.4%

Amla Chat pati candy

Amla Fruit, Sugar, Salt, Spices

Amla Chutney

Amla Vinegar

Fruit,

Sugar,

Garlic, Dry fruit, Spices, White Carbohydrates:-75.4% Energy:-300 Cal Spices, Vitamin C:-470mg Carbohydrates:-8.27% Protein:-0.9% Fat:-22.45% Crude fiber:-2.20% Amla Powder 100% amla powder Energy:-246 Cal Vitamin C:-620mg Carbohydrates:72.32-% Protein:-3.52% Fat:-nil% Crude fiber:-18.5%% Products Amla Sweet Ingredients Amla Fruit, Energy:-312 Cal Nutrition Content Cardamom, Vitamin C:-276mg Carbohydrates:72% Protein:-0.9%

Amla Pickle

Amla

Fruit,

Salt,

Mustard oil

Permitted class II preservative

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Fat:-nil Energy:-290 Cal Amla Burfi Vitamin C:-70mg Carbohydrates:73% Protein:-00.4% Fat:-nil Amla Jam Amla Pulp, Sugar, Cardamom, preservative Energy:-320 Cal Vitamin C:-72mg Protein:-0.25% Fat:-nil Amla Squash Energy:-100 Cal Amla Juice, Sugar, Ginger, And Vitamin C:-65mg permitted class II preservatives Carbohydrates:62% Protein:-0,1% Fat:-nil Energy:-220 Cal (Table No. : - 22 Showing product list and ingredient)

Saffron, And permitted Class II Carbohydrates:75.4%

Food products The following are the branded products made from Amla

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(Source: - www.amalamrut.com) Ayurvedic Formulation

Page 40

Amala Vitamin C tablets

Chavanprash

Amla hair oil

Triphala churn

7.3 Protocol of Products Preparation

A. Pulp extraction technique Nath (1999) carried out a study on the extraction of Amla pulp and suggested a method for preparation of Amla pulp from fully matured fruits. In this process, the fruits are blanched in boiling water for about 10 minutes to separate the segments from stone. Equal quantity of water is added to the segments and in the pulper to make pulp. If the pulp has to be preserved,
Page 41

it should be heated to 750C and cooled to room temperature. Potassium meta-bi-sulphite (2 kg of pulp) should be mixed thoroughly and the pulp should be filled in clean sterilized bottles and then sealed.
A. ( Flow Chart : 1 Pulp Extraction)

Matured Amla fruit

Washing

Heating in boiling water for 10 minutes Separation of segments and removal of seeds (Separation of Seed by Shredding machine)

Addition of water in ratio of 1:1

Passing through a pulping machine

Pulp

B. Pickle Small sized Amla fruits, which are not suitable for preparation of preserve and other confectionary items, may be utilized for pickle making. To improve upon the texture of the fruit and also to remove astringency brining is important in pickling. The flow chart

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for preparation of Amla pickle is given in Figure. When pickle is ready after few days, store it at room temperature (Flow Chart: 2 for preparation of Pickle) Method 1 Selection of fruits Method 2 Selection of fruit

washing Washing

Blanching for 10 minutes Manual/machine pricking

Treating with salt water for few days

Conversion into segments and seed removal

Add Spices, Oil

Draining of moisture (sun drying for 2 hrs.)

Leave it for few days in sunshine

Mixing with ingredient (fried)

Amla pickle & Store at room temperature Premi et al. (2002) standardized the

Packing (glass bottles 500g capacity)

Method for preparation of instant oil less pickle from Amla

Two varieties of Amla (Desi and Chakaiya) were used for the preparation of dehydrated oil less pickle. The overall quality of dehydrated pickle made from pretreated segments of Desi

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variety was better than variety Chakaiya. For curing Amla fruits for pickling, bringing along with potassium meta-bi-sulphite was found to be more effective for long term storage than dry salting or other pretreatment for controlling of white specks, better retention of texture and nutrients in both the varieties. The drying rate was faster in pickle made from cured and steam blanched segments of local variety than in other variety. The recipe used for oil less Amla pickle is given in the following table, Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ingredient(g) Whole fruit Amla segment Salt Red chillies Mustard Ginger Onion Garlic Jaggary Cinnamom Whole fruit 1000 150 10 75 50 150 20 100 10 1000 150 10 75 50 150 20 100 10 Segment

Juice Extraction Technique Jain and Khurdiya (2002) standardized a procedure for the extraction of juice from Amla fruits. Blanching the fruits prior to juice extraction significantly improved the juice recovery, increased the density and tannin content of the juice but reduced the vitamin C content by 12 per cent. Addition of water increased the juice volume but diluted the juice and reduced the water soluble constituents. Higher soluble constituents and vitamin C content were obtained by blanching the fruits and separating the segments. The relative efficacy of 12 different methods of juice extraction is given in Table. Among the methods of juice extraction, centrifugal juice extraction recorded higher density, soluble constituents and higher vitamin C and tannin contents as compared to crushing and pressing whole or segments of Amla fruits. Effect of different techniques of extraction on the juice yield and quality of Amla juice SI. Process Juice Density TSS(0B) Acidity PH Ascorbic

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NO. 1 2 Crushing

Recovery and 66 1.10 1 6 3 0.789 0.47 2.90 2.87

Acid(mg100/gm) 375 203.6

pressing whole fruit Crushing and 168 pressing whole fruits with water (1:1) ratio Blanching, crushing 70 and pressing whole fruits Blanching, crushing 172 and pressing whole fruits with water and 61 fruits and 157.8 with (1:1) ratio Crushing pressing segments Crushing pressing fruits segments water (1:1 ratio) Blanching, crushing 64.4 and pressing fruits segments Process

1.14

0.78

2.98

321.4

1.01

3.5

0.47

2.86

135.7

1.04

0.78

2.89

335.7

0.47

2.88

221.4

1.08

.078

2.90

321.4

SI. NO. 8

Juice Recovery

Density TSS(0B) 1 4

Acidity 0.55

PH 2.86

Ascorbic Acid(mg100/gm) 207.1

Blanching, crushing 167.6 and pressing fruits segments with water (1:1 ratio) Centrifugal juice 45.8 extraction from fruits segments Centrifugal juice 140

1.12

0.94

2.90

478.6

10

1.01
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.43

2.84

185.7

extraction fruits 11

from segments 1.20 7.5 0.94 2.90 417.8

with water(1:1ratio) Centrifugal juice 47.8 extraction blanched segments Centrifugal extraction blanched segments from fruits juice 150 from fruits with

12

1.01

3.5

0.39

2.82

178.6

water (1:1 ratio) (Table No. : - 23 Showing Effect of different techniques of extraction on the juice yield and quality of Amla juice)

C. (Flow chart :3 Preparation of juice) Selection of Amla fruit

Washing

Shredding

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Extraction of juice

Filter

Homogenization

Pasteurization

Filling in bottles

Sealing

Storage D. Amla Candy: (Flow Chart :4 Preparation of Amla Candy) Selection of fruits

Dipping in 2% salt solution (24 hours)

Washing with water

Pricking

Washing with water

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Blanching in boiling water

Steeping in 50% sugar syrup (24 hours)

Steeping in 60% sugar syrup (24 hours)

Drawing of excess sugar syrup

Coating with pectin or sugar

Store in cool and dry place

Shade drying up to 15% moisture

Packing in polyethylene pouches E. Amla Preserved:- (Flow Chart: 5 Preparation of preserved)

Fruits

Washing

Pricking by mechanical pricker

Washing with fresh water

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Soaking in alum and lime

Washing with fresh water

Blanching (boiling water for 5 minutes) Washing with fresh water

Washing with fresh water

Steeping with syrup solution concentrating by adding and boiling (TSS 40, 50 and 60 for 24 hours)

Steeping in TSS 70B for a week

Packaging, Labeling and Storage

F. Amla Squash( Flow Chart :6 Preparation of Squash)

Juice extraction

Prepare sugar syrup (sugar + water + acid)

Cooling of syrup at ambient temperature

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Mixing juice with syrup solution

Addition of preservative (KMS)

Filling into clean sterilized bottles

Filling into clean sterilized bottles

Labeling & Storage

To prepare 15 litres of Amla squash, 3.75 kg pulp should be mix in sugar solution to have a final product having 45.00 per cent juice/pulp, 50.00 per cent TSS, and 1.00 per cent acidity (FPO specifications). The syrup can be prepared by dissolving 8.1 kg sugar and 120 g citric acid in 4.5 litres of water. Dissolve the sugar and citric acid by heating the solution. Cool the syrup and strain through a thin cloth. Add the juice and mix at properly along with preservative (6 g KMS). Fill the squash in 1 liter bottles and close the lid. G. Amla Chutney:- (Flow Chart :7 Preparation of Chutney)

Wash the Amla fruit thoroughly

Deseed the fruit and cut it into pieces

Make a pulp of the Amla pieces in mixer

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Pour the pulp along with the sugar or jaggery (60-65%)

Cook it for 10 minutes

Add all desired spices into it (Cardamom, Black salt, rock salt, common salt,red chili etc.)

Mix it well and allow to get cooled

Store in a sterilized glass jar

H. Churan:- (Flow Chart : 8 Preparation of Churan)

Matured Amla fruits

Blanching in boiling water for 6 8 minutes

Separation of segments

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Electrical dehydration at 600 C for 6 to 7 hours

Powdering

Mixing ingredients

Packaging

8 Indian Amla Process Industries

Indian Amla process industries classified in two forms small or medium industry and Ayurvedic having 10000 to 12000 tones capacities which are engaged in processing of amla preserved, amla squash, amla RTS and amla flakes. Large industry comprises ayurvedic and fmcg industry in India which is major industry for utilization of amla for production amla based product.

8.1 Small Industries in India

Traditional/conventional methods of processing and products Amla has been in use for pickle and preserve since ages in India and the methods employed were based on traditional knowledge of grandmothers. Besides, Amla has been an important ingredient for chavanprash, a ayurvedic health tonic. The methods used previously were unhygienic in nature and time consuming. The nutrient loss in these methods was higher. The manual methods are costly, laborious and cannot maintain quality of the products. Minor

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accidents have also been reported during manual pricking and shredding. The shelf life of the prepared products was also less and the quality not up to the mark. In India 80% harvested amla is processed. Amla has high potential of processed

SI.NO. Company Name 1. Venkatesh food industries 2.

Products Amla dried powder

Address Opp.State Bank Of Indore, Gandhi Ganj, Chhindwara 480002 (Madhya Pradesh) India Website venkateshnaturals.co.in/Product Range. 10, Industrial Plots, Near Holly Park, Blind School Lane Behind Khera Factory, Panipat 132103 (Haryana) India Website:-www.panchrangapickles.com Krishi Bhawan,1379,Bhawani Peth Pune 411042 (Maharashtra) India Website:- www.kamdhenupickles.com

Panchranga sons Amla pickle Amla Murabba international

3.

Kamdhenu Amla candy amla pickles & spices Pachak Pvt ltd.

SI. No. 4.

Company Name Ushodaya Enterprises Private Limited . Tapi Food Product

Products Amla Pickle

Address Foods Division plot no: a 1/1 (part), block no:3, ida, uppal, Hyderabad 500 039. A.P. India Website:www.priyafoods.com Address: Block No. 124/125, Plot No. 17/A, N. H. No. 8, Opp. Gupta Industries, Pipodara, Tal. Mangarol, Dist. Surat 394110 Website:-www.tapifood.net/ Behind pavan palace cinema road Pratapgarh 230001 (Uttar Pradesh) India Website:-http://www.mayaamla.com/ Cinema Road, Behind Plot No. 260-262,Village- Kandhali, TalSamudrapur, Dist.- Wardha(M.S.) Website:http://amlamrut.com/contact.html

5.

Amla candy Amla squash Amla murabba Amla candy Churan, Juice burfi, laddoo chutney, powder, murabba, sweet, pickle Amla Murabba, Candy, Masala Candy, Slice, Laddoo, Chutney.
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6.

Maya industry

7.

Ganaraya food products

8.

V P foods & herbal Ltd.

Squash, Juice, Powder, Pickle Amla Candy, Juice, Squash, Chutney, Murabba, Powder, Pickle Amla candy, squash,juice powder Amla Murabba Candy ,juice

9.

Sunrise enterprise Shri rala agro biotech

Amalki Sankul, K G Road, Near ST Stand Akole, Tal: Akole Dist: Ahmednagar 422601 State: Maharashtra, INDIA Website:- http://www.nutramla.com/contactus 23, Shanti Colony, Nai Abadi, Kankroli, Rajsamand (distt), Rajasthan India Website : http://www.sunriseenterprises.co.in Vill. & Post-Jatwara, Via-Banskho, TehsilBassi, District-Jaipur, Jatwara Rajasthan India 303305 Website:- www.ralaagrobiotech.com/contactus.htm D-38, Industrial Area, Haridwar 249 401 Website:- http://www.pfhpl.com/pal/ 2/16, Chennai High Way,Uthangudi, Madurai 625 107.Tamilnadu, India website:www.anjalioil.com Address

10.

11.

Patanjali ayurvedic ltd. Nataraj oil mil

12.

Amla candy Juice, chatpata Pachak, Chaywanprash Anjali amla pickle

SI. No.

Company name Super sales enterprises

Products

13.

14.

Shri Amla Processing Private Limited Vedantika Herbals NCL agro foods

15.

Amla Candy Amla Murabba Amla Chutney Amla Squash Amla Sweet Amla juice Amla Powder Amla Jam Amla candy, juice ,murabba, supari, pulp, powder, sweets, Amla Candy Instan Amla Drink

C/O The Unati Co-op. Marketing-cumprocessing. Main market,Talwara, Hoshiarpur144216,Punjab,India Website:http://www.unatiamla.com/

E49, Agro Food park, M.I.A. Alwar-301001 (Rajasthan) Website:- http://shriamla.com/index.html 32, Shree Rang Nagar, Kalwad Road, Nana Mova Rajkot, Gujarat- 360005
Website:http://nclagrofoods.com/contact-us.htm

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16.

Hyderabad Food Products ltd Swadeshi Ayurvedic Pharmacy Ayur Herbals

Amla Pickle

PHASE-I, IDA D-86, JEEDIMETLA, Hyderabad 500080, Andhra Pradesh, India

Website :http://hyderabadfoodproducts.tradeindia .com/

17.

Amla Ras, Sweets, Amla Pachak, Sharbat, Chatpata, Chavanprash Amla Hair oil

B-7, sector-12.Pratap Vihar, Ghaziabad201001, Uttar Pradesh, India Website:Three N Products Pvt. Ltd 24 A, Shivaji Marg,(Najafgarh Road) New Delhi-110015 Website:

http://swadeshipharmacy.tradeindia.rs/h p/19html

18.

http://www.ayurherbals.com/index.htm

19.

Vikrant

Amla pulp, murabba, juice candy powder, Churan

2nd Floor, Sukheja Towers Wright Town, Jabalpur (M.P) Phone: 91-761-5006900, 2415100 Website:http://www.freezozone.com/contact_us.a sp

20.

Tasha industry

Amal Oil

14, Shriji Estate, Nr. Asopalav Hotel, Narol. Ahmedabad Gujarat India 382405
Http://www.tashaindustries.in/contactus.htm

SI. No. Company name 21. Khandelwal Food Products

Products Amla Candy Murabba, Juice Squash Powder, Churan Amla Candy Amla Juice

Address No. 6, Paltan Bazar Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh 230 001, India Website
http://www.indiamart.com/indicaamla/a mla-food-products.html#amla-candy

22.

Prime Herbonix Health Product Pvt. Ltd.

Patil Arcade, Office No. 63, Third Floor, Near Sharda Centre, Off Karve Road Pune, Maharashtra 411 001, India Website:http://www.indiamart.com/primeherboni x/

(Table No. : - 24 Showing small industries in India)

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8.2 Major Industries in India

Amla used in ayurvedic industry in India some major industries which account 85% of domestic market of ayurvedic product supplier. Amla has high medicinal value. These industries produce products like chaywanprash, hair oil, amla digestive tablets etc. In India total chaywanprash market accounts for 500 crores. SI. No. Company Name 01 Dabur India Ltd. Product name Chaywanprash, Dabur amla oil Amla flower magic oil, Dabur Chyawan junior, Dabur chyawanprakash(No added sugar) Vataika black shine shampoo Vatika smooth silky conditionar Sona chandi chaywanprash Address Kaushambi Ghaziabad 201010 Uttar Pradesh, India Website:- www.dabur.com

02

Emami Ltd

03

Himalaya Pharmaceuticals Baidyanath

Himalaya Amlaki (capsule) Triphala Chaywanprash Amla powder

04

Triphala churn, Baidyanath Brahami Hair oil, Chyawanprash, Baidyanath mango amla chilli Chutney (Table No. : - 25 Showing major industries in India)

Emami Ltd. Emami Tower, 687 Anandapur E M Bypass Kolkata 700107 West Bengal Website:-www.emami.ltd Makali, Banglore,India562123 Website:www.himalayahealthcare.com Shree Baidyanath Ayurved Bhavan Pvt Ltd. 1, Gupta Lane, Kolkata 700006, India. Website:www.baidyanath.com/

9. Market Potential
People are using herbal medicines from centuries for safety, efficacy, cultural acceptability and lesser side effects. Plant and plant products have been utilized with varying success to cure and prevent diseases throughout history. Recently there has been a shift in universal trend from synthetic to herbal medicine, which we can say Return to Nature. Medicinal plants have been known for millennia and are highly esteemed all over the world as a rich source of therapeutic agents for the prevention of diseases and ailments. Nature has bestowed our country with an enormous wealth of medicinal plants. Therefore India has often been referred to as the Medicinal

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Garden of the world. In this regard India has a unique position in the world, where a number of recognized indigenous system of medicine viz., Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Homeopathy, Yoga and Naturopathy are being utilized for the health care of people. No doubt that the herbal drugs are popular among rural and urban community of India. The one reason for the popularity and acceptability is the belief that all natural products are safe. The demand for plant based medicines, health products, pharmaceuticals, food supplement, cosmetics etc are increasing in both developing and developed countries, due to the growing recognition that the natural products are non-toxic, have no side effects and easily available at affordable price. There is great demand for herbal medicine in the developed as well as developing countries like India, because of their wide biological activities, higher safety margin than the synthetic drugs and lesser costs. Medicinal plants play a great role in food supplements for care as well as in personal care of the mankind alongside the therapeutically active substances, thus medicinal plant based industry is a promising sector and enormous economic growth potential. Nutraceuticals (Health Food) are in great demand in the developed world particularly USA and Japan. Nutraceutical market in USA alone is about $ 80-250 billion, with a similar market size in Europe and Japanese sales worth $ 1.5 billion. Such huge markets have arisen because of the Dietary Supplement Health Education Act passed by USA in 1994, which permits unprecedented claims to be made about food or the dietary supplements ability about health benefits including prevention and treatment of diseases. This act has motivated pharma to include not only compounds isolated from fauna and flora but also herbal medicines as Nutraceuticals, which is unfortunate. The Indian herbal pharma companies also see this as a good opportunity and are marketing such products.

9.1

Major Market in India

The fruit is mainly marketed in Mumbai, Amritsar, Kolkata, Delhi, Hyderabad and Patna markets. Pratapgarh near Faizabad in UP contributes to nearly 80 per cent of the total amla production in the country. The fruit from Tamil Nadu finds its way to the Mumbai market, apart from being marketed at Chennai, Bangalore and Kochi. The average market price is Rs.6 per Kg.

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9.2

Price Trend in Amla

Price(Rs/Quintal) 1088 1040 1528 1113 952 952 1269 1294

Year Commodity Arrival(tones) 2010 4074.15 2009 4822.96 2008 3060.83 2007 1906.38 2006 1270.56 2005 319.92 2004 6.89 2003 3 (Table No. : - 26 showing price trend in Amala) (Source: - Agmarkanet)

9.3

Market Demand Annual Growth Rate:-

The Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM) has projected that the market size of herbal industry which is currently estimated at Rs. 7,500 crores (Rs. 75 billion) will double to levels at Rs. 15,000 crore by 2015 since this industry would be growing at a compounded annual growth rate of over 20% henceforth.

9.3.1

Annual Demand:-

There is a strong demand for raw stock which mainly comprises Amla, which accounts for over 75 % of the raw materials used in Ayurvedic preparations. In terms of volume, it is estimated that current consumption of the key raw ingredients (as mentioned above) totals approximately 400,000 500,000 MT. (ASSOCHAM, 5 March 2010).

9.3.2

Indian chaywanprash Market:

Indian chaywanprash market considers 500 corers in which Dabur India Ltd comprises around 62.7% market share followed by Baidyanath, Emami and Himalaya.

ggg (Pie Chart NO.:- 1 Showing Indian chvanprash market share)

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(Source :- Dabur report Nov.2010) Amla hair oil is also major portfolio brand of Dabar and copany also has huge demand of raw amla for processing of value added product from Amla.

( Pie Chart No. :- 2 Showing Amla hair oil market share) (Source :- Dabur report Nov.2010)

Annual Demand and Growth Rate

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(Graph No.:- 2 Showing annual demand and growth rate) Source: -Globalization And Medicinal plants Of Orissa.pdf June 2005

The chart shows different medicinal plants in demand and their growth rate. Amla has highest demand i.e. 42000 tonnes and growth rate 22 %

10.

Government Promotion for Cultivation

The National Medicinal Plant Board (NMPB) was set up Government Resolution Notified on 24 th November 200 under chairmanship of Union Health & Family Welfare Minister. The Objective of establishing the Board was to esablish an agency which would be responsible for coordination of all matter relating to medicinal plant, including drawing up policies and strategies for consevation, proper harvesting, cost effective cultivation, research and development, processing, marketing of raw material in order to promote and develop this sector. The National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB), has been implementing a Central Sector Scheme of Setting up Medicinal Plants Board during the 10thPlan. During the 11th plan, however, the Central Sector Scheme has been modified to give sharper focus on promotional activities like resource documentation, in-situ conservation, research and development, exsitu conservation of rare and endangered species, support to Joint Forest Management

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Committees for value addition/ warehousing, capacity building and training of primary collectors and forest dwellers in good collection and sustainable harvesting practices etc. The scheme, renamed as the Central Sector Scheme of Conservation, Development and Sustainable Managemeement as been approved with an 11thoutlay of Rs. 321.30crores. However, the component relating to commercial cultivation has been taken out of the prerevised Central Sector Scheme and formulated into a new scheme which seeks to integrate cultivation with pre and post harvest activities, like, development of nurseries for quality planting material, cultivation of species in demand by the ASU industry, support for post harvest management, marketing, improvement of marketing infrastructure, organic/GAP certification, quality assurance and crop insurance. These components have been incorporated in a new Centrally Sponsored Scheme of National Mission on Medicinal Plant.

10.2

National Mission On Medicinal Plant:

The Centrally Sponsored Scheme of National Mission on Medicinal Plants has been approved with a total outlay of Rs. 630 crores for implementation during the 11th Plan. During the 11th Plan, the Central Governments contribution will be 100%. During the 12thPlan, however, the State Governments contribution is proposed to be suitably enhanced, based on the mid-term review of the scheme. The scheme is proposed to be implemented in a mission mode to organically link different components under the scheme and thus give a strategic push to the Sector during the 11th Plan. Mission Objective A. Support cultivation of medicinal plants which is the key to integrity, quality, efficacy and safety of the AYUSH systems of medicines by integrating medicinal plants in the farming systems, offer an option of crop diversification and enhance incomes of farmers. B. Cultivation following the Good Agricultural and Collection Practices (GACPs) to promote standardization and quality assurance and thereby enhance acceptability of the AYUSH systems globally and increase exports of value added items like herbal extracts, phyto-chemicals, dietary supplements, cosmeceuticals and AYUSH Products.

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C. Cultivation following the Good Agricultural and Collection Practices (GACPs) to promote standardization and quality assurance and thereby enhance acceptability of the AYUSH systems globally and increase exports of value added items like herbal extracts, phyto-chemicals, dietary supplements, cosmeceuticals and AYUSH Products D. Implement and support certification mechanism for quality standards, Good Agriculture Practices (GAP), Good Collection Practices (GCP), and Good Storage Practices (GSP). E. Adopt a Mission mode approach and promote partnership, convergence and synergy among stake holders involved in R&D, processing and marketing in public as well as private sector at national, regional, state and sub state level.

10.2 Mission Intervention 10.2.1 Support Cultivation of Medicinal Plant

Cultivation of medicinal plants has not taken off in the country, as the raw material sourced from the wild is available at cheaper rates even as it has deleterious effect on their wild populations. To make cultivation lucrative, it is necessary to support the effort both technically and financially. A programme to support cultivation through subsidy was implemented during the 10th plan period. Whereas the programme has generally resulted in encouraging cultivation of many species of conservation concern and those in high demand by the AYUSH industry, a number of other species used in AYUSH medicine continued to be sourced from the wild. The scheme seeks to support cultivation of more and more species critical to AYUSH systems. The subsidy available for various medicinal plants has been revised so as to direct subsidy towards cultivation of the species required by AYUSH systems and those of conservation concern. The cultivation is proposed to be done in conjunction with the processing facilities and markets available for medicinal plants. This is proposed to be done in clusters identified by State Governments through individuals, Self Help Groups, Cooperative Societies of medicinal plants growers. Preference to cultivation in clusters through SHGs, growers, cooperatives, producer companies over individual centric cultivation will ensure targeting of subsidy to the small and marginal farmers. Therefore, small and marginal farmers will be organized into
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Self Help Groups and cooperative societies of medicinal plants growers or as producer companies to enable them to take up medicinal plants cultivation, which presently they are unable to do. Financial assistance on project basis will also be provided to State implementation agency for mobilizing the Growers cooperatives/Federations as well as for preparation of cluster specific project reports/business plans to be eventually consolidated into State Action Plan. Project for cultivation must clearly spell out the source of planting material/seed. Only identified seed source or nurseries supplying certified planting material will be eligible to supply germplasm to growers seeking assistance under the scheme. The business plan/project report for each cluster as well as the Action Plan for the State should cover the list of organizations (public sector or private sector) for quality planting material together with the technical details of their capacity, infrastructure, species proposed to be raised, their location and the financial outlays. Though most of the cultivation is proposed to be taken up in States where processing zones/clusters will be set up, other States/Districts where clusters for cultivation are identified with proper linkage with manufactures/markets will also be provided support for cultivation through growers, SHGs, Cooperative Societies of medicinal plants growers, producer companies and corporate.

10.2.1

Establishment of Seed Centers and nurseries for Supply

of Certified Planting Material

Cultivation of medicinal plants and eventual returns from such cultivation is largely dependent upon the quality of planting material used. However, as of now, there is no mechanism of providing certified germplasm or producing certified planting stock on commercial scale. It is proposed to establish Seed Centers with Research Wing of State Forest Departments/ Research Organizations/State Agriculture Universities to stock and supply certified germplasm of priority medicinal plant species for cultivation. Production and supply of seeds and quality planting material through NGOs and Corporates will also be permitted provided the quality can be certified through an accredited certification agency.

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Model Nurseries: To meet the requirement of quality planting material for cultivation assistance would be provided for new nurseries under the public as well as private sector. Infrastructure for model nurseries would include the following: i) Mother stocks block maintenance to protect from adverse weather condition. ii) Raising root stock seedlings under net house conditions. iii) Propagation house with ventilation having insect proof netting in the sides and fogging and sprinkler irrigation systems iv) Hardening/maintenance in insect proof net house with light screening properties and sprinkler irrigation systems. v) Pump house to provide sufficient irrigation and water storage vi) Soil sterilization steam sterilization system with boilers Small Nurseries Small nurseries, covering area of about one hectare, will have infrastructure facilities to hold 60,000 to 70,000 plants. These plants will be maintained for a period of approximately 9-12 months. Infrastructure for the small nurseries will consist of a net house. Micro sprinkler irrigation system will be provided in the net house. The nurseries will also have provision for solar sterilization of soil media to meet the contingency requirement of containers/transfer from small to big containers. Small nurseries would cost Rs. 4.00 lakhs per unit. The assistance will be to the extent of 100% of the cost for the Public sector and 50% of the cost subject to a ceiling of Rs. 2.00 lakhs for the nurseries in the private sector. The small nurseries would produce at least 60,000 plants per year. It would be the responsibility of the nurseries to ensure quality of the planting material through certification for which independent certification agencies will be identified and notified by NMPB. The private nurseries could be multi-crop or crop specific depending upon the requirements of planting material in the locality/project area. Hence, the type of nursery proposed to be established should be clearly indicated in the Action Plan. The Action Plan should also contain an assessment of the existing nurseries, the number of planting material being produced, crop wise and the additional requirement of nurseries.

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10.2.3 Support for Medicinal Plant Processing and PostHarvest Management including Marketing
It is estimated that as high as 30% of the raw material reaching the manufacturers is of poor quality and is, therefore, rejected. Cultivation of medicinal plants, therefore, needs to be supported with infrastructure for ware housing, drying, grading, storage and transportation. These facilities are essential for increasing the marketability of the medicinal plants, adding value to the produce, increasing profitability and reducing losses. Agriculture Process Export Development Authority (APEDA) has set up Agri Export Zones (AEZs) for medicinal and aromatic plants in the states of Kerala and Uttaranchal. Based on the experience gained in implementation of AEZs on medicinal plants in these states, the Scheme seeks to support infrastructure for processing and post- harvest management in the different regions of the country in identified clusters/ zones which are well endowed with infrastructure of marketing/trading centers, have tradition of medicinal plants as a farming option and has R&D institutions/SAUs for technology dissemination and capacity building. While the AEZs scheme implemented by APEDA has primary focus on exports, the present scheme seeks to add value to the medicinal plants cultivated/collected and meet large domestic requirement of the AYUSH industry. Additionally, the species having export market would also be covered with a view to increasing share of value added items in the exports of herbal/AYUSH products. The species targeted for export should be finalized after assessing the export market for such species. The illustrative list of facilities to be created in the post-harvesting infrastructure is as follows: i) Drying yards The drying yards accomplish the primary task of drying the products in hygienic conditions. In addition, cleaning and grading infrastructure is an essential activity to be linked to drying to increase the shelf life and the market price of herbs. Since herbs have to be dried in

shades, drying yards with shade net provision or facilities for low temperature drying will have to be created. ii) Storage godowns The storage godowns are expected to receive prod7uce from nearby drying years. The storage godowns act as a link between drying yards and processing units. Storage godowns have to be
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adequately ventilated and set up at strategic locations. The storage godowns and drying yards have to be located in such a manner that they are not very far from the farm lands and caters to the identified clusters of cultivation. iii) Processing unit Processing unit based on the medicinal plants grown in the clusters would have to be set up, some of which will be plant specific. The processing unit should preferably be set up within the existing industrial estates, which have the necessary infrastructure of power, road network and linkages with rail head/sea ports. iv) Quality testing of raw material Laboratories for testing of raw material and value added items and their certification for domestic consumption as well as exports would be done through the existing accredited laboratories. In the absence of such laboratories in the zone/clusters new laboratories will be set up, preferably in a PPP Mode. v) Marketing: The main objectives of providing assistance under this component are:(a) To strengthen infrastructure of wholesale markets, agriculture mandies for marketing of medicinal plants. (b) To set up herbal mandies wherever they do not exist. (c) To strengthen linkages between farmers and industry/traders. (d) To disseminate information on market, prices, market trends to enable farmers in selection of appropriate medicinal crops.

For Cultivation i) Growers, farmers, cultivators ii) Growers Associations, Federations, Self Help Groups, Corporates, growers cooperatives
For Processing and Post -Harvest Management Infrastructure i) Government/Non-Government organizations, federations, Cooperatives, Industry with R&D unit duly registered and recognized as such by the appropriate authority with a minimum three years of experience in the field

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ii) Entrepreneurs, Industries etc. iii) NABL accredited laboratories iv) R&D institutions & Universities

Norms of Assistance for Programme:Unit Cost for Cultivation of Medicinal Plant Species & Scheme of NMPB Eligible For 20% Subsidy Botanical Name Emblica officinalis (Table No. : - 27 Showing cost of cultivation per acre and subsidy) Note: 1) Economics on cultivation have been finalized based on reports of NABARD, CSIR, ICAR, ICFRE, Forest Dept., NHB and other reliable sources. 2) Economics of species have been worked out on the basis of inputs in the form of elite quality planting material. 3) These cost norms do not include expenditure towards manpower, infrastructure development and cost of land. 4) More plants may be added to this list as and when cost norms become available. Comman Name Amla Cost acre(Rs.) 26000 per Cost hectare(Rs.) 65000 per Admissible Subsidy (%) 20

Sl. No. 1.

Programme Nursery Production of planting material a) Public sector Model nursery (4 ha.) Small Nursery (1 ha.) b) Private Sector

Estimated Cost

Admissible Assistance

Rs. 20 lakhs Rs. 4 lakhs

Maximum of Rs. 20.00 lakhs Maximum of Rs. 4.00 lakhs

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i) Model Nursery (ha.) ii) Nursery (1 ha.) 2 Cultivation ii) Other species in demand by AYUSH As per POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT i) Drying sheds ii) Storage godowns

Rs. 20 lakhs Rs. 4 lakhs

50% of the cost limited to Rs. 10.00 lakhs 50% of the cost limited to Rs. 2.00 lakhs 20% of the cost

Rs. 5 lakhs Rs. 5 lakhs

100% assistance for SGHs/Cooperatives Public Sector and 50% for Private 100% assistance for SHGs Cooperatives/Public Sector and 50% for Private

PROCESSING AND VALUE ADDITION i) Processing unit ii) Setting up testing laboratories

Rs. 200 lakhs Rs. 100 lakhs

25% of the project cost subject to a maximum of Rs. 50 lakhs 30% of the project cost subject to a maximum of Rs. 30 lakhs

iv) Market Intelligence Sl. No. Programme v) Buy back intervention vi) Marketing infrastructure:-

Project based Estimated Cost Project based For rural mandi= Rs. 10 lakhs For district mandi= Rs. 200 lakhs 50% of testing charges subject to Rs. 5,000/Rs. 5 lakhs for 50ha. 50% of premium

Project based Admissible Assistance Project based Project based. 100% assistance to Public/SHGS

vii) Testing charges/ reimbursement viii) Organic/GAP certification 5 ix) Crop insurance Management Support i) State and District level

As per NHM

5% of the total annual

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organizations implementing the programme including additional manpower.

expenditure on the basis of appraised need. The salary of the contractual staff and project management consultant for each component of the scheme to be paid under the scheme Within 5% available for management support

ii) Project preparation cost and other administrative cost including hiring of transport, Travel Expenses, office expenses hardware/software etc.

Project based

iii) Other expenses Project based Within % available for including exposure visits management support within the country and abroad (Table No. : - 28 Showing Norms of Assistance for Programme)

11 References
1. http://www.dmap.org.in/Research/Market.html 2. http://www.scribd.com/doc/53202043/Amla-Technical-Bulletin 3. http://www.assocham.org/prels/shownews.php?id=2345 4. http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/ 5. http://agmarknet.nic.in/ 6. http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/Market%20Profile/Market_profile.aspx 7. http://cgvanoushadhi.gov.in/anola.pdf 8. http://www.esocialsciences.com/data/articles/Document12482007210.4681665.pdf

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9. http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/Market%20Profile/one/SUGGESTIONS%20AND

%20RECOMMENDATIONS.aspx
10. http://apeda.gov.in/agriexchange/market%20profile/Market_Inteligence/IX.pdf 11. http://www.scribd.com/doc/49931219/tapi 12. http://www.scribd.com/doc/50596779/8/COMPOSITION-OF-THE-INDIAN-

AYURVED/
13. http://ecoport.org/ep?Plant=8537&entityType=PLME**&entityDisplayCategory=full 14. http://www.ehow.com/about_5292803_annual-ayurvedic-medicine-production-

india.html
15. http://www.techno-preneur.net/technology/Project-Profiles/food/amla.htm 16. http://farmasibahanalam.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/sharma-2008.pdf 17. http://www.dweckdata.com/published_papers/emblica_officinalis.pdf

18. Andhra Pradesh Medicinal Aromatic Plant Board 6th Floor A.P.G.L.I. Building, Tilak road, Abids, Hyderbad-500001 Phone:- 040-66364094 19. Damodhar, President Village Development Society, Anantpur, AP ,Phone (9966645513) 20. Vir Raghvulla Farm Wealth Biotech Phone:- 040-23046410 21. Farmer- Vijaya Bhaskar Phone: - 9949470978 22. Farmer- Ramesh Phone: - 9885292530

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