Chapter 1 - what is psychological abnormality o 1) deviance deviance from cultural norms norms explicit/implicit rules for proper conduct;

ct; grow from culture abnormality depends on cultural norms and specific circumstances o 2) distress o 3) dysfunction interferes with daily functioning o 4) danger dangerous to oneself/others - treatment/therapy procedure designed to change abnormal behavior into more normal behavior o 1) sufferer o 2) healer o 3) series of contacts healer tries to produce certain changes in sufferer - how was abnormality viewed and treated in the past o ancient views and treatments trephination stone instrument used to cut away circular section of skull; release evil spirits exorcism treatment for abnormality; shamans o Greek and Roman views and treatments Hippocrates father of modern medicine; illnesses had natural causes humors imbalance of four fluids that flow through the body cause abnormality o yellow bile (mania), black bile (melancholia), blood (, phlegm o treatment: i.e. black bile excess = quiet life/veggie diet o Europe in the Middle Ages: Demonology Mass madness large numbers of delusions/hallucinations Tarantism (Saint Vitus dance) groups of people would suddenly be convulsive; thought possessed by spider Lycanthropy thought possessed by wolves; acted wolflike o The Renaissance and the Rise of Asylums Gheel forerunner of community mental health programs Asylums o Nineteenth Century: reform and moral treatment Pinel/Tuke replace asylums dungeons and chains with moral treatment o The early twentieth century Somatogenic Perspective abnormalities has physical causes Psychogenic perspective abnormalities has psychological causes Hypnotism; mesmerism (Mesmer) Psychoanalysis (Freud) many abnormal/normal psychological functioning are psychogenic Outpatient (Freud) o modern problems

eco-anxiety concerned over polluted environment; treated by ecopsychology terrorism terror crim-phobia cyber-fear afraid of computers Current trends o How are people with severe disturbances cared for Psychotropic medications drugs that primarily affect the brain and alleviate symptoms Antipsychotic drugs correct confused thinking Antidepressant drugs Antianxiety drugs Deinstitutionalization releasing patients from public mental hospitals Short-term hospitalization when severely impaired people need institutionalization Community mental health approach community care for people with severe psychological disabilities o How are people with less severe disturbances treated Private psychotherapy (pre-1950) Outpatient treatments o A growing emphasis on preventing disorders and promoting mental health Prevention correct social conditions that underlie disorders and identify those at risk Positive psychology study of positive feelings, optimism, positive traits etc. Can help people best by promoting positive development o Multicultural psychology understand how culture, race, ethnicity, gender affect behavior and thought o Growing influence of insurance coverage Managed care program insurance company determines key issues (i.e. which therapist to choose) Reimbursements for mental healthcare < medical healthcare Parity laws direct insurance companies to provide equal coverage for mental and medical problems o What are todays leading theories and professions Pre 1950 psychoanalytic post 1950 biological behavioral cognitive humanistic-existential sociocultural