7708d_index_01-10 8/31/01 8:54 AM Page I-1 mac45 Mac 45:1st Shift:
Index
Note: The italic S indicates Chapter 12 inde
index
x items, which are av
available
ailable on the CD.
Absolute pressure, 14, 52
Absolute temperature, 14
Absolute velocity, 193, 215, 245,
763
Absolute viscosity, 17
of air, 832, 833
of common gases, 14, 829
of common liquids, 13, 829
of U.S. Standard Atmosphere,
834, 835
of water, 831
Acceleration, 103, 171
centrifugal, 179
convective, 175, 179
field, 171
gravitational, 8, 9, 834, 835
local, 174
normal, 103, 178
particle, 171
streamwise, 103, 178
Accessibility of flow, 633
Acoustic velocity, 24, 686
of air, 832, 833
of water, 831
Adiabatic flow, 252
with friction, see Fanno line
flow
reversible, see Isentropic flow
Adverse pressure gradient, 342,
569
Adverse slope, 649, 651
Aerodynamics, 29
Air, table of properties of, 832, 833
Airfoil, 598
Alternate depths, 629
Analogy, compressible and open
channel flow, 747
Andrade’s equation, 19
Angle:
of attack, 571
of contact, 27
of Mach cone, 690
Angular deformation, 303, 305,
video V6.1
Angular momentum, see Moment
of momentum
Angular momentum flow, 241,
video V5.5
Annulus, flow in, 360
Apparent viscosity, 17
Archimedes, 29, 30, 75
Archimedes’ principle, 84,
video V2.5
Area:
centroid, 63, 64
moment of inertia, 63, 64
product of inertia, 64
Area ratio, critical, isentropic flow,
706
Aspect ratio:
airfoil, 599
plate, 395
Atmosphere, standard, 50
properties of, 50, 834, 835
Atmospheric pressure, 15, 50
Available energy, 260
Average velocity, 208
Axial-flow machine, S761
Axial-flow pump, S788
Axisymmetric flow, 535
Backwater curve, 650
Barometer:
aneroid, 59
mercury, 52
Basic differential equations of
fluid motion, 317
Basic dimensions, 5, 387
Bellows meter, 519
Bends, 4
Bernoulli, D., 29, 30, 107
Bernoulli equation:
cautions on use of, 107, 319
derivation from F  ma, 107,
318, Video V3.1
derivation from 1st law of
thermodynamics, 259, 275
extended, 262
irrotational flow, 144, 322
outside boundary layer, 547
restrictions on use of, 137, 319,
322
unsteady flow, 140
use of, 119
Best efficiency point, S776
Best hydraulic cross section, 645
BG units, see British gravitational
system of units
Bingham plastic, 18
Blade velocity, S 763
Blasius, H., 31, 410, 549
Blasius formula, 410, 479
Blasius solution, 551
Blower, 759, S 791
Blunt bodies, 537, Video V9.2
Body force, 43, 223, 314
I-1
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I-2 ■ Index
Boiling, 25, 127
Booster, S791
Bottom slope, 627
Boundary conditions:
inviscid flow, 339
no-slip, 16, 339, video V1.2,
video V6.5
pipe exit, 119
Boundary element method, 363
Boundary layer:
concept of, 29, 321, 540,
video V1.2, video V6.5
displacement thickness, 546
effect of pressure gradient on,
567
effect of wall roughness, 587
equations, 549
flat plate, 540, 544
laminar:
approximate solution, 556
Blasius solution, 551
momentum-integral equation
for, 552, 555
momentum thickness, 548
pipe, 447
pressure gradient, 567
separation, 542, 569
thickness, 545
transition, 559
turbulent, 561
velocity profiles, 552, 570
vorticity, 545
Bound vortex, 605, video V4.2
Bourdon pressure gage, 59,
video V2.2
Boussinesq, J., 466
Brake horsepower, S777
British gravitational system of
units, 8
Broad crested weir, 662,
video V10.8
Buckingham, E., 30, 388
Buckingham pi theorem, 388
Bulk modulus, 22, 688
of common liquids, 13
of elasticity, 22
Buoyant force, 74, video V2.5,
video V11.2
Canal, 638
Capillary action, 27
Capillery tube viscometer, 33,
521, video V1.3
Casing, 768
Cauchy, A., 30, 405
Cauchy number, 403, 405
Cavitation, 25, 126
number, 405, 420, 431
Center of buoyancy, 75, video
V2.7
Center of pressure, 65
Centrifugal pump, S768
Centroid, 63
of common areas, 64
CFD, 370 video V6.7, video
V11.3
Chaos, 472
Chezy, A., 30, 637
Chezy coefficient, 637
Chezy equation, 637
Choked flow, 699, 720
Chord length, 599
Circulation, 332
about an airfoil, 603
origin of, 604
Colebrook formula, 478
Completely turbulent flow, 476
Composite body drag, 590
Compressibility criterion, 139
Compressible flow, 137, 681,
video V11.2
with area change, 694, video
V11.3, video V11.4
categories, 689
graphs of, 837–840
with friction, 715
with heat transfer, 730
turbomachines, S807
two-dimensional, 748
Compression wave, 749, video
V11.5
Compressor, S759, S791, S807
corrected speed, S811
multi-stage, S808
stall, S810
surge, S810
Computational fluid dynamics
(CFD), 370, video V6.7,
video V11.3
Conservation:
of energy, see First law of
thermodynamics
of linear momentum, 221, 313,
video V5.1, video V5.2
of mass, 122, 206, 306
Contact angle, 27
Continuity equation:
cylindrical coordinates, 309, 311
finite control volume, 122, 206
compressible flow, 694
incompressible flow, 215, 308
unsteady flow, 207, 213, 307
rectangular coordinates, 307
Continuum hypothesis, 4
Contraction coefficient, 121, 666
Control surface, 180
Control volume, 180
accelerating, 222
deforming, 181, 218
fixed, 180, 208
guidelines for selection, 194,
221
infinitesimal, 299
moving, 193, 215, 238
velocity, 215
Convective acceleration, 175, 179
Convective derivative, 175
Converging-diverging diffuser,
696
Converging-diverging duct flow,
696, video V11.3, video
V11.4
Converging-diverging nozzle, 696,
video V11.3, video V11.4
Conversion factors, 10, 824
Core flow, 321
Couette flow, 355
Creeping flow, 363, 404
Critical depth, 630, 648
Critical flow, open channel, 623,
627, 747
Critical pressure ratio, 699
Critical Reynolds number, 559
Critical slope, 643, 648
Critical state, compressible
flow, 699, 722
Curl operator, 304
Curved surface, forces on, 72
Cylinder:
drag coefficient for, 582
inviscid flow around, 342
large Reynolds number flow
around, 542
low Reynolds number flow
around, 542, video V6.7
pressure distribution on surface
of, 344
rotating, 347, 605
Cylindrical coordinates, 81, 309
D’Alembert, J., 29, 30, 345
D’Alembert’s paradox, 345, 569
Darcy, H., 30
Darcy friction factor, 457
Darcy-Weisbach equation, 475
DaVinci, L., 29, 30
Deep water wave, 626
Deformation:
angular, 303, 305, video V6.1
linear, 302
rate of, 302
Deforming control volume, 181,
218
Del (gradient) operator:
cylindrical coordinates, 323
rectangular coordinates, 44
Density, 13
of air, 832, 833
of common gases, 14
of common liquids, 13
of U.S. Standard Atmosphere,
834, 835
of water, 831
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Derivative:
convective, 175
local, 174
material, 172
substantial, 172
Detached shock, 751
Differential analysis, 299
Diffuser, 485, 696
Diffuser pump, S769
Dimensional analysis, 385, 388
Dimensional homogeneity, 5,
388
Dimensionless groups, 387
list of, 403
Dimensionless products, 387
Dimensions:
basic, 5, 387
of common physical quantities, 6
reference, 388, 397
Discharge coefficient:
nozzle, 514
orifice, 513
sluice gate, 666
Venturi meter, 515
weir, 661, 662, 663
Displacement thickness, 546
Distorted model, 417
Doppler effect, 690
Doublet, 334
strength of, 335
Drag, 535, 573
form, 575
friction, 559, 573
in potential flow, 344
pressure, 569, 575
Drag coefficient, 539, 578
airfoil, 599
automobile, 591
composite body, 590
cylinder, 582
effect of compressibility on,
585, 689
effect of Froude number on,
589, video V9.7
effect of Mach number on, 585,
689
effect of Reynolds number on,
579, 689
effect of shape on, 578, 583,
video V9.5, video V9.8
effect of surface roughness on,
425, 586
ellipse, 579
flat plate normal to flow, 578
flat plate parallel to flow, 565
form, 575
friction, 561
from model studies, 421
pressure, 576
selected three dimensional
objects, 594
selected two dimensional
objects, 593
sphere, 423, 580, 582, 586, 587,
606, 689
streamlined body, 578
vehicle, 591
Drop-down profile, 650
Duct, 413, 492, 695
Dynamic pressure, 115
Dynamic similarity, 413
Dynamic viscosity, 17
of air, 832, 833
of common gases, 14, 829
of common liquids, 13, 829
of U.S. Standard Atmosphere,
834, 835
of water, 831
Eddies, 465
Eddy viscosity, 466, video V8.2
EE units, see English engineering
system of units
Efficiency, 271, S783
hydraulic, S 775
isentropic, S811
mechanical, S775
overall, S775
polytropic, S811
volumetric, S 775
Elbows, losses in, 486, 489
Elevation head, 112, 134
Energy:
available, 260
internal, 251
kinetic, 112, 251
per unit mass, 262
per unit volume, 264
per unit weight, see Head
potential, 112, 251
specific, 628
stored, 251
useful, 260
Energy equation, see First law of
thermodynamics
Energy line, 134, 498, 628
English engineering system of
units, 9
Enthalpy, 255, 681
Entrance length, 448, video V8.4
Entrance loss, 482
Entrance region, 322, 447
Entropy, 272, 683
Equations:
general homogeneous, 6
of motion, 316
restricted homogeneous, 6
Equation of state, 14, 680
Equipotential line, 327
Equivalent length, 481
Euler, L., 29, 30, 318, 404
Eulerian description of motion, 163
Index ■ I-3
Euler number, 403, 404, 430
Euler turbomachine equation, S767
Euler’s equations, 102, 318
Exhauster, S 791
Exit pipe loss, 483, video V8.4
Expansion corner, 748
Expansion wave, 748, video
V11.3
Extensive property, 182
External flow, 533
Fan, S 759, S 790
Fanning friction factor, 457
Fanno line flow, 715
basic equations of, 716
choking length for, 720
normal shock in, 720
graph for computations of, 838
T–s diagram, 716, 719
Favorable pressure gradient, 569
Field representation, 162, video
V4.1
Finite control volume analysis, 205
Finite difference:
grid, 370
method, 363
Finite element:
mesh, 363
method, 363
First law of thermodynamics, 251,
255, 270, 274, video V5.7,
video V5.8
First moment of area, 63
Fittings, losses in, 589
Flap, airfoil, 601
Flat plate:
Blasius solution, 551
momentum integral equation,
555
laminar flow, 557
turbulent flow, 562
roughness effect, 565
Floating body, 75, video V2.5
Flow coefficient, S783
Flowfield, 164
Flow measurement:
external flow
Pitot-static tube, 116, video
V3.4
Pitot tube, 134, 744, video
V3.4
internal flow:
bellows meter, 519
nozzle meter, 129, 514
nutating disk meter, 518,
video V8.7
orifice meter, 129, 513
rotameter, 517, video V8.6
turbine meter, 518
Venturi meter, 129, 515,
video V3.6
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I-4 ■ Index
open channel flow:
sluice gate, 131, 666
weir, 133, 659, video V10.7
Flow meters, see Flow
measurement
Flow net, 327
Flowrate, 190
mass, 122, 207
volume, 122, 208
Flow separation, 542, 569, video
V9.4, video V9.8
Flow visualization, 166, video
V4.2, video V4.5, video
V7.5, video V9.8, video
V11.2
Fluid:
definition, 4
ideal, 319
inviscid, 317
Newtonian, 17
non-Newtonian, 17, video
V1.4
Fluid dynamics, 12
Fluid machines, 759, videos
V12.1–V12.5
Fluid mechanics, history of, 28
Fluid particle, 101
Fluid properties:
graphs of, 829, 830
tables of, 13, 14, 831–833
Fluid statics, 12
equilibrium in, 44
forces in, 61
pressure height relation, 45,
49, 51
Force:
anchoring, 225, 229
body, 41, 223, 214
buoyant, 74, video V2.5
compressibility, 403
drag, 344, 535, 573
gravity, 403
hydrostatic:
on curved surfaces, 72,
video V2.4
on plane surfaces, 61,
video V2.3
inertia, 403
lift, 344, 535
pressure, 61, 72, 403
shear, 15
surface, 43, 223, 314
surface tension, 26, 403, video
V1.5
viscous, 15, 403
Forced vortex, 332
Form drag, 575
Francis turbine, 803
Free jet, 119, video V3.5
Free-stream velocity, 567
Free surface, 62, 425
Free vortex, 111, 332, video
V3.2, video V6.2
Frequency parameter, 406
Friction coefficient, 558
Friction drag, see Drag
Friction factor, 457
data correlation for, 477
Moody chart, 477
non-circular duct, 492
smooth pipe, 476, 479
wholly turbulent, 476
Frictionless flow:
compressible adiabatic, see
Isentropic flow
compressible with heat transfer,
see Rayleigh line flow
incompressible, 107, 275, 319
open channel, see Open channel
flow
Friction slope, 628
Friction velocity, 468
Frontal area, 539
Frontinus, S., 29, 30
Froude, W., 30, 404
Froude number, 403, 404, 430,
626, video V10.1
Fully developed flow, 322, 448
laminar, 449 video V8.3
turbulent, 460
gc, 9
Gage fluid, 54
Gage pressure, 14, 52
Galilei, G., 29, 30
Gas constant, 14, 680
for common gases, 14
ideal gas equation of state, 14,
680
universal, 680
Gas dynamics, see Compressible
flow
Gas turbine engine, S812
Geometric similarity, 413
Grade line:
energy, 134, 628
hydraulic, 134
Gradient:
operator, 44, 172, 323
pressure, 44
Gradually varied flow, 622, 647
surface profile classification, 648
Gravity, acceleration of, 8, 9, 834,
835
Guide vanes, 486, S 789
Hagen, G., 30, 357, 453
Hagen – Poiseuille flow, 357, 453,
video V6.6
Half body, 337, video V6.3
Head, 134
coefficient, S783
elevation, 112, 134
piezometric, 134
pressure, 46, 112, 134, 264
pump, 264, S 771, S 799
total, 134
turbine, 264, S 799
velocity, 113, 134
weir, 659
Head curve:
falling, S 775
rising, S 775
Head loss, 264
in diffusers, 485
in enlargements and
contractions, 485
in entrances, 482, video V8.4
in exits, 483, video V8.4
in gradual contractions, 486
in hydraulic jumps, 654, video
V10.5
major, 480
minor, 480, video V8.5
in mitered bends, 486
in nozzles, 486
in open channels, 627
in pipe bends, 486
in pipe entrances, 482
in pipes, 458, 474
in sudden area changes, 485
in valves and fittings, 486, 489
Head loss coefficient, 481
Head rise coefficient, S 783
Heat transfer, 251, 252
Rayleigh flow, 715, 730
relationship between head loss,
internal energy and, 260
History of fluid mechanics, 28
Homogeneous flow, 622
Horseshoe vortex, 604, 652,
video V4.2, video V9.1,
video V9.9
Hydraulic diameter, 360, 492
Hydraulic grade line, 134
Hydraulic jump, 653, 747, video
V10.5, video V10.6
classification of, 657
depth ratio across, 654
head loss across, 654
Hydraulic radius, 636
Hydraulically smooth wall, 476
Hydraulics, 29
Hydrodynamics, 29
Hydrometer, 97, video V2.6
Hydrostatic force:
on curved surfaces, 72, video
V2.4
on plane surfaces, 61, video
V2.3
Hydrostatic pressure distribution,
46
Hypersonic flow, 692
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Ideal fluid, 319
Ideal gas flow, 680, video V11.1
Ideal gas law, 14, 680, video
V11.1
Impeller, S 768, S 769
Impulse turbine, S 791, S 793,
video V12.5
Inclined tube manometer, 58
Incompressible flow, 107, 308
Incompressible fluid, 22, 107, 215
Induced drag, 600
Inertial control volume, 222
Infinitesimal control volume, 299
Inlet guide vane, S809
Intensity of turbulence, 463
Intensive property, 182
Internal energy, 251, 680
Inviscid core, 321, 458
Inviscid flow, 102, 317
fluid, 319
Irreversible flow, 272
Irrotational flow, 144, 304, 320,
video V3.2, video V6.2
Irrotational vortex, 331
Isentropic flow, 138, 275, 685
with area change, 694
basic equations for, 694
in converging-diverging nozzle,
696, video V11.4
in converging nozzle, 695
effect of area variation on, 695
ideal gas, 693
reference condition for, 697,
699
graph for calculations of, 837
Isentropic process, 23, 685
Isentropic stagnation properties,
697
Isothermal:
atmosphere, 49
flow, 137
process, 23
Jet exit pressure, 119
Joule, 9
Jump, hydraulic, 653, 747, video
V10.5, V10.6
Kaplan turbine, S803
Karman vortex trail, 405, 583,
video V6.7, video V9.6
Kelvin oval, 378
Kilogram, 8
Kinematics of fluid flow, 161, 300
Kinematic similarity, 413
Kinematic viscosity, 20
of air, 832, 833
of common gases, 14, 829
of common liquids, 13, 829
of water, 831
Kinetic energy, 112, 251
coefficient, 266
Kutta–Joukowski law, 348
Lagrangian description of flow, 163
Laminar boundary layer:
Blasius solution, 551
description of, 544
effect of pressure gradient, 567
flat plate:
approximate solution, 556
exact solution, 550
friction coefficient for, 558
thickness of, 545
Laminar flow, 166, video V4.3
between parallel plates, 352
in a boundary layer, 545
in an annulus, 360
past a cylinder, 570
past a sphere, 582
in a pipe, 357, 445, 449 video
V6.6, video V8.1
Laplace’s equation, 323
Laplacian operator, 323
Lapse rate, 51
Law of the wall, 468
Length scale, 416
Lift, 344, 535, 592
rotating cylinder, 348
Lift coefficient, 539, 592
airfoil, 599
rotating cylinder or sphere, 605
Lift/drag polar diagram, 600
Lift/drag ratio, 600
Linear deformation, 302
Linear momentum, see Newton’s
second law of motion
Linear momentum equation, 221,
313
Linear momentum flow, 222,
video V5.3, video V5.6
Local acceleration, 174
Local derivative, 174
Local friction coefficient, 558
Logarithmic velocity profile, 468
Loss, 260
Loss, major and minor, see Head
loss
Loss coefficient, see Head loss
Low Reynolds number flow, 540,
580
Mach, E., 30, 405
Mach cone, 690
Mach cone angle, 690
Mach number, 25, 136, 403, 405,
686
Mach wave, 690, 748, video
V11.4
Magnus, H., 605
Magnus effect, 348, 605
Index ■ I-5
Major loss, see Head loss
Manning, R., 30, 637
Manning coefficient, 637
values of, 638
Manning equation, 637
Manometer, 53
differential, 56
inclined tube, 58
micro, 89
piezometer tube, 54, 115 video
V2.1
U-tube, 54
Mass, units of, 8
Mass flowrate, 122, 208
Material derivative, 172, 301
Measurement, flow, see Flow
measurement
Mechanical energy equation, 262
Meniscus, 57
Meter, flow, see Flow
measurement
Method of images, 379
Method of repeating variables, 389
Method of superposition, 337
video V6.3
Methods of description:
Eulerian, 163
Lagrangian, 163
Micromanometer, 89
Mild slope, 648, 649
Minor loss, 480
Minor loss coefficient, 481
Mixed-flow machine, S 761
Mixed-flow pump, S 788
Mixing length, 467
Model:
definition, 411
design conditions, 412
distorted, 417, video V7.5,
video V7.7
true, 417
Modeling laws, 412
Model studies, 418 video V7.2,
video V7.7
Moment of inertia, 63
of common areas, 64
Moment of momentum, 241, 243,
270, 766, video V5.5
Momentum:
angular, see Moment of
momentum
linear, see Newton’s second law
of motion
Momentum coefficient, 235
Momentum equation:
for differential control volume,
314
for finite control volume with
arbitrary acceleration, 222
for finite control volume with
constant velocity, 238
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I-6 ■ Index
for inertial finite control
volume, 222, 238
for inviscid flow, 317
for viscous flow, 351
Momentum flux, 222
Momentum-integral equation, 552
boundary layer with non-zero
pressure gradient, 572
boundary layer with zero
pressure gradient, 555
Momentum thickness, 548
Moody, L., 31, 475
Moody chart, 475, 477
Multiple pipe system, see
Pipe systems
Nappe, 659
Navier, L., 30, 351
Navier-Stokes equations:
cylindrical coordinates, 351
rectangular coordinates, 351
Net positive suction head:
available, S 777
required, S 776
Newton, 8
Newton, I., 29, 30
Newtonian fluid, 17, 349
Newton’s law of viscosity, 465
Newton’s second law of motion,
101, 221, 313
Noncircular duct, 492
Noninertial reference frame, 222
Nonisentropic flow of an ideal
gas, 715
Non-Newtonian fluid, 17, video
V1.4
Non-uniform flow, 266, 622
Normal depth, 638
Normal shock, 713, 737, video
V11.4, video V11.5
basic equations for, 740
graph for calculation of, 840
T–s diagram, 739
Normal stress, 252, 315
in a Newtonian fluid, 17, 349
work, 253
No-slip condition, 16, 339, video
V1.2, video V6.5
Nozzle:
choked flow in, 699
converging, 696
converging-diverging, 696
video V11.4
definition, 119
incompressible flow through,
486
normal shock in, 714
overexpanded, 714, video
V11.3, video V11.4
underexpanded, 714, video
V11.4
Nozzle discharge coefficient, 514
Nozzle meter, 129, 514
Numerical methods, 363, video
V6.7
Nutating disk meter, 518, video
V8.7
Oblique shock wave, 714, 749,
video V11.3, video V11.4
One-dimensional flow, 165
One-equation model, 472
Open channel flow: critical
flow, 623, 627
depth variation, 633
energy equation for, 627
gradually varied flow, 622
hydraulic jump, 653, video
V10.5, video V10.6
laminar, 622
Manning equation for, 637
most efficient, 645
normal depth, 638
rapidly varied flow, 622, 651,
video V10.4
surface profiles of, 648
surface wave propagation, 623
uniform flow, 622, 634
varied flow, 622, video V10.2
Open channels:
characteristics of, 622, video
V10.2
geometric properties of, 634,
video V10.3
optimum cross sections, 645
regimes of flow in, 622
shear stress in, 635
velocity contours in, 635
Orifice:
flow through, 120
reentrant, 483
Orifice discharge coefficient, 513
Orifice meter, 129, 513
Outer layer, 466
Overexpanded nozzle, 714,
video V11.3, video V11.4
Overlap layer, 466
Panel method, 364
Parallel plates, 352
Pascal, B., 30, 42
Pascal, 14
Pascal’s law, 42
Pathline, 168, video V4.6
Pelton wheel, S791, video V5.4,
video V12.4
Perfect gas law, 14, 680, video
V11.1
Physical properties of fluids:
of air, 832, 833
of common gases, 14
of common liquids, 13
of U. S. Standard Atmosphere,
834, 835
of water, 831
Piezometer, 54, 115, video V2.1
Piezometric head, 134, video
V2.1
Pipe:
aging, 476
compressible adiabatic flow in,
see Fanno line flow
developing flow in, 447
fittings, 486
flowrate, 513
fully developed flow in, 357,
448
head loss, see Head loss
heat transfer in, see Rayleigh
line flow
hydraulically smooth, 476
laminar flow in, 357, 445, 449,
video V6.6
noncircular, 492
relative roughness of, 474
smooth, 476
transitional flow in, 445, 461,
video V8.1
turbulent flow in, 445, 460,
video V8.1
Pipe system components, 443, 480
Pipe systems, 443
loop, 509
multiple pipes, 507
networks, 512
parallel, 508
series, 508
single pipes, 495
Pi terms, 388, 399
Pi theorem, 388
Pitot, H., 30
Pitot static tube, 116, 118, video
V3.4
Pitot tube, 134, 743, video V3.4
Plane Poiseuille flow, 359
Planform area, 539
Poise, 20
Poiseuille, J., 30, 357, 453
Poiseuille flow, 357, 453, video
V6.6
plane, 359
Poiseuille’s law, 359
Polar coordinates, 81
Polar diagram, lift-drag, 600
Position vector, 162
Positive displacement machine,
759, video V12.3
Potential, velocity, 322
Potential energy, 112, 251
Potential flow theory, 323, 348
basic plane flows, 336, video
V6.4
doublet, 334
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Index ■ I-7

sink, 329 standard atmosphere, 50, 834, Rayleigh, Lord, 30, 382
source, 329 835 Rayleigh line flow, 715, 730
uniform flow, 328 Pressure drag, see Drag basic equations for, 734
vortex, 331 Pressure drag coefficient, 576 normal shock in, 735
singularity, 329 Pressure force, 42 graph for calculation of, 839
superposition of basic plane Pressure gradient, 44 T–s diagram, 731, 734
flows, 336, video V6.3 adverse, 342, 569 Rayleigh Pitot tube formula, 744
flow past cylinder, 342 effect on boundary layer, 567 Reaction turbine, S 791, S 803
flow past half-body, 337, favorable, 569 Rectangular weir, 133, 660
video V6.3 Pressure head, 46, 112, 134, 264 Reentrant entrance, 483
flow past Rankine oval, 340 Pressure at a jet exit, 119 Reference dimensions, 388, 397
flow past rotating cylinder, Pressure prism, 68 Relative roughness, 474
347 Pressure recovery coefficient, Relative velocity, 193, 215, 244,
Potential function, 323 486 S 763
Pound: Pressure tap, 118 Repeating variable, 389
force, 8 Pressure transducer, 60 Reversible process, 137
mass, 10 strain gage, 60 Reynolds, O., 30, 404, 445
Power, 246, 252 Primary quantities, 5 Reynolds number, 20, 403, 404,
coefficient, 783 Product of inertia, 64 430
units of, 9 of common areas, 64 critical, see Transition to
Power law velocity profile, 468 Profile, velocity, see Velocity turbulence
Power specific speed, S805 profile properties of flows with low,
Prandtl, L., 29, 31, 467, 540 Propeller pump, S 788 540, 542, video V7.1
Prandtl boundary layer equations, Properties: properties of flows with large,
549 of air, 832, 833 540, 542, video V7.1
Prediction equation, 412 of common gases, 14 Reynolds pipe flow experiment,
Pressure: of common liquids, 13 445, video V8.1
absolute, 14, 52 of U. S. Standard Atmosphere, Reynolds stress, 465
atmospheric, 15 50, 834, 835 Reynolds transport theorem, 181,
center of, 65 of water, 831 184, 186, 189, 194
coefficient, 404, 576 Prototype, 411 Rheology, 4
definition, 14 Pump, 759 Right hand rule, 245
dynamic, 115 affinity laws, S 786 Rigid body motion of fluid, 78
gage, 14, 52 axial-flow, S 788 Ripple tank, 747
hydrostatic, 46, 115 blades, S 772 Rotameter, 517, video V8.6
isentropic stagnation, see centrifugal, S768 Rotation, 144, 303
Isentropic stagnation double stage, S 769 vector, 304
properties efficiency, 271 Rotor, turbomachine, 244, 249,
measurement of, 51, 118, geometrically similar, S 783 789, 809
video V2.1, video V2.2 head, 264, S 771, S 799 Roughness:
at a point, 42, 317, 350 mixed-flow, S 788 effect on models, 418, 425,
stagnation, 116, 697, video multistage, S 769, S 789 video V7.4
V3.3 parallel, S 782 on flat plates, 565
static, 115 performance curve, S 774 in open channels, 637
suction, 52 positive displacement, S 759, in pipes, 473
thermodynamic, 115 video V12.3 relative, 474
total, 116 propeller, S 788 typical values of, 476
vacuum, 52 scaling laws, S 784 Roughness coefficient, Manning,
vapor, 25 series, S 782 638
Pressure coefficient, 404, 576 single stage, S 769
Pressure distribution: specific speed, S 787 Scale:
airfoil, 536 stage, S 789 length, 416
automobile, 596 model, 416
converging-diverging nozzle, Quasi-steady flow, 142 Scaling laws for pumps, S 784
714 Secondary flow:
cylinder, inviscid flow, 344, 568 Radial-flow machine, S 761 in a pipe, 486
cylinder, viscous flow, 570 Rankine oval, 340 Second moment of area, 63
entrance of pipe, 448, 482 Rapidly varied flow, 622, 651 of common areas, 64
hydrostatic, 45 Rate of angular deformation, 305, Secondary quantities, 5
in rigid-body motion, 78 video V6.1 Second law of thermodynamics,
in a rotating fluid, 81 Rate of shearing strain, 16, 305 272, 273, 274
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I-8 ■ Index
Semi-infinitesimal control
volume, 272
Separation: video V9.4, video
V9.8
in a boundary layer, 321, 542
in a pipe, 483, 486
with a shock wave, 743
Separation location, 542
on an airfoil, 571
on a cylinder, 542, 570
definition, 569
Shaft:
power, 246, 767
torque, 246, 767
work, 246, 767
Shallow water wave, 626
Sharp crested weir, 131, 133, 659,
video V10.7
Shearing strain, 16
rate of, 16, 305, video V6.1
Shearing stress, 15, 253, 315, 350
distribution on a flat plate, 548
distribution in a pipe, 451
in laminar flow, 465
in a Newtonian fluid, 350
in open channel flow, 635
in turbulent flow, 465
Shear thickening fluid, 18
Shear thinning fluid, 17
Shear stress work, 253
Shock: video V11.3, video
V11.4, video V11.5
curved, 751
detached, 751
normal, see Normal shock
oblique, 714, 749, video
V11.3, video V11.4
Similarity:
dynamic, 413
geometric, 413
kinematic, 413
Similarity requirements, 412
Similarity variable, 550
Similar velocity profiles, 550
Similitude, 385
based on differential equations,
429
Sink, 329
strength of, 329
Siphon, 128
SI units, 8
prefixes, 9
Slope:
energy line, 134, 498, 628
friction, 628
of channel bottom, 627
adverse, 649, 651
critical, 643, 648
horizontal, 649
mild, 648, 649
steep, 649
Slug, 8
Sluice gate:
discharge coefficient, 666
flow rate under a, 131, 666
force on a, 237
free outflow, 666
submerged, 666
Smooth pipe, 476
Sonic condition, 690
Sound, speed of, 24, 686, 688
of air, 832, 833
ideal gas, 24, 688
of water, 831
Source, 329, video V6.3
strength of, 329
Specific energy, 628
Specific energy diagram, 628
Specific gravity, 13
Specific heat:
constant pressure, 23, 681,
682
constant volume, 23, 680, 682
Specific heat ratio, 23, 682
of air, 832, 833
of common gases, 14
Specific speed, S 787, S805
Specific volume, 13
Specific weight, 13
of air, 832, 833
of common gases, 14
of common liquids, 13
of water, 831
Speed, 102
Speed of sound, 24, 686, 688
of air, 832, 833
ideal gas, 24, 688
of water, 831
Sphere:
compressible flow past, 585,
689
drag coefficient for, 424, 580,
582, 606
effect of surface roughness, 586
low Reynolds number flow past,
580
rotating, 606
Spillway, 655
Stability, 76, video V2.7
Stagnation enthalpy, 697
Stagnation point, 115, 697, video
V3.3
Stagnation pressure, 116, 697,
video V3.4
isentropic, see Isentropic
stagnation properties
Stagnation pressure probe, see
Pitot tube
Stagnation properties, see
Isentropic stagnation
properties
Stagnation state, 697
Stagnation streamline, 115,
video V3.3, video V4.5
Stagnation temperature, 697
Stall, 571, 600, S810
Standard atmosphere, 50
properties of, 50, 834, 835
State, equation of, 14, 680
Static fluid, pressure variation in,
45
Static pressure, 115
Static pressure tap, 118
Stator, turbomachine, S 789, S810
Steady flow, 102, 166, 191,
video V4.3
Steep slope, 649
Stoke, 20
Stokes, G., 30, 351, 581
Stokes’ law, 408, 581
Stratified flow, 623
Stratosphere, 51
Streakline, 168
Stream function, 167, 310
Streamline, 103, 166, video V4.5
equation of, 166, 310
Streamline bodies, 535,
video V9.2
Streamline coordinates, 178
Streamline curvature, 103, 109
Streamtube, 254
Stress:
components, 349
compressive, 252, 317
Newtonian fluid, 17, 349
normal, 252, 324, 349
notation, 315
shearing, 253, 315, 350
sign convention, 315
tangential, 253
turbulent, 465
Stress field, 315
Strouhal, V., 30, 405
Strouhal number, 403, 405, 430
Subcritical flow, 623, 626, 629,
747, video V10.1
Submerged area, forces on, 61
Subsonic flow, 690, 747
Substantial derivative, 172, 301
Suction, 52
Suction specific speed, S787
Sudden contraction, 483
Sudden expansion, 483
Supercritical flow, 623, 627, 629,
747, video V10.1
Superposition: video V6.3
direct method, 348
inverse method, 348
irrotational flow by method of,
347
Supersonic flow, 697, 747, video
V11.3, video V11.4
Surface force, 43, 223, 314
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Index ■ I-9

Surface profile, open channel flow, Turbine, S 791 Underflow gate, 665
648 axial-flow, S803 Uniform flow:
Surface tension, 26, video V1.5 compressible flow, S807 in an open channel, 622, 634
of common liquids, 13 Francis, S803 in a pipe, 451
effect on models, 426 gas, S812 at a section, 122, 208
of water, 831 head, 264, S 799 potential, 328
Surface wave, 623, video V9.7, impulse, S 791, S 793, video Uniform flow field, 328
video V10.1 V12.5 U.S. standard atmosphere, see
Surge, S810 Kaplan, S803 Standard atmosphere
Sutherland equation, 19 Pelton, S 791, video V5.4, Units, 5
System, 180 video V12.4 conversion factors, 10, 824
relationship between control performance map, S814 system of, 7
volume and, 180 radial-flow, S803 Universal gas constant, 680
System curve, S779 reaction, S 791, S803 Unsteady Bernoulli equation, 140
System equation, S 779 specific speed, S787, S805 Unsteady flow, 140, 166, 172,
Systems of units, 7 Turbine flow meter, 518 191, video V4.3
Turbine head, 264, S 799 Upstream velocity, 537
T–s diagram, 698 Turbomachine, 246, S 759
Tangential stress work, 253 axial-flow, S 761 Vacuum, 52
Tds equations, 274, 683, 684 flow coefficient, S 783 Valve losses, 487
Temperature: head coefficient, S 783 Valves, 486
absolute, 14 mixed-flow, S 761 Vane, 768
Celsius, 8 radial-flow, S 761 Vapor pressure, 25
centigrade, 8 rotary sprinkler, 243, video in barometer tubes, 52
Fahrenheit, 8 V4.6, video V5.5, video of common liquids, 13
Kelvin, 8 V12.2 effect on cavitation, 25
Rankine, 8 specific speed, S 787, S805 of water, 831
stagnation, 697 Turbulence: Varied flow, 622
Thermodynamic pressure, see chaos, 472 surface profiles for, 648
Pressure characteristics of, 166, 462, Velocity:
Thermodynamics: 559, video V8.2 absolute, 193, 215, 245, 763
first law of, 251, 255, 270, 274 intensity of, 463 average, 208
second law of, 272, 273, 274 mixing in, 465, video V8.2 friction, 468
Three-dimensional flow, 165 modeling, 472 particle, 162
Three-reservoir problem, 509 Reynolds stress in, 465 relative, 193, 215, 244, 763
Throat, 696 spots in, 559 time-averaged, 461
Time average, 463 Turbulent boundary layer, 561 Velocity distribution, see
Time averaged equations, 472 approximate solution for flat Velocity profile
Torricelli, E., 30, 120 plate, 562 Velocity field, 162, video V4.1
Torricelli’s formula, 120 effect on separation, 570 Velocity gradient, 16
Torque, 241 velocity profiles in, 560 Velocity head, 113, 134
shaft, 246, 767 Turbulent pipe flow, 445, 460, Velocity measurement, see
Total pressure, 116 video V8.1 Flow measurement
Total pressure ratio, S807 mean velocity, 463 Velocity potential, 322
Total head, 134 overlap layer, 466 Velocity profile:
Trailing vortex, 604, video V4.2, shear stress, 465 in a boundary layer
video V9.1, video V9.9 shear stress distribution, 466 between flat plates, 353
Tranquil flow, 623 velocity profile, 467, video effect of pressure gradient
Transition to turbulence, 445, 461, V8.1 on, 570
video V9.3 logarithmic, 468 laminar, 552, 558, 560
in a boundary layer flow, 559 power law, 468 turbulent, 560, 562
in flow past a sphere or viscous sublayer, 466 in an open channel, 635
cylinder, 568, 582 Turbulent stresses, 465 in a pipe,
in an open channel flow, 622 Two-dimensional compressible laminar, 358, 452, video
in a pipe flow, 445, 461, flow, 748 V8.3
video V8.1 Two-dimensional flow, 165 turbulent, 467, video V8.3
Transonic flow, 692 Two-equation model, 472 power law, 468
Triangular weir, 133, 660, video Velocity triangle, 763
V10.7 U-tube manometer, 54 Vena contracta, 120, 482
Troposphere, 51 Underexpanded nozzle, 714, Venturi, G., 30
True model, 417 video V11.4 Venturi discharge coefficient, 515
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I-10 ■ Index
Venturi meter, 129, 515, video
V3.6
Viscometer:
capillary tube, 33, 521, video
V1.3
rotating cylinder, 36
Stormer, 36
Viscosity, 17, video V1.1
absolute or dynamic, 17
apparent, 17
of air, 832, 833
of common gases, 14, 829, 830
of common liquids, 13, 829, 830
eddy, 466
kinematic, 20
of U.S. Standard Atmosphere,
834, 835
of water, 831
Viscous dissipation, 458
Viscous flow, 349
Viscous stresses, 349
Viscous sublayer, 466
Visualization, flow, 166, video
V4.2, video V4.5, video
V7.5, video V9.8
Volume flowrate, 122
Volumetric dilatation, 302
Volute, 768
von Karman, T., 31, 405, 554
Vortex:
bound, 605, video V4.2, video
V9.9
combined, 332, video V4.4
forced, 332
free, 111, 332, video V3.2,
video V6.2
horseshoe, 604, 652
irrotational, 331
Karman trail, 405, video V6.7,
video V9.6
rotational, 332
strength of, 332
trailing, 604, video V4.2,
video V9.1, video V9.9
Vortex shedding, 405
Vortex street, 583, video V6.7,
video V9.6
Vorticity, 304
production of, 545
restrictions on Bernoulli
equation because of, 144
transport equation, 380
Wake, 321, 540, video V9.4
flat plate, 540
streamlined object, 578
vortex street, 583, video V6.7,
video V9.6
Wall shear stress, 451, 551
Water horsepower, 774
Water, table of properties, 831
Water table, 747
Watt, 9
Wave:
gravity, 623
shock, see Normal shock
surface, 623, 624, video V9.7,
video V10.1
Wave motion, 625
Wave speed:
open channel flow, 623
sound, 24
Weber, M., 31, 406
Weber number, 403, 406, 431
Weight, 8, 223
Weir, 133, 659
broad crested, 662, video V10.8
head, 659
rectangular, 133, 660
sharp crested, 131, 133, 659,
video V10.7
triangular, 133, 660, video
V10.7
Weir coefficient, 661, 662,
663
Weisbach, J., 30
Wetted perimeter, 360,
492, 634
Wholly turbulent flow, 476
Wind tunnel, 489, 534, video
V9.5
Windmill, S 764, video V12.1
Wing loading, 599
Work, 251, S 767
normal stress, 253
rate of, 246, 251
shaft, 246, S 767
shear stress, 253
sign convention for, 251
tangential stress, 253
units of, 8
Work-energy equation, 112,
253
Zero-equation model, 472
Zone:
of action, 690
of silence, 690